The engine type on the self-propelled unit is beech TTX. Complex "Buk M2": technical characteristics, photos

This is a highly mobile, multi-purpose complex that ensures successful combat operations both in an interference-free environment and in conditions of intense radio countermeasures. In addition to aerodynamic targets of all types, it can hit a wide range of missiles: tactical ballistic and anti-radar, special aviation and cruise missiles. These air defense systems can strike surface ships (for example, destroyer and missile boat classes), as well as ground radio-contrast targets. The air defense system can be used for air defense of troops (military installations) in various forms of combat operations, administrative and industrial facilities and the territory of the country.

The main developer of the BUK-M2E air defense system is OJSC Scientific Research Institute named after V.V. Tikhomirov", the main manufacturer is Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant. Both enterprises are part of the Almaz-Antey Air Defense Concern OJSC.

The BUK-M2E air defense system functionally consists of combat and technical means. The first include: command post (CP) 9S510E, target detection station (SOC) 9S18M1-3E; up to six fire groups of two types (self-propelled firing units (SOU) 9A317E with one 9A316E launch-loading unit (PZU) attached to them and illumination and guidance radar (RPN) 9S36E with two launch-loading units 9A316E attached to them).

The combat operations of the complex are controlled by a command post (CP), which receives information about the air situation from a target detection station (SOC) or a higher command post (VKP), and transmits target designations and control commands to fire groups (up to six groups) via technical communication lines. Each fire group has four target channels and eight firing channels. The shelling of tracked targets is carried out both by single and salvo launches of anti-aircraft guided missiles (SAM).

The highly effective 9M317 missile defense system with a solid-fuel rocket engine and combat equipment flexibly adapted to various types of targets, used in the complex, allows you to confidently hit targets in the entire range of the complex’s destruction zone: in range - 3.0-45 km, in height - 0-25 km. The use of modern computer systems, phased antenna arrays in combat air defense systems, and effective hardware and software implementation of complex special combat operation modes allow the complex to simultaneously track and hit up to 24 targets with a minimum time interval. The reaction time of the complex is 10-12 seconds. The probability of hitting aerodynamic targets with one missile is 0.9-0.95. The maximum speed of targeted tactical ballistic missiles is 1200 m/s. The detection zone and the probability of hitting small and low-flying targets increases 1.5 times due to the use of an illumination and guidance radar (RPN 9S36E) as part of the complex, in which the antenna post rises to a height of 21 meters.

The placement of combat assets on high-speed self-propelled tracked or wheeled chassis, the minimum deployment and deployment time of the air defense system (no more than 5 minutes without an on-load tap changer), the ability to change the positions of the main combat assets with the equipment turned on in 20 seconds determine the high mobility of the complex.

The presence of interference protection channels that allow the complex's combat weapons to operate in intense active interference with a power of up to 1000 W/MHz, an effective optical-electronic system (OES), implemented on the basis of two matrix channels (thermal imaging and television) and allowing the main combat weapon of the complex, the SOU, to operate 24/7 9A317E in OES mode (virtually without microwave radiation), provide high noise immunity and survivability of the complex.

In 2009-2010 The BUK-M2E air defense system has undergone real testing under conditions as close as possible to combat, with multilateral, extensive flight and firing tests carried out at the training grounds of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation and foreign customers in the most difficult meteorological conditions (ambient temperature - up to +54 ° C, high dust content air, wind up to 27 m/s) with simulating the impact of active noise interference. These tests confirmed the high tactical and technical characteristics of the complex and its high reliability.

The complex's combat assets, including the 9M317 missile defense system, contain significant modernization capabilities in order to improve their tactical and technical characteristics, including in connection with additional customer requirements.

The BUK-M2E air defense system is noticeably superior in its tactical and technical characteristics to existing foreign analogues: the KS-1A air defense system (China), Hawk (USA), NASAMS (Norway), Spayder (Israel), SAMP-T (Eurosam), Akash ( India). The complex is in high demand on the international arms market and in the segment of medium-range military air defense systems and is undoubtedly one of the best in the world.

Modernized Shilka anti-aircraft gun. The 23-mm quad anti-aircraft self-propelled gun (ZSU) “Shilka” is a short-range air defense weapon. It is designed for air defense of combat formations of troops, columns on the march, stationary objects and railway trains from enemy air attacks at altitudes up to 1500 m and ranges up to 2500 m. The ZSU can be used to destroy mobile ground and surface targets at ranges up to 2000 m, and targets dropped by parachute.

Having successfully passed combat testing in various regions of the world, the Shilka self-propelled gun, by today’s criteria, has high firepower and tactical mobility, while at the same time it has an established and extensive structure for repairs and personnel training. But time, of course, demanded the need to modernize the Shilka self-propelled gun.

The Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant carried out work to modernize the Shilka self-propelled gun. The updated ZSU has better tactical and technical characteristics compared to earlier modifications. A more advanced fire control system has been introduced on it: data reception and transmission equipment has been introduced for the exchange of ZSU information with a higher command post; the method of processing secondary information has been changed - from analog to digital; the radar station was replaced by a new radar of the same frequency range; all equipment (except for the transmitter) has been converted to a solid-state element base; the noise protection system and range finder have been converted to a digital information processing method; Instead of an analog computing device, gun and sighting coordinate converters, a high-speed digital computing system with a large-capacity memory is used, made on a modern commercially produced digital computer.

The built-in simulator mode provides the ability to effectively train radar operators without the use of aircraft. The introduction of a set of equipment into the ZSU that allows firing of anti-aircraft missiles of the Igla type made it possible to increase the range of hitting targets to 5 km.

Anti-aircraft self-propelled gun "Tunguska-M1". The Tunguska self-propelled gun was developed in the 70s of the 20th century. It is designed to detect, identify nationality and destroy aircraft, helicopters (including hovering and suddenly appearing) and other low-flying targets when operating on the move, from a standstill and from short stops. The ZSU ensures the destruction of ground and surface targets and targets dropped by parachute.

Many years of experience in operating the ZSU have shown that it has insufficient noise immunity when firing missile weapons at targets equipped with optical interference. In addition, it is not equipped with equipment for automated reception and implementation of target designation from a higher command post, which reduces the effectiveness of the combat use of a ZSU battery during a massive enemy raid.

That is why the Tunguska-M1 self-propelled gun system has implemented a number of technical solutions that have expanded its capabilities. A new missile with a pulsed optical transponder was used and the missile control equipment was modernized, which made it possible to significantly increase noise immunity from optical interference and increase the likelihood of hitting targets operating under the cover of this interference. Equipping the missile with a radar proximity fuse has significantly increased its effectiveness in combating small targets. Increasing the operating time of the missile elements increased the missile’s range of hitting targets from 8,000 to 10,000 m.

The ZSU has introduced equipment for automated reception and processing of external target designation, which is interfaced via a radio channel with the battery command post. This made it possible from the command post to automatically distribute targets between the battery's SPAAGs (the battery includes 6 SPAAGs), which significantly increases the effectiveness of combat use during a massive attack on targets. The ZSU transmits information about actions on the target to the command post.

A system for “unloading” the gunner has also been introduced. With its help, automatic, high-speed, two-dimensional tracking of the target with an optical sight is carried out. This significantly simplified the process of semi-automatic target tracking by the gunner while simultaneously increasing the accuracy of tracking and reducing the dependence of the effectiveness of the combat use of missile weapons on the level of professional training of the gunner.

The ZSU has been equipped with television and thermal imaging channels with automatic tracking, which ensures a passive target tracking mode and 24-hour use of missile weapons. The modernized digital computing system uses a new computer with greater speed and large memory capacity, which has increased the frequency of problem solving and reduced calculation errors. At the same time, the functionality of the Central Military District has expanded in solving combat and control missions.

Today, Russian short- and medium-range air defense systems remain one of the most effective air defense systems at the operational-tactical and tactical levels. We are talking about the air defense systems "Tunguska-M1" (missile and artillery) and "Buk-M2" and its export modification "Buk-M2E" (missile). These complexes are still significantly superior to their foreign counterparts in terms of tactical and technical characteristics, as well as in terms of cost/effectiveness criteria. Next we will talk about the Buk-M2E medium-range complex.

The development of this air defense system was fully completed already in 1988, however, due to the collapse of the USSR and the difficult economic situation in the country, its serial production was not launched. After 15 years, all design documentation for this complex was modified to accommodate a modern element base. Since 2008, the complex has been in service with the Russian army and is being supplied to the troops. The export version of the Buk-M2E complex was delivered to Venezuela, Syria and Azerbaijan. At the same time, Syria acted as the starting customer for this complex; the contract was concluded in 2007 and is estimated at $1 billion. All systems under this contract have already been delivered.

The Buk-M2E medium-range air defense system belongs to the 3rd generation systems (according to the NATO codification SA-17 “Grizzly”). Due to the use in this model of a complex of modern phased antenna arrays, the number of simultaneously tracked air targets increased to 24. The introduction into the air defense complex of an illumination and guidance radar with an antenna post, which can be raised to a height of up to 21 m, ensured an increase in the effectiveness of the complex in the fight against low flying targets.

The main manufacturer of this anti-aircraft missile system is Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant OJSC. The lead developer of design documentation for the main combat weapons and the Buk-M2E complex as a whole is OJSC Tikhomirov Research Institute of Instrument Engineering (Zhukovsky). The development of design documentation for the SOC - target detection station 9S18M1-3E - was carried out by NIIIP OJSC (Novosibirsk).

The Buk-M2E complex is a modern multi-purpose medium-range air defense system, which is characterized by high mobility. This anti-aircraft missile system is able to ensure the successful solution of combat missions in any situation, even in conditions of active radio countermeasures from the enemy. In addition to various aerodynamic targets, the air defense system is able to combat a wide range of missiles: cruise missiles, tactical ballistic missiles, anti-radar missiles, and special air-to-surface missiles. It can also be used to destroy naval surface targets of the missile boat or destroyer class. The complex is also able to provide shelling of ground-based radio-contrast targets.

Automated control of the conduct of combat operations of the Buk-M2E complex is carried out using a command post (CP), which receives the necessary information about the air situation from a target acquisition station (SOC) or a higher command post (VKP). The command post is responsible for transmitting control and target designation commands to 6 batteries using technical communication lines. Each battery of the complex consists of the 1st self-propelled firing unit (SOU) with 4 missiles and the 1st launch-loading unit (PZU) attached to it; the battery may also include 1 illumination and guidance radar (RPN).

Target detection radar

Firing of air targets accompanied by a complex is carried out using both single and salvo launches of missile defense systems. The Buk-M2E air defense system uses highly effective anti-aircraft guided missiles with a solid-fuel rocket engine, which have combat equipment that is flexibly adapted to various types of targets. The use of these missiles makes it possible to confidently hit air targets over the entire range of the complex: from 3 to 45 km in range, from 0.015 to 25 km in altitude. At the same time, the missile defense system is able to provide a flight altitude of up to 30 km and a flight range of up to 70 km.

The Buk-M2E air defense system uses the 9M317 missile defense system. This missile uses an inertial-corrected control system, which is complemented by a nose-mounted semi-active Doppler radar homing head 9E420. The missile's warhead is rod-based, its mass is 70 kg, the radius of the area affected by fragments is 17 m. The maximum flight speed of the missile is up to 1230 m/s, withstandable overloads are up to 24g. The total weight of the 9M317 missile defense system is 715 kg. The rocket uses a dual-mode solid propellant rocket engine. Its wingspan is 860 mm. The missile has a high level of reliability. A fully equipped and assembled rocket does not require any adjustments or checks throughout its entire service life, which is 10 years.

The complex uses modern phased array antennas (PAA), which have an effective command control method, which allows the air defense system to simultaneously track up to 24 different air targets, which can be hit with a minimum time interval. The reaction time of the complex does not exceed 10 seconds, and the probability of hitting an aircraft that does not perform evasive maneuvers is 0.9-0.95. At the same time, the real effectiveness of all modern operational-tactical air defense systems is largely determined by their capabilities to carry out effective work against missiles. "Buk-M2E" is able to effectively destroy such targets with an effective reflective surface (ERS) of up to 0.05 m2 with a probability of destruction of 0.6-0.7. The maximum speed of the affected ballistic missiles is up to 1200 m/s.

The destruction of enemy cruise missiles and other targets, for example, drones flying at low and extremely low altitudes in difficult, rugged and wooded terrain, is ensured by the air defense system due to the presence in its composition of a special illumination and guidance radar (RPN), equipped with an antenna post, raised to a height of 21 m.

In 2009 and 2010, the complex underwent real testing in conditions as close as possible to combat conditions, with extensive, multilateral firing and flight tests carried out at the training grounds of the Russian Ministry of Defense, as well as foreign customers of the complex. The Buk-M2E air defense system is able to operate in the most difficult weather and meteorological conditions.

For him, air temperatures up to +50°C, wind gusts up to 25-27 m/s, and increased air dust are not a hindrance. The modern hardware and software implementation of anti-jamming channels used in the complex allows the complex's combat assets to operate confidently even in conditions of strong noise suppression with barrage interference with a power of up to 1000 W/MHz. During the tests, firing was carried out at both single and multiple targets simultaneously located in the affected area of ​​the complex. At the same time, targets of various classes and purposes were fired upon. The tests became a real test of the maximum capabilities of the Russian air defense system and confirmed its high combat potential and compliance with the tactical and technical characteristics that were laid down by the designers at the development stage.

Target illumination and missile guidance radar

Placing the combat assets of the Buk-M2E air defense system on high-speed self-propelled tracked chassis (wheeled ones can also be used) provides the ability to quickly roll up and deploy the complex, this standard is within 5 minutes. To change position with all the equipment turned on, the complex requires no more than 20 seconds, which indicates its high mobility. On highways, the combat vehicles of the complex can move at speeds of up to 65 km/h, and on dirt roads - 45 km/h. The power reserve of the combat vehicles included in the complex is 500 km.

At the same time, the Buk-M2E air defense system is a 24-hour air defense system. The main combat weapon of the complex - the self-propelled gun - operates in 24-hour mode through the use of an optical-electronic system, which is built on the basis of a CCD-matrix television and sub-matrix thermal imaging channels. The use of these channels can significantly increase the survivability and noise immunity of the complex.

The Buk-M2E air defense system can be operated in a wide variety of climatic zones; at the request of the customer, the vehicles are equipped with air conditioners. The combat vehicles of the complex can be transported without any restrictions (distance and speed) by all types of transport: rail, water, air.

Tactical and technical characteristics of the Buk-M2E complex:
Range of destruction of air targets:
maximum - 45 km;
minimum - 3 km.
Air target engagement altitude:
maximum - 25 km;
minimum - 0.015 km.
The number of tracked targets is 24.
The maximum speed of targets hit is 1100 m/s (approaching), 300-400 m/s (retreating).
Probability of hitting a target with one missile:
tactical aircraft/helicopter - 0.9-0.95;
tactical ballistic missile - 0.6-0.7.
Number of missiles - 4 pcs.
The reaction time of the complex is 10 s.
The rate of fire is once every 4 s.
Deployment time to combat position - 5 minutes.

Information sources:
http://otvaga2004.ru/kaleydoskop/kaleydoskop-miss/buk-m2e-i-tunguska-m1
http://rbase.new-factoria.ru/missile/wobb/buk-2m/buk-2m.shtml
http://bastion-karpenko.ru/buk-m2
http://army-news.ru/2011/01/zenitnyj-kompleks-buk-m2e
http://ru.wikipedia.org

Army self-propelled anti-aircraft missile system "Buk"(GRAU index - 9K37) is designed to destroy, under conditions of intense radio countermeasures, aerodynamic targets flying at speeds up to 830 m/s at low and medium altitudes (from 30 m to 14-18 km), at ranges up to 30 km, maneuvering from overloads up to 12 units.

The development of the Buk complex began in accordance with the Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated January 13, 1972, it provided for the use of cooperation between manufacturers and developers, the main structure corresponding to that previously involved in the creation of the Kub anti-aircraft missile system. At the same time, they determined the development of the M-22 (“Hurricane”) anti-aircraft missile system for the Navy using an anti-aircraft guided missile, integrated with the “Buk” air defense system.

The developer of the Buk complex as a whole was identified as NIIP (Research Institute of Instrument Engineering) NKO (research and design association) Phazotron (general director Grishin V.K.) MRP (formerly OKB-15 GKAT). Chief designer of the 9K37 complex - Rastov A.A., CP (command post) 9S470 - Valaev G.N. (then - Sokiran V.I.), self-propelled firing system 9A38 - Matyashev V.V., semi-active Doppler seeker 9E50 for anti-aircraft guided missiles - Akopyan I.G.
PZU (start-loading unit) 9A39 was created at the MKB (Machine-Building Design Bureau) "Start" MAP (formerly SKB-203 GKAT), headed by A.I. Yaskin.

The unified tracked chassis for the complex's vehicles was developed by OKB-40 MMZ (Mytishchi Machine-Building Plant) of the Ministry of Transport Engineering under the leadership of N.A. Astrov.

The development of 9M38 missiles was entrusted to SMKB (Sverdlovsk Machine-Building Design Bureau) "Novator" MAP (former OKB-8) headed by L.V. Lyulev, refusing to involve the design bureau of plant No. 134, which had previously developed a guided missile for the "Cube" complex.

SOC 9S18 (detection and target designation station) (“Dome”) was developed at the NIIIP (Scientific Research Institute of Measuring Instruments) of the Ministry of Radio Industry under the leadership of Vetoshko A.P. (later - Shchekotova Yu.P.). A set of technical tools was also developed for the complex. provision and maintenance on the automobile chassis. Completion of the development of the anti-aircraft missile system was planned for the second quarter of 1975.

To quickly strengthen the air defense of the main striking force of the Army - tank divisions - with increasing the combat capabilities of the "Cube" anti-aircraft missile regiments included in these divisions, by doubling the channel capacity for targets (and, if possible, ensuring complete autonomy of the channels during work from target detection to its destruction), it was prescribed to carry out the creation of the Buk air defense system in 2 stages:

- First step provided for the introduction into the 2K12 “Kub-M3” complex of a 9A38 self-propelled firing system with 9M38 missiles in each battery. In this form, the 2K12M4 “Kub-M4” air defense system was adopted for service in 1978;

- second phase assumed the full adoption of the entire complex consisting of the 9S18 detection station, the 9S470 command post, the 9A310 self-propelled firing system, the 9A39 launcher-loader and the 9M38 missile defense system. Joint testing of the complex began at the Emba training ground in November 1977 and continued until March 1979, after which the complex was put into service in its entirety.

For the Buk-1 complex, it was planned to include a Kub-M3 regiment in each anti-aircraft missile battery (5 pieces), in addition to one SURN and 4 self-propelled launchers, to introduce a 9A38 self-propelled firing system from the Buk missile system. Thus, thanks to the use of a self-propelled firing system, the cost of which was about 30% of the cost of the rest of the battery, the number of combat-ready anti-aircraft guided missiles in the Kub-M3 regiment increased from 60 to 75, and target channels - from 5 to 10.

The 9A38 self-propelled firing system, mounted on the GM-569 chassis, seemed to combine the functions of the SURN and the self-propelled launcher used as part of the Kub-M3 complex. The self-propelled firing installation provided search in the established sector, detected and captured targets for automatic tracking, solved pre-launch tasks, launched and homing 3 missiles (3M9M3 or 9M38) located on it, as well as 3 3M9M3 guided missiles located on the 2P25M3 self-propelled launcher, coupled with her. The combat operation of the fire installation was carried out both autonomously and under control and target designation from the SURN.

The 9A38 self-propelled firing system consisted of:
— digital computing system;
- Radar 9S35;
— a starting device equipped with a power servo drive;
— television-optical viewfinder;
— ground-based radar interrogator operating in the “Password” identification system;
— telecode communication equipment with SURN;
— wire communication equipment with SPU;
— autonomous power supply systems (gas turbine generator);
— navigation, topographical reference and orientation equipment;
- life support systems.

The weight of the self-propelled firing system, including the weight of the combat crew consisting of four people, was 34 tons.

The progress that has been made in the creation of ultra-high-frequency devices, electromechanical and quartz filters, and digital computers has made it possible to combine the functions of target detection, illumination and target tracking stations in the 9S35 radar. The station operated in the centimeter wavelength range, it used a single antenna and two transmitters - continuous and pulsed radiation.

The first transmitter was used to detect and automatically track a target in a quasi-continuous mode of radiation or, in case of difficulties with unambiguous determination of range, in a pulse mode with pulse compression (linear frequency modulation is used). The continuous radiation transmitter was used to illuminate targets and anti-aircraft guided missiles. The station's antenna system carried out a sector search using the electromechanical method, target tracking in range and angular coordinates was carried out using the monopulse method, and signal processing was carried out by a digital computer.

The width of the antenna pattern of the target tracking channel in azimuth was 1.3 degrees and in elevation - 2.5 degrees, the illumination channel - in azimuth - 1.4 degrees and in elevation - 2.65 degrees. The search sector review time (in elevation - 6-7 degrees, in azimuth - 120 degrees) in autonomous mode - 4 seconds, in control mode (in elevation - 7 degrees, in azimuth - 10 degrees) - 2 seconds.

The average transmitter power of the target detection and tracking channel was: in the case of using quasi-continuous signals - at least 1 kW, in the case of using signals with linear frequency modulation - at least 0.5 kW. The average power of the target illumination transmitter is at least 2 kW. The noise figure of the station's direction-finding and surveillance receivers is no more than 10 dB. The transition time of the radar station between standby and combat modes was less than 20 seconds.

The station could unambiguously determine the speed of targets with an accuracy of -20 to +10 m/s; ensure selection of moving targets. The maximum range error is 175 meters, the root-mean-square error in measuring angular coordinates is 0.5 d.u. The radar station was protected from passive, active and combined interference. The equipment of the self-propelled firing system was used to block the launch of an anti-aircraft guided missile when accompanied by a helicopter or aircraft.

The 9A38 self-propelled firing system was equipped with a launcher with replaceable guides, designed for 3 3M9M3 guided missiles or 3 9M38 guided missiles.

The 9M38 anti-aircraft missile used a dual-mode solid propellant engine(total operating time was about 15 seconds). The use of a ramjet engine was abandoned not only due to the high resistance in passive sections of the trajectory and instability of operation at a high angle of attack, but also because of the complexity of its development, which largely determined the delay in the creation of the Kub air defense system. The power structure of the engine chamber was made of metal.

The general design of an anti-aircraft missile is X-shaped, normal, with a low aspect ratio wing. The appearance of the missile resembled American-made naval anti-aircraft missiles of the Standard and Tartar families. This corresponded to strict restrictions on overall dimensions when using 9M38 anti-aircraft guided missiles in the M-22 complex, which was developed for the USSR Navy.

The rocket was carried out according to the normal design and had a low aspect ratio wing. In the front part, a semi-active hydroelectric pump, autopilot equipment, power supply and warhead are sequentially placed. To reduce the spread of alignment over flight time, the combustion chamber of the solid propellant rocket engine was placed closer to the middle, and the nozzle block was equipped with an elongated gas duct, around which the steering drive elements are located. The rocket has no parts that separate during flight. The diameter of the 9M38 rocket is 400 mm, length - 5.5 m, rudder span - 860 mm.

The diameter of the front compartment (330 mm) of the rocket was smaller in relation to the tail compartment and engine, which is determined by the continuity of some elements with the 3M9 family. The missile was equipped with a new homing head with a combined control system. The complex implemented homing of an anti-aircraft guided missile using the proportional navigation method.

The 9M38 anti-aircraft guided missile ensured the destruction of targets at altitudes from 25 m to 20 km at a range of 3.5 to 32 km. The rocket's flight speed was 1000 m/s and maneuvered with overloads of up to 19 units. The weight of the rocket is 685 kg, including a 70 kg warhead.

The design of the missile ensured its delivery to the troops in a fully equipped form in the 9YA266 transport container, as well as operation without routine maintenance and inspections for 10 years.

From August 1975 to October 1976, the Buk-1 anti-aircraft missile system, consisting of the 1S91M3 SURN, the 9A38 self-propelled firing system, the 2P25M3 self-propelled launchers, the 9M38 and 3M9M3 anti-aircraft guided missiles, as well as the 9V881 MTO (maintenance vehicle) underwent state testing Embensky training ground.

As a result of the tests, the detection range of aircraft by a radar station of a self-propelled firing system operating in autonomous mode at altitudes of more than 3 thousand m was obtained - from 65 to 77 km; at low altitudes (from 30 to 100 meters) the detection range decreased to 32-41 km. Detection of helicopters at low altitudes occurred at a range of 21-35 km.

When operating in a centralized mode, due to the limited capabilities of the SURN 1S91M2 issuing target designation, the detection range of aircraft at altitudes of 3-7 km was reduced to 44 km and targets at low altitudes - to 21-28 km. In autonomous mode, the operating time of a self-propelled firing system (from the moment of target detection to the launch of a guided missile) was 24-27 seconds. The loading/discharging time for three 9M38 or 3M9M3 anti-aircraft guided missiles was 9 minutes.

When firing a 9M38 anti-aircraft guided missile, the destruction of an aircraft flying at altitudes of more than 3 thousand m was ensured at a range of 3.4-20.5 km, at an altitude of 30 m - 5-15.4 km. The affected area in height is from 30 meters to 14 kilometers, in terms of the heading parameter - 18 km. The probability of hitting an aircraft with one 9M38 guided missile is 0.70-0.93.

The complex was put into service in 1978. Since the 9A38 self-propelled firing system and the 9M38 anti-aircraft guided missile were means complementary to the Kub-M3 anti-aircraft missile system, the complex was given the name “Kub-M4” (2K12M4). The Kub-M4 complexes, which appeared in the air defense forces of the Ground Forces, made it possible to significantly increase the effectiveness of the air defense of tank divisions of the SV SA.

The combat assets of the Buk anti-aircraft missile system had the following characteristics.

Command post 9С470 installed on the GM-579 chassis provided:
— receiving, displaying and processing target data coming from the 9S18 station (detection and target designation station) and 6 9A310 self-propelled firing systems, as well as from higher command posts;

— selection of dangerous targets and their distribution between self-propelled firing systems in automatic and manual modes, assignment of sectors of their responsibility;

— display of information about the presence of anti-aircraft guided missiles on firing and launch-loading installations, about the letters of the illumination transmitters for firing installations, about work on targets, about the operating mode of the detection and target designation station;

— organizing the operation of the complex in the event of interference and the use of anti-radar missiles;

— documentation of training and work of calculation of CP.

The command post processed messages about 46 targets located at altitudes of up to 20 km in a zone with a radius of 100 km per station review cycle and issued up to 6 target designations for self-propelled firing systems (accuracy in elevation and azimuth - 1 degree, in range - 400-700 meters ). The weight of the command post, including a combat crew of 6 people, is no more than 28 tons.

Coherent-pulse three-coordinate detection and target designation station “Dome” (9C18) centimeter range having electronic scanning of the beam according to the elevation angle in a sector (set to 30 or 40 degrees) with mechanical (in a given sector or circular) rotation of the antenna in azimuth (using a hydraulic drive or an electric drive). The Kupol station was intended to detect and identify air targets at a range of up to 110-120 kilometers (at an altitude of 30 meters - 45 kilometers) and transmit information about the air situation to the 9S470 command post.

Depending on the presence of interference and the established sector in elevation, the speed of viewing the space during a circular view was 4.5 - 18 seconds and when viewing in a 30-degree sector 2.5 - 4.5 seconds. Radar information was transmitted to the 9S470 command post via a telecode line in the amount of 75 marks during the review period (4.5 seconds). Root mean square errors in measuring target coordinates: in elevation and azimuth - no more than 20′, in range - no more than 130 m, resolution in elevation and azimuth - 4 degrees, in range - no more than 300 m.

All station equipment was placed on a modified self-propelled chassis of the SU-100P family. The tracked base of the detection and target designation station differed from the chassis of other means of the Buk anti-aircraft missile system, since the Kupol radar station was initially intended to be developed outside the anti-aircraft complex - as a means of detecting the divisional air defense unit of the Ground Forces.

The time it took to transfer the Kupol station between traveling and combat positions was up to 5 minutes, and from duty to operating mode - about 20 seconds. The weight of the station (including a crew of 3 people) is up to 28.5 tons.

According to its structure and purpose self-propelled firing system 9A310 It differed from the 9A38 self-propelled firing system of the Kub-M4 (Buk-1) anti-aircraft missile system in that it communicated using a telecode line not with SURN 1S91M3 and self-propelled launcher 2P25M3, but with the command post 9S470 and PZU 9A39. Also, on the launcher of the 9A310 installation there were not three, but four 9M38 anti-aircraft guided missiles. The time it took to transfer the installation from traveling to combat position was less than 5 minutes. The time to transfer from standby mode to operating mode, in particular, after changing position with the equipment turned on, was up to 20 seconds.

Loading the 9A310 firing system with four anti-aircraft guided missiles from the launch-loading installation took 12 minutes, and from a transport vehicle - 16 minutes. The mass of the self-propelled firing system, including a combat crew of 4 people, was 32.4 tons. The length of the self-propelled firing system is 9.3 m, width - 3.25 m (in working position - 9.03 m), height - 3.8 m (in working position - 7.72 m).

Launch-loading installation 9A39 installed on the GM-577 chassis was intended for transporting and storing 8 anti-aircraft guided missiles (on the launcher - 4, on fixed mounts - 4), launching 4 guided missiles, self-loading its launcher with four missiles from the cradle, self-loading the 8th missile defense system from a transport vehicle (charging time 26 minutes), from ground cradles and transport containers, discharge and on the launcher of a self-propelled firing system with 4 anti-aircraft guided missiles.

Thus, the launch-loading installation of the Buk anti-aircraft missile system combined the functions of the TZM and the self-propelled launcher of the Kub complex. The launch-loading installation consisted of a starting device with a servo power drive, a crane, supports, a digital computer, equipment for topographical referencing, navigation, telecode communication, orientation, power supply and energy supply units. The mass of the installation, including a combat crew of 3 people, is 35.5 tons. Dimensions of the launch-loading installation: length - 9.96 m, width - 3.316 m, height - 3.8 m.

The complex's command post received data on the air situation from the command post of the Buk anti-aircraft missile brigade (automated control system Polyana-D4) and from the detection and target designation station, processed it and issued instructions to self-propelled firing units that carried out search and capture for automatic tracking goals. When the target entered the affected area, anti-aircraft guided missiles were launched.

For missile guidance, the proportional navigation method was used, which ensured high guidance accuracy. When approaching the target, the homing head issued a command to the radio fuse for close arming. When approaching a distance of 17 meters, upon command, the warhead was detonated. If the radio fuse failed to operate, the anti-aircraft guided missile self-destructed. If the target was not hit, a second missile was launched at it.

Compared to the Kub-M3 and Kub-M4 anti-aircraft missile systems The Buk air defense system had higher operational and combat characteristics and provided:
— simultaneous firing of up to 6 targets by a division, and, if necessary, execution of up to 6 independent combat missions in the case of autonomous use of self-propelled firing systems;
- greater detection reliability thanks to the organization of a joint survey of the space by 6 self-propelled firing systems and a detection and target designation station;
— increased noise immunity due to the use of a special type of illumination signal and an on-board computer for the homing head;
- greater efficiency in hitting targets due to the increased power of the warhead of the anti-aircraft guided missile.

Based on the results of tests and modeling, it was determined that the Buk anti-aircraft missile system can fire at non-maneuvering targets flying at altitudes from 25 meters to 18 km at speeds up to 800 m/s, at ranges from 3–25 km (at speeds up to 300 m /s - up to 30 km) with a heading parameter of up to 18 km with the probability of being hit by one guided missile - 0.7-0.8. When firing at maneuvering targets (overload up to 8 units), the probability of defeat was 0.6.

The Buk complex was adopted by the ground forces' air defense forces in 1980. Serial production of combat weapons of the Buk complex was mastered in the cooperation involved in the Kub-M4 air defense system. New equipment - KP 9S470, self-propelled firing systems 9A310 and detection and target designation stations 9S18 - were produced by the Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant MRP, launch-loading installations 9A39 - at the Sverdlovsk Machine-Building Plant named after. Kalinina.

MODERNIZATION OF THE BUK ADAM

In accordance with the Resolution of the USSR Council of Ministers dated November 30, 1979, the Buk anti-aircraft missile system was modernized to increase its combat capabilities and the protection of the complex's radio-electronic equipment from anti-radar missiles and interference.

As a result of tests that were carried out in February-December 1982 at the Emba test site, it was found that modernized Buk-M1 compared to the Buk anti-aircraft missile system, it provides a larger engagement area for aircraft, can shoot down an ALCM cruise missile with a probability of being hit by one guided missile of more than 0.4, Hugh-Cobra helicopters - 0.6-0.7, hovering helicopters - 0.3-0.4 at ranges from 3.5 to 10 km.

The self-propelled firing system uses 72 letter illumination frequencies instead of 36, which helps to increase protection from intentional and mutual interference. Recognition of 3 classes of targets is provided - ballistic missiles, airplanes, helicopters.

Compared to the 9S470 command post, the 9S470M1 KP provides simultaneous reception of data from its own detection and target designation station and about 6 targets from the air defense control post of a tank (motorized rifle) division or from the army air defense command post, as well as comprehensive training for crews of anti-aircraft missile systems.

Compared to the 9A310 self-propelled firing system, the 9A310M1 installation provides target detection and acquisition for automatic tracking at long ranges (approximately 25-30%), as well as recognition of ballistic missiles, helicopters and aircraft with a probability of more than 0.6.

The complex uses a more advanced detection and target designation station “Kupol-M1” (9S18M1), which has a flat elevation phased antenna array and a GM-567M self-propelled tracked chassis. The same type of tracked chassis is used at the command post, self-propelled firing installation and launch-loading installation.

The Buk-M1 complex provides for effective technical and organizational measures for protection against anti-radar missiles. The combat assets of the Buk-M1 air defense system are interchangeable with similar weapons of the Buk complex without modifications. The standard organization of technical units and combat formations is similar to that of the Buk anti-aircraft missile system.

The Buk-M1 complex was adopted by the Air Defense Forces of the Ground Forces in 1983. and its serial production was established in cooperation between industrial enterprises that produced the Buk anti-aircraft missile system. In the same year, the Navy's M-22 Uragan anti-aircraft missile system, unified with the Buk complex for 9M38 guided missiles, also entered service. Complexes of the Buk family called “Gang” were proposed to be supplied abroad.

During the Defense 92 exercise, the Buk family of anti-aircraft missile systems successfully fired at targets based on the R-17 and Zvezda ballistic missiles and the Smerch MLRS missile.

Cooperation of enterprises led by Tikhonravov Research Institute in 1994-1997, work was carried out on the Buk-M1-2 anti-aircraft missile system. Thanks to the use of the new 9M317 missile and the modernization of other air defense systems, for the first time it was possible to destroy Lance tactical ballistic missiles and aircraft missiles at a range of up to 20 km, elements of precision weapons and surface ships at a range of up to 25 km and ground targets (large command posts, launch sites installations, aircraft at airfields) at a distance of up to 15 km.

The effectiveness of destroying cruise missiles, helicopters and aircraft has increased. The boundaries of the affected zones in range increased to 45 km and in height - up to 25 km. The new missile provides for the use of an inertial-corrected control system with a radar semi-active homing head with guidance using the proportional navigation method. The rocket has a launch mass of 710-720 kg with a warhead mass of 50-70 kg. Externally, the new 9M317 missile differed from the 9M38 in its shorter wing chord length.

In addition to the use of an improved missile, it was planned to introduce a new means into the air defense system - a radar station for illuminating targets and guiding missiles with the installation of an antenna at a height of up to 22 meters in the working position (a telescopic device was used). With the introduction of this radar station, the combat capabilities of the air defense system to destroy low-flying targets, such as modern cruise missiles, are significantly expanded.

The Buk-M1-2 complex includes a command post and two types of firing sections:
— four sections, including one modernized self-propelled firing unit each, carrying four guided missiles and capable of firing four targets simultaneously, and a launcher-loading unit with 8 guided missiles;
— two sections, including one illumination and guidance radar station, which can also provide simultaneous fire at four targets, and two launch-loading installations (each with eight guided missiles).

Two versions of the complex were developed - mobile on GM-569 tracked vehicles (used in previous modifications of the Buk air defense system), as well as transported by KrAZ vehicles and on road trains with semi-trailers. In the latter option, the cost was reduced, but maneuverability deteriorated and the deployment time of the anti-aircraft missile system from the march increased from 5 minutes to 10-15 minutes.

In particular, the Start MKB, during the modernization of the Buk-M air defense system (Buk-M1-2, Buk-M2 complexes), developed the 9A316 launcher-loader and the 9P619 launcher on a tracked chassis, as well as PU 9A318 on a wheeled chassis.

The process of development of the Kub and Buk families of anti-aircraft missile systems as a whole is an excellent example of the evolutionary development of military equipment and weapons, ensuring a continuous increase in the air defense capabilities of the ground forces at relatively low costs. This path of development, unfortunately, creates the preconditions for a gradual technical lag.

For example, even in promising versions of the Buk air defense system, the more reliable and safe scheme for continuous operation of missile defense systems in a transport and launch container, and all-angle vertical launch of guided missiles, introduced in other second-generation air defense missile systems, have not been used. But, despite this, in difficult socio-economic conditions, the evolutionary path of development must be considered as the only possible one, and the choice made by the developers of the Buk and Kub family complexes as the correct one.

Main characteristics of the BUK type air defense system:
Name – “Buk” / “Buk-M1”;
Damage zone in range - from 3.5 to 25-30 km / from 3 to 32-35 km;
Damage zone in height – from 0.025 to 18-20 km / from 0.015 to 20-22 km;
Damage zone by parameter – up to 18 / up to 22;
The probability of hitting a fighter with one guided missile is 0.8..0.9 / 0.8..0.95;
The probability of hitting a helicopter with one guided missile is 0.3..0.6 / 0.3..0.6;
Probability of hitting a cruise missile – 0.25..0.5 / 0.4..0.6;
The maximum speed of targets hit is 800 m/s;
Reaction time - 22 seconds;
Anti-aircraft guided missile flight speed - 850 m/s;
Rocket mass – 685 kg;
Warhead weight - 70 kg;
Target channel – 2;
SAM channel (per target) – up to 3;
Expansion/collapse time – 5 minutes;
The number of anti-aircraft guided missiles on a combat vehicle is 4;
Year of adoption: 1980/1983.

/Alex Varlamik, based on materials en.wikipedia.org And topwar.ru /

The 9K37 Buk anti-aircraft missile system has been in service with the Soviet army since the late 70s, and now the Russian army, being one of the most popular air defense systems.

Despite its age, numerous modernizations of this weapon allow it to remain effective and relevant even today.

History of creation

On January 13, 1972, it was decided to replace the outdated 2K12 "Cube" air defense system with a new weapon using standardized missiles together with the M-22 "Uragan" naval system.

The development started at the Tikhomirov Research Institute of Instrument Making, the work was headed by A.A. Rastov. Due to the rush, they planned to put the complex into operation in parts. First came the 2K12M4 Kub-M4 self-propelled firing system, which used the recently created 9M38 anti-aircraft missiles. It was put into service in 1978. The main differences from its predecessor were 10 target channels and increased limits for the height and speed of air targets.

• Self-propelled firing system 9A310;
• 9M38 anti-aircraft missiles;
• command post 9С470;
• charging installation 9A39.

The created anti-aircraft missile system was tested at the end of 1977, which ended in 1979 with its entry into service.

Peculiarities

The Buk turned out to be capable of destroying air targets flying at altitudes from 25 to 18,000 meters, located at a distance of 3 to 25 kilometers from the complex with a probability of 0.6.

Each part of the complex was located on a standardized tracked platform with high cross-country ability.

"Buk-M1"

After a short period of time, modernization of the complex began, culminating in the creation of the new Buk-M1 air defense system. It was distinguished by an increased area and probability of destruction, target recognition function and less vulnerability to anti-radar missiles.

Designed to combat enemy aircraft, helicopters, cruise missiles and drones. Used to cover various types of troops or ground targets from massive enemy air raids. Capable of operating in conditions where the enemy widely uses electronic countermeasures and in any weather.

Device

A self-propelled firing system is capable of operating alone, but its capabilities are extremely limited. Therefore, it is customary to consider the complex as a whole, in a fully combat-ready state to cover the area from air threats.

The Buk-M1 complex consists of:

• self-propelled firing system 9A310M1;
• charging installation 9A39M1;
• target detection station 9S18;
• command post 9S470M1.

All anti-aircraft missile systems are built on the GM-569 tracked chassis, which was chosen due to such features as good maneuverability and maneuverability, which allows you to spend a minimum amount on deploying and putting the complex into combat condition.

After deployment, the highly noise-resistant target detection station 9S18 “Dome” radar begins to continuously scan airspace in the centimeter range at a distance of up to 120 and a range of up to 20 kilometers.

Also, each of the 9A310 self-propelled firing systems has its own radar station operating in the centimeter range, computing equipment and a communication device, which allows it to independently scan the airspace in search of a target and transmit information to the command post.

The signal about detected targets is sent to the 9S470 command post, which is capable of simultaneously receiving and processing data on 46 targets. Next, he transfers up to 6 tasks to each of the 9A310 firing installations.

Anti-aircraft missile 9M38

Development began in 1973, and in 1976 the missile entered service with the Soviet army as part of the Buk.

This is a solid-fuel single-stage anti-aircraft missile designed to operate for up to 15 seconds. Its dimensions are strictly limited due to the fact that the development was carried out not only for land systems, but also for the M-22 “Hurricane” system for the Navy.

It has a semi-active homing head and carries a high-explosive fragmentation warhead weighing 70 kg. The detonation is carried out by a charge weighing 34 kg at a distance of 16 meters from the target.

Designed to destroy highly maneuverable targets located at a distance from 3500 to 32000 m, at altitudes from 25 to 20000 m, and can withstand overloads of up to 19g.

After launch, the flight course is indicated by radio signals from the firing installation; when approaching the target, the homing head comes into play.

9K317 "Buk-M2"

By the end of the 1980s, a modification appeared using modern 9M317 missiles. The use of this missile was supposed to significantly increase the range and altitude of the targets hit, and it was also planned to use improved equipment on all vehicles of the complex.

The 9M317 received smaller wings, the firing range reached 45,000 m at an altitude of 25,000. Its fuse received 2 modes, which made it possible to carry out detonations not only at a distance from the target, but also upon contact, making it possible to fight surface and ground enemies.

The 9A317 self-propelled firing system received new equipment, which made it possible to simultaneously detect 10 targets and attack 4 at once.

The updated 9S510 command post has the ability to track 60 targets at once and issue 36 target indications simultaneously. In this case, the time from receiving information to transmission to firing installations is no more than 2 seconds.

The 9S18M1-3 detection and target designation station is equipped with a phased array antenna, which allows it to detect air targets at a distance of up to 160,000 m. It is resistant to various types of enemy interference.

Additionally, a 9S36 missile illumination and guidance station was added to the complex. It is a phased array antenna raised by a retractable mast to a height of 22 meters, which improves performance and detects targets at a distance of 120 km. The 9S36 electronic equipment is capable of tracking 10 targets and issuing commands to fire at 4 of them.

Comprehensive improvements to the 9K317 Buk-M2 complex made it possible to increase the interception distance of aircraft and helicopters to 50,000 m, and the altitude to 25,000 m.

The missile interception range has increased to 20,000 m, and the altitude to 16,000. Use against ground and surface targets is also possible.

The country's deplorable economy in the early 90s did not allow the adoption of a new product; the army limited itself to the compromise Buk-M1-2 complex.

It was only in 2008 that the 9K317 Buk-M2 entered service with the Russian army, having been modified to suit our times.

SAM "Buk-M1-2 Ural"

As already mentioned, the most modern modification at that time was not adopted for service, so the army limited itself to a simplified version of the “Ural”. Development started in 1992 and ended in 1998 with the adoption of the Buk-M1-2 air defense system into service with our army.

The complex includes:

• self-propelled firing system 9A310M1-2;
• target detection station 9S18M1;
• command post 9С470;
• charging installation 9A38M1.

To increase stealth and camouflage, as well as increase capabilities, the 9A310M1-2 was equipped with a television-optical sight and a laser rangefinder, which made passive direction finding of the target possible.

SAM "Buk-M2E"

Export modification of the Buk-M2, characterized by improved electronic digital equipment. Modern equipment operates not only in combat, but also in training mode, which makes it possible to train soldiers.

It is possible to use the usual tracked chassis or the wheeled MZKT-6922, which allows the customer to choose a more suitable option.

SAM "Buk-M3"

The development of a new modification of the air defense system became known not so long ago. It is planned to completely replace outdated electronics with modern digital equipment, and replace the missile with a modern 9M317M, launched from a container and with higher performance.

The exact characteristics are not known today, but approximate ones can be given. The self-propelled firing unit contains 6 containers with ready-to-launch missiles inside.

The estimated range of hitting targets is up to 75,000 m, the probability is 0.96.

Combat use

The Buk anti-aircraft missile system is in service with 9 countries, including Russia.

With the exception of the first Chechen war, where the complexes were used by the Russian army, other episodes can hardly be called successful for Russia. During the Georgian-Abkhaz conflict, the plane of the commander of the air defense of Abkhazia was mistakenly destroyed.

In South Ossetia, the Russian Air Force lost 4 aircraft due to Buk-M1 fire, in addition, in 2014, a Boeing 777 was destroyed over Ukraine, and some sources link this event to the use of the Buk.

DATA FOR 2017 (in progress)
9K37 Buk complex, 9M38 missile - SA-11 GADFLY
Complex 9K37M1 "Buk-M1", missile 9M38 - SA-11 GADFLY
Complex 9K37M1-2 "Buk-M1-2", missiles 9M38 and 9M317 - SA-11 GADFLY

Medium-range anti-aircraft missile system / air defense system of the operational (army) air defense unit of the ground forces. The development of the complex was carried out by the V.V. Tikhomirov Research Institute of Instrumentation. The chief designer of the air defense system is A.A. Rastov.

The development of a complex to replace the military air defense system "Cube" began according to the Resolution of the USSR Council of Ministers of January 13, 1972 by almost the same composition of enterprises that created the air defense system "Cube":

• . Research Institute of Instrument Engineering named after V.V. Tikhomirov (former OKB-15 GKAT):
• - the complex as a whole (chief designer A.A. Rastov);
• - command post 9S470 (lead designer G.N. Valaev, later - V.I. Sokiran);
• - self-propelled firing systems 9A38 (leading designer V.V. Matyashev);
• - semi-active radar seeker 9E50 of the 9M38 missile (lead designer I.G. Akopyan);
• . Research Institute of Measuring Instruments (NIIIP) MRP - detection and target designation station 9S18 "Dome" (chief designer A.P. Vetoshko, later - Yu.P. Shchekotov);
• . OKB "Novator" - 9M38 rocket (chief designer L.V. Lyulev);
• . MKB "Start" (former OKB-203 GKAT) - launch-loading installation 9A39 (chief designer A.I. Yaskin);
• . OKB-40 Mytishchi Machine-Building Plant (MMZ) - chassis of the complex (chief designer N.A. Astrov);

Simultaneously with the creation of an air defense system for ground forces with the 9M38 missile, it was planned to create a naval air defense system M-22 "Hurricane".

Initially, it was planned to complete the development of the air defense system in the second quarter of 1975, but when it became clear that the task was somewhat more complicated than it seemed, it was decided to divide the development of the air defense system into two stages (by Resolution of the USSR Council of Ministers of May 22, 1974):

• . The first stage included the development of the 9M38 missile defense system and the 9A38 self-propelled firing system and their inclusion as the 9K37-1 Buk-1 air defense system in the 2K12 Kub-M3 air defense system. It was planned to include one 9A38 self-propelled firing system in each battery of the Kub-M3 air defense system. Joint testing of such an air defense system was planned to begin in September 1974. In this configuration, the air defense system became known as 2K12M4 "Kub-M4" and was put into service in 1978.
• . The second stage included the creation of the Buk air defense system itself, consisting of a 9S18 detection station, a 9S470 command post, a 9A310 self-propelled firing system, and a 9A39 launcher-loading system with 9M38 anti-aircraft guided missiles.

Tests of the 9K37-1 Buk-1 air defense system took place at the Emba test site from August 1975 to October 1976 as part of the 1S91M3 self-propelled reconnaissance and guidance system (SURN), the 9A38 self-propelled firing system (SOU), and the self-propelled launcher (SPU) ) 2P25M3, with 3M9M3 and 9M38 missiles, with a 9V881 maintenance vehicle (MTO). Under the name of the 2K12M4 "Kub-M4" air defense system, the complex was adopted by the air defense of the USSR ground forces in 1978. After the start of mass production, the new air defense system entered service with the troops.

Joint tests of the Buk air defense system in its entirety (without the Kub air defense system) were carried out at the Emba training ground from November 1977 to March 1979. In 1980, the full complement of the 9K37 Buk air defense system was put into service.

SAM 9K37M1. From left to right: command post 9S470M1, SOC 9S18M1 "Kupol-M1", SOU 9A310M1, PZU 9A39M1 and transport vehicle 9T229 on the KrAZ-255B chassis (photo by Leonid Yakutin, archive http://vpk-news.ru).

Production. After the Buk-1 air defense system was adopted into service in 1978 (as part of the Kub-M4 air defense system), serial production of 9A38 self-propelled firing systems began at the Ulyanovsk MRP Mechanical Plant. The production of the 9M38 missile defense system was carried out at the Dolgoprudnensky Machine-Building Plant. After the 9K37 Buk air defense system was adopted, serial production of the 9S470 KP, 9S18 SOC and 9A310 SOU was launched at the Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant. The production of ROM 9A39 was located at the Sverdlovsk Machine-Building Plant named after Kalinin.

The modernization of the 9K37 air defense system (9K37M1 "Buk-M1") was started according to the Resolution of the USSR Council of Ministers of November 30, 1979 with the aim of increasing the combat capabilities and protection of air defense systems from interference and anti-radar missiles. Tests of the modernized version of the 9K37M1 "Buk-M1" air defense system were carried out at the Emba test site from February to December 1982. It was found that the new air defense system has a larger kill zone, ensures the destruction of cruise missiles with a probability of at least 0.4 and helicopters with a higher probability than the 9K37. After testing in 1983, the new air defense system was adopted by the air defense of the USSR ground forces. Serial production was carried out by the same cooperation of enterprises that produced components of the Buk air defense system.

In 1994-1997 The cooperation of enterprises led by the V.V. Tikhomirov Research Institute carried out the modernization of the Buk-M1-2 air defense system using a new missile as part of the complex and giving the air defense system the ability to destroy Lance-type ballistic missiles, high-precision small-sized and ground targets.

SAM assignments:
9K37-1 "Buk-1" / 2K12M4 "Kub-M4" - the complex is designed to strengthen military air defense systems of the 2K12M3 "Kub-M3" type in terms of channel and missile ammunition. Each Kub air defense system battery was supplemented by one 9A28 self-propelled firing system, which could be used with both 9M38 and 3M9M3 missiles. The air defense system entered service in 1978.

SOU 9A38 with 3M9M3 missiles.

The 9K37 "Buk" air defense system is designed for air defense of troops and objects against modern aerodynamic targets flying at speeds of up to 830 m/s at medium and low altitudes and maneuvering with overloads of up to 10-12 G at a range of up to 30 km. It was assumed that the air defense system in the future would be able to hit tactical missiles of the Lance type.

9K37M1 "Buk-M1" air defense system - launched according to the Resolution of the USSR Council of Ministers of November 30, 1979. The purpose of modernization is to increase the combat capabilities and protection of air defense systems from interference and anti-radar missiles. The air defense systems provide recognition of target types - airplanes, helicopters and ballistic missiles. The air defense system was put into service in 1983. Export name "Ganges".

The 9K37M1-2 "Buk-M1-2" air defense system is a modernized version of the "Buk-M1" air defense system. The complex is designed for air defense of troops and facilities against modern and future high-speed maneuvering aircraft of tactical and strategic aviation, fire support helicopters, including hovering helicopters, tactical ballistic, cruise and aircraft missiles, in conditions of a massive raid using intense radio and fire countermeasures, as well as destruction of surface and ground targets and can be used in air defense, missile defense and coastal defense systems. A modernized version of the Buk-M1 air defense system using new generation radio-electronic equipment and the possibility of using the new 9M317 missile.

Composition of the complex(divisional set):

	9K37-1 "Buk-1" / 2K12M4 "Kub-M4" (composition of the SAM battery)	9K37 "Buk"	9K37M1 "Buk-M1"	9K37M1-2 "Buk-M1-2" ( ist. - Anti-aircraft)
Command post (CP)		1 unit - 9S470	1 unit - 9С470М1	1 unit - 9S470M1-2
	1 unit SURN 1S91M3	1 unit - 9S18 "Dome"	1 unit - 9S18M1 "Dome-M1"	1 unit - 9S18M1-1 (in some sources 9S18M1-2)
	4 units SPU 2P25M3 air defense missile system "Cube" 1 unit SOU 9A38 (3 missiles each)	6 units - 9A310 (4 missiles each), organizationally - 3 batteries	6 units - 9A310M1 (4 missiles each), organizationally - 3 batteries	6 units - 9A310M1-2 (4 missiles each), organizationally - 3 batteries
Start-charging units (ROM)		3 units - 9A39 (8 missiles each, including 4 missiles on the launcher), organizational - 3 batteries	3 units - 9A39M1 (8 missiles each, including 4 missiles on the launcher), organizationally - 3 batteries	up to 6 units - 9A39M1-2 (8 missiles each, including 4 missiles on the launcher), organizationally - 3 batteries
Anti-aircraft guided missiles (SAM)	15 3M9M3 and 9M38 missiles	up to 48 units 9M38	up to 48 units 9M38	up to 72 units 9M38M1 9M317
Technical means of the complex	maintenance vehicle (MTO) 9V881	- maintenance vehicle (MTO) 9V881; - repair and maintenance machines 9V883, 9V884, 9V894; - automated control and testing mobile station (AKIPS) for a comprehensive check of the on-board equipment of the 9V95 missile defense system; - transport vehicle 9T229 with a set of technological equipment 9T319; - truck crane 9T31M.	- maintenance vehicle (MTO) 9V881 on the Ural-43203-1012 chassis; - repair and maintenance vehicles 9V883, 9V884, 9V894 on the Ural-43203-1012 chassis; - automated control and testing mobile station (AKIPS) for a comprehensive check of the on-board equipment of the 9V95M1 missile defense system on the ZIL-131 chassis and trailer; - transport vehicle 9T229 on the KrAZ-255B chassis (transportation of 8 missiles or 6 containers with missiles) with a set of technological equipment 9T319; - truck crane 9T31M; - maintenance workshop MTO-ATG-M1 on the ZIL-131 chassis.	- maintenance vehicle (MTO) 9V884M1 for routine repair and maintenance of gearboxes, SOU and ROM (1 unit); - maintenance workshop MTO-ATG-M1 or MTO-AG3-M1 for routine repair and maintenance of tracked chassis KP, SOTs, SOU and PZU (1 unit); - repair and maintenance vehicles (MRTO); - automated control and testing mobile station (AKIPS) for comprehensive testing of on-board missile defense equipment - 1 pc. for four complexes (AKIS 9V930M-1 can be supplied with the Buk-M1-2 air defense system); - transport vehicles (TM) 9T243 with a set of rigging equipment (KTO) 9T318-1 for loading and unloading operations - 12 pcs. into four complexes; - compressor station UKS - 400V-P4M; - mobile power station PES - 100-T/230-Ch/400-A1RK1; - operational training missile 9M317 UD; - 9M317 UR training missile; - overall weight mock-up 9M317GMM.

Performance characteristics of the Buk type air defense system:

	TTZ on the 9K37 Buk air defense system	9K37-1 "Buk-1" (based on test data, unless otherwise stated)	9K37 "Buk"	9K37M1 "Buk-M1"	9K37M1-2 "Buk-M1-2"
Detection range of air targets by division means in centralized mode (SURN or SOC)		Aircraft: 44 km ((at altitudes over 3000 m) 21-28 km (at low altitudes 30-100 m) The lower performance of the mode was explained by the lower capabilities of SURN 1S91M2 / 1S91M3
Detection range of SAO air targets in autonomous mode		Aircraft: 65-77 km (at altitudes above 3000 m) 32-42 km (at low altitudes 30-100 m) Helicopters: 21-35 km (at low altitudes 30-100 m)
Range (fighter class aircraft)	up to 30 km	3.4 - 20.5 km (at altitudes above 3000 m according to test data) 5 - 15.4 km (at altitudes of about 30 m according to test data) 3.5 - 25-30 km (official performance characteristics)	3 - 25 km (according to test results) up to 30 km (at target speeds up to 300 m/s, according to test results)	3 - 32-35 km (official performance characteristics)	3 - 45 km (official performance characteristics)
Range (AGM-86/Tomahawk type CD)	-	-	20-25 km (official performance characteristics)	20-25 km (official performance characteristics)	20-25 km (official performance characteristics)
Range (OTR type "Lance", "HARM")	in perspective	-	-	-	up to 20 km (official performance characteristics)
Range (ground targets)			-	-	25 km (ships) 15 km (ground targets) 3 - 25 km (official performance characteristics)
Exchange rate parameter			18 km (based on test results)
Target engagement altitude (fighter class aircraft)		30 - 14000 m (according to test results) 25 - 18000-20000 m (official performance characteristics)	25 - 18000 m (according to test results)	15 - 22000 m (official performance characteristics)	15 - 25000 m (official performance characteristics)
Target engagement height (Lance type OTR)			-	-	2000 - 16000 m (official performance characteristics)
Target engagement altitude (HARM missiles)			-	-	100 - 15000 m (official performance characteristics)
Number of targets simultaneously fired by the complex			6 (divisional set with 1 command post and 6 fire control systems)	18	22
Maximum target speed	830 m/s		800 m/s (based on test results)	800 m/s	1100-1200 m/s
Overload target	up to 10-12G
Probability of hitting a target with one missile defense system (fighter class aircraft)		0.7-0.93 (9M38, according to test data)	0.7-0.8 (according to test results) 0.6 (when maneuvering targets with overloads up to 8G, according to test results)	0,8-0,95	0,9-0,95
Probability of hitting a target with one missile (helicopter)			0.3-0.6 (official performance characteristics)	0.6-0.7 (Hugh Cobra type helicopters, according to test results) 0.3-0.4 (hovering helicopters at a range of 3.5 - 6-10 km, according to test results)	0,3-0,6
Probability of hitting a target with one SAM (cruise missile)			0.25-0.5 (official performance characteristics)	0.4-0.6 (according to test results)	0,5-0,7

Command posts (CP) provides reception, display and processing of information about targets coming from the detection and target designation station (STS) and self-propelled firing systems (SFA), as well as from higher command posts - for example, from the command post of an anti-aircraft missile brigade (ASU "Polyana"). Provides target distribution between the JMA in automatic and manual mode and assignment of sectors of responsibility of the JMA. Records are kept and displayed of information about combat-ready missiles on the SOU and ROM, about the letters of the SOU target illumination transmitters, and about their operation on targets.

Information about targets was redistributed between the SDA, which tracked targets in their sectors and engaged targets as they entered the affected area. The missile division could simultaneously fire at 6 targets.

Detection and targeting station (SOC)- a self-propelled station with a three-dimensional coherent-pulse radar provides detection of air targets with the transmission of information about them to the division command post. Radar information from the SOC was transmitted to the command post via a telecode communication line. The SOC includes an antenna post (a truncated parabolic profile reflector, a feed unit), an antenna folding device, a transmitting device (power up to 3.5 kW), and a receiving device (noise factor no more than 8).

Detection and target designation station (SOC) 9S18 "Dome" TUBE ARM SAM 9K37 "Buk" (http://pvo.guns.ru).

Initially, the development of the SOC 9S18 "Dome" was carried out outside the framework of work on the Buk air defense system, but as a means of detecting air targets of the divisional air defense unit of the ground forces.

	9S18 "Dome" / 1RL135 / TUBE ARM	9S18M1 "Dome-M1"
SAM	9K37 "Buk"	9K37M1 "Buk-M1"
Main differences of the modification		New radar and equipment, new design solution
Chassis	"object 124" of the SU-100P family	GM-567M
Calculation	3 people
Length		9.59 m
Width		3.25 m
Height		3.25 m (8.02 m in working position)
Weight of SOC	28.5 t	35 t
Radar type	Three-dimensional coherent-pulse radar of the centimeter range with electronic scanning of the beam in the sector in elevation and mechanical electric rotation of the antenna in azimuth	Radar with flat elevation phased array
Sector of review	Horizontal - circular or specified sector Elevation angle - 30 or 40 degrees
Target detection range	110-120 km (flight altitude more than 3000 m) 45 km (flight altitude about 30 m) 50 km (fighter type target with noise interference)
Review speed	4.5 - 18 s with all-round viewing (depending on the sector in elevation) 2.5 - 4.5 s (when viewing in a sector of 30 degrees)
Information transfer rate	75 target marks per review period (4.5 sec)
Radar accuracy	Root mean square errors of target coordinates: - no more than 20 minutes in azimuth and elevation - no more than 130 m in range
Radar resolution	Range - no worse than 300 m In azimuth and elevation - no more than 4 degrees.
Anti-interference	To protect against targeted interference, frequency tuning was used from pulse to pulse. To protect against reciprocal interference, frequency tuning and blanking of range intervals along the auto-recording channel were also used, and against non-synchronous pulse interference, a change in the slope of linear frequency modulation and blanking of range sections was also used. Protection against anti-radar missiles was provided by software tuning the carrier frequency by 1.3 s and switching to circular polarization of sounding signals or to intermittent radiation mode.
Probability of tracking targets	not less than 0.5 against the background of local objects and in conditions of interference due to the moving target selection system with automatic wind speed compensation
Time to transfer from traveling to combat position	5 minutes
	20 s

Detection and target designation station (SOTs) 9S18 "Dome" TUBE ARM SAM 9K37 "Buk" in stowed position (http://pvo.guns.ru).

Self-propelled firing systems (SOU): The SOU ensures the search for air targets in a designated sector, detection and acquisition of targets for tracking, guidance of missiles on the SLA itself and the associated SPU or ROM, the SOU receives target designation from the SURN (SOU 9A38) or from the division command post (9A310, etc.).

The SOU searched for and captured targets based on target designation from the complex's command post (with SURN in the case of the Buk-1 air defense system) and launched missiles at the captured target after the target entered the affected area. If the target was not hit, a second missile was launched at the target. The self-propelled gun could carry out a fire mission to hit a target independently - without target designation from the division command post.

	9A38	9A310	9A310M1
SAM	9K37-1 "Buk-1" / 2K12M4 "Kub-M4"	9K37 "Buk"	9K37M1 "Buk-M1"
Main differences of the modification			Ensured target acquisition for automatic tracking at longer ranges (25-30%), recognition of aircraft, helicopters and ballistic missiles is ensured with a probability of at least 0.6
Chassis	GM-569 developed by the Metrovagonmash plant Engine - multi-fuel liquid-cooled diesel with a power of 710-840 hp. Base - 4605 mm Ground clearance - 450 mm Chassis weight - 24 t Payload weight - 11.5 t Maximum speed on the highway - 65 km/h Fuel range - 500 km Operating temperature - from -50 degrees C to +50 degrees C	GM-569
Calculation	4 people	4 people
Length		9.3 m
Width		3.25 m (9.03 m in working position - swept area)
Height		3.8 m (7.72 m maximum height in working position)
Installation weight	34 t	32.4 t
Mated SPU / ROM	SPU 2P25M3	ROM 9A39 (standard 1 ROM per battery of 2 SDUs)
Rockets	3 x 3M9M3 or 3 x 9M38 on replaceable guides	4 x 9M38
Air target detection equipment	Radar 9S35 FIRE DOM centimeter range, a single antenna and two transmitters - pulsed (target detection and tracking) and continuous radiation (target illumination and missile defense). The sector search was carried out by rotating the antenna. Number of letter frequencies - 36 Target tracking in angular coordinates and range was carried out using the monopulse method; signals were processed by a digital computer. The beam width of the target tracking channel antenna is 1.3 degrees in azimuth and 2.5 degrees in elevation The beam width of the target illumination channel is 1.4 degrees in azimuth and 2.65 degrees in elevation Search sector - 120 degrees in azimuth and 6-7 degrees in elevation Search sector review time: - offline mode - 4 s - target designation mode (10 degrees in azimuth and 7 degrees in elevation) - 2 s The transmitter power of the target detection and tracking channel is average: - when using quasi-continuous signals - at least 1 kW - when using signals with linear frequency modulation - no less than 0.5 kW The power of the target illumination transmitter is average - at least 2 kW Noise figure of survey and direction-finding receivers - no more than 10 dB The time for transferring the radar from standby mode to combat mode is no more than 20 s Accuracy of target speed determination - 10-30 m/s Maximum range error - no more than 175 m Root mean square errors in determining angular coordinates - no more than 0.5 d.u. The radar is protected from active, passive and combined interference Launch blocking is provided when accompanied by “one’s own” aircraft TV-optical viewfinder	Radar 9S35 Number of letter frequencies - 36	Radar 9S35M1 Number of letter frequencies - 72
Number of target channels	1 target, 2 missiles	1 target, 2 missiles
avionics	BCVM Ground-based radar interrogator of the Password identification system Means of telecode communication with SURN Means of wired communication with the mating SPU
Starting equipment	Starting device with power servo drive
	Life supporting system
Operating time (from target detection to missile launch)	24-27 s
Time to transfer from traveling to combat position	no more than 5 minutes	no more than 5 minutes
Time to transfer from standby mode to working mode	no more than 20 s	no more than 20 s
	9 min (3 x 3M9M3 missiles or 3 x 9M38 missiles)	12 min (with ROM) 16 min (from a transport vehicle)

Start-charging installations(ROM) - intended for transportation, storage, reloading and launching of 9M38 missiles. The combat operation of the ROM was carried out under the control of the SOU 9A310. Self-charging was provided from a transport vehicle or from the ground using its own crane.

	9A39
SAM	9K37 "Buk"
Chassis	GM-577
Calculation	3 people
Length	9.96 m
Width	3.316 m
Height	3.8 m
Installation weight	35.5 t
Mated SDA	9A310
Rockets	4 x 9M38 on launcher 4 x 9M38 on ammunition carriers
Number of target channels	1 (provided by SOU)
avionics	BCVM Telecode communication means Wired communication means with mating control system Navigation, topographical and orientation equipment
Starting equipment	Starting device with power servo drive
Energy and other equipment	Autonomous power supply system with gas turbine generator Life supporting system
Time to transfer from traveling to combat position	no more than 5 minutes
Time to transfer from standby mode to working mode	no more than 20 s
Loading or discharging time of the self-propelled gun	26 min (from a transport vehicle)

Anti-aircraft guided missiles: The Buk missile system uses 9M38 missiles, created taking into account the experience of creating 3M9 Kub air defense missiles. In addition to the Buk air defense system, 9M38 and 9M317 missiles are also used in the M-22 Uragan naval air defense system.

	9M38	9M317 / 9M317E (export version)
Development	The rocket was developed by the Novator Design Bureau, chief designer L.V. Lyulev	The missile was developed by the design bureau of the Dolgoprudny Research and Production Enterprise, chief designer V.P. Entov
Design	The rocket is made according to a normal aerodynamic design with an X-shaped wing of low aspect ratio with a large wing chord length. Rocket layout: - semi-active seeker in the bow - rocket control system equipment (autopilot) - power supply - warhead - engine - tail section The rocket has no parts that separate during flight	The missile has a similar design, but is equipped with a wing with a significantly smaller chord.
Propulsion system	Dual-mode (starter, propulsion) solid propellant rocket engine with a long gas duct, the engine housing design is made using a metal alloy. Solid propellant motor operating time - approx. 15 s	Dual-mode (launch, propulsion) solid propellant rocket engine with a long gas duct
Control system	Autopilot with semi-active radar seeker, homing is carried out using the proportional navigation method with target acquisition by the missile seeker after launch, target illumination is carried out by the 9S35 SOU 9A38 radar The missile is equipped with a radio fuse, which was cocked when approaching the target and ensured the detonation of the warhead at a distance of 17 m from the target. If the radio fuse failed to operate, the missile self-destructed.	Inertial control system with radio correction combined with a semi-active radar seeker with an on-board computer with guidance using the proportional navigation method / The missile is equipped with a two-channel fuse - active pulse and semi-active radar, as well as a system of contact sensors.
TTX rockets:
Length	5500 mm	5550 mm
Aerodynamic rudder span	860 mm	860 mm
Case diameter	- front compartment - 330 mm	- front compartment - 330 mm - largest diameter - 400 mm
Rocket mass	685 kg	715 kg
Warhead mass	70 kg
Range	3.5 - 25-30 km
Target engagement height	25 - 18000-20000 m
Probability of an aircraft being hit by one missile defense system	0.7-0.93 (according to tests)
Maximum rocket speed	1000 m/s
Maximum overload when maneuvering	up to 19 G	up to 24 G
Warranty period of storage	10 years
Warhead		with semi-finished submunitions
Auxiliary equipment	transport container 9Я266

Modifications:
Complex 9K37-1 "Buk-1", missile 9M38 - SA-X-11 GADFLY - the first version of the complex, adopted for service in 1978 as part of the 2K121M4 "Kub-M4" air defense system. It included the 9A38 SOU and 9M38 missiles.

The 9K37 Buk complex, the 9M38 missile - SA-11 GADFLY - is the first full-fledged modification of the Buk air defense system. It included a command post, SOC, SOU, ROM, 9M38 missiles and maintenance equipment. The air defense system entered service in 1980.

Complex 9K37M1 "Buk-M1", missile 9M38 - SA-11 GADFLY - the first modification of the Buk air defense system. Started by Resolution of the USSR Council of Ministers of November 30, 1979. The air defense system was put into service in 1983.

The 9K37M1-2 Buk-M1-2 complex, 9M38 and 9M317 missiles - SA-11 GADFLY - is a variant of deep modernization of the Buk air defense system, bringing the capabilities of the Buk-M1 air defense system closer to the capabilities of the Buk-M2 air defense system. Entered into service in 1998.

Infrastructure:
The 9K37 "Buk" air defense missile system was organized organizationally into anti-aircraft missile brigades consisting of:
- command post / combat control point of the anti-aircraft missile brigade ACS "Polyana-D4";
- 4 anti-aircraft missile divisions of the 9K37 Buk complexes with their own communications platoons (2 batteries per division, each battery has 2 SOU 9A310 and 1 ROM 9A39);
- technical support and maintenance departments.

Organizationally, the anti-aircraft missile brigade was subordinate to the army air defense command post.

Status: USSR / Russia
- 1978 - the 2K12M4 "Kub-M4" air defense system was adopted, which included components of the 9K37-1 "Buk-1" air defense system.

1980 - the 9K37 Buk air defense system was put into service.

1983 - the 9K37M1 Buk-M1 air defense system was adopted.

1991 - about 300 SOU 9A310 and PZU 9A39 were transferred from the USSR Armed Forces to the armed forces of the CIS countries after the collapse of the USSR ( ist. - Beech).

2016 - at least 350 9K37 / 9K317 air defense systems in the ground forces, there are no 9K37 type air defense systems in other branches of the military.

Export: The Buk-M1 air defense system was offered for export under the name "Gang".

Azerbaijan:
- 2013 - 1 9K317 or 9K37MB air defense system and 100 9M317 missiles were delivered in 2013 from Belarus ( ist. - Beech).
- 2013 June 26 - at a military parade in Baku, equipment purchased from Belarus for the modernized Buk-MB air defense system is shown, in particular 6 SOU 9A310MB, 3 ROM 9A39MB, a combat control point 9S470MB and a radar station 80K6M. The complex is equipped with 9M317 missiles.

Belarus:
- May 2005 - the Belarusian version of the modernization of the 9K37 "Buk" complex - the 9K37MB "Buk-MB" air defense system was presented. Composition of the complex:
- 6 SOU 9A310MB
- 3 ROMs 9A39MB
- combat control point 9S470MB
- radar station 80K6M
The means of the complex have been modified for the use of 9M317 missiles (manufactured by OJSC Dolgoprudny Research and Production Enterprise). In addition, the standard radar of the Buk-M1 air defense system 9S18M1 was replaced by a mobile three-dimensional all-round radar 80K6M on the MZKT Volat wheeled chassis, a joint Belarusian-Ukrainian development.
- 2016 - in service with 12 batteries of 9K37 / 9K317 air defense systems ( ist. - Beech).

Georgia:
- 2008 - several 9K37 type air defense systems, previously supplied from Ukraine, were in service and took part in the Georgian-Ossetian armed conflict in August 2008.
- 2008 August 7-12 - Georgian air defense systems shot down several Russian Air Force aircraft - Tu-22MR (Tu-22M3R) - Buk-M1 air defense system was shot down, as well as several Su-25s.
- 2016 - in the armed forces of the 1-2 division of the Buk-M1 air defense system ( ist. - Beech).

Egypt:
- 1992 - shows interest in acquiring an air defense system.
- 2007 - 9K37M1-2 "Buk-M1-2" air defense system and 100 9M317 missiles were delivered ( ist. - Beech).
- 2016 - more than 40 units of 9K37 air defense systems (SOU + ROM) in service ( ist. - Beech).

Iran:
- 1993 - according to the newspaper "Mond" (France), in 1992 there were the first deliveries of the SA-11 air defense system.

Myanmar:
- 2007 - negotiations were conducted with Rosoboronexport on the supply of the Buk-M1-2 air defense system ( ist. - Beech).

Syria:
- 1986 - first deliveries of air defense systems.
- 2008 - according to the Center for Analysis of World Arms Trade, 18 Buk-M2E air defense systems were delivered ( ist. - Beech).
- 2010-2013 - according to SIPRI, 8 Buk-M2E air defense systems and 160 9M317 missiles were to be delivered to Syria ( ist. - Beech).
- 2013 - in service with 6 to 20 Buk-M1 and Buk-M2 air defense systems with 9M317 missiles. According to The Military Balance, as of 2013, there were 20 units of Buk air defense systems in Syria ( ist. - Beech).

Ukraine:
- 1991 - a large number of air defense systems remained in the Ukrainian Armed Forces after the collapse of the USSR.
- 2016 - equipped with 72 Buk-M1 air defense systems ( ist. - Beech).

Finland:
- January 1997 - the first division of the Buk-M1 air defense system was delivered; by May 1997, 2 more divisions should be delivered. Deliveries are made to pay off the debts of the USSR to Finland. In total, 3 divisions (18 self-propelled guns and missile launchers, 288 9M38 missiles) of the Buk-M1 air defense system were delivered.
- 2008 - Buk air defense systems were removed from service. The air defense systems were on combat duty to guard Helsinki. The decision was made due to the fact that the air defense missile system control systems are subject to decryption.

Sources:
Angelsky R.D., Shestov I.V. Domestic anti-aircraft missile systems. M, Publishing house "Astrel", publishing house "AST", 2002
Buk (anti-aircraft missile system). 2017 (