The concept of a norm, a linguistic norm, a literary norm. The concept of language norm

Essay

Topic: Standards of modern Russian language

Introduction

1 Concept language norm and its functions

2 Norms of modern Russian language

3 Language norms and speech practice

Conclusion

List of used literature

Introduction

The history and culture of the people is reflected in the language. Moreover, the most essential part of the collective experience of the people, which manifests itself in intellectual activity and in “ inner world"of man, finds its expression through language in oral speech and in written texts.

The concepts of “normal” and “norm” are important for many types of human activity. There are standards for the production of products (for example, at a factory) and normals, i.e. technical requirements requirements that the product must satisfy. Nutritionists talk about nutritional standards, athletes “fit” into certain standards (in running, in jumping). No one doubts the fact that in any civilized society there are norms of relationships between people, norms of etiquette; Each of us has an idea of ​​what is normal for human communication, and what is abnormal, goes beyond the limits of some unwritten norm. And our everyday speech is replete with these words: How are you? - Fine!; Well how are you? - Nothing, it’s normal. Moreover, the norm is invisibly present in our statements that do not contain the words norm or normal. When we say: a comfortable chair, too a dark room, inexpressive singing, we mean certain generally accepted “norms” of chair comfort, room lighting, and expressiveness of singing.

There is a norm in language too. And this is quite natural: language is an integral part of not only civilized, but generally any human society. Normativity is compliance with language norms, which are perceived by its speakers as an “ideal” or correct model.

The language norm is one of the components of national culture. Therefore, the development of a literary norm, its codification, and the reflection of the normalizing activities of linguists in grammars, dictionaries and reference books are of great social and cultural importance.

All of the above justifies the relevance of this topic.

Purpose of the work: a comprehensive study and analysis of the norms of the modern Russian language.

The work consists of an introduction, 3 chapters, a conclusion and a list of references.

1 The concept of a language norm and its functions

Norm is one of the central linguistic concepts. Most often this term is used in combination “ literary norm" and applies to those varieties of language that are used in the media mass media, in science and education, in diplomacy, lawmaking and legislation, in business and legal proceedings and other areas of “socially important”, mainly public communication. But we can talk about the norm in relation to a territorial dialect or social jargon. Thus, linguists use the term norm in two senses - broad and narrow.

In a broad sense, the norm refers to such means and ways of speech that have been spontaneously formed over many centuries and which usually distinguish one type of language from others. That’s why we can talk about a norm in relation to a territorial dialect: for example, normal for Northern Russian dialects is Okanye, and for Southern Russian dialects - Akanye. Any social or professional jargon is also “normal” in its own way: for example, what is used in trade argot will be rejected as alien by those who speak the jargon of carpenters; established ways of using linguistic means exist in army jargon and in the jargon of musicians-“labukhs”, and speakers of each of these jargons can easily distinguish someone else’s from their own, familiar and therefore normal for them, etc.

In a narrow sense, a norm is the result of the codification of language. Of course, codification is based on the tradition of the existence of language in a given society, on some unwritten but generally accepted ways of using linguistic means. But it is important that codification is the purposeful ordering of everything related to language and its application. The results of codifying activities are reflected in normative dictionaries and grammars.

The norm as a result of codification is inextricably linked with the concept of literary language, which is otherwise called normalized or codified. The territorial dialect, urban vernacular, social and professional jargons are not subject to codification: after all, no one consciously and purposefully makes sure that Vologda residents consistently okal, and residents of the Kursk village Akali, so that sellers, God forbid, do not use the terminology of carpenters, and soldiers - words and expressions of Labouche jargon, and therefore the concept of norm in the narrow sense of this term just discussed is not applicable to such varieties of language - dialects, jargons.

Language norms are not invented by scientists. They reflect natural processes and phenomena that have occurred and are occurring in the language and are supported by the speech practice of native speakers of a literary language. The main sources of language norms include the works of classical writers and some modern writers, the language of Central Television announcers, generally accepted modern usage, data from live and questionnaire surveys, Scientific research linguists, language system (analogs), opinion of the majority of speakers.

Norms help the literary language maintain its integrity and general intelligibility. They protect the literary language from the flow of dialect speech, social and professional jargon, and vernacular. This is an important function of norms - the function of protecting the language. In addition, norms reflect what has developed historically in a language - this is a function of reflecting the history of the language.

Speaking about the essence of a norm, it should be remembered that a norm is not a law. The law constitutes a necessity that does not allow any deviations, while the norm only prescribes how it should be. Let's compare the following examples:

1. A stone thrown up must then fall down (this is a law of nature);

2. A person living in a society must follow the rules of the community, for example, not knocking on the wall with a hammer after 11 pm (these are social norms);

3. Man in progress verbal communication must put accents correctly (these are language norms).

So, the norm only indicates how it should be - this is the function of the prescription.

Thus, a language norm is the traditionally established rules for the use of speech means, i.e. rules of exemplary and generally accepted pronunciation, use of words, phrases and sentences.

2 Norms of modern Russian language

There are written and oral norms.

Written language norms are, first of all, spelling and punctuation norms. For example, the spelling N in the word worker, and НН in the word nameNNik, is subject to certain spelling rules. And the placement of a dash in the sentence Moscow is the capital of Russia is explained by the punctuation norms of the modern Russian language.

Oral norms are divided into grammatical, lexical and orthoepic.

Grammar rules are rules for using forms different parts speech, as well as the rules for constructing sentences. The most common grammatical errors associated with the use of the gender of nouns are “railroad rail, French shampoo, big callus, registered parcel post, patent leather shoes" However, rail, shampoo is a noun male, and a callus, a parcel, a shoe are feminine, so one should say “a railway rail, a French shampoo and a large callus, a custom-made parcel, a patent leather shoe.”

Lexical norms are the rules for using words in speech. An error is, for example, using the verb lay down instead of putting. Despite the fact that the verbs lay down and put down have the same meaning, put down is a normative literary word, and lay down is a colloquial word. The expressions: I put the book back in its place, etc. are errors. The verb to put should be used: I put the books in place.

Orthoepic norms are pronunciation norms of oral speech. (Orthoepy from the Greek orthos - correct and epos - speech). Compliance with pronunciation standards is important for the quality of our speech. Pronunciation that corresponds to orthoepic norms facilitates and speeds up the communication process, therefore the social role correct pronunciation is very great, especially now in our society, where oral speech has become a means of the widest communication at various meetings, conferences, and forums.

The norm is conservative and is aimed at preserving the linguistic means and rules for their use accumulated in a given society by previous generations. The unity and universality of the norm are manifested in the fact that representatives of different social strata and groups that make up a given society are obliged to adhere to traditional methods of linguistic expression, as well as those rules and regulations that are contained in grammars and dictionaries and are the result of codification. Deviation from linguistic tradition, from dictionary and grammatical rules and recommendations is considered a violation of the norm. However, it is no secret that at all stages of the development of a literary language, when using it in different communicative conditions, variants of linguistic means are allowed: you can say cottage cheese - and cottage cheese, spotlights - and spotlights, you are right - and you are right, etc.

The norm is based on traditional ways language use and is wary of linguistic innovations. “The norm is recognized as what was, and partly what is, but not at all what will be,” wrote the famous linguist A.M. Peshkovsky. He explained this property of both the literary norm and the literary language itself: “If the literary dialect changed quickly, then each generation could only use the literature of its own and the previous generation, many two. But under such conditions there would be no literature itself, since the literature of each generation is created by all previous literature. If Chekhov had not already understood Pushkin, then Chekhov probably would not have existed. Too thin a layer of soil would provide too little nutrition for literary sprouts. The conservatism of the literary dialect, uniting centuries and generations, creates the possibility of a single powerful centuries-old national literature.” However, the conservatism of a norm does not mean its complete immobility in time. It is another matter that the pace of normative changes is slower than the development of a given national language as a whole. The more developed the literary form of a language is, the better it serves the communicative needs of society, the less it changes from generation to generation of people using this language.

And accentological norms. Lexical and phraseological norms

Plan

1. The concept of a language norm, its characteristics.

2. Standard options.

3. Degrees of normativity of linguistic units.

4. Types of norms.

5. Norms of oral speech.

5.1. Orthoepic norms.

5.2. Accentological norms.

6. Norms of oral and writing.

6.1. Lexical norms.

6.2. Phraseological norms.

Speech culture, as mentioned earlier, is a multifaceted concept. It is based on the idea of ​​a “speech ideal” that exists in the human mind, a model in accordance with which correct, competent speech should be constructed.

Norm is the dominant concept of speech culture. In the Big Explanatory Dictionary of the Modern Russian Language D.N. Ushakova meaning of the word norm is defined as: “legalized establishment, usual mandatory order, state.” Thus, the norm reflects, first of all, customs and traditions, streamlines communication and is the result of the socio-historical selection of one option from several possible ones.

Language norms- these are the rules for the use of linguistic means in a certain period of development of the literary language (rules of pronunciation, word usage, use morphological forms different parts of speech, syntactic constructions etc.). This is a historically established uniform, exemplary, generally accepted use of language elements, recorded in grammars and standard dictionaries.

Language norms are characterized by a number of features:

1) relative stability;

2) common use;

3) universally binding;

4) compliance with the use, tradition and capabilities of the language system.

Norms reflect natural processes and phenomena occurring in language and are supported by language practice.

The sources of norms are the speech of educated people, the works of writers, as well as the most authoritative media.

Functions of the norm:

1) ensures that speakers of a given language can correctly understand each other;

2) inhibits the penetration of dialectal, colloquial, colloquial, slang elements into the literary language;

3) develops linguistic taste.

Language norms are a historical phenomenon. They change over time, reflecting changes in the use of language. The sources of changes in norms are:

Colloquial speech (cf., for example, colloquial options such as Ringing- along with lit. callsIt; cottage cheese- along with lit. cottage cheese; [de]kan along with lit [d'e]kan);

Colloquial speech (for example, in some dictionaries they are recorded as acceptable colloquial stress options agreement, phenomenon, which until recently were colloquial, non-normative variants);

Dialects (so, in Russian literary language There are a number of words that are dialectal in origin: spider, snowstorm, taiga, life);

Professional jargons (cf. variants of stress actively penetrating into modern everyday speech whooping cough, syringes, adopted in the speech of health workers).

Changes in norms are preceded by the appearance of their variants, which exist in a language at a certain stage of its development and are actively used by native speakers. Language options- these are two or more ways of pronunciation, stress, formation of grammatical forms, etc. The emergence of variants is explained by the development of language: some linguistic phenomena become obsolete and fall out of use, while others appear.

In this case, the options may be equal – normative, acceptable in literary speech ( bakery And bulo [sh]aya; barge And barge; Mordvin And Mordvin ov ).

More often, only one of the options is recognized as normative, the others are assessed as unacceptable, incorrect, violating the literary norm ( drivers and wrong. driverA; catholOg and wrong. catalog).

Unequal options. As a rule, variants of the norm specialize in one way or another. Very often the options are stylistic specialization: neutral – high; literary - colloquial ( stylistic options ). Wed. stylistically neutral pronunciation of the reduced vowel in words like s[a]net, p[a]et, m[a]dern and the pronunciation of the sound [o] in the same words, characteristic of a high, specifically bookish style: s[o]no, p[o]et, m[o]dern; neutral (soft) pronunciation of sounds [g], [k], [x] in words like jump up, jump up, jump up and bookish, characteristic of the Old Moscow noma solid pronunciation these sounds: flutter, flutter, jump up. Wed. also lit. contract, locksmith And and decomposition contract, locksmith I.

Often options are specialized in terms of their degree of modernity(chronological options ). For example: modern creamy and outdated plum[sh]ny.

In addition, the options may have differences in meaning ( semantic options ): moves(move, move) and drives(set in motion, encourage, force to act).

Based on the relationship between the norm and the variant, three degrees of normativity of linguistic units are distinguished.

Standard I degree. A strict, rigid norm that does not allow options. In such cases, the options in the dictionaries are accompanied by prohibitive marks: choice s – not right. choice A; shi[n’e]l – not right. shi[ne]l; motionSolicitation – not right. petition; pampered – not rec. spoiled. In relation to linguistic facts that are outside the literary norm, it is more correct to speak not about variants, but about speech errors.

Standard II degree. The norm is neutral, allowing equal options. For example: a loop And a loop; pool And ba[sse]yn; stack And haystack. In dictionaries similar options united by union And.

Standard III degree. A flexible norm that allows the use of colloquial, outdated forms. Variants of the norm in such cases are accompanied by marks add.(acceptable), add. outdated(acceptable obsolete). For example: Augustovsky – add. Augustovskiy; budo[chn]ik and additional mouth budo[sh]ik.

Variants of norms in the modern Russian literary language are represented very widely. In order to choose the right option, you need to refer to special dictionaries: spelling dictionaries, stress dictionaries, difficulty dictionaries, explanatory dictionaries, etc.

Language norms are mandatory for both oral and written speech. The typology of norms covers all levels of the language system: pronunciation, stress, word formation, morphology, syntax, spelling, and punctuation are subject to norms.

In accordance with the main levels of the language system and the areas of use of linguistic means, the following types of norms are distinguished.

Types of norms

Norms of oral speech	Standards of writing	Norms of oral and written speech
- accentological(norms for stress setting); - orthoepic(pronunciation standards)	- spelling(spelling standards); - punctuation(punctuation norms)	- lexical(norms of word usage); - phraseological(norms for the use of phraseological units); - word-formative(norms for word formation); - morphological(norms for the formation of forms of words of various parts of speech); - syntactic(norms for constructing syntactic constructions)

Oral speech is spoken speech. It uses a system of phonetic means of expression, which include: speech sounds, word stress, phrasal stress, intonation.

Specific to oral speech are pronunciation norms (orthoepic) and stress norms (accentological).

Norms of oral speech are reflected in special dictionaries(see, for example: Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language: pronunciation, stress, grammatical forms/ ed. R.I. Avanesova. – M., 2001; Ageenko F.L., Zarva M.V. Dictionary of accents for radio and television workers. – M., 2000).

5.1. Orthoepic norms- these are the norms of literary pronunciation.

Orthoepia (from Greek. orthos – straight, correct and epic – speech) is a set of rules of oral speech that ensure the unity of its sound design in accordance with the norms historically established in the literary language.

The following groups of orthoepic norms are distinguished:

Pronunciation of vowel sounds: forest - in l[i]su; horn – r[a]ga;

Pronunciation of consonants: teeth – tooth[n], o[t]take – o[d]give;

Pronunciation of individual consonant combinations: in [zh’zh’]i, [sh’sh’]astye; kone[sh]o;

Pronunciation of consonants in individual grammatical forms (in adjective forms: elastic[gy] – elastic[g’y]; V verb forms: took [sa] – took [s’a], I’m staying [s] – I’m staying [s’];

Pronunciation of words of foreign origin: pyu[re], [t’e]terror, b[o]a.

Let us dwell on individual, difficult cases of pronunciation, when the speaker needs to choose the correct option from a number of existing ones.

The Russian literary language is characterized by the pronunciation of [g] plosive. The pronunciation of the [γ] fricative is dialectal and non-normative. However, in a number of words the norm requires the pronunciation of the sound [γ], which, when deafened, turns into [x]: [ γ ]Lord, Bo[γ]a – Bo[x].

In Russian literary pronunciation there used to be a fairly significant range of everyday words in which instead of letter combinations CHN was pronounced ShN. Now, under the influence of spelling, there are quite a few such words left. Yes, pronunciation ShN preserved as obligatory in words kone[sh]o, naro[sh]o and in patronymics: Ilin[sh]a, Savvi[sh]na, Nikiti[sh]a(cf. the spelling of these words: Ilyinichna, Savvichna, Nikitichna).

A number of words allow variations in pronunciation CHN And ShN: decent And orderly, brown And bun[sh]aya, milk[chn]itsa And milk [sh]itsa. In some words, the pronunciation of ShN is perceived as outdated: lavo[sh]ik, grain[sh]evy, apple[sh]ny.

In scientific and technical terminology, as well as in words of a bookish nature, it is never pronounced ShN. Wed: flowing, heart (attack), milky (path), celibate.

Consonant group Thu in words what to nothing pronounced like PC: [pcs]o, [pcs]oby, not [pcs]o. In other cases - like Thu: not [that] about, according to [reading] and, according to [reading] a, [that] y, [reading].

For pronunciation foreign words The following trends are characteristic of the modern Russian literary language.

Foreign words are subject to the phonetic patterns in force in the language, so the majority of foreign words in pronunciation do not differ from Russian ones. However, some words retain their pronunciation features. This concerns

1) pronunciation of unstressed ABOUT;

2) pronunciation of the consonant before E.

1. In some groups of borrowed words that have limited use, the unstressed sound is (unstable) preserved ABOUT. These include:

Foreign proper names: Voltaire, Zola, Jaurès, Chopin;

Lecture No. 85 Language norm

The concept of language norm and Various types language norms.

Language norm

The concept of a language norm and various types of language norms are considered.

Lecture outline

85.1. The concept of language norm

85.2. Types of language norms

85. 1. The concept of language norm

Every cultured person should be able to correctly pronounce and write words, place punctuation marks, and not make mistakes when forming word forms, constructing phrases and sentences.

The concept of linguistic norm is closely related to the concept of correct speech.

Language norm - This is the generally accepted use of linguistic means: sounds, stress, intonation, words, syntactic structures.

Basic properties of the language norm:

• objectivity - the norm is not invented by scientists or prescribed by them;
• mandatory for all native speakers;
• sustainability - if the norms were not stable, easily subject to various influences, the connection between generations would be broken; stability of norms ensures continuity cultural traditions people, development of national literature;
• historical variability - as a language develops, language norms gradually change under the influence of colloquial speech, various social and professional groups population, borrowing, etc.

Changes in language result in variations of some words. For example, the options are absolutely equal tunnel - tunnel, galoshes - galoshes, cottage cheese - cottage cheese

However, more often the options receive different assessments: the main option is considered to be the one that can be used in all styles of speech and has a broader meaning; An option whose use is limited is considered secondary. For example, in all speech styles the option agreement, while the form agreement has a conversational tone. Form phenomenon can be used in all meanings of the word, and the colloquial version phenomenon used only in the sense of "a person with unusual abilities."

Many forms that have a vernacular coloring are outside the boundaries of the literary language: rings, got it, put it down and etc.

The admissibility of traditional and new pronunciation gives rise to the idea of ​​two types of norms - “senior” and “younger”: senior - recommended, more strict; the only one possible in stage and announcer speech; the younger one is acceptable, more free, characteristic of everyday speech.

Society consciously cares about preserving language norms, which is reflected in the process codification- streamlining language norms. The most important means codifications are linguistic dictionaries, reference books, teaching aids, from which we can glean information about correct use linguistic units.

In relation to the literary norm, several types of speech are distinguished, for example:

• elite speech, which is characterized by compliance with all literary norms, mastery of all functional styles Russian language, transition from one style to another depending on the sphere of communication, compliance with ethical standards of communication, respect for a partner;
• average-level literary speech, which most of the intelligentsia speaks;
• literary and colloquial speech;
• conversational-familiar type of speech (usually speech at the level of the family, relatives);
• colloquial speech (speech of uneducated people);
• professional speech.

85.2. Types of language norms

The most important quality of good speech - correctness - is based on compliance with various language norms. The types of language norms reflect the hierarchical structure of the language - each language level has its own set of language norms.

Orthoepic norms - it is a set of rules that establish uniform pronunciation. Orthoepy in the proper sense of the word indicates how certain sounds should be pronounced in certain phonetic positions, in certain combinations with other sounds, as well as in certain grammatical forms and groups of words or even individual words, if these forms and words have their own pronunciation features.

Let us give some examples of mandatory spelling norms (pronunciation of consonants).

1. The plosive sound [g] at the end of the word is deafened and [k] is pronounced in its place; pronunciation of the fricative [γ] is allowed in the words: God, Lord, good.

2. Voiced consonants, except for sonorant ones [r], [l], [m], [n], at the end of words and before voiceless consonants are deafened, and voiceless consonants before voiced ones, except for sonorant ones, are voiced: [teeth] - [zup] , [kas'it'] - [kaz'ba].

3. All consonants, except [zh], [sh], [ts], before vowels [i], [e] become soft. However, in some borrowed words the consonants before [e] remain hard: chalk[m'el], shadow[t'en'], but pace[tempo].

4. At the junction of morphemes, the consonants [z] and [zh], [z] and [sh], [s] and [sh], [s] and [zh], [z] and [h'] are pronounced as long hissing sounds: sew[shshyt’], compress[burn’].

5. Combination Thu in words what, to, nothing pronounced [pcs].

No less important for orthoepy is the question of stress placement. As noted by K.S. Gorbachevich, “correct placement of stress is a necessary sign of cultural, literate speech. There are many words, the pronunciation of which serves as a litmus test for level speech culture. Often it is enough to hear from stranger incorrect emphasis in a word (like: youth, store, invention, newborn, tool, document, percentage, whooping cough, beets, Athlete, self-interest, associate professor, briefcase, condolences, translated, transported, will make it easier, for people, etc.) so that form a not too flattering opinion about his education, the degree of general culture, so to speak, the level of intelligence. Therefore, there is no need to prove how important it is to master the correct stress” [K.S. Gorbachevich. Norms of modern Russian literary language. M., 1981].

Issues of pronunciation of words are discussed in detail in orthoepic dictionaries, for example: Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language. Pronunciation, stress, grammatical forms / edited by R.I. Avanesova. M., 1995 (and other editions)

Lexical norms- these are the rules for using words in accordance with their meanings and compatibility possibilities.

Is it possible to name the exhibition vernissage? The seagull on the curtain is mascot Art theater or its emblem? Is the use of words the same? thanks to- because of, become - stand up, place - place? Is it possible to use expressions a cavalcade of buses, a memorial monument, a forecast for the future? Answers to these questions can be found in lectures no. 7, № 8, № 10.

Like other types of norms, lexical norms are subject to historical changes. For example, it is interesting to trace how the norm of using the word has changed enrollee. In the 30s and 40s, both those who graduated from high school and those who entered a university were called applicants, since both of these concepts in most cases refer to the same person. IN post-war years the word for those graduating from high school has become graduate, A enrollee in this meaning has fallen out of use. Applicants began to be called those who pass entrance exams at universities and technical schools.

The following dictionaries are devoted to the description of lexical norms of the Russian language: V.N. Vakurov, L.I. Rakhmanova, I.V. Tolstoy, N.I. Formanovskaya. Difficulties of the Russian language: Dictionary-reference book. M., 1993; Rosenthal D.E., Telenkova M.A. Dictionary of difficulties of the Russian language. M., 1999; Belchikov Yu.A., Panyusheva M.S. Dictionary of paronyms of the Russian language. M., 2002, etc.

Morphological norms- these are the rules for the formation of words and word forms.

Morphological norms are numerous and relate to the use of forms of different parts of speech. These norms are reflected in grammars and reference books.

For example, in the nominative case plural of nouns, most words according to the traditional norms of the literary language have an ending -s , -And : mechanics, bakers, turners, searchlights. However, in a number of words there is an ending -A . Forms with ending -A usually have a conversational or professional tone. Only some words have an ending -A corresponds to the literary norm, for example: addresses, shore, side, board, century, bill of exchange, director, doctor, jacket, master, passport, cook, cellar, professor, class, watchman, paramedic, cadet, anchor, sail, cold.

Variant forms, forms corresponding to the literary norm, are described in detail in the book: T.F. Efremova, V.G. Kostomarov. Dictionary of grammatical difficulties of the Russian language. M., 2000.

Syntactic norms- these are the rules for constructing phrases and sentences.

For example, choosing the right form of control is perhaps the most difficult thing in modern oral and written speech. How to say: dissertation review or for a dissertation, production control or for production,capable of sacrifices or to the victims,monument to Pushkin or Pushkin, control destinies or fate?

The book will help answer these questions: Rosenthal D.E. Handbook of the Russian language. Management in Russian. M., 2002.

Stylistic norms- these are the rules for choosing linguistic means in accordance with the communication situation.

Many words in the Russian language have a certain stylistic connotation - bookish, colloquial, colloquial, which determines the characteristics of their use in speech.

For example, the word dwell has a bookish character, so it should not be used in combination with words that are stylistically reduced, evoking ideas of a reduced nature. This is why it is incorrect: I went to the barn where there were pigs...

Mixing vocabulary of different stylistic colors can be used for artistic purposes, for example, to create a comic effect: The forest owner loves to feast on polydrupes and angiosperms... And when the siverko blows, how the dashing bad weather makes fun - the general metabolism of Toptygin sharply slows down, the tone of the gastrointestinal tract decreases with a concomitant increase in the lipid layer. Yes, the minus range is not scary for Mikhailo Ivanovich: no matter where hairline, and the epidermis is noble...(T. Tolstaya).

Of course, we should not forget about spelling rules, which are given the most attention in school course Russian language. These include spelling standards- rules for writing words and punctuation norms- rules for placing punctuation marks.

Date: 2010-05-22 10:58:52

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Language norms(norms of a literary language, literary norms) are the rules for the use of linguistic means in a certain period of development of a literary language, i.e. rules of pronunciation, spelling, word usage, grammar. A norm is a pattern of uniform, generally accepted use of language elements (words, phrases, sentences).

In literary language the following are distinguished: types of norms:

• norms of written and oral forms of speech;
• norms of written speech;
• norms of oral speech.

The norms common to oral and written speech include:

• lexical norms;
• grammatical rules;
• stylistic norms.

Special norms of written speech are:

• spelling standards;
• punctuation standards.

Applicable only to oral speech:

• pronunciation standards;
• accent norms;
• intonation norms

Grammar rules - these are the rules for using the forms of different parts of speech, as well as the rules for constructing a sentence.

The most common grammatical errors associated with the use of gender of nouns: * railway rail, *French shampoo, *big callus, *registered parcel post, *patent leather shoes. However rail, shampoo – it is a masculine noun and callus, parcel, shoe - feminine, so you should say: railway rail, French shampoo And big callus, custom parcel, patent leather shoe.

 Lexical norms - these are the rules for using words in speech. An error is, for example, the use of the verb * lay down instead of put. Even though the verbs lay down And put have the same meaning put – this is a normative literary word, and lay down- colloquial. The following expressions are an error: * I put the book back in its place *He puts the folder on the table etc. In these sentences you need to use the verb put: I put the books in their place, He puts the folder on the table.

 Orthoepic norms - These are pronunciation norms of oral speech. They are studied by a special section of linguistics - orthoepy (from the Greek.
orthos– “correct” and epos- "speech").

Compliance with pronunciation standards is important for the quality of our speech. Spelling errors * cat á log, *sound ó nit, *means á etc. always interfere with the perception of the content of speech: the listener’s attention is distracted and the statement is not perceived in its entirety

You should consult the Spelling Dictionary about stress in words. The pronunciation of a word is also recorded in spelling and explanatory dictionaries. Pronunciation that corresponds to orthoepic standards facilitates and speeds up the process of communication, therefore the social role of correct pronunciation is very great, especially now in our society, where oral speech has become a means of the widest communication at various meetings, conferences, and forums.

Levels language - main tiers language system its subsystems, each of which is represented by “a collection of relatively homogeneous units” and a set of rules that govern their use and classification. Units of the same level of language are capable of entering into syntagmatic and paradigmatic relationships with each other (for example, words, when combined, form phrases and sentences), units different levels can only enter into one another (for example, phonemes make up the sound shells of morphemes, words are made from morphemes, sentences are made from words).

The following language levels are identified as the main ones:

• phonemic;
• morphemic;
• lexical(verbal);
• syntactic(supply level).

The levels at which two-sided units (having a plan of expression and a plan of content) are distinguished are called higher levels language. Some scientists tend to distinguish only two levels: differential(language is considered as a system of distinctive signs: sounds or written signs that replace them, distinguishing units of the semantic level) and semantic, on which bilateral units are highlighted

In some cases, units of several levels coincide in one sound form. So, in Russian And phoneme, morpheme and word coincide, in Lat. i "go"- phoneme, morpheme, word and sentence

Units of the same level can exist in an abstract, or « Em ical"(for example, background eat s, morph eat s), and specific, or "ethical"(backgrounds, morphs), forms, which is not a basis for identifying additional levels of language: rather, it makes sense to talk about different levels of analysis.

The levels of language are not stages in its development, but the result of division.

Paradigmatic and syntagmic relations are connected by units to varying degrees The complex opposition of these relationships reflects the multi-level nature of language. The language system is not homogeneous, but consists of more specific system levels, tiers. At each level, only synthetic or paragmatic relationships are possible. Since the relationships between units of the same level are of the same type, the determination of the number of levels depends on the quality of the units and their number. Level-set of relatively homogeneous units to the same degree difficulties. They differ in the features of their plans of expression and content; morphemes and lexicon – content, noun sacredness of L.E. – they are formed at the lower level, and the function is at the upper level. Differences between the basic and intermediate levels: basic and minimum levels, i.e. further indivisible units: sentence - minimum statement, lexeme - indivisible and minimum component of the sentence, morpheme - minimum component of the lexeme. Intermediate levels: they do not have such minimal units. An intermediate level unit is an integral, or part of the unit of the nearest main tier. The level of differentiated features precedes the phonetic level. A differentiated sign of a phoneme is deafness, explosiveness. The morphonemic level precedes the morphonological level. A morphoneme is a chain of phonemes alternating in morphs (ru h ka-ru To A). Each level is not monolithic, but consists of microsystems. The fewer units in a tier, the more systematic it is. The more units in a tier, the greater the likelihood of the formation of tiers of microsystems. The phonemic level and differentiated features are the 2 most systemic levels of language. It was here that the idea of ​​a systematic language as a whole arose. But levels with big amount units showed their character somewhat differently. In a language that is an open dynamic system, systematicity and non-systematicity do not contradict each other. The language system constantly strives for balance, but it is never absolutely correct. We can assume that it is in a state of equilibrium. The language combines strict systematicity with non-systematic periphery. Here lies the source of the language system.

Signs:

· compliance with the structure of the language;

• massive and regular reproducibility in the process of speech activity of the majority of speakers;
• public approval and recognition.

Characteristics of the standards:
1. Resilience and stability. ensure the unity of the national language.
2. General prevalence and universally binding norms.
3. Literary tradition and authority of sources.
4. Cultural and aesthetic perception of the norm.
5. Dynamic nature of norms.
6. Possibility of linguistic pluralism.

Linguistic norms (standards of literary language, literary norms) are the rules for the use of linguistic means in a certain period of development of the literary language, i.e. rules of pronunciation, spelling, word usage, grammar. A norm is a pattern of uniform, generally accepted use of language elements (words, phrases, sentences).

A linguistic phenomenon is considered normative if it is characterized by such features as:

compliance with the structure of the language;

massive and regular reproducibility in the process of speech activity of the majority of speakers;

public approval and recognition.

Linguistic norms were not invented by philologists; they reflect a certain stage in the development of the literary language of the entire people. Language norms cannot be introduced or abolished by decree; they cannot be reformed administratively. The activity of linguists who study language norms is different - they identify, describe and codify language norms, as well as explain and promote them.

The main sources of language norms include:

works of classical writers;

works of modern writers who continue classical traditions;

media publications;

common modern usage;

linguistic research data.

The characteristic features of language norms are:

relative stability;

prevalence;

common use;

universal obligatory;

correspondence to the use, custom and capabilities of the language system.

Norms help the literary language maintain its integrity and general intelligibility. They protect the literary language from the flow of dialect speech, social and professional jargon, and vernacular. This allows the literary language to perform one of essential functions- cultural.

A speech norm is a set of the most stable traditional implementations of the language system, selected and consolidated in the process of public communication.

The normalization of speech is its compliance with the literary and linguistic ideal.

Dynamic development of language and variability of norms

“The language system, being in constant use, is created and modified by the collective efforts of those who use it... New things in speech experience that do not fit into the framework of the language system, but that work and are functionally appropriate, lead to restructuring in it, and each successive state of the language system serves as a basis for comparison during subsequent processing speech experience. Thus, in the process of speech functioning, language develops, changes, and at each stage of this development language system inevitably contains elements that have not completed the process of change. Therefore, various fluctuations and variations are inevitable in any language.” The constant development of language leads to changes in literary norms. What was the norm in the last century and even 15-20 years ago may become a deviation from it today. So, for example, previously the words snack bar, toy, bakery, everyday, deliberately, decently, creamy, apple, scrambled eggs were pronounced with the sounds [shn]. At the end of the 20th century. such pronunciation as the only (strictly obligatory) norm was preserved only in the words deliberately, scrambled eggs. In the words bakery, along with the traditional pronunciation [shn], the new pronunciation [chn] is recognized as acceptable. In the words everyday, apple, the new pronunciation is recommended as the main option, and the old one is allowed as a possible option. In the word creamy, the pronunciation [shn] is recognized as an acceptable, but outdated option, and in the words snack bar, toy, the new pronunciation [chn] has become the only possible normative option.

This example clearly shows that in the history of a literary language the following are possible:

maintaining the old norm;

competition between two options, in which dictionaries recommend the traditional option;

competition of options, in which dictionaries recommend a new option;

approval of the new option as the only normative one.

In the history of a language, not only orthoepic norms change, but also all other norms.

An example of a change in lexical norm is the words diploma student and applicant. At the beginning of the 20th century. the word diplomant denoted a student completing a thesis work, and the word diplomannik was a colloquial (stylistic) version of the word diplomant. In the literary norm of the 50-60s. a distinction was made in the use of these words: the word graduate began to be used to refer to a student during the period of preparation and defense thesis(it has lost the stylistic connotation of a colloquial word), and the word diplomat began to be used to name the winners of competitions, shows, and competitions marked with a winner’s diploma.

The word applicant was used to designate those who graduated from high school and those who entered university, since both of these concepts in many cases refer to the same person. In the middle of the 20th century. For those graduating from high school, the word graduate was assigned, and the word applicant in this meaning fell out of use.

Grammar norms also change in the language. In the literature of the 19th century. and in colloquial speech of that time the words dahlia, hall, piano were used - these were the words female. In modern Russian, the norm is to use these words as masculine words - dahlia, hall, piano.

An example of a change in stylistic norms is the entry into the literary language of dialectal and colloquial words, for example, bully, whiner, background, pandemonium, hype.

Each new generation relies on existing texts, stable figures of speech, and ways of expressing thoughts. From the language of these texts, it selects the most appropriate words and figures of speech, takes what is relevant for itself from what was developed by previous generations, bringing in its own to express new ideas, ideas, a new vision of the world. Naturally, new generations are abandoning what seems archaic, not in tune with the new manner of formulating thoughts, conveying their feelings, attitudes towards people and events. Sometimes they return to archaic forms, giving them new content, new angles of understanding.

Every historical era the norm is a complex phenomenon and exists in rather difficult conditions.

Types of norms.

In literary language, the following types of norms are distinguished:

• 1) norms of written and oral forms of speech;
• 2) norms of written speech;
• 3) norms of oral speech.

The norms common to oral and written speech include:

lexical norms;

grammatical norms;

stylistic norms.

Special norms of written speech are:

spelling standards;

punctuation standards.

Applicable only to oral speech:

pronunciation standards;

accent norms;

intonation norms.

Norms common to oral and written speech relate to linguistic content and text construction. Lexical norms, or norms of word use, are norms that determine the correct choice of a word from a number of units that are close to it in meaning or form, as well as its use in the meanings that it has in the literary language.

Lexical norms are reflected in explanatory dictionaries, dictionaries foreign words, terminological dictionaries and reference books.

Compliance with lexical norms - the most important condition accuracy of speech and its correctness.

Their violation leads to lexical errors of various types (examples of errors from the essays of applicants):

incorrect choice of a word from a number of units, including confusion of paronyms, inaccurate choice of a synonym, incorrect choice of a unit of the semantic field (bone type of thinking, analyze the life activity of writers, Nikolaev aggression, Russia experienced many incidents in domestic and foreign policy in those years);

violation of the norms of lexical compatibility (a herd of hares, under the yoke of humanity, a secret curtain, ingrained foundations, has gone through all stages of human development);

the contradiction between the speaker’s intention and the emotional and evaluative connotations of the word (Pushkin correctly chose the path of life and followed it, leaving indelible traces; He made an enormous contribution to the development of Russia);

the use of anachronisms (Lomonosov entered the institute, Raskolnikov studied at the university);

a mixture of linguistic and cultural realities (Lomonosov lived hundreds of miles from the capital);

misuse phraseological units(Youth was flowing out of him; We need to get him out into fresh water).

Grammatical norms are divided into word-formation, morphological and syntactic.

Morphological norms require the correct formation of grammatical forms of words of different parts of speech (forms of gender, number, short forms and degrees of comparison of adjectives, etc.). A typical violation of morphological norms is the use of a word in a non-existent or inflectional form that does not correspond to the context (analyzed image, reigning order, victory over fascism, called Plyushkin a hole). Sometimes you can hear the following phrases: railway rail, imported shampoo, registered parcel post, patent leather shoes. There is a morphological error in these phrases - the gender of the nouns is incorrectly formed.

Orthoepic norms include norms of pronunciation, stress and intonation of oral speech. Pronunciation norms of the Russian language are determined primarily by the following phonetic factors:

Stunning of voiced consonants at the end of words: du [p], hle [p].

Reduction of unstressed vowels (changes in sound quality)

Assimilation is the likening of consonants in terms of voicedness and deafness at the junction of morphemes: only voiced consonants are pronounced before voiced consonants, only voiceless ones are pronounced before deaf ones: furnish - about [p] put, run away - [z] run, fry - and [g]arit.

Loss of some sounds in combinations of consonants: stn, zdn, stl, lnts: holiday - pra [zn] ik, sun - so [nc] e.

Compliance with spelling norms is an important part of speech culture, because their violation creates in listeners an unpleasant impression of the speech and the speaker himself, and distracts from the perception of the content of the speech. Orthoepic norms are recorded in orthoepic dictionaries of the Russian language and dictionaries of accents.

Stress norms (accentological norms)

Accentology studies the functions of stress. Stress - highlighting one of the syllables in a word with different phonetically(increasing tone, strengthening voice, volume, duration). The peculiarity of the stress is its diversity and mobility. The diversity is manifested in the fact that in in different words the stress falls on different syllables: invent - invent. The mobility of stress is revealed in the fact that in one word, when its form changes, the stress can move from one syllable to another: earth (I. p) - earth (V. p)

Pronouncing dictionary.

The spelling dictionary fixes the norms of pronunciation and stress.

This dictionary mainly includes the following words:

pronunciation that cannot be clearly established based on their written form;

having movable stress in grammatical forms;

forming some grammatical forms in non-standard ways;

words that experience fluctuations in stress throughout the entire system of forms or in individual forms.

The dictionary introduces a scale of normativity: some options are considered equal, in other cases one of the options is considered basic and the other acceptable. The dictionary also gives marks indicating the variant of pronunciation of the word in poetic and professional speech.

The following main phenomena are reflected in pronunciation notes:

softening of consonants, i.e. soft pronunciation consonants under the influence of subsequent soft consonants, for example: review, - and;

changes occurring in consonant clusters, such as pronunciation of stn as [sn] (local);

possible pronunciation of one consonant sound (hard or soft) in place of two identical letters, for example: apparatus, - a [n]; effect, - a [f b];

firm pronunciation of consonants followed by the vowel e in place of spelling combinations with e in words of foreign origin, for example hotel, - I [te];

lack of reduction in words of foreign origin, i.e. pronunciation of unstressed vowel sounds in place of the letters o, e, a, which does not correspond to the rules of reading, for example: bonton, - a [bo]; nocturne, - a [faculty. But];

features in the pronunciation of consonants associated with syllable separation in words with side stress, for example, head of the laboratory [zaf/l], neskl. m, f.

linguistic speech stylistic literary