Outstanding architectural structures of the 16th century presentation. Presentation on the topic “Russian architecture of the 16th century

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Stone construction

There was little stone, so only the most important structures were built from this material: churches and fortresses.
The main building material is wood.

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Architecture (Novgorod)

• Church of Fyodor Stratilates on the Stream.
• Church of the Transfiguration on Ilyin Street, painted in 1378 by Theophan the Greek.

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• Faceted Chamber of the Novgorod Kremlin 1433
• Church of Peter and Paul in Kozhevniki. 1406
• Church of Simeon the God-Receiver in Zverin Monastery. 1468

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Pskov

• Izborsk 1330 g
• Pskov Kremlin

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Moscow

In the second quarter of the 14th century, stone construction began in Moscow.

Under Ivan Kalita, 4 stone churches were built in Moscow:

• Assumption Cathedral,
• Cathedral of the Archangel,
• Church of Ivan Climacus,
• Church of the Savior on Bor.

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Ivan III invited the architect Aristotle Fioravanti from Italy.
The temple was consecrated on August 12, 1479 by Metropolitan Gerontius.
The temple has six pillars, five domes, and five apses. Built of white stone in combination with brick (the vaults, drums, the eastern wall above the altar apses, the eastern square pillars hidden by the altar barrier are made of brick; the rest are round - the pillars are also made of brick, but faced with white stone).

Assumption Cathedral

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Temple structure

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Archangel Cathedral

The first wooden Archangel Cathedral in the Kremlin arose on the site of the current one, possibly during the reign of Mikhail Khorobrit, brother of Alexander Nevsky, in 1247-1248.
In 1333, in one summer, Ivan Kalita built a new stone temple - as a vow, in gratitude for delivering Rus' from famine caused by rye that had grown and did not produce grains. The new Archangel Cathedral was consecrated by Metropolitan Theognostus on September 20, 1333.
The existing cathedral was built in 1505-1508. under the leadership of the Italian architect Aleviz the New on the site of the old cathedral of the 14th century and consecrated on November 8, 1508 by Metropolitan Simon.

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Faceted Chamber of the Kremlin

Built in 1487 - 1491 by order of Ivan III by Italian architects Marco Ruffo and Pietro Antonio Solari. The name is taken from the eastern facade, decorated with faceted stone rustication (diamond rustication), characteristic of Italian Renaissance architecture.
Foreign ambassadors were received there and the heirs to the Russian throne were solemnly announced.

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• Church of Ivan Climacus
• Faceted Chamber of the Kremlin

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Architecture of the Moscow State in the 16th century.

• The tent style appears.
• Tent temples are a special architectural type that appeared and became widespread in Russian temple architecture.
• Instead of a dome, the building of the tented temple ends with a tent.
• Tent churches can be made of wood or stone.
• Stone tented churches appeared at the beginning of the 16th century and have no analogues in the architecture of other countries.

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Church of the Ascension of the Lord in Kolomenskoye

Erected in Kolomenskoye in 1528-1532 (presumably by the Italian architect Peter Francis Hannibal, according to Russian chronicles by Peter Fryazin or Petrok Maly) on the right bank of the Moscow River.
Legend connects the construction of the temple with the birth of Ivan IV, the long-awaited heir of the Grand Duke.

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Intercession Cathedral

The Intercession Cathedral was built in 1555-1561 by order of Ivan the Terrible in memory of the capture of Kazan and the victory over the Kazan Khanate.
There are several versions about the creators of the cathedral.
According to one version, the architect was the famous Pskov master Postnik Yakovlev, nicknamed Barma.

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According to legend, the architect(s) of the cathedral were blinded by order of Ivan the Terrible so that they could not build another similar temple.
However, if the author of the cathedral is Postnik, then he could not have been blinded, since for several years after the construction of the cathedral he participated in the creation of the Kazan Kremlin

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Architecture in the XIV–XV centuries

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Feofan the Greek

Feofan the Greek, Fresco painting of the Novgorod Church of the Savior on Ilinaya Street.

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Theophanes the Greek wrote:

• Church of the Nativity,
• Kremlin tower of Vasily I,
• Cathedral of the Archangel,
• Iconostasis of the Annunciation Cathedral.

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Russian painting of the XV-XVI centuries.

Andrey Rublev. In 1405, Rublev, together with Theophan the Greek and Prokhor from Gorodets, painted the Annunciation Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin (the frescoes have not survived), in 1408 Rublev, together with Daniil Cherny and other masters, painted the Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir.
In 1425-27, Rublev, together with Daniil Cherny and other masters, painted the Trinity Cathedral of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery and created the icons of its iconostasis.

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Nikon asked Andrei, it was him, and not anyone else, to paint the image of the Trinity, the main temple icon for the monastery cathedral.
At the end of the 14th - beginning of the 15th centuries (according to other studies, around 1412), Rublev created his masterpiece - the icon “Life-Giving Trinity”
According to the currently generally accepted version, based on church tradition, the icon was painted “in praise of Sergius of Radonezh” by order of his student and successor, Abbot Nikon

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Dionysius

Leading Moscow icon painter (isographer) of the late 15th - early 16th centuries.
He is considered a successor to the traditions of Andrei Rublev.
Murals of the Cathedral of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary in the Pafnutievo Borovsky Monastery
Assumption Church in Moscow
Wall paintings and iconostasis of the Cathedral of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary of the Ferapontov Monastery, made together with his sons Theodosius and Vladimir.

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The 16th century in Russian architecture was rich in events. In this century, active urban development continues, which was a consequence of the active foreign and domestic policies of the state during the reign of both Vasily the Third and Ivan the Terrible. This period was marked not only by the construction of new cities, the construction and strengthening of fortifications, but also by the active growth of Moscow, the continuation of construction work in the Moscow Kremlin, and the emergence of new monasteries, cathedrals and temples.
In the 16th century, the power of the Russian state grew, and the importance of Moscow as a center also grew. The best craftsmen are brought to the capital from all over Rus', who work together with Italian architects and builders. With their help, Russia begins the construction of complex architectural objects made of stone, which replaced traditional Russian wooden architecture.
At the beginning of the century, work continued on the reconstruction of the Moscow Kremlin, begun by Ivan the Third at the end of the 15th century. The Kremlin was now a brick structure, solemn and majestic, with higher walls than before. The tallest building in the Kremlin was the watch tower - the Ivan the Great Bell Tower. Its construction began at the beginning of the century, in 1505-1508, and ended only at the beginning of the next century. To this day, the building is considered one of the masterpieces of Russian architecture of that period.

During the same period, in 1505-1508, by order of Vasily the Third, the famous Archangel Cathedral was built in the Moscow Kremlin by the Italian architect Aleviz Novy. Subsequently, this place became the tomb of almost all Moscow rulers, princes and tsars.
At the beginning of the century, frequent Tatar raids continued. Therefore, on his orders, Tula, in the image of the Moscow Kremlin, is rapidly building, first a wooden and then a stone Tula Kremlin. Work is underway on the construction of fortifications or strengthening of already built fortresses in other cities.
Moscow continued to actively rebuild during the childhood of Ivan the Terrible during the formal reign of his mother Elena Glinskaya. In 1535, the stone Kitay-Gorod was built. During this period, cities such as Tver, Yaroslavl, Vladimir, Kostroma, and Vologda were strengthened. New cities began to be built on the southern and eastern borders of the state.
In the 16th century, a fundamentally new type of structure appeared in Russia - tented churches, which did not use supports in their construction, like traditional ancient Russian cross-domed churches. Pointed temples, looking like majestic fir trees, became a sign of that time. Inside, such a temple was a single space, crowned with a tent. Subsequently, hipped roofs, vaults, canopies made of wood began to appear everywhere in Rus' - over gates, over peasant huts, over boyar mansions and wells, over chapels and even over wooden grave crosses.
As noted, this same period of time is characterized by the beginning of a gradual transition from wooden to stone architecture. Since the construction of tent structures, especially in stone, required high precision engineering calculations, it is safe to say that by that time Russian architects had already learned to cope with such difficult tasks.
Another technological innovation characteristic of this period was the use of red brick along with white stone. When constructing objects, metal fastenings are being used instead of wooden ones, and work is carried out using lifting mechanisms.
The most striking examples of tented churches are the unique and inimitable monuments of Russian architecture of the 16th century that have come down to us - the Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye, built at the beginning of the century in honor of the birth of Ivan the Fourth (the future Terrible), and a unique structure, a real wonder of the world - the Church of the Intercession on the Moat, better known as St. Basil's Cathedral, built on Red Square in the mid-16th century in honor of the capture of Kazan. According to legend, Ivan the Terrible ordered the Russian architects who worked on its creation to be blinded so that they could not reproduce such beauty again.

The building of St. Basil's Cathedral was erected from brick, a new material at that time. The foundation and plinth of the temple, as well as some decorative elements, were made of a more traditional material - white stone. The external decorative design of the cathedral is especially interesting. The temple even today attracts attention with its complexity of design and multi-colored intricate domes. The architects put all their imagination into the design of the temple, and the result exceeded the wildest expectations. Wanting to emphasize the beauty of the main material of the building, brick, the architects also painted it “like brick.”
In parallel with the construction of tented churches both in Moscow and in the provinces, the active construction of five-domed cross-domed churches continues. Among them, one can especially highlight the construction of the Smolensk Cathedral of the Novodevichy Convent in Moscow, as well as the Assumption Cathedral of the Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius.
It is worth noting that the period of the reign of Ivan the Terrible was especially marked by the appearance of many new churches and monasteries. After all, with the fall of Byzantium and the Roman Empire, it was Russia, according to the far-sighted plan of the rulers, that became the new stronghold of Christianity for the entire Orthodox world.
In the mid-16th century, stone civil construction was already actively developing in Moscow. Both in Moscow itself and in its near and distant environs, many stone buildings were built. Among them are the famous Alksandrovskaya Sloboda and other royal residences, as well as the grandiose Oprichnina Court.
Of the large Russian cities, only Novgorod and Pskov in the 16th century still have noticeable local features. Novgorod in these years was the stronghold of the state in the north-west, so they were busy with military and defensive construction. The Novgorod Kremlin, rebuilt in brick, has elements of the Moscow Kremlin in its architecture. By the end of the century, civil buildings in Novgorod began to undergo changes in their architectural appearance, acquiring the features of Moscow architecture.
A different situation developed in Pskov. The architectural development of the city continued to follow its own path, and it was in the 16th century that its own Pskov school of architecture flourished here. Since the city was the support of the state in the west, in the 16th century its fortifications were radically rebuilt. From the stone structures of that era, the Intercession Tower has survived to this day. Later, of course, the influence of Moscow architecture began to be felt here too, manifested in the appearance of five-domed churches with basements and other architectural techniques that were not previously characteristic of this area.

The fame of Pskov architects spread far beyond the borders of their city back in the 15th century; as a result, they were specially invited to build projects in other cities. At the beginning of the century they were already working in Moscow. Later, in 1560, near Kazan in Sviyazhsk, the Cathedral of the Assumption Monastery was erected, the work of Pskov masters, in which the characteristic features of Pskov architecture are clearly visible.