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What is an agricultural crop? Technical crops of Russia

Agricultural crops differ in botanical, biological, economic characteristics and cultivation characteristics. The production classification of agricultural crops has the greatest practical significance (Fig. 5.1).

Grain crops occupy approximately 750 million hectares in the world; their distribution area actually coincides with the area of human settlement. More than 3/4 of all world grain production occurs in ten leading countries: China, USA, India, Russia, France, Canada, Indonesia, Brazil, Ukraine, Turkey. The country's grain supply is judged not by the size of the gross harvest, but by production per capita. The world record holder for this indicator is Canada (almost 1,700 kg). More than 1000 kg of grain per capita is produced in the USA and France.

The grain economy of the world, figuratively speaking, rests on three grains - wheat, rice and corn, which together provide 4/5 of the gross grain harvest. Wheat, which is grown in 70 countries, harvesting 530-560 million tons annually, serves as the main bread for about half of humanity. Rice (530 million tons) is the staple food for the other half of humanity. Corn (470 million tons) also plays an important role as a food and feed crop.

Approximately 200 million tons of grain, mainly wheat and corn, enter the world market annually. Its main exporters are the USA, Canada, Australia, Argentina, and France. Its main importers are some countries in foreign Europe, South-West and East Asia, Latin America, as well as Russia and a number of other CIS countries.

In addition to grains, many other crops are used to provide food for people. Among oilseeds, the most important are: soybean (main producers - USA, Brazil, China), sunflower (Ukraine, Russia, Balkan countries), peanuts (India, West African countries), olive (Mediterranean countries).

Of the tuber crops, potatoes are the most harvested (the main producers are China, Russia, Poland, and the USA. Of the fibrous crops, cotton is the most important. The main harvest of cotton is provided by China, the USA, India, Pakistan, Uzbekistan, and some countries in Africa and Latin America.

Sugar is obtained from sugar cane (2/3) and sugar beets (1/3). For the collection of sugar cane, Brazil, Cuba, India, and China are especially prominent; for the collection of sugar beets, Ukraine, Russia, France, Germany, and the USA

Fig.5.1 Production and botanical-biological grouping of field crops

Cereals (bread and cereals)

In world agriculture, grain crops occupy a leading place and are of utmost importance for the population of the entire globe. Bread is the main human food product, feed grain is concentrated feed for farm animals.

According to FAO calculations, by 2030, world grain production will increase by 20-21% and its total volume will reach 2149-2150 million tons, with a need of 2675 million tons.

For Belarus, grain is the most important product that determines the state of agriculture. Local grain resources were not always enough to fully satisfy the population in bakery products, flour, various types of cereals, and livestock feed.

The Food Program emphasizes that the accelerated and sustainable increase in grain production continues to be a key issue in agriculture. In Belarus, it is necessary to produce grain in such quantities as to fully satisfy the needs of the country's market; reduce the cost of its production; improve the quality of grown products; do not harm the environment.

In addition, the goal is to significantly increase the production of grain of durum and strong varieties of wheat, the best varieties of millet and buckwheat.

Cereal crops form one group, but they differ in their morphological and biological characteristics and are therefore divided into subgroups (Fig. 5.2)

Rice. 5.2 Classification and characteristics of grain crops

There are two forms of cereal crops - spring and winter. Spring plants are sown in the spring, during the summer months they go through a full development cycle and produce a harvest in the fall. Winter plants are sown in the fall, they germinate before the onset of winter, and in the spring they continue their life cycle and ripen slightly earlier than spring crops. Winter grains, as a rule, give a higher yield, but they can be grown in areas with high snow cover and fairly mild winters.

Cereal crops of group I have similar morphological characteristics characteristic of all plants of the Poa family.

The root system is fibrous, the bulk of it is concentrated at a depth of 15-25 cm (Fig. 5.3). When grains germinate, embryonic roots are first formed. Their number is typical for individual species: barley - 5-8, rye - 4, wheat - 3-5, triticale - 6, oats - 3-4.

Rice. 5.3 Root system of grain crops

a - grain; b - primary roots; c - stem shoot; d - lateral shoots from the embryonic node; d - tillering unit; e - nodal roots; g - main stem; h - side shoots; o - o - soil surface.

The stem is a hollow straw or filled with parenchyma tissue, with a height of 0.5 to 2.0 m. Stem nodes are formed along the entire length of the stem, the distance between which is called internodes. Usually the stem has 5-7 nodes, which perform a supporting function and give it stability.

The leaves are linear, attached to the stem nodes, and consist of a leaf blade, a sheath and a ligule with ears.

An inflorescence is a spike consisting of a segmented rod on the ledge of which the spikelets are attached. In oats, the inflorescence is a panicle, which has a central axis and lateral branches of the first, second and subsequent orders. At the ends of the branches there are spikelets (Fig. 5.4).

The spikelet consists of glumes (external and internal), between which there are flowers or grains (Fig. 5.5).

The flower also consists of scales (external and internal), stamen and pistil.

Fig.5.4 Inflorescences of grain crops

1 -wheat(1a And 1b- ear and grain of soft wheat, 1 V and 1 G- ear and grain of durum wheat; 2- common barley (2a- an ear of multi-row barley. 2b- ear of two-row barley); 3- rye (ear); 4 -sowing oats (panicle); 5 - seed rice ( 5 a- awnless panicle, 5 B-spinous panicle); 6 -common millet (panicle).

Origin of cultivated plants. One of man's greatest achievements was the creation of a constant source of food through the domestication of wild animals and the cultivation of plants. The creation of various plant varieties became possible thanks to the development of the principles of artificial selection. To more fully satisfy human nutritional and technical needs, new plant varieties are being created. Outstanding geneticist Academician N.I. Vavilov pointed out that selection is based on the study of varietal, species, generic and genetic diversity and the role of the environment in the manifestation of hereditary traits. Plant growing as a result of the domestication of wild plants arose about 10 thousand years ago. This form of human economic activity arose independently in different geographical areas and was based on local flora. The dispersal of cultivated plants beyond the center of their origin occurred both naturally and as a result of population migration. This is how centers of origin and diversity of cultivated plants arose. The opening of these centers also belongs to N.I. Vavilov. He collected enormous seed material for use in breeding work. N.I. Vavilov discovered 8 centers of origin of cultivated plants and described the most important agricultural crops that first arose in these areas.

1. The Chinese center is the birthplace of millet, buckwheat, soybeans, radishes, cherries and plums.

2. The Indian center is the birthplace of rice, eggplant, cucumber, sugar cane, black pepper, and oranges.

3. The Central Asian center is the birthplace of beans, flax, hemp, turnips, carrots, garlic, grapes, apricots, and pears.

4. Western Asian center - barley, some types of wheat, and figs originate.

5. Mediterranean center - cabbage, sugar beets, clover, parsley, olives.

6. Abyssinian center - durum wheat, sorghum, coffee, bananas are produced.

7. The center, which occupies Northern Mexico and the central regions of North America, originates from corn, pumpkin, cotton, and tobacco.

8. The South American center is the birthplace of potatoes and pineapple.

Most cultivated plants have an ancient history, but some began to be cultivated more recently. Thus, wheat has been cultivated since the 7th millennium BC, potatoes, tomatoes, sunflowers - since the 16th century, and sugar beets - since the beginning of the 19th century. The cultivation of wild plants continues in our time. Scientists study valuable wild plants, select the best and develop agricultural techniques for growing them. The experience of growing plants was passed on from generation to generation. Man constantly selected the best plants with the qualities most valuable to him.

Many cultivated plants have changed so much that they are completely different from their wild relatives, and it is often difficult to determine the origin of a cultivated plant. With the accumulation of agronomic knowledge, human impact on the plant has increased. Various varieties of cultivated plants appeared. Variety is a homogeneous group of plants with certain characteristics and properties. In field cultivation and vegetable growing, the vast majority of plants are propagated by seeds. At the same time, the characteristics and varieties are preserved. In fruit growing variety called a vegetatively propagated plant with more or less pronounced characteristics (crown shape, size, shape, color and taste of fruits, etc.) and properties (yield, durability, resistance to diseases and pests, etc.). A fruit plant grown from a seed does not replicate the properties of the mother plant. Long-term propagation of a variety under various conditions can lead to the accumulation of new characteristics and properties of plants that are very different from the original, maternal ones, then such plants are separated into independent varieties.

Achievement of science in breeding new varieties of plants. Science is developing new ways and methods for obtaining plant varieties selection. Breeders are engaged in developing new varieties with properties necessary for humans: high yield, immunity to diseases, adaptability to certain growing conditions. Basic selection techniques– selection of successful parental pairs, hybridization (crossing) and artificial selection among offspring. Selection of highly productive forms is the most effective and most profitable economic way to increase agricultural productivity. The so-called green revolution in agriculture in India, Mexico, etc. was accomplished by the introduction of low-growing, dwarf and semi-dwarf varieties of cereals (rice and wheat), in which growth occurs in the ear, and not in the straw. Such grains do not lodge and are the most economical. Similar varieties of wheat have been created in our country, for example Donskaya semi-dwarf and Mironovskaya low-growing.

To obtain high and stable yields that will not depend on the vagaries of the weather, it is necessary to intensify work on the selection and introduction of new agricultural plants. Plants of these varieties must meet the requirements of modern agriculture: be resistant to unfavorable conditions, have high grain quality and high yield. So, for example, the yield of winter wheat should be no lower than 80-90 c/ha, spring wheat - 45-60 c/ha, etc.

Genetic engineering is increasingly becoming part of agricultural practice - the introduction of individual genes into a cell that provide traits that are of direct interest to humans. From the transformed cells, whole plants are then obtained containing built-in genes that ensure the production of new substances. In this way, transgenic potato varieties have now been created that are not affected by the Colorado potato beetle. A gene producing a sweet protein was introduced, and very sweet varieties of strawberries, apples, cherries, carrots, etc. were obtained.

The most important agricultural plants, the biological basis of their cultivation. Cereal agricultural plants. Wheat is the most important grain crop. The main task in agriculture is the rapid and sustainable increase in grain production. Wheat production should account for about half of the total grain production in our country. Particular attention is paid to increasing the yield and quality of grain of valuable varieties of wheat, and reducing losses during harvesting and storing grain. There are more than 20 types of wheat on the globe. Each species has many varieties. However, all types of wheat have common characteristics. Durum and soft wheat are of greatest importance. The endosperm of durum wheat grain is dense. Durum wheat is sown in early spring. It is very demanding on soil and climate. Therefore, durum wheat is grown mainly in the southern and southeastern regions, for example, in the Kuban and Volga region, where there is a lot of heat, light and fertile soils. Durum wheat contains a large amount of protein (gluten).

Soft wheat contains less protein (gluten). Soft wheat is less demanding on soil and heat. It is distributed almost everywhere.

Winter and spring wheat are cultivated in Russia. Spring wheat is sown in early spring; over the summer it ripens and produces a grain harvest. Winter wheat is sown in late summer - early autumn (August-September beginning). Soon shoots appear. Wheat bushes and overwinters under the snow. In the spring, it begins to grow again and by the end of summer brings a higher harvest than spring wheat. Winter wheat ripens earlier than spring wheat.

To obtain high yields, it is important to strictly follow the agricultural technology of growing wheat. It is as follows: sowing must be done in well-cultivated and well-fertilized soil (with organic and mineral fertilizers). Sowing must be carried out at a certain time and with high-quality zoned seeds.

Care of crops consists of loosening the rows in the spring with the simultaneous application of mineral fertilizers (fertilizing), destruction of weeds (chemical weeding - application of herbicides), and pests. Irrigation is carried out in dry areas.

In addition to wheat, important grain crops are rye, barley, and oats, which have similar agricultural cultivation techniques. These crops are used as food products and are also used to feed livestock. Other important grain crops are corn, buckwheat, millet, and rice. But due to biological characteristics, each crop has different agricultural cultivation techniques.

Vegetable crops. Cabbage is a valuable vegetable crop. Cabbage began to be grown more than 4 thousand years ago. Our Slavic ancestors have been growing cabbage since the 9th century and were the first to invent a method for fermenting it.

The ancestor of cultivated varieties of cabbage is wild cabbage and in our time grows along the shores of the Mediterranean Sea. For many centuries, people cultivated wild cabbage, cared for it and selected plants with large leaves for seeds - this is how a valuable vegetable crop was obtained. Currently, many varieties of cabbage are grown. In addition to white cabbage, cauliflower is grown, the dense white inflorescences with undeveloped flowers are eaten. Brussels sprouts are cultivated for their small sprouts, which are formed from axillary buds. There are other types of cabbage.

White cabbage is a biennial plant. In the first year of seed life, plants develop with a taproot system, a short taproot, and large, rounded leaves that form a head. Between the leaves there are axillary buds and one apical one. The outer leaves of the cabbage are green. Cabbage is grown in well-fertilized, moist soil, carefully caring for the plants during growth.

To obtain seedlings, cabbage seeds are sown in greenhouses in the spring. Plant seedlings are planted (dive) and left in the greenhouse until warm weather arrives. After the cessation of spring frosts, cabbage seedlings are planted in the ground. By this time, the seedlings develop 3-4 true leaves. Cabbage is moisture-loving. In fact, each adult plant absorbs and evaporates up to a bucket of water per day in hot weather. Therefore, the cabbage is watered abundantly, and the soil between the rows is loosened to preserve soil moisture. 10-15 days after planting, cabbage is fed with liquid manure fertilizers with the addition of superphosphate. After feeding, it is hilled up by sprinkling wet soil on the stem to the lower leaves. After 2-3 weeks, repeated loosening and hilling is carried out, as well as fertilizing. When harvesting, the plants from which they want to obtain seeds are selected from the best heads of cabbage. They are dug out of the ground along with the roots and stored in the basement until spring.

In the second year of life, after the plants are planted in the soil, stems with leaves and flowers develop from the axillary and apical buds of the stump. Pale yellow cabbage flowers are collected in clusters of inflorescences. In autumn, fruit pods with seeds ripen on these plants.

More than 70 vegetable crops are cultivated in our country. In addition to cabbage, tomatoes, cucumbers, onions, turnips, radishes, peppers, eggplants, and lettuce are grown.

Potatoes are the most important food, industrial and feed crop.

The homeland of potatoes is the coast of Chile and the mountains of Peru. Potatoes withstand the cold of high mountain regions well. This is the main culture of the Peruvians. Potatoes were discovered for Europeans in 1565 by the Spaniards. Potatoes brought from America were first cultivated as an ornamental plant, decorating flower beds with them. And only at the end of the 17th century. In European countries, potatoes began to be grown for the sake of obtaining edible tubers.

Potatoes were brought to Russia during the time of Peter I. At first, peasants did not know how to use potatoes. Many tried to eat unripe fruits - green poisonous berries, which caused severe poisoning. The peasants refused to plant potatoes.

Currently in Russia, potatoes are the most important industrial food and feed crop. Starch, molasses, alcohol and other products are obtained from potato tubers; potatoes are also used for fattening livestock. Potato is a herbaceous plant with dissected leaves. Underground shoots - stolons - form thickenings - tubers with eyes. Tuber, a modified shoot, as it has eyes. Potatoes are propagated vegetatively - by tubers or parts of tubers. Potatoes are planted in the spring, when the soil warms up to 8-10 0 C, to a depth of 5-10 cm, in rows. The distance between tubers in a row is 30-40 cm, and between rows 60-70 cm. For planting, medium-sized tubers weighing 60-80 g are selected. Before planting, the tubers are germinated in a bright room for 30-40 days at a temperature of 12-16 0 C. Such germination accelerates the development of potatoes and increases the yield. Caring for potato plantings involves loosening the rows and destroying weeds. While loosening the rows, fertilizers are applied in the form of fertilizing. Plants are hilled to form additional stolons and adventitious roots. The highest yields are obtained on highly fertile chernozems and dark chestnut soils. Adding organic fertilizers (manure, compost, humus) to the soil has a beneficial effect on the harvest.

Oilseed agricultural plants. Sunflower came to Russia in the 18th century and spread mainly in the Voronezh, Kursk, and Tambov provinces. This plant was brought from Mexico to Europe at the beginning of the 16th century. A plant with a bright yellow inflorescence was grown by many Europeans as an ornamental plant. And only many years later people discovered the economic value of sunflower seeds.

Currently, sunflower is the most important oilseed plant, which is cultivated mainly in the steppe zone on chernozem soils.

Sunflower is an annual plant up to 180-250 cm high, with large whole leaves. At the top of its stem there is a huge inflorescence - a basket. The bottom of the basket is covered with wrapper leaves.

Sunflower is a heat-loving crop. It is sown in the spring, when the soil warms up to 8-12 0 C. Sunflower requires a lot of moisture and nutrients, so to get a good harvest it is necessary to add fertilizers to the soil. The best soils for it are black soils. Sowing is done in rows at a distance of 30-40 cm in a row and 70 cm between rows. Caring for crops consists of loosening the soil, fertilizing with mineral fertilizers and killing weeds. To obtain fatty oils suitable for food and technical purposes, plants such as soybeans, oilseed flax, rapeseed, mustard, and castor beans are grown. Fatty oils are also obtained from cotton seeds, hemp, anise, caraway, sea buckthorn, olives, and walnuts.

Fruit and berry crops. In Russia, fruit and berry crops are grown on an area of about 3.5 million hectares. Fruit crops are divided into pome, stone fruit and nut crops. Among the pome crops grown in our country are apple, pear, quince, and chokeberry. Stone fruits are used to grow cherries, sweet cherries, plums, apricots, and peaches. Among the berry crops, strawberries, black, red and white currants, gooseberries, raspberries, etc. are widely cultivated. The most common fruit crop is the apple tree. Apple orchards occupy up to 80% of the area of all fruit plantings. Apple tree is a winter-hardy crop. It can withstand frosts up to 30 0 C. Depending on the time of fruit ripening, apple tree varieties are divided into summer, autumn and winter. The fruits of summer varieties (white filling) ripen in July-August, autumn varieties (striped anise, etc.) ripen in September. The fruits of winter varieties (ranet, simirenka, saffron pepen) are removed from the trees in October. The fruits of winter varieties are stored well until spring. With good care, apple orchards produce more than 200 centners of fruit per hectare.

The apple tree is a cross-pollinated plant: in order for the fruit to set, it is necessary to pollinate the flowers with pollen of a different variety. Therefore, the garden must have at least three mutually pollinated varieties that flower and begin to bear fruit at the same time. The apple tree is propagated vegetatively by grafting. Apple trees, depending on the variety and rootstock, reach a height of 4-10 m.

Recently, when propagating apple trees, low-growing rootstocks have been used, which make it possible to obtain low trees that are convenient for care and harvesting. Apple trees on weak-growing rootstocks begin to bear fruit at 3-4 years. In the garden, apple trees on vigorous rootstocks are planted at a distance of 8x4, weakly growing rootstocks - 4x2, medium-growing ones - 6x4, 5x4 m.

Fruit seedlings are planted in autumn and spring. Pits for planting trees are prepared in advance. Their depth should be 0.7-0.8 m, and their diameter should be at least 1 m. When preparing a hole, the top fertile layer of soil is folded on one side, and the bottom layer on the other. A mound of topsoil is poured onto the bottom of the pit, to which organic and mineral fertilizers are added. Two people plant trees. One person lowers the seedlings into the hole to a depth, the second spreads the roots over the mound and covers them with loose soil. For better contact of the roots with the soil, the seedlings are slightly shaken and the soil is well compacted. It is necessary to ensure that the root collar of the seedling is 5-8 cm above the soil level. Seedlings on weak-growing rootstocks should be buried to the grafting site, which contributes to the formation of a deeper root system and better tree stability.

After planting, the seedlings are watered (2-3 buckets of water). In the spring, as they grow, pruning is done to form the crown of the apple tree. The tree trunks are dug up annually and organic and mineral fertilizers are applied to the trees. Trees must be protected from rodents and pests.

All fruit tree crops have agricultural technology for growing apple trees. For berry crops, cultivation techniques differ depending on their biological characteristics.

INTRODUCTION

A feature of the development of modern agriculture is that increasing the production of crop products has to be carried out in conditions of limited resources. In these conditions, it is especially important to make maximum use of low-cost intangible factors. Such factors, which are the most important reserve for increasing field productivity, include competent management of crop rotations and optimization of the structure of sown areas. It has now been proven with great conviction that increasing the level of fertilizers, increasing the degree of soil cultivation and using a full range of plant protection products does not reduce the role of crop rotation in increasing crop yields.

Crop rotation is an important component of the modern farming system - a complex of interrelated agrotechnical, reclamation and organizational measures, characterized by the intensity of land use and methods of soil fertility. Based on crop rotation, systems for soil cultivation and application of fertilizers, measures to protect soils from erosion, and to combat weeds, diseases and pests are built.

These guidelines were prepared in accordance with the program in the discipline “Technologies and technical support for the production of crop products” for students of the Faculty of Agricultural Mechanization of specialties 1-74 06 01 Technical support for agricultural production processes and 1-74 06 06 Logistics support for the agro-industrial complex.

Topic 1 discusses the basic concepts and definitions: crop rotation, crop rotation scheme, structure of sown areas, monoculture, permanent and repeated crops, predecessor, intermediate crop, etc., provides a classification of the main predecessors of agricultural crops and a classification of crop rotations, provides examples of crop rotations with intermediate crops and examples of various types of crop rotations most common in the republic.

When studying topic 2, students become familiar with the classification of soils in the republic according to their granulometric composition, study the suitability of soils for cultivating main agricultural crops, and the features of crop rotations for various soil varieties.

The methodological instructions provide options for tasks for students’ independent work, which consist of drawing up crop rotations for various soil varieties.

Topic 1. SCIENTIFIC BASES OF CROPE ROTATION

Crop rotation is a scientifically based rotation of crops and fallows in time and space or only in time. The alternation of crops over time is their change from year to year on the same field. Field rotation means that each crop in the rotation passes through each field in a specific order. This order is determined by the crop rotation scheme.

Crop rotation scheme is a list of crops and fallows in the order of their rotation in crop rotation. For example:

3. Potatoes

Crop rotation is based on the structure of sown areas. Structure of sown areas – This is the ratio of the area under crops and fallow, expressed as a percentage of the total area of arable land.

Each crop rotation consists of a certain number of links and fields. Crop rotation link– is a combination of 2-3 crops or a combination of fallow with 1-2 subsequent crops. Approximate diagrams of individual parts of crop rotations:

Steam links:

1. occupied steam – winter grains;

2. busy fallows – spring grains;

3. occupied steam – winter grains – spring grains.

Row crop links:

1. row crops – grains.

2. row crops – grains – grains;

3. row crops – grains – legumes.

Herbal Links:

1. clover – winter crops – spring grains;

2. clover – flax – spring grains;

Crop rotation field is a plot of arable land of a certain size intended for cultivation of agricultural crops or use as fallow.

A crop in crop rotation can occupy one or more fields, as well as part of a field. Crop rotation fields in which several crops that are homogeneous in biological characteristics or agricultural technology are located are called national teams. For example, potatoes and fodder root crops can be placed on a field of row crops, winter wheat and winter rye, etc. on a field of winter grains.

Predecessor – the crop or fallow that occupied a given field in the previous year in relation to the crop sown in the current year. If a crop is cultivated in one place for 2-8 years, then such a crop is called repeated, if more than 8 years – permanent. When a single crop is cultivated on a farm, it is called monoculture.

Agricultural crops have different reactions to repeated and permanent sowings and crop rotation in general. According to this criterion, all cultures can be divided into three categories.

The first category is crops that cannot withstand repeated, much less permanent sowings. Such crops include sugar beets, flax, rapeseed, clover, peas, vetch, broad beans, some vegetable crops: tomato, cabbage, cucumber, etc.

Despite significant differences in biology and cultivation technology, all predecessors are combined into separate groups according to their effect on soil fertility and productivity of subsequent crops (groups are given in descending order of their value as predecessors):

1. couples (clean and occupied);

2. perennial grasses (leguminous grasses: clover, alfalfa, sweet clover; cereal grasses: timothy, fescue, hedgehog, ryegrass, brome);

3. legumes (peas, vetch, beans, lupine, pelyushka, beans);

4. row crops (potatoes, root crops, corn);

5. winter grains (wheat, rye, triticale);

6. spring grains (barley, wheat, rye, triticale, oats, buckwheat);

7. technical (linen).

When assessing cultures as predecessors, they can all be divided into three groups:

1. good– after which the yield of subsequent crops is 100-95% of the potential;

2. possible– after which the yield is 94-90% of the potential;

3. unacceptable– predecessors for which it is not practical to place crops, since their yield is reduced by more than 10% (Tables 1, 2).

The period during which crops pass through each field in the sequence established by the crop rotation scheme is called rotation. It is usually depicted as a list of crops in the order of their successive changes over time in the same field. The change of crops for all fields is shown in the form of a table, which is called rotation. It represents a plan for the placement of crops and fallows in all fields and years for the period of crop rotation.

Table 1. Assessment of crops as predecessors in crop rotation (yield), %

Culture

Winter rye

Winter wheat

Barley

Spring wheat

Oats

Buckwheat

Lupine (grain)

Peas

Vika

Potato

Linen

Sugar beet

Fodder beet

Corn

Lupine on the phone

Annual legume-cereal grasses

Clover

Alfalfa

Perennial grasses

Winter rye

Winter wheat

Barley

Spring wheat

Oats

Buckwheat

Lupine (grain)

Peas

Vika

Potato

Linen

Sugar beet

Fodder beet

Corn

Lupine on the phone

Clover

Alfalfa

Perennial grasses

Intermediate cruciferous vegetables

Table 2. Classification of predecessors into main ones

crops

Culture (time to return to previous place, years)	Predecessors
good	possible	unacceptable

Winter rye (1-2)	Vetch-oat, pea-oat and legume-cruciferous mixtures, fodder lupine, lupine for grain, clover, clover-cereal mixture of the 2nd year of use, peas, vetch, alfalfa, early potatoes, winter rape	Perennial cereal grasses, flax, buckwheat, barley, oats, corn for green fodder	Winter and spring wheat, winter rye
Winter wheat, winter triticale (2-3)	Vetch-oat, pea-oat and legume-cruciferous mixtures, fodder lupine, lupine for grain, clover, peas, vetch, alfalfa, early potatoes, winter rape	Buckwheat, oats, corn for green fodder
Spring barley (1-3), spring wheat, spring triticale (2-3)	Potatoes, corn, fodder and sugar beets, legumes and legume-cereal mixtures for feed, legumes, clover, alfalfa, cruciferous vegetables	Buckwheat, flax, oats	Winter and spring wheat, winter rye, barley, perennial cereal grasses
Oats (1-2)	Row crops, legumes and legume-cereal mixtures for feed, grain legumes, clover, alfalfa, winter rye, clover-cereal mixtures	Perennial cereal grasses, flax, buckwheat, barley, winter and spring wheat	Oats
Buckwheat (1-3)	Row crops, legumes, winter grains, legumes, cruciferous crops	Barley, spring wheat, flax	Buckwheat
Lupine for grain, peas, vetch for grain (3-4)	Winter and spring grains, buckwheat	Perennial cereal grasses, flax, buckwheat	Annual and perennial legumes, rapeseed
Linen (3-4)	Winter and spring grains in the clover layer, clover, alfalfa, legumes, potatoes, corn, buckwheat	Oats, spring wheat, barley, perennial cereal grasses	Linen
Winter rapeseed (3-4)	Annual legume-cereal mixtures for feed, early potatoes	Barley, winter rye, spring wheat, oats, buckwheat	Rapeseed, other cruciferous vegetables, peas, clover
Spring rape (3-4)	Spring grains	Winter grains	Rapeseed, other cruciferous vegetables, peas, clover, flax, sugar beets
Potatoes (3-4)	Winter grains, clover, alfalfa, perennial legume-cereal mixtures, pulses, fodder root crops	Corn, spring grains, winter rapeseed, flax	Potato

Sugar beets (3-4)	Winter grains, legumes, potatoes, corn
Fodder beet (3-4)	Winter grains, legumes and legume-cereal mixtures for feed, pulses, potatoes	Barley, spring wheat, flax, buckwheat	Fodder and sugar beets, perennial cereals
Corn (0-1)	Annual legumes, potatoes, root vegetables, clover, alfalfa, winter grains	Spring grains, flax, buckwheat	Perennial grasses
Clover, alfalfa (3-4)	Spring and winter grains, annual legumes and cereal grasses for feed	Spring wheat, oats	Oats
Sunflower (3-4)	Clover, alfalfa, pulses, winter grains	Spring grains, flax	Sunflower

In addition to the main crops, which occupy the field for about 50-70% of the growing season, intermediate crops can be cultivated in crop rotation.

Intercrops– these are crops that do not occupy an independent field in crop rotation, but are cultivated in the intervals between harvesting and sowing the main crops of crop rotation. Importance of cover crops:

– catch crops are an additional source of feed in those periods when it is not yet available (winter catch crops) or is no longer available (stubble, mowing, underseeding);

– after harvesting catch crops, organic matter remains in the soil in the form of stubble and root residues, and, consequently, soil fertility increases;

– catch crops help improve soil structure and increase its biological activity;

– play a phytosanitary role, especially in specialized grain crop rotations;

– sowing intermediate crops allows for more rational use of arable land (due to stubble crops, you can get two harvests a year on the same field).

Depending on the sowing time, predecessor and development biology, they are divided into mowing, stubble, underseeding and winter.

Mowing intermediate crops - sown in late spring or in the first half of summer after harvesting the main crop for fodder purposes (cutting crops include: rapeseed, oilseed radish, white mustard, vetch, lupine, annual legume-cereal mixtures).

Stubble intermediate crops - sown after crops harvested in full ripeness, mainly after grains (oilseed radish, white mustard, rapeseed, turnip, rapeseed).

Underseeding intermediate crops - the first period develops under cover, and the harvest is formed after harvesting the main (cover) crop (seradella, annual ryegrass).

Winter crops intermediate - sown in the fall with the expectation of obtaining a harvest in early spring of the next year before sowing the main crops (winter rye and wheat, winter rapeseed, winter rapeseed).

Example of crop rotations with cover crops:

Example 1.

2. Winter crops + stubble crops

3. Row crops

4. Barley with clover overseeding

Example 2.

1. Vetch-oat mixture + underseeding or mowing

3. Row crops

5. Barley with clover overseeding

When drawing up crop rotations, it is also necessary to master such concepts as fallow. Steam– this is a field free from cultivated crops for a certain time during which it is cultivated, fertilized and kept free of weeds. The use of steam increases the microbiological activity of the soil, improves its water and air regime, and cleanses the soil of weeds, diseases and pests.

Couples are divided into pure and occupied. Pure steam, in turn, can be black, spring, backstage. Busy - continuous, row-crop and green manure.

Pure steam– this is a field in which crops are not cultivated during the entire growing season (from spring to autumn). Depending on the time of the main soil cultivation, clean fallows are divided into black and spring.

Black steam- This is the main fallow treatment, which is carried out in the summer or autumn of the year preceding fallowing.

Spring steam- This is the main steam treatment, which is carried out in the year of fallowing.

Backstage steam- a type of pure fallow in which tall crops (corn, sunflower) are sown with a row spacing of 10-15 m and are not harvested for the winter. Serves for snow retention and moisture accumulation.

Busy couple is a fallow in which early harvested crops are cultivated in the first half of the growing season.

Solid steam- this is steam in which early harvested continuous sowing crops (state, vos, fodder lupine, seradella) are cultivated.

Row crop fallow– if early-harvested row crops are cultivated (early potatoes, corn for harvest).

Green manure steam– crops used for green manure are cultivated (lupine, sweet clover, rapeseed, oilseed radish).

Due to the wide variety of crop rotations, the need arose to classify them. The basis crop rotation classifications there are two main features:

– the main type of crop products produced in crop rotation (grain, feed, vegetables). Based on this characteristic, types of crop rotations are determined that differ in the main products produced. According to the existing classification, three types of crop rotations are distinguished: field, forage and special. They can be divided into subtypes;

– the ratio of the main groups of agricultural crops, differing in biology and cultivation technology (cereals, perennial grasses, row crops, etc.). This characteristic determines the type of crop rotation.

Table 3 presents the classification of crop rotations adopted in the republic.

Field crop rotations intended for the production of grain, potatoes, industrial crops. A smaller percentage of them is occupied by forage crops (clover, annual grasses, corn), which have a positive effect on soil fertility and are good predecessors.

Forage crop rotations– crop rotations in which more than half of the total area is allocated for the cultivation of forage crops (silage, root crops, annual and perennial grasses). Forage crop rotations are used to produce succulent and roughage feed (green fodder, haylage, hay, silage). Depending on the type of product, they are divided into two subtypes: hay-pasture and near-farm.

On-farm crop rotations are located near livestock farms and are intended for the production of root crops, silage and green fodder. Haymaking and pastures are introduced on meadow lands for the cultivation of perennial and annual grasses for hay and the construction of artificial variable pastures.

Special is called a crop rotation intended for the cultivation of crops that require special growing conditions and cultivation technology or are located in areas susceptible to water and wind erosion.

Table 3. Classification of crop rotations

Type of crop rotation	Type of crop rotation	The ratio of crops in crop rotation
Field	grain-grass-row-crop	grains – 50%, row crops – 25%, grasses – 25%
grain-row	grains and legumes – 60-70%, row crops – 30-40%
grain-grass	grains – 50% or more, the rest perennial and annual grasses
row crop	row crops - more than 50%, the rest are other crops
green manure	crops are grown for green manure
Forage hay-pasture near-farm	grass-field	perennial grasses - 50% or more, the rest - grains and annual grasses
grain-grass	grain fodder – 50%, the rest – perennial and annual grasses
row crop	row crops –50% or more
herbaceous	grass – at least 50%, the rest – row crops
grain-row	grains – 50%, the rest – row crops
Special	vegetable	vegetable crops are cultivated
fruity	fruit seedlings are grown
soil-protective	protection of soils from water and wind erosion

The following types of crop rotations are most common in Belarus: grain-grass-row-crop, grain-grass, green manure, grass-field.

An example of grain-grass-row crop rotation:

1. Winter crops for green mass + mowing legumes

2. Winter grains with clover overseeding

4. Barley + stubble

5. Row crops

6. Spring grains with clover overseeding

8. Winter grains

Example of grain-grass crop rotation:

1. Annual leguminous grasses + intermediate

2. Spring grains with underseeding of clover and timothy

3. Clover with timothy 1 g.p.

4. Clover with timothy 1 g.p.

5. Winter crops + stubble crops

6. Pulses

9. Cereals

An example of green manure crop rotation:

1. Lupine for green fertilizer

3. potatoes

4. Annual grasses for food

6. Corn for silage

Example of grass crop rotation:

2. Perennial herbs 1 g.p.

3. Perennial herbs 2 g.p.

4. Perennial herbs 3 g.p.

5. Annual grasses + clover

6. Clover.

There are farms specializing in the production of specific types of crop products. In such farms they introduce specialized field crop rotations. Specialized crop rotations are crop rotations with a maximum permissible saturation of crops with one of the field crops or several biologically similar crops. In the republic, the most common crop rotations are saturated with grains, flax, potatoes, and sugar beets.

This video lesson was created specifically for self-study of the topic “Geography of Agriculture. Industrial crops and livestock.” On it you can find out what industrial crops are grown in Russia and in which regions. Then the teacher will talk about the features of the geography of livestock farming.

Subject: General characteristics of the Russian economy

Lesson: Geography of agriculture. Industrial crops and livestock

TO industrial crops include sunflower, sugar beet, fiber flax, cotton and other crops. Industrial types of cultivated plants produce food products (vegetable oil, sugar, molasses), medicines and light industrial products. Russia ranks 7th in the world in the collection of sugar beets, second in the collection of flax fiber, and is among the leaders in the collection of sunflower seeds. Despite this, plants do not satisfy the needs for food and raw materials at the expense of their producers. This is largely due to the fact that industrial crops occupy less area than grain crops, as well as the biological characteristics of plants, which manifest themselves in more stringent requirements for natural conditions: the amount of heat, light, moisture and the physical and chemical composition of the soil. It is also complicated by the labor intensity of growing most crops, as well as capital intensity. Almost every industrial crop requires the use of special tools and harvesting machines. Sometimes it is necessary to build special structures, for example, entire reservoirs and enterprises are equipped for soaking fiber flax.

Industrial crops are divided into several groups:

1. Oilseeds (sunflower, castor bean, buckwheat)

2. Fibrous (fiber flax, cotton)

3. Sugar-bearing vegetables (sugar beets)

4. Essential oils (mint, anise)

Sugar beet The only sugar-bearing crop in Russia. Raw sugar is obtained from it, and then refined sugar. Sugar beets are grown not only as a technical crop, but also as a fodder crop. Sugar beets are a rather “capricious plant”: they require good cultivated soils, a sufficiently humid climate with a long warm period. It grows best in the forest-steppe zone. Another feature of growing sugar beets is that it is labor intensive. The main areas for growing sugar beets: Central Black Earth, North Caucasus, Volga region and the south of Western Siberia (Altai region).

Rice. 1. Sugar beet growing areas in Russia

Long flax- the most important fiber crop in Russia. The resulting flax fiber is used to make linen fabrics, which are in high demand in our country and abroad. Flax requires coolness, usually cloudy weather, is very moisture-loving and does not tolerate heat. In the fields, it is desirable to have crops that enrich the soil with nitrogen as flax predecessors. Fiber flax is susceptible to fungal diseases, which reduces the quality of plant fibers; because of this, it can be sown in one field no more than once every seven to eight years. This, in turn, limits flax crops, occupying only 12-15% of the cultivated area. The main economic regions for growing fiber flax: Central, Northern, Volga-Vyatka, Northwestern, Ural and West Siberian.

Rice. 2. Areas for growing fiber flax in Russia

Sunflower the most widespread industrial crop in Russia and the leading oilseed crop. 90% of Russian vegetable oil is produced from sunflower seeds, 10% of oil is obtained from mustard, curly flax and other crops. It is obtained by processing sunflower seeds into oil and cake - a high-protein concentrated feed for livestock. Green mass and unripe sunflower seeds are used to make silage. Sunflower crops occupy more than 70% of all plantings of industrial crops. Main sunflower growing areas: North Caucasus, Volga region (Middle Volga region), Central Black Earth, Ural (Orenburg region).

Rice. 3. Sunflower growing areas in Russia

Growing other oilseeds is less common in Russia. Curly flax, or oilseed flax is sown mainly in the Volga, North Caucasus, and West Siberian regions. Mustard- in Povolzhsky (Volgograd, Saratov regions), North Caucasus (Rostov region, Stavropol and Krasnodar territories). Kleshchevina grown mainly in the North Caucasus region.

Livestock farming provides about 60% of Russia's gross product. In recent years, the role of livestock farming in the agricultural sector has been increasing.

In livestock farming there are:

1. Cattle breeding (cattle breeding)

2. Pig farming

3. Reindeer husbandry

4. Poultry farming

5. Beekeeping

6. Fur farming

Livestock farming is impossible without a serious food supply. Therefore, the placement of livestock breeding complexes is associated with zonal characteristics, for example, dairy cattle breeding is focused on succulent feed in the forest zone, and beef cattle breeding is focused on dry feed in the steppes and forest-steppes. Raising sheep or goats has always been geographically associated with mountain systems or foothills, where there is enough dry food and space. Cattle are located everywhere, but the main areas for their breeding are Central, Volga, North Caucasus, Ural, and West Siberian.

Rice. 4. Main areas for raising cattle in Russia

According to the ratio of meat and milk in cattle breeding, several directions are distinguished: dairy, dairy-meat, meat-dairy, meat. Dairy farming concentrated mainly around large cities and industrial centers of the country. The main regions for the production of dairy products are the North Caucasus, Central, North-West.

Rice. 5. Areas of distribution of dairy farming

Dairy and meat farming is widespread throughout the world. Meat, dairy and meat livestock farming is developed in the steppe and semi-desert regions of the south of the European part of Russia, the Urals of the Volga region and western Siberia.

Rice. 6. Areas of distribution of meat, dairy and livestock farming

Pig farming develops in areas of highly developed grain farming, potato growing or beet growing (North Caucasus, Volga, Central West Siberian regions), as well as in suburban areas of large cities and food industry centers.

Rice. 7. Areas of distribution of pig farming

Poultry farming reached its greatest development in the main grain-growing regions near large cities. Horse breeding is historically one of the most important sectors of the economy in the North Caucasus and the South of the Urals.

Rice. 8. Areas for development of horse breeding

The life of the indigenous peoples of the Far North, Siberia or the Far East has historically been associated with reindeer herding.

The functioning of the agro-industrial complex in recent years has been carried out in difficult conditions. The material and technical base is noticeably deteriorating, and communications between agricultural enterprises are being disrupted. As a result, there is a loss of the share of agricultural products in the country's gross domestic product. Serious changes are taking place in the country's agriculture: redistribution of regions and privatization of districts. As a result, part of agricultural products is lost. Russia provides itself only half with such products as meat, milk, vegetables and 30% provides itself with berries and fruits. The functioning of the agro-industrial complex is impossible without state support. In addition to state subsidies, the agricultural complex requires the provision of material and technical resources, the creation of a favorable environment for foreign investment and the regulation of foreign trade in products in order to protect Russian products. By solving these problems, the agro-industrial complex in our state will produce a sufficient amount of products and fulfill its task of meeting the demands of the population.

V.P. Dronov, V.Ya. Rum. Geography of Russia: population and economy. 9th grade
V.P. Dronov, I.I. Barinova, V.Ya. Rom, A.A. Lobzhanidze. Geography of Russia: nature, population, economy. 8th grade

Unified collection of digital educational resources (). Agro-industrial complex of Russia: composition, structure, problems

Knowing the characteristics of each group of agricultural crops is necessary for those who are going to grow them. Productivity and future profits depend on this. Also, for many crops it is necessary to create special growing conditions, without which the plant will not produce a harvest or will die altogether. Let's look at the most important crops.

All representatives of this culture belong to the Poagrass genus. They are divided into grains and legumes.

The first group has more than 10 representatives:

wheat;
barley;
quinoa;
oats;
rye;
spelt;
millet;

Important! Whole grain products will bring great benefits to the body. Unrefined grains are a source of fiber, vitamins and minerals. Products made from such grains are useful during diets and for maintaining a figure.

These plants are characterized by a fibrous root system, which often reaches almost 3 meters in length. It grows actively during the dry period of summer, which helps the plant penetrate as deep as possible into the soil and absorb more nutrients.

The vigor of each crop is different: rye has a stronger rhizome than wheat, and oats are more developed than barley. This advantage allows grains to absorb more moisture from the soil and grow faster.

Seeds of cereal representatives take embryonic roots after planting. Rice, corn, and sorghum each have one of these.

And the following types grow from 2 pieces:

barley - up to 8;
rye - 4;
wheat - up to 5;
oats - up to 4;
triticale - 6.

On the stems of cereals there are up to 7 nodes, from which long leaves emerge that hug the stem. At the top of the stem there are up to 5 flowers, collected in spikelets.

Inflorescences can be an ear (wheat, rye, barley) and a panicle (millet, sorghum, rice). The first type means that the spikelets are in two rows, and the second - one at a time on a side branch.

All grain fruits are called caryopses, or caryops. Their main characteristic is fused seed and fruit membranes.

Cereals have three stages of ripeness:

dairy;
waxy;
complete.

Harvest when the grains are waxy, and the inside has a wax-like consistency. It is too early to collect in the milk phase, because almost half of the contents are water. Harvesting at the full stage is only possible by combining, since the grains are already so hard that they fall off.

Did you know? Spelled is one of the ancient grain crops. In 4-5 thousand BC. e. Representatives of the Trypillian culture squeezed out ornaments on ceramics with these grains.

Pulses

This group is the richest in protein. Pulses are recommended to be included in the diet of vegetarians and people allergic to cow's milk protein.

There are more than 60 representatives of the group, but the most popular are:

lentils.

The rhizome of this culture is taproot. The main root grows into the ground to a depth of 3 m, where it begins to sprout lateral roots.

For good growth, the plant needs loose, fertilized soil. A special feature of the roots of legumes is the acids they secrete, which help dissolve heavy fertilizers such as phosphates.

The stem is herbaceous and varies in strength. The stems of many representatives of the culture branch. Lodging is not typical for them. Beans, soybeans, chickpeas and lupines have straight and hard stems.

The leaves are paired and unpaired, trifoliate, palmate. The first option is typical for peas, lentils, beans, chickpeas, the second for soybeans and beans, and the third only for lupine.

Pulses that cannot tolerate cotyledons are considered to have emerged when leaves appear above the ground. The rest - when the cotyledons appear. Next comes the flowering stage, and then ripening. The crop is harvested when the legumes have turned brown.

Feed

Representatives of this crop are grown specifically for feeding farm animals. Pastures and separate areas are sown with plants. Sowing of forage crops is already becoming a separate industry, which is called feed production.

The harvested crop is used for lining barns, as an additive to hay. These plants are rich in protein, vitamins and minerals.

Among the common feeds are:

legumes (, );
cereals (and fescue, wheatgrass,).

These are all perennials that can grow either separately or in company with other neighbors of this crop.

They are characterized by fibrous rhizomes. The peculiarity of this group is that nodule bacteria live on their roots. They, in turn, saturate the soil with nitrogen, restore fertility and increase the amount of organic matter.

Representatives of forage species are very selective about where they grow - they will not survive in arid regions; moisture in the ground is important to them. Therefore, to get a good harvest, you need to ensure high-quality watering if there are problems with precipitation in the region.

You also need to ensure that the soil has an average acidity level. For legumes you need .

In good conditions, the plants produce a considerable harvest. For example, clover - up to 250 c/ha, and alfalfa with additional watering - up to 800 c/ha. In dry places, sorghum, Sudan grass, etc. will take root better.

Since forage seeds are very small, up to 20 kg are usually used per hectare. The exception is sainfoin - up to 90 kg.

Oilseeds

This group is grown to produce technical and edible oil.

This includes mainly herbaceous perennial and annual plants:

Oils from the fruits of tropical trees are also becoming more popular:

palm trees;
Tunga.

Oils can be fatty (sunflower, rapeseed, etc.) and hard (coconut, cocoa). The seeds and fruits of these plants contain from 16 to 60% oil. These indicators vary depending on the characteristics of the growing region.

The southeastern regions allow for a larger oilseed harvest due to predominantly warm weather with average humidity.

Important! Most of the plants of this crop are considered row crops. This means that after them grain crops will grow well. After all, their roots grow so much that they choke out the weeds in this area. Therefore, for the next plantings, the land will be prepared for a positive growth rate.

For these plants, you need to additionally fertilize the soil - you will need phosphorus, etc. It is also important to monitor the temperature and cover the plants if necessary. So, peanuts can disappear at temperatures below 0 ° C.

On the contrary, mustard can withstand light frosts. The optimal temperature for all types of oilseeds is from +18 to +20 °C.

It will be possible to get a harvest from the moment of sowing in 75-150 days. Peanuts also take the longest to ripen.

The finished oil product can only be obtained in production. Before this, the raw materials are separated from impurities. The kernels, in turn, are peeled, crushed, moistened and sent to the roaster.

press;
extraction (oil extraction using a special solvent).

Essential oils

Plants from this crop are grown to obtain essential oils.

They are used in cosmetology, manufacturing, cooking, and perfumery. In total, there are more than 200 species of plants that produce essential oils.

Among them:

rose;
citrus;
coniferous trees.

In each of these plants, either the branches or the leaves are responsible for producing oils. Oil is often extracted from flowers and fruits. They are produced by special cells and have a specific smell. They contain alcohols, terpenes, aldehydes and more.

Almost half of all essential oil plants are grown in the tropics and subtropics - these are citrus fruits. For temperate climates, sage, patchouli, etc. are suitable.

Essential liquid in one plant can be up to 25%. Also up to 45% there are fatty oils. Essential oil can be extracted by distillation using steam. After which the regular oil is extracted using special solvents.

Technical

Plants of industrial crops are grown to obtain industrial raw materials. Their individual parts or the entire plant are used.

There are these types:

spinning (, jute, flax);
bast ( , );
oilseeds (peanuts);
dyeing (madder);
medicinal (pine needles, mint);
sugar bearers (, cane);
tonics (coffee, tea, cocoa);
rubber plants (Hevea brasiliensis).

Among spinning or fibrous ones, as they are also called, it is the most popular.

It is also used to make clothing, oil and as animal feed. It is produced most in China, India, USA, Brazil. It is difficult to extract - it must be done manually.

Did you know? Linen has been used to make clothing for over 10 thousand years.

Sugar crops are mostly exported from Europe - Ukraine, Russia, France (beets) and Brazil, Mexico, Cuba (cane). Most of the world's sugar production comes from cane (60%).

Of the bast crops, potatoes are the most popular and in demand. It is needed for the production of starch and alcohol. Tonic crops require tropics and subtropics. Exporters of tea are mainly India and China, and coffee and cocoa are exported from Brazil.

Vegetables

The cultivation of vegetables for consumption, selection and harvesting of these crops is managed by vegetable growing. There are more than 100 types of vegetable crops.

They are:

fruits and vegetables;
leafy;
bulbous;
root vegetables

This also includes grain crops, such as corn. Representatives of this group are annual, biennial and perennial.

Vegetables are divided into many groups, which are more convenient to use in agricultural science and commodity science.

The most common group is agronomic:

tubers - potatoes, sweet potatoes;
fruit-nightshade - , ;
pumpkin - , ;
melons - , ;
legumes - peas, beans, chickpeas;
bulbous - , ;
root crops -, beet,;
cabbage - , ;
green salad - romaine, ;
mushrooms;
spinach - ;
perennials - , horseradish, .

All vegetables go through the following phases of their life:

the stage of seeds - their germination from the ground, when they gain moisture so that enzymes begin to act and create conditions for the growth of a root;
germination phase - after the cotyledons appear above the ground, the plant enters an autotrophic mode of life;
growth of vegetative organs - the construction of rhizomes and leaves occurs, and then on storage organs (tubers,);
growth of stems - in annual plants this phase occurs along with the previous one, in biennial plants - in the second year of life;
budding - the formation of buds and their further preparation for flowering;
flowering - pollen and ovary ripen in each flower, the phase ends with pollination;
fruit growth - the formation and increase in the size of fruits, the ripening of seeds and nutrients in them;
fruit ripening - color changes, nutrients become inactive;
embryonic phase - the seeds are preparing for further germination, the organs of the next plants appear on them.

Medicinal

More than 21 thousand plant species are used in the production of medicines, in folk medicine and for the prevention of various diseases. This group includes a wide range of plants, among which the most popular are: mint, sage, and others.

There is such a classification of these crops:

official medicinal plants - their raw materials are allowed to be used in medicinal preparations, the list can be found in the state register of medicines of the Russian Federation;
Pharmacopoeial plants are official plants, they have certain requirements for the quality of the raw materials themselves;
plants of traditional medicine - do not have confirmation of their effectiveness in the relevant documents.

Each of these representatives of the drug group has one or more active ingredients. They can be concentrated in different parts of the plant or only in one, so when collecting and using it is necessary to know what part of the plant it is so as not to make a mistake.

Infusions, decoctions, and oils are made from medicinal herbs and fruits. It is possible to produce both liquid and powder-like medicines.

Floral

Representatives of this group are divided into perennials and annuals. The former can grow in one area without transplanting from 2 to 40 years. Peonies live the longest in one place - from 30 to 40 years. The more the bushes of one plant grow, the less time it can live in place.

Depending on the type of root system, the following perennials are distinguished:

rhizome -,;
onion - , ;
corm - , ;
root tubers - orchid.

Such plants can be propagated either vegetatively or by seeds. The second option is used in industrial plantings, since this process is serious. Seeds must be divided into varieties; they require preliminary preparation (soaking, hardening).

There are also seeds that are difficult to germinate - lupine, poppy, which need to be sown in the fall.

Vegetatively propagated in the following ways:

cuttings;
root shoots;
dividing a root or bush;
rooting a flower in a greenhouse.

Important! The peculiarity of perennials is that they need high-quality care. Over the course of a season, they absorb all the necessary substances from the soil, leaving it empty. Therefore, it is necessary to fertilize and feed their growth areas up to 2 times a year. It is necessary to loosen and water the soil. For the winter, the bulbs are dug up or covered.

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