Project on the theme of Princess Olga. School Powerpoint Presentations

Origin From “The Tale of Bygone Years”: Olga was born in the Pskov region, she was not of noble family, Varangian. This is also confirmed by her name “Olga”. Bulgarian historians also put forward a version about Olga’s Bulgarian roots, relying on the fact that the ancient Slavic transcription of the city of Pskov and the Bulgarian city of Pleskov coincided, but this has already fallen out of use. The later Piskarevsky chronicler reports a rumor that she was the daughter of Prophetic Oleg, the curator of Prince Igor, who later became her husband.

The legend of the acquaintance The prince was hunting in those places. While crossing the river by boat, he noticed that the carrier was a young girl dressed in men's clothing. Igor immediately “flared with desire” and began to pester her, but received a worthy rebuke in response: “Why do you embarrass me, prince, with immodest words? I may be young and humble, and alone here, but know: it is better for me to throw myself into the river than to endure reproach.” Igor remembered about the chance acquaintance when the time came to look for a bride, and sent Oleg for the girl he loved, not wanting any other wife.

Beginning of the reign In 945, Igor died from the Drevlyans while taking tribute from them. Svyatoslav was only three years old and Olga from that time became the recognized ruler of Rus'. Olga ruled the state from

Revenge on the Drevlyans After the death of Igor, Olga took revenge on the Drevlyans, as required by pagan customs. 1st revenge of Princess Olga: the matchmakers, 20 Drevlyans, arrived in a boat, which the Kievans carried and threw into a deep hole in the courtyard of Olga’s tower. The matchmaker-ambassadors were buried alive along with the boat.

Revenge on the Drevlyans 2nd revenge: Olga asked, out of respect, to send new ambassadors from the best men to her, which the Drevlyans willingly did. An embassy of noble Drevlyans was burned in a bathhouse while they were washing themselves in preparation for a meeting with the princess. 3rd revenge: The princess with a small retinue came to the lands of the Drevlyans to, according to custom, celebrate a funeral feast at her husband’s grave. Having drunk the Drevlyans during the funeral feast, Olga ordered them to be chopped down. The chronicle reports 5 thousand Drevlyans killed.

Revenge on the Drevlyans 4th revenge: In 946, Olga went with an army on a campaign against the Drevlyans. She unsuccessfully tried to besiege the city during the summer, and won the battle with the help of birds, to which she ordered incendiary devices to be tied. Some of the defenders of Iskorosten were killed, the rest submitted.

Olga's reign In 947, Olga established quitrents and tribute on her land, created a system of graveyards - centers of trade and exchange, in which taxes were collected in a more orderly manner; Then they began to build churches in graveyards. She established the exact amount of tribute collected in favor of Kyiv. The lands subject to Kyiv were divided into administrative units, in each of which a princely administrator was appointed. Princess Olga laid the foundation for stone urban planning in Rus'.

Olga's baptism According to the PVL in Constantinople, in 955 Olga's baptism was carried out. According to Byzantine chronicles, Olga was baptized during her second visit to Constantinople, September 18, 957 by Romanos II. In 969, Olga was buried in the ground according to Christian custom. During the reign of Vladimir, her grandson, Olga began to be revered as a saint, and in 1547 she was canonized as an Equal-to-the-Apostles saint.

Tradition called Olga Cunning, the Church Holy, History Wise. Having taken revenge on the Drevlyans, she knew how to maintain silence in her country and, with the activities of her great husband, established order in a vast and new state; perhaps she did not write laws, but she gave statutes, the simplest and most necessary. Created a tax system. Before the time of the Olgins, the Grand Dukes fought, and she ruled the state. Confident in her wisdom, Svyatoslav, even in his manly years, left her, it seems, internal rule, constantly engaged in wars that removed him from the capital. - Under Olga, Russia became famous in the most remote countries of Europe. Having become a zealous Christian, Olga - according to Nestor, the star and moon of salvation - served as a convincing example for her grandson Vladimir and prepared the triumph of the true faith in our Fatherland. Results of the board

• Only the brightest personalities remain in the people's memory, only the chronicles tell about them. But even among the chronicle stories, the story of the life and deeds of Princess Olga stands out.

• Duchess Olga. V. M. Vasnetsov

Problem:

• “Tradition called Olga Cunning, the Church Holy, history Wise,” wrote N. M. Karamzin. “The Grand Dukes fought before the time of the Olgins - she ruled the state...”
• Why did tradition, church and history, according to Karamzin, characterize Princess Olga this way?

Origin of Princess Olga

• Three versions:
• Olga was a peasant woman from near Pskov;
• Olga is a native of the noble Novgorod family of Gostomysl;
• Olga is of Varangian origin, the daughter of a Varangian from the squad of Prince Oleg (name Olga - Helga)

Olga's marriage

• The first meeting of Prince Igor with Olga. Artist Vasily Kondratyevich Sazonov

Collecting tribute - polyudye

• Old Russian polyudye - a circular detour by the prince, accompanied by a squad of his possessions, to collect tribute. Bypassing communities, tribes, tribal unions, the prince fed himself and fed his squad. Polyudye gave the prince tribute in goods that were exported: furs, wax, handicrafts. Goods were transported along rivers and seas to Byzantium and Muslim countries in Asia. The prince and his representatives administered justice, stopped civil strife, reconciling the warring parties.

Death of Prince Igor

• According to the chronicle, in 945, Prince Igor died at the hands of the Drevlyans after repeatedly collecting tribute from them. The heir to the throne, Svyatoslav, was only 3 years old at the time, so Olga became the de facto ruler of Kievan Rus in 945.

Olga and squad

• Igor’s squad submitted to Olga, recognizing her as regent of the legitimate heir to the throne, Svyatoslav. This was facilitated by the decisive actions of the princess against the Drevlyans, who refused to pay tribute to Kyiv.

Olga's meeting with the matchmakers

• After the murder of Igor, the Drevlyans sent matchmakers to his widow Olga to invite her to marry their prince Mal. The princess successively dealt with the elders of the Drevlyans, and then brought the Drevlyan people into submission. The Old Russian chronicler describes in detail Olga's revenge for the death of her husband.

Princess Olga's Revenge

• 1st revenge of Princess Olga:
• The matchmakers, 20 Drevlyans, arrived in a boat, which the Kievans carried and threw into a deep hole in the courtyard of Olga's tower. The matchmaker-ambassadors were buried alive along with the boat.
• And, bending towards the pit, Olga asked them: “Is honor good for you?” They answered: “Igor’s death is worse for us.” And she ordered them to be buried alive; and covered them.

Princess Olga's Revenge

• 2nd revenge: Olga asked, as a sign of respect, to send new ambassadors from the best men to her, which the Drevlyans willingly did. An embassy of noble Drevlyans was burned in a bathhouse while they were washing themselves in preparation for a meeting with the princess.

Princess Olga's Revenge

• 3rd revenge: The princess with a small retinue came to the lands of the Drevlyans to celebrate a funeral feast at her husband’s grave, according to custom. Having drunk the Drevlyans during the funeral feast, Olga ordered them to be chopped down. The chronicle reports 5 thousand Drevlyans killed.

Princess Olga's Revenge

• 4th revenge: In 946, Olga went with an army on a campaign against the Drevlyans. After an unsuccessful siege of the capital city of Iskorosten during the summer, Olga burned the city with the help of pigeons and sparrows, to whose feet she ordered lit tow with sulfur to be tied. Some of the defenders of Iskorosten were killed, the rest submitted.

Domestic policy of Princess Olga

• After the massacre of the Drevlyans, Olga began to rule Kievan Rus until her son Svyatoslav came of age. As a far-sighted ruler, she understood that uncontrolled collection of tribute and violence caused discontent among people, and this threatened the very existence of the young state. The Grand Duchess carries out reforms.

Tax reform 946

• Firstly, the “polyudye” or “circling” of the Kyiv prince and his retinue through the subject territories was cancelled. “Lessons” were established - clear amounts of tribute, which were collected once a year in food, furs, and various products from lands that became volosts, then county principalities. Secondly, Special places were designated for collecting tribute - “cemeteries”. They were also used for local trade, and near large cities, on the banks of large rivers - and for foreign trade. Third, people were appointed to collect tribute at churchyards - “tiuns” as representatives of the princely administration.

Olga's domestic policy

• In 947, Princess Olga and her retinue traveled around a significant part of the Kyiv state in order to restore order. Everywhere he establishes “lessons” and establishes “cemeteries”. The unity of the state was restored.

The importance of reforms

• The meaning of Princess Olga's reforms was to normalize duties, to centralize power, and to weaken local tribal power. Churchyards became small centers of princely power. For a long time, Olga put this reform into action, honing its mechanisms. This work did not bring her fame and was not overgrown with legends, but it was of great importance in the formation of the Russian state. The reform contributed to the centralization of the grand ducal power and strengthening of the state.

• "Collecting tribute"
• Roerich N.K., 1908

Foreign policy

• 957 - Princess Olga's trip to Constantinople. Purpose of the trip: to show that times of turmoil did not shake the strength of Rus'. During meetings with the Emperor of Byzantium, Constantine Porphyrogenitus, the validity of the trade agreement of 944 and the military alliance of Rus' and Byzantium against Khazaria and the Arab Caliphate were confirmed.

Olga's baptism

• Olga understood that further strengthening of the state was impossible without the adoption of Christianity. But she also understood the power of paganism and people’s commitment to it. Therefore, she first decided to be baptized herself and thereby set an example for others.

Honorary baptism of Princess Olga in 957

• Princess Olga organized her baptism in such a way as to bring as much glory as possible to her Fatherland: 1. She was baptized in the Church of Hagia Sophia - in the main temple of Byzantium. 2. The Byzantine emperor became her godfather. 3.Olga received the name Elena at baptism in honor of the mother of Emperor Constantine. 4. Olga was baptized by the Patriarch of Constantinople himself.

Mother - faith - son

• After returning to Kyiv, Olga tried to persuade her son Svyatoslav to Christianity. But he, like his entire squad, worshiped Perun and refused her. Alienation began between mother and son...

Canonization of Olga

• Olga is the first Russian saint. It is from her in Rus' officially Orthodoxy has gone. Before her death, she forbade her son to celebrate a funeral feast for her, a pagan burial rite.

Result:

• Princess Olga rightfully occupies an absolutely exceptional place in our history. The historian N.M. Karamzin gave a brilliant assessment of the reign of Princess Olga. He wrote that she “proved by her wise reign that a weak wife can sometimes be equal to great men.”

List of used literature and online resources

• Karamzin N. M. History of the Russian State // World of Literature. M: “Pro-Press” vol. 1, ch. 7
• 2. Sakharov A. N., Buganov V. I. History of Russia from ancient times to the end of the 17th century.
• Grade 10. M: "Enlightenment", 2008
• 3. ru.wikipedia.org
• History.sgu.ru
• Sources of illustrations:
• images.yandex.ru› - miniatures of the Radzivilov chronicle
• urokitebe.ru
• hiztory.ru
• The author of the presentation template is Victoria Aleksandrovna Fedotova, primary school teacher at Municipal Educational Institution Secondary School with. Lokhovo, Cheremkhovo district, Irkutsk region

Slide 1

Slide 2

On the very first pages of Russian history, a remarkable woman of antiquity appears - Princess Olga, “the wisest of people.” Wax Museum in Kyiv

Slide 3

Under Olga, the internal strengthening of the Kyiv state begins. She set the amounts of tributes and quitrents, indicated places for their collection - “cemeteries”, traveled around her vast possessions and left traces of her activities everywhere. N. Bruni. Holy Princess Olga. 1901

Slide 4

However, this is not what glorified Olga’s name in the eyes of the Russian people. Her greatest deed was the planting of Christianity in Rus', with which the road to enlightenment opened for the Russian people. This was a matter of not only great ecclesiastical, but cultural and political significance.

Slide 5

Princess Olga was called wise by the people, and Equal to the Apostles by the Russian Orthodox Church. Archontissa Olga. Drawing from an old book, 1869

Slide 6

Olga was the wife of the Grand Duke of Kyiv Igor. About the origin of Princess Olga

Slide 7

Neither Olga's date of birth nor her ancestry are known. And the rest of the information about her is fragmentary and significantly legendary, so it is no longer possible to separate fiction from truth. Duchess Olga. Roses of the heart. N.K.Roerich

Slide 8

This is not necessary, since the legends and traditions about her life reflect the great love and respect of the people for their ruler. Let the life story of Princess Olga remain the same as it was created by the people and recorded in the chronicles. Order of the Holy Equal-to-the-Apostles Princess Olga

Slide 9

Olga was born in what is now Pskovskaya (there was no city of Pskov at that time), and according to her life, in the country of Pleskovskaya, from the village of Vybutsay (12 km from Pskov up the Velikaya River). Vybuty

Slide 10

Prince Igor - her future husband - met her while hunting and fell in love with the beautiful young carrier who transported him across the river and amazed the prince with her very smart speeches, modesty and beauty. After that, he didn’t want to hear about other brides and married her. The first meeting of Prince Igor with Olga. Sazonov V.K.

Slide 11

In Pskov, oral traditions associated with Princess Olga have been preserved. Until now, local residents indicate those places about which written sources are silent: Holgin Perevoz, Olgin Bridge, Holgin Gate; There is a village called Olga Kresty. Nestor the chronicler writes that in his time Princess Olga’s sleigh was still kept in Pskov. Saint Olga. Sketch for a mosaic by N.K. Roerich. 1915

Slide 12

Some historians of the 17th – 19th centuries believed that Princess Olga came from a Varangian family. They derived the name “Olga” from the Norman “Elga”, believing that the initial letter “E” was replaced by “O”. However, the chronicler says nothing about Olga's Scandinavian origins. Princess Olga (bas-relief on the chapel in Pskov)

Slide 13

The presence of presumably Scandinavians in those places is noted by a number of archaeological finds, possibly dating back to the 1st half of the 10th century. On the other hand, in chronicles the name Olga is often rendered in the Slavic form “Volga”. The ancient Czech name Olha is also known. Monument to Princess Olga in Pskov. Work by Z. Tsereteli, 2003

Slide 14

The typographical chronicle (end of the 15th century) and the later Piskarevsky chronicler convey a rumor that Olga was the daughter of the Prophetic Oleg, who began to rule Kievan Rus as the guardian of the young Igor, the son of Rurik: “The Netsy say that Olga is Olga’s daughter.” Oleg married Igor and Olga.

Slide 15

The so-called Joachim Chronicle, the authenticity of which is questioned by historians, reports Olga’s noble Slavic origins: “When Igor matured, Oleg married him, gave him a wife from Izborsk, the Gostomyslov family, who was called Beautiful, and Oleg renamed her and called her his name Olga." Izborsk

Slide 16

But even if ancient written historical sources do not make it possible to accurately judge her origin, it should still be said that Grand Duchess Olga “was the first Russian woman to leave an indelible mark on history.” This is how the greatest historian, academician Mikhail Nikolaevich Tikhomirov, wrote about her. Holy Princess Olga. Sketch of the painting of the Cathedral of St. Vladimir in Kyiv. M. V. Nesterov, 1892.

Slide 17

Princess Olga's first revenge The Tale of Bygone Years tells in detail about Olga's revenge on the Drevlyans for the murder of her husband, Prince Igor. "Princess Olga meets the body of Prince Igor." Sketch by V. I. Surikov, 1915

Slide 18

The Drevlyans sent twenty ambassadors to Olga with an offer to be the wife of their prince Mal. Olga feignedly agreed and, supposedly for the sake of the ambassadors’ honor, arranged for the Drevlyan ambassadors to be carried to her solemnly in their boats. Novikova S. Drevlyans at Prince Olga

Slide 19

Olga's reprisal against the first embassy of the Drevlyans. 945 From an engraving by F. Bruni And Olga ordered her servants to dig a deep hole in the courtyard, where they threw the ambassadors, covering them with earth.

Slide 20

The deceived ambassadors said that their death was worse than Igor’s. This was Olga's first revenge. Revenge of Princess Olga. Miniatures. Radziwill Chronicle. 15th century

Slide 21

The second revenge of Princess Olga Then, at Olga’s invitation, the second embassy from the best men of the Drevlyan land arrived from the Drevlyans. The princess ordered a bath to be prepared for them first. And as soon as the ambassadors were in the bathhouse, they were locked up, and the bathhouse was set on fire, and they all burned. This was the second revenge on the Drevlyans. Olga's second revenge on the Drevlyans. Miniature of the Radziwill Chronicle

Slide 22

The third revenge of Princess Olga Then Olga herself sends ambassadors to the Drevlyans, saying: “Here I am coming to you, prepare a lot of honey near the city where they killed my husband, so that I will cry at his grave and perform a funeral feast for my husband.” Trizna is a funeral meal for pagans at the burial mounds of the dead.

Slide 23

When the Drevlyans got drunk with wine, Olga walked away, and ordered her warriors to flog the Drevlyans, and then they killed five thousand people. This was Olga's third revenge. Olga's third revenge on the Drevlyans. Miniature of the Radziwill Chronicle

Slide 24

Olga burns the main city of the Drevlyans. The next year, Olga sent her army to the Drevlyans. Her little son Svyatoslav also studied military affairs in the army. The warriors of Princess Olga defeated the Drevlyans, and they began to beg for mercy at the walls of their main city, Iskorosten. S. Efoshkin. Revenge on the Drevlyans.

Slide 25

Then Olga, saying that the Drevlyans had neither honey nor furs, ordered three pigeons and three sparrows from each yard to be collected from the city residents as tribute. Prince Mal. Korosten

Slide 26

The Drevlyans were delighted and sent their request with a bow. Olga, having distributed to the soldiers - some a dove, some a sparrow, ordered to tie a piece of sulfur to the tail of each bird. Olga's fourth revenge on the Drevlyans. Miniature of the Radziwill Chronicle

Slide 27

And when it began to get dark, the warriors lit the sulfur and released the birds. The pigeons flew into their dovecotes, and the sparrows flew under the eaves, and the whole city caught fire. People fled from the city, and Olga’s soldiers began to grab them. So Olga took the city and once again took terrible revenge for her husband. Olga's fourth revenge on the Drevlyans. Miniature from the Radziwill Chronicle.

Slide 28

For the pagan Olga, who did not yet know the Gospel, avenging her husband’s death seemed a matter of honor. Having taken revenge on the Drevlyans, Olga imposed a heavy tribute on them.

Slide 29

Princess Olga as the ruler of the Old Russian state After the death of Prince Igor due to the minority of Svyatoslav, Princess Olga assumes rule in Kyiv.

Slide 30

Under Olga, the internal strengthening of the Old Russian state began. The chronicles are full of information about her tireless “walks” across the Russian land with the goal of improving the lives of all her subjects. The journey of Princess Olga. Painting the vault of the Tsarina Chamber in the Moscow Kremlin

Slide 31

Princess Olga sets the amounts of tributes and quitrents, determines places for collecting tributes, and arranges “cemeteries” where visiting merchants gathered to trade. Ilyinsky Pogost on Vodlozero

Slide 32

Scattered along the Dnieper and Desna were the places indicated by Princess Olga for catching animals and birds - Olga’s “overweights” and “traps”. These places were included in the grand ducal possessions. Central square of Kyiv. Until the end of the 10th century, this area, like Khreshchatyk, was called Perevesishche and consisted of forest thickets.

Slide 33

The churchyards established by Princess Olga helped the civil and economic improvement of the country. Later, when Olga became a Christian, the first churches in Rus' began to be built in graveyards. Shirkov Pogost

Slide 34

The churchyard and the temple became inseparable concepts. Subsequently, due to the fact that cemeteries were established at churches, the word “pogost” began to be used to refer to a cemetery. Pogosta Olgin Crest on the banks of the Narova - the northernmost point of the ancient Pskov lands.

Slide 35

Princess Olga cared a lot about strengthening the defense of Russian cities. Cities were built up, overgrown with stone and oak walls (visors), ramparts, and palisades. A. I. Kravchenko. An ancient Russian city. Red plows

Slide 36

Slide 37

Under Princess Olga, stone construction began in Kyiv. I. Arkhipov. The city is being built

Slide 38

Olga turns to Christianity In the eyes of the Russian people, Olga was not glorified by the economic development of the country. As academician M.N. Tikhomirov writes, “her greatest deed was the planting of Christianity in Rus', with which the road to enlightenment opened for the Russian people.” Monument to St. Prince Olga in Pskov

Slide 39

Having traveled all the Russian lands from end to end and seeing the difference in the lives and morals of pagans and Christians, Princess Olga herself decides to accept the Christian faith. Worship of Kiremeti O. Leontyev

Slide 40

M. V. Lomonosov in “Ancient Russian History” says the following about the conversion of Princess Olga from paganism to Christianity: “Having considered the difference in morals between idolaters and Christians, of whom there were already many in Kiev,” and entrusting the great reign to her son Svyatoslav, Olga “only converted thoughts towards the Christian law, in which I saw more humanity and enlightenment than in the previously barbaric ignorance.”

Slide 41

Baptism of Princess Olga Already ready to accept holy baptism, she receives an invitation from Constantinople from the Byzantine emperor and heads to the capital of Byzantium. Reception of Olga by Constantine Porphyrogenitus (miniature of the Radziwill Chronicle)

Slide 43

The Greek Emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus, in his essay “On the Ceremonies of the Byzantine Court,” left a detailed description of Princess Olga’s stay in Constantinople. I. Mashkov Princess Olga enters the Church of St. Sophia

Slide 44

He talks about a gala reception in the famous Magnavre chamber, accompanied by the singing of bronze birds and the roaring of copper lions, where Princess Olga appeared with a huge retinue. Many of those accompanying the princess also received baptism. Akimov I.A. Baptism of Princess Olga in Constantinople

Municipal state educational institution Korzhevskaya secondary school

Project on:

« Duchess Olga»

7th grade

Head: Maskova Yu.N.,

history and social studies teacher

School phone number: 88424177555

2016 - 2017 academic year

Introduction.

II.Main resource

Origin of Princess Olga.

Activities of Princess Olga.

III.Conclusions.

IV.Conclusion.

V.Bibliography.

Introduction.

Subject Duchess Olga.

This topic attracted me relevance because There is no woman in Russian history more incredible than our first ruler, Princess Olga. Her appearance has not reached us, and we can form our idea of ​​her only from evidence of her deeds and from descriptions preserved in ancient Russian manuscripts.

Target: reveal the pages of the biography of Princess Olga, find out why Princess Olga is considered to be one of the most outstanding rulers of Russian history.

Z adachi :

View resources on this topic.

Hypothesis: Princess Olga is one of the most outstanding rulers of Russian history.

Item work - resources containing information about the life of Princess Olga.

Practical significance This research is to use this material in class hours, additional information in history lessons of the Middle Ages.

Research methods :

Searching for reliable sources of information using documents, books, and the use of computer technology;

Stages of the project:

Preparatory: - selection of a topic and its specification (relevance - determination of goals and formulation of tasks).

Search and research: - appeal to parents with a request to join the project; - correction of deadlines and schedules - carrying out search and research activities.

Translation and design: - work on the presentation - design of the project - pre-defense of the project

Finalization of the project taking into account comments and suggestions: - writing a script for defending the project - preparing for publication of the project. 5.Final: defense of the project.

Chapter 1.Origin of Princess Olga.

Little is known about Olga before her marriage to Igor. The Tale of Bygone Years reports under the year 6411 (903) that “a wife from Pskov, named Olga,” was brought to Igor. “The Power Book of the Royal Genealogy” (created in the 60s of the 16th century) names the entire (village) of Vybutskaya near Pskov as Olga’s homeland. In the later Raskolnichy and Joakim chronicles, which were in the possession of V.N. Tatishchev, Olga’s homeland turns out to be Izborsk. Since at the time of Olga’s birth Pskov did not seem to exist yet, but in the middle of the 10th century Olga’s village Vybutino-Budutino existed, then she, therefore, was born there. Similarly, a legend arose about Olga’s Izborsk origin. For example, V.N. Tatishchev, who preserved this legend, obeying the logic of his chronicle sources, believed that the “Izborsk” version was more correct, since “there was no Pskov then.” Meanwhile, the “Pskov” version is supported by archaeological data, according to which Pskov, as a city proper, was formed by the 8th century, that is, earlier than Izborsk. However, both the version about Izborsk (located 30 km from Pskov) and the version about Vybutskaya Vesi, as the place where Olga was born, place Olga’s homeland in the Pskov region.

A curious message from a number of chronicles of the 17th-18th centuries is that Olga was the daughter of “Tmutarahan, Prince of Polovets.” Thus, there is a certain chronicle tradition behind this news, but it is hardly possible to consider the Russian princess of the 10th century Olga as the daughter of the Polovtsian khan.

So, we can only safely say that Olga’s homeland was the north of the territory of settlement of the Eastern Slavs, possibly Pskov or its environs. Apparently, Olga had close ties with Novgorod. It is to her that the chronicle attributes the establishment of tribute in the Novgorod land in 6455 (947). True, the chronicle story about the princess’s campaign to Novgorod and the establishment of tribute on Msta and Luga raises fair doubt among researchers that all this really took place. After all, near Novgorod in ancient times there was its own “Village Land”, “Derevsky Pogost”. At the beginning of the 11th century, the Novotorzhskaya region, near Torzhok, was called the Village Land, and the city of Torzhok itself was called Iskorosten in ancient times! This may indicate that it was founded by people from the Drevlyansky land, who probably fled there after the suppression of the Drevlyanian uprising. The 11th century chronicler, whose work was used in compiling the Tale of Bygone Years, could have misunderstood the story that Olga regulated the collection of tribute from the Derevskaya land, and expanded the scope of the princess’s organizational activities, including the reform of the Novgorod land. Here the chronicler's desire to simplify the history of the organization of churchyards in Rus' was manifested, attributing the entire reform to one person - Olga.

The Tale of Bygone Years does not report anything about the position that Olga occupied before her marriage to Igor. True, in the “State Book,” in which Igor’s marriage to Olga is described with extraordinary and romantic details, it is said that Olga was a simple villager from the village of Vybutskaya, whom Igor met at a ferry during a hunt. For three centuries now, historians have doubted that Olga was of low origin, and these doubts are well founded. It was already mentioned above that the “Degree Book” placed Olga’s homeland in the village of Vybutskaya, based on the conviction that Pskov did not yet exist. Stories about Olga’s “peasant” origins and how she worked as a carrier were also preserved in Pskov oral traditions. Here we are most likely dealing with the well-known desire of storytellers to bring the hero closer to the listeners, to make him a representative of their class. Most chronicles report on Olga’s noble origins or limit themselves to a simple mention of the marriage of Igor and Olga. The “Stage Book,” presenting Olga as a poor villager, turns out to be almost completely alone. The Ermolinsk Chronicle (second half of the 15th century) calls Olga “princess from Pleskov.” The typographical chronicle (first half of the 16th century) reports that “some” said that Olga was the daughter of the Prophetic Oleg. The news that Olga was Oleg’s daughter was preserved in the Piskarevsky chronicler and the Kholmogory chronicle.

Olga’s nobility is also evidenced by the news of Constantine Porphyrogenitus in his work “On the Ceremonies of the Byzantine Court” that during Olga’s visit to Constantinople she was accompanied by a large retinue: “anepsius”, 8 close people, 22 ambassadors, 44 merchants, 2 translators, a priest , 16 close women and 18 slaves. What seems most interesting to us is the presence of 8 close people. These are not warriors or servants. This number of people is not enough for a squad, and all service personnel are transferred later. These are not allied princes. They sent 22 ambassadors with Olga. Perhaps these are Olga’s relatives; it is no coincidence that the same source says that along with Olga, “archontsses related to her” also arrived. In addition, Olga’s “anepsia” stands out among the Russian embassy. “Anepsius” is a term that in Byzantium of that time most often meant a nephew (the son of a sister or brother), as well as a cousin or, much less often, a relative in general. As you know, the treaty of 944 mentions Igor’s nephews (Igor and Akun). Since the husband's nephew could be considered the nephew of his wife, it is possible that one of these two persons is being discussed in this case. True, the term “anepsy” meant a blood relative, which in relation to Olga neither Igor nor Akun were. Perhaps we are talking here about a prince completely unknown to us, who belonged to Olga’s family. Thus, Olga was not a simple villager without a clan, without a tribe, but was the head of a clan that came to Kyiv with her and participated in the conduct of affairs.

However, one more circumstance strengthened Olga’s position. She was not just Igor’s wife, but also, as can be seen from the story about her distribution of tribute from the Drevlyans, an independent ruler of Vyshgorod. The significance of Vyshgorod was great. The city arose only 12-15 km from Kyiv and from the very beginning was a powerful fortress, which later served as a good shield for the defense of Kyiv from the north. This location of Vyshgorod in relation to Kyiv has allowed a number of historians to consider it as a kind of “appendage”, a suburb of the “mother of Russian cities”. This is hardly true, at least in relation to Vyshgorod of the 10th century. According to archeology, at this time its territory was equal to modern Kyiv. The city had a detinets (kremlin). Vyshgorod was a center of crafts and trade. The importance and power of this city is evidenced by the mention of “Vusegrad” in the work of Constantine Porphyrogenitus, along with other major cities - Smolensk, Lyubech, Chernigov. Rather, those historians who tend to view Vyshgorod as a center independent of Kyiv and, moreover, a competing center with it, are right.

Chapter 2.Activities of Princess Olga.

After the death of Igor, the seemingly powerful state was on the verge of collapse. Igor’s wife Olga remained in Kyiv with her young heir, Prince Svyatoslav. The Drevlyans broke away from Kyiv and stopped paying tribute. However, the Russian elite rallied around Princess Olga and not only recognized her rights to the throne until her son came of age, but also unconditionally supported the princess.

By this time, Princess Olga was at the peak of her physical and spiritual strength. From the first steps of her reign, she proved herself to be a decisive, powerful, far-sighted and stern ruler. First of all, the princess took revenge on the Drevlyans for the death of the Grand Duke and her husband. She ordered the killing of the Drevlyan ambassadors who came to Kyiv to marry her to their prince Mal. Then she herself moved with the army to the Drevlyan land. The Drevlyans were defeated in the battle. A heavy tribute was again imposed on the vanquished. The unity of the state was restored.

But Olga asserted her power not only through cruel punishments and force. As an intelligent and far-sighted ruler, she understood that polyudye with its violence, sometimes with uncontrolled collection of tribute, caused discontent among people, and this threatened the very existence of the young state. And the Grand Duchess went for reforms. She changed the system of collecting tribute, starting from the Drevlyan land. Now the population paid tribute according to fixed norms. She also determined the places where the tribute was to be brought annually by the population itself. These were the so-called graveyards. There she was received by representatives of the princely administration and sent to Kyiv. Then Olga moved with her squad to other Russian lands and everywhere established new norms - they were called lessons - and established graveyards.

This was the end of Polyudye and the beginning of an organized system of taxation in Rus'. The state has taken another step in its development.

Having established order within Rus', Olga turned her attention to foreign policy. She had to show that the times of unrest did not shake the strength and international authority of Rus'. In 957, she went to Constantinople at the head of a crowded embassy, ​​which numbered more than a hundred people. The princess was received there at the highest rank. The Byzantine emperor, writer, and major diplomat Constantine Porphyrogenitus gave a dinner in her honor. During the conversations, the emperor and Olga confirmed the validity of the previous agreement concluded by Igor, as well as the military alliance of the two states. This alliance was now directed against Khazaria and the Arab Caliphate.

An important issue in the negotiations was the baptism of the Russian princess.

By the 10th century Almost all the large states of Western Europe, as well as some of the peoples of the Balkan Peninsula and the Caucasus, adopted Christianity. Some did this under the influence of Papal Rome, others - under the influence of the Byzantine Empire. Christianity introduced states and peoples to a new civilization, enriched their culture, and raised the prestige of baptized rulers. It is no coincidence that the peoples of Western Europe, who were baptized 300 - 500 years earlier than the peoples of Eastern Europe, overtook them in their development. But everywhere this process was painful, since it meant a rejection of the pagan religion familiar to the people.

Olga understood that further strengthening of the country was impossible without the adoption of Christianity. But at the same time she understood the power of paganism and people’s commitment to it. Therefore, she decided to be baptized herself and thereby set an example for others. At the same time, she had someone to rely on. Among the merchants, townspeople, and some of the boyars, there were already many people who had converted to Christianity.

For Olga herself, baptism was not only a matter of politics, but also the answer to many questions of conscience. By this time, she had experienced a lot: the tragic death of her husband, bloody reprisals against her enemies. Sometimes we believe that all this passes without a trace for the human soul. This is not so - in adulthood, a person certainly takes stock of his life. He asks himself why he lived, what is his place in this life. Paganism sought answers to these questions in powerful natural phenomena, in the actions of the gods. Christianity addressed the world of human feelings, human reason and faith in the eternal life of the human soul, but on the condition that man on earth would be righteous: fair, humane, tolerant of people.

Olga took this path in her declining years. But she arranged the baptism in such a way as to bring as much glory as possible to her Fatherland. She was baptized in the Church of Hagia Sophia - the main temple of Byzantium. Her godfather was the emperor himself, and she was baptized by the Patriarch of Constantinople. From now on, Olga became a Christian according to the Orthodox, Byzantine model, in contrast to the Roman, Catholic rite.

After returning to Kyiv, Olga tried to persuade Svyatoslav to Christianity, but her son grew up an ardent pagan. He, like his entire squad, worshiped Perun and refused her. Alienation began between mother and son. Soon the pagan group removed Olga from control. Young Svyatoslav took full power. This happened in 962.

Conclusions.

1. Little is known about Olga before her marriage to Igor.

2. The Tale of Bygone Years does not report anything about the position that Olga occupied before her marriage to Igor. True, in the “State Book,” in which Igor’s marriage to Olga is described with extraordinary and romantic details, it is said that Olga was a simple villager from the village of Vybutskaya, whom Igor met at a ferry during a hunt.

3. After the death of Igor, the seemingly powerful state was on the verge of collapse. Igor’s wife Olga remained in Kyiv with her young heir, Prince Svyatoslav. The Drevlyans broke away from Kyiv and stopped paying tribute. However, the Russian elite rallied around Princess Olga and not only recognized her rights to the throne until her son came of age, but also unconditionally supported the princess.

Having established order within Rus', Olga turned her attention to foreign policy. She had to show that the times of unrest did not shake the strength and international authority of Rus'.

4. After returning to Kyiv, Olga tried to persuade Svyatoslav to Christianity, but her son grew up an ardent pagan. He, like his entire squad, worshiped Perun and refused her. Alienation began between mother and son. Soon the pagan group removed Olga from control. Young Svyatoslav took full power. This happened in 962.

Conclusion.

In the history of Russia there have been few women who stood at the head of state. Olga is one of them.

Olga became Igor’s wife when she was less than 15 years old. Her husband, Prince Igor, died when the only heir to the table was only three years old. She had to take the reins of power into her feminine hands. In fact, she had to become regent for her young son Svyatoslav after the murder of her husband, although in the history of the Russian state the institution of regency did not exist. During the reign of the Wise Princess, there were no wars; she ruled in peace, with the exception of an episode related to revenge on the Drevlyans for the death of her husband. After the events in the Drevlyan land, she established the size of the tribute - lessons and places for its collection - graveyards, in order to avoid military conflicts over economic disputes. Olga, even after her husband’s death, remained unquestioningly faithful to him, which is described in detail in The Tale of Bygone Years in the episode associated with the Princess’s trip to Constantinople and her baptism. Olga became the first to convert to Christianity. This is an important point for us, since when subsequently choosing a religion for Rus', which would replace the pagan one, the grandson of the princess, Vladimir Svyatoslavovich, nicknamed Clear Sun, chose Christianity. Among other things, Vladimir, in justifying his choice, cited the argument that his grandmother chose Christianity, and this is not a bad sign.

The important thing is that Olga has been canonized as an Equal-to-the-Apostles saint. Her name early becomes baptismal, in particular among the Czechs. The memory of Equal-to-the-Apostles Olga is celebrated by Orthodox churches of the Russian tradition on July 11 according to the Julian calendar; Catholic and other Western churches - July 24 Gregorian. She is revered as the patroness of widows and new Christians.

Olga began to be venerated as a saint, probably already during the reign of her grandson Vladimir. During his reign, her relics were transferred to the church. The miracles that Olga’s remains performed (described by the monk Jacob in the 11th century) are also described.

Basic information on Olga’s life, recognized as reliable, is contained in the “Tale of Bygone Years”, the Life from the Book of Degrees, the hagiographic work of the monk Jacob “Memory and Praise to the Russian Prince Volodymer” and the work of Constantine Porphyrogenitus “On the Ceremonies of the Byzantine Court”. Other sources provide additional information about Olga, but their reliability cannot be determined with certainty.

Olga ruled for 12 years, then transferring power into the hands of her matured son, but in fact continued to rule, since Svyatoslav Igorevich was constantly on military campaigns of conquest and did not think about the internal affairs of the state. In general, her reign was calm. She died in 969 in Kyiv, leaving a good memory of herself.

Bibliography.

http://allrefs.net/c1/49nmb/p3/?full

http://histrf.ru/lenta-vremeni/event/view/kniazhieniie-ol-ghi

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