Degrees of comparison of adverbs. Degrees of comparison of qualitative adverbs
Topic: Degrees of comparison of adverbs. (Grade 7)
The language is never permanently installed:
He constantly lives and moves,
developing and improving.
(V.G. Belinsky)
Goals and objectives:
Educational:
1. Continue to develop the ability to form comparative and superlative degrees of adverbs, determine the syntactic role of adverbs in comparative degree.
2. Develop the ability to distinguish the comparative degree of an adjective and an adverb.
3.Introduce the etymology of adverbsto pieces and to the ground.
Developmental: develop logical and imaginative thinking, concentration of attention
Educational: instilling respect for work
Lesson type: generalization and systematization of knowledge.
Research methods used: survey, observation, analysis, comparison, exclusion.
Forms of organizing student activities: frontal, individual, collective.
Equipment: texts with tasks, test, textbook.
Expected Result: the ability to distinguish the comparative degree of an adjective and an adverb has been developed, the role and rules for the use of adverbs in artistic speech have been identified.
During the classes
I.
Org. moment.
Emotional mood of students.
The bell has rung for us.Everyone entered the classroom calmlyEveryone stood up at their desks beautifully,We greeted each other politely.They sat down quietly, with their backs straight.I see our class anywhere!We'll start the lesson, friends.
Today in the lesson we will continue to get acquainted with the degrees of comparison of adverbs, we will learn to distinguish them from adjectives in comparative and superlatives, determine the syntactic role of adverbs in a comparative degree, learn to use them correctly in speech. Be active, attentive, and you will succeed.
(Write down the date and topic of the lesson.)
Warm up.
First, let's warm up a little. (Orally).
Choose synonyms-adverbs for phraseological units.
Neither light nor dawn -early;
at any moment -soon;
hand in hand -together;
hastily -fast;
to the edge of the world -far;
out of the blue -suddenly;
the cat cried -few;
soul to soul -amicably.
Tell me, do all of these adverbs form degrees of comparison?
II . Checking homework.
1. Frontal survey followed by a written test.
How many degrees of comparison does an adverb have?(Two).
Name the degrees of comparison of adverbs.(Comparative and Superlative).
How many forms do these degrees of comparison have, name them.(Two forms: simple and compound).
How is the simple comparative degree of an adverb formed?(Using suffixes -ee, -ey, -e, -she ).
(adverb + more, less).
What can you say about the formation of the superlative degree of comparison of an adverb?(The superlative degree of comparison of an adverb has only a compound form; simple forms are extremely rare, mainly in archaic words like pokorn Yeshe , bottom Aishe , guard Aishe ).
How is the compound degree of comparison of an adverb formed?(Comparative adverb + pronoun of all).
- Well done.
2. Testing knowledge of theory in practice.
Formation of degrees of comparison of adverbs. Work in a notebook according to options.
From these adverbs form all possible degrees of comparison.
LOUD louder, more (less) louder, louder than everyone else
BEAUTIFUL more beautiful, more (less) beautiful, more beautiful
everyone
COLD colder, more (less) cold, coldest of all
LOUDLY louder, more (less) louder, louder than all
BEAUTIFUL more beautiful, more (less) beautiful, more beautiful than all
SMOOTHLY smoother, more (less) smoothly, smoothest of all
3. Creation, solution (search for an answer), development (consolidation) of a problem situation.
Guys, read the sentences and tell me what are the similarities and differences between the sentences
Please note that the same word appears in these sentences, but in one case it is an adjective, and in the other it is an adverb. How to distinguish an adjective from an adverb? Let's look at the table
Our class is friendlier than the sixth class.
And the forest makes more noise, when there are a lot of trees
Adjective
Adverb
Indicates
Item attribute
Sign of action
Refers to
To a noun
To the verb
Answers the question
Which? Which? Which?
How? How?
The sentence is
Predicate
Circumstance
Now let's look in the textbook on Page 81.
4. We work out the algorithm of action
1. We need to look at what part of speech the word depends on in the comparative degree:
Adverb – from a verb Adjective – from a noun or
pronouns
2. Ask a question:
How? Which? what?
3. Define the word as a member of a sentence:
predicate circumstance
We return to the sentences written on the board. We make a note in a notebook.
III . Consolidation
1) Record from dictation, underline adjectives and adverbs (2-3 students at the board):
1) Today you look more cheerful.
2) Now your mood is much happier than a minute ago.
3) The guys in our class are more friendly.
4) We are more friendly when we take on interesting work.
5) A bad peace is better than a good quarrel.
6) The falcon flies higher than the sun.
Physical education minute
Let's put our hands to the sides,
We'll get the left one with the right one.
And then vice versa:
There will be a right turn
One - clap, two - clap,
Turn around one more time!
One two three four,
Arms higher, shoulders wider!
We put our hands down
And sit down at your desk again.
1 ) Let's continue working. Write it down using missing commas. Above adverbs in the comparative degree write the letter n., and above adjectives - p.
1. The night is pale. The fog leaves the valleys and meadows, the forest becomes whiter, the forest becomes more sonorous, the moon becomes more lifeless and the silver of the dew on the glass becomes colder. 2. Fresher...t every day and younger...the forest is turning black, the distance is blue...t softer - February finally succumbs to the damp winds, and the sweat...snow has melted in the hollows. 3. The wind blew away the damp fog from the fields, the stars lit up and the waters rustled more cheerfully in the depths.
Examination
And now we have to
2) Etymological excavations (checking individual assignments).
Individual messages about the history of the emergence of phraseological unitsburn to the ground , adverbsto pieces.
Make up a sentence with this phraseological unit and write it down. Parse it.
Now let's work orally.
3 ) « Speak correctly "(orally).
1) As quickly as possible(you can’t: “possibly faster”) .
2) Visit as often as possible(not possible: “possibly more often”) .
3) It was creepy in the dark(not allowed: “likes it terribly”, “terribly misses it”) .
4) Receive for free, free(impossible: “get for free”) .
5) A lot. You got a lot. Gave you so much(not allowed: “so much”) .
6) Arrived, left completely, forever(not allowed: “I give it away forever”) .
7) Divide in half(not allowed: “split in half”) .
– Orally make sentences using these phrases.
You did a good job with all the tasks, and now I propose to check how you have mastered this topic with a small test.
4) Monitoring the assimilation of what has been learned. Test (2 – 3 min.)
Test
1. Choose a sentence with an adverb in the comparative degree:
a) In spring the sun shines more cheerfully.
b) This flower is more beautiful than before.
c) Sasha is bolder than Pasha.
2. Choose a sentence with an adjective in the comparative degree:
a) As you age, the years go by faster.
b) City houses are higher than rural houses.
c) A diver dives into water deeper than a scuba diver.
3. Choose a sentence with an adjective in the comparative degree:
a) In the mornings the frost is much stronger than in the afternoon.
b) In order not to be late for class, you need to wake up earlier.
c) Please speak more quietly.
4.Indicate adverbs in comparative degree:
a) reads more carefully
b) ran the slowest;
c) the book is more interesting.
5. Find a sentence with an error in the use of an adverb:
a) He listens to me more attentively.
b) You did the best job.
c) I try to write more beautifully
d) My brother draws worse than me.
Check yourself! 1.a;2.b;3.a;4. A; 5. c.
Peer review of the test
IV .Summing up the lesson. Reflection.
I liked the way you worked in the lesson. I think that today you learned even more about our native language.
V. Homework. 7 – 10 proverbs with comparative degrees of adverbs and adjectives. (grades for the lesson)
Adverbs ending in -o(-e) formed from qualitative adjectives can have degrees of comparison, for example: took off high- took off higher, took off higher, took off above all. Adverbs have two degrees of comparison: comparative And excellent.
The comparative degree of adverbs has two forms - simple And composite. Simple form the comparative degree is formed using suffixes -ee(s), -e, -she, in this case the final -o(-e), -ko:
hurt - sick to her (-her), it became easy - easier e, thin - thin she .
The compound form of a comparative adverb is a combination of the word more and the original form of the adverb, for example: cut off more subtly, related more attentively.
The superlative degree of adverbs, as a rule, has a compound form, which is a combination of two words - the comparative degree of the adverb and the pronoun of all (total): did the best.
234. Form simple comparative forms from these adverbs and write them according to the model. Read the synonyms for the highlighted word in the box. Make sentences with three of them.
Graceful - graceful her ; confident, unbridled, steady, beautiful, excited, majestic, energetic, comfortable.
Hot - hot e ; loud, expensive, ringing, strong, strict, dry, quiet, simple, sharp, bright, cool, hard, often, cheap.
Close - closer e ; smooth, liquid, short, low, rare, narrow, sweet, high, wide.
furiously
violently
uncontrollably
indomitable
unbridled
furiously
convenient
wider
sweeter
235. Read the text. Determine its topic. First, write down phrases with comparative adverbs, then with the rest. In what other meaning is the word “sabantuy” used in Russian? Tell us about one of the Russian national holidays or about the holiday of other peoples of Russia.
STATE HOLIDAY OF TATARSTAN - SABANTUI
Sabantuy is an ancient holiday of the Tatar people, it is held after the end of field work, in June. They prepare for Sabantuy in advance - they clean the house more thoroughly, stock up more treats for guests, and more thoughtfully choose gifts for the winners of competitions.
The collection of gifts is carried out on the eve of the holiday, on Saturday. In villages, young men ride around on horses with a cheerful song, collecting gifts - towels, scarves, etc. They are attached to the horses' bridles. The more gifts collected, the richer the rider’s horse is decorated.
The place for the celebration is determined in advance; most of all, it looks like a stadium for competitions. At the ceremonial opening of Sabantuy, one of the district leaders congratulates those gathered on the national holiday. This is followed by the entertainment part - performances by singers and dancers.
Then various competitions are held, most of all the attention of the audience is attracted by the national wrestling - keresh. Various kinds of comic competitions bring cheerful excitement: running with a spoon in your mouth with an egg placed on it, running with buckets on a rocker filled with water. Fighting with sacks full of hay causes a lot of laughter. Very popular are tug of war, tug of war with sticks, climbing a high smooth pole with a prize suspended at the top, etc. At the same time, competitions of singers, readers, and dancers are held. Young people enthusiastically lead round dances and organize dances.
Name words that sound the same. Ask them questions. What parts of the sentence are they?
- My brother is taller than me.
- My brother jumps over the bar higher than me.
The comparative degree of an adverb is a circumstance, refers to a verb and answers the question how? And the forest makes more noise (how?) when there are a lot of trees. (Proverb)
236. Read Russian proverbs and sayings. Copy and underline the comparative adverbs. Think of two situations in which you can use these proverbs and sayings.
Better the bitter truth than a sweet lie. More science means smarter hands. The ears do not grow above the forehead. More action, less words. You can't jump over your head. Talk less, hear more. You can't yawn wider than your mouth. Stronger than cats there is no beast. Below the average. Better to see once than hear a hundred times. Worse than ever. The quieter you go, the further you'll get. A day later, a day earlier - what's the difference. Whiter than snow you will not.
237. Dictation. Underline the adverbs. What do they mean? Make up three sentences with participial phrases.
Ra(s, h)red-hot stone, very thinning taiga, recently built(n, nn) power plant, heating..greenhouse below, industrial wood, heated in some places underground springs(?), the predawn(n, nn) hour, a stripe flaring up (in) the sky, lava rising..rising upward, a fire(n, nn) stream scattered everywhere blocks, a thick geyser shrouded in steam.
Qualitative adverbs are the richest semantic group of adverbs in quantitative terms. These adverbs, as a rule, are motivated by adjectives and inherit from them not only the lexical meaning of the root, but also degrees of comparison. The forms of comparative degrees of adverbs largely coincide with the forms of comparative degrees of adjectives.
Degrees of comparison of adverbs Comparative
1) simple (synthetic) – louder, faster;
2) analytical – louder, faster.
Excellent
1) simple (synthetic) – absent;
2) analytical – louder, louder than everyone else; more quickly, faster than everyone else.
The comparative simple form of adverbs is formed using suffixes - e:loud - louder;-her:strongly - stronger;-she:early - earlier.
Some adverbs have two variant comparative forms: far - further, further; early - earlier, earlier; late - later, later. It is possible to add a prefix By-:higher - higher; slowly - slow down.
The analytical form of the comparative degree is formed, like that of adjectives, by joining the positive degree of the word more (most):more loudly, most loudly. Regarding the inclusion of the word less There are different opinions. V.V. Vinogradov wrote: “... combinations of adjectives with the word less(due to the absence of correlative forms of the superlative degree) do not merge into a grammatical whole, are not “morphologized”. They retain the character of free syntactic chaining. Less acts only as an antonym to more" [Vinogradov, 1972, p. 203–204].
The opinion that only the word can act as a component of the analytical form more, is based on the fact that the comparative degree expresses greater intensity of the attribute, and the word less destroys this theory.
It is possible to form suppletive comparative forms: x good is better, little is less.
There is an opinion that analytical forms of the comparative degree have not only adverbs of qualitative characteristics, but also some adverbs ending in -ski, in...ski, in...ohm, For example: friendly - more friendly.
Superlative forms of adverbs are formed in the same way as adjectives - with the help of suffixes -ayshe, -ayshe, but are found extremely rarely, in a small group of words: most strictly, most deeply, most humbly, most reverently, most respectfully, highest, sweetest, most humble, most detailed, closest. These obsolete forms are used for stylistic purposes.
Analytical forms have components: 1) the form of a comparative degree and words all, all: fastest, most convenient; 2) positive form of adverb and word most: most understandable.
Degrees of quality of adverbs
Like adjectives, adverbs formed from qualitative adjectives express the degree of quality without comparison using suffixes of subjective assessment and special prefixes.
The degrees of quality of adverbs are formed:
1) using suffixes - onk-(-enk-), -ovat-(-evat-), -onechk-(-enechk-), -okhonk-(-yokhonk-):quietly, a long time ago, lightly, quietly, close etc. In this case, some of the suffixes are used to strengthen the attribute ( often, quickly etc.), the other - to express the weakening of the sign ( too little, too early);
2) using attachments pre-, once-, all-, archi-, super-:calm, beautiful, extremely modern, extremely elegant;
3) by repeating adverbs: far, far, quickly, quickly etc.
Word formation of adverbs
Adverbs are formed from adjectives, nouns, participles, gerunds, etc. The most productive are suffixal and prefix-suffixal methods of word formation. Let's briefly look at the main methods.
1. Suffixation. The most productive way is to form adverbs using a suffix -O from adjectives: freely, quickly, moderately, difficultly, conveniently, daily, highly, faithfully, deftly, fervently, undeservedly, persistently, sadly, cheerfully.
From adjectives to skiy, -tskiy adverbs with a suffix are formed -And: brotherly, friendly, barbaric, bossy, brave.
Adverbs defiantly, threateningly, irritatingly, excitingly, pleadingly, lovingly and so on, having the suffix -e, are motivated by the corresponding present participles of the active voice.
Adverbs can be motivated by nouns ( in the afternoon, in the morning, in spring, sometimes, at a trot, on horseback, around, instantly, home, single file), numerals ( five, three times, once), verbs ( silently, jogging, alert), adverbs ( not enough, often, briefly, a long time ago, quietly, waddle). In some cases, word formation is closely intertwined with adverbialization - the replenishment of adverbs due to transition from other parts of speech. Thus, nouns have undergone adverbialization eveningohm , springO th, in which the former ending has turned into a suffix.
2. Prefixation. Adverbs are formed from corresponding adverbs using prefixes Not- (not far, not for long), behind-(before dark, in advance), before- (until now); from pronouns ( forever, to here, from here).
3. Prefixation with suffixation. Adverbs can be motivated by adjectives ( businesslike, still, apparently, comradely, like a dog, manually, in the distance, locked up, dry, again, occasionally, to the right, tipsy, rashly, old-fashioned), pronouns ( in our opinion, in my opinion), nouns ( really, draw, half, above, on top, in front, next morning, married), numerals ( three of us, ten of us, nine of us), verbs ( at a glance, at a glance), adverbs ( for a long time, a lot).
4. Addition: half-lying, half-joking.
5. Suffixation with addition: in passing, on its own.
6. Prefixation with suffixation and addition: half-heartedly, in a low voice, at exorbitant prices.
How to distinguish a comparative adverb from an adjective?
His car is faster than mine (which one?).
Let's go home quickly (How?).
Naturally, you can distinguish the comparative degree of adverbs from the comparative degree of adjectives that coincides with it in the text, and in the text you should immediately pay attention to WHAT the word explains.
The comparative degree of adverbs usually explains the VERB, and the comparative degree of adjectives explains the NOUN (or the word that replaces it).
1) Parents never scolded their children, they did wiser.
2) Grandma still wiser parents.
In the first example sentence, the highlighted word explains the verb from which it is put
question parents did HOW? -- wiser. This is an adverb wise => wiser.
The second sentence explains the noun from which another question is posed:
grandma WHAT? -- wiser. This is an adjective wise => wiser.
Sometimes it can be very difficult to do this and it happens that many people confuse one with the other.
In order to distinguish/distinguish between a comparative adverb and an adjective, you need to ask a question about the word.
In the first case it is an adjective, and in the second it is an adverb. An adjective has a modifier to which it refers (the car is faster), but an adverb does not.
Distinguishing an adjective from an adverb in the comparative degree is quite simple. It is enough to know that the adjective answers the question what? which? which? for how long? depending on the gender. The adverb answers the question how? Where? Next comes the context of the sentence. For example, in the sentence the sun is shining brighter, the word more clearly answers the question how? Therefore it is an adverb. In the sentence, the headlights on this car shine brighter, than on the other word answers the question by how much more clearly? Here the word appears in the comparative degree of the adjective.
Good question. Due to the fact that the degrees of comparisons qualitative adjectives and adverbs are formed in the same way, mistakes are often made in their definition.
Without context It is impossible to understand which part of speech a word belongs to, so the first thing you need to do is determine its position in the sentence.
For example:
We've risen higher along the slope.
This house higher everyone.
Adverb is a circumstance, answers the questions how? Where? and other questions of adverbs, and also denotes a sign of action, therefore it is used together with the verb from which the question is asked. We rose (where?) higher.
Adjective comparatively acts as a predicate, answers the question which? and denotes a feature of an object - used together with a noun. The house (which one?) is higher than all.
Sometimes it can be very difficult to distinguish an adverb from an adjective if they are both in the comparative degree. Therefore, it is necessary to ask the question from the main word to this adverb or adjective. Adverbs usually answer the question how, adjectives which. Everything is decided only by a narrow context.
Since it is possible to distinguish an adverb and an adjective only in context, let’s give examples and use them to explain the differences:
1) Dad higher mothers by ten centimeters.
We ask a question to the subject noun: what is dad like? tall/above. An adjective refers to a noun (feature attribute).
2) On the steps to the entrance to the temple, dad was higher moms.
We ask a question to the predicate verb: is it located where? high/above. An adverb refers to a verb (a sign of action).
In order to be able to find the difference between an adverb in the comparative degree and an adjective, you need to ask the right questions from the word being defined.
Example: An old man is wiser than a young man (what kind of old man? or even what? - wiser). IN in this case expressed by a short adjective.
Example: The old man acted wiser than the young man (acted what? - wiser). Here it will already be an adverb.
Accordingly, look at the questions and find out the part of speech.
Most often, if a question is asked from a defined word, which is a noun, then it is an adjective. If from a defined word, expressed by a verb, it means an adverb.
My mother is (what?) wiser (adj.) than me.
He acted (how?) wiser (adverb) than others.
Adjectives depend on nouns, and adverbs depend on verbs (most often).
According to the context, probably.. After all, if it is a comparative degree, then there must be something and with what it is being compared..
Distinguish an adverb from an adjective in the comparative degree can be done as follows.
If the adjective is in the comparative degree, it means that there are 2 different objects between which the comparison is being made.
Thus, such an adjective is like a connecting link between 2 members of the sentence.
For example:
My girlfriend (what?) younger(than who?) than my sister.
An adverb, on the other hand, refers to only one word, and there is no mention in the sentence of the object to which something is being compared.
For example:
You look like?) younger in these clothes.
That is, the adverb here answers the question how?, and it cannot be used to ask an additional question to another member of the sentence.
You need to read the sentence itself, then you can understand in what sense this word is used, for example as an adjective or as an adverb. The adjective is what (aya, oe, ie, go,..), while the adverb answers the question how. You just need to grasp the meaning of the word.
