The word is used in neutral vocabulary. Neutral vocabulary (cross-style)

Stylistically neutral vocabulary- this is a bridge across the gap between people different professions and layers of society. It is the universal language of mutual understanding, enshrined in dictionaries, so it is important to pay attention to its study.

Definition of stylistically neutral vocabulary

The degree of figurativeness of a language is determined by the abundance of its vocabulary. The more diverse the layers of vocabulary, the richer the speech possibilities.

In the Russian language, colloquial, bookish and neutral vocabulary is distinguished - a fundamental layer of words that are not attached to any style of speech.

Words of interstyle vocabulary make up, according to scientists, three-quarters of the richness of the Russian language. In dictionaries, such vocabulary, unlike, for example, book vocabulary, is not marked with special symbols like (*), which immediately indicates the possibility of using such words in all styles without restrictions.

1. “In the autumn meadows, the golden sun was sinking below the horizon.” Fiction. Of the 8 words in the sentence, 7 are neutral and only 1 word “golden” refers to the bookish, high style.
2. “Petya, quickly go to the store for bread.” Excerpt from the conversation. Of the 7 words, 6 are neutral. The word “cheshi” is also neutral, but in this text it has a different meaning and refers to the colloquial style.
3. “No catalyst is needed to react sodium with water.” Of the 10 words - 9 neutral and 1, “catalyst”, special, scientific style.

Parts of speech of neutral vocabulary

Interstyle vocabulary is represented by almost all parts of speech of the Russian language - both independent and functional. This once again confirms the fundamental nature of this layer in the language. Words of neutral vocabulary refer to parts of speech:

1. Noun: “field”, “table”, “house”, “wind”, “friendship”, “power”, “hour”.
2. Verbs: “do”, “travel”, “see”, “experience”, “create”.
3. Adjective: “blue”, “delicate”, “extra”, “wooden”, “northern”.
4. Adverbs: “good”, “like a dog”, “very”, “visible”.
5. Pronouns: “our”, “that”, “you”, “who”, “she”.
6. Numerals: “first”, “five”, “ten”.
7. Service words:

• conjunctions: “as if”, “that is”, “a”, “but”;
• particles: “well”, “like”, “like”;
• prepositions: “for”, “about”, “in”, “thanks to”.

Not included in common vocabulary

The only part of speech that cannot be a neutral word is the interjection. Examples: “great”, “wow”, “slap”, “hello”. These words initially carry an emotional connotation.

There are also concepts for which there are no words of neutral expression - these are cases of only a high or only a low style of speech. For example: “boob”, “talker”, “idiot” or “tribunal”, “oratorio”. It is impossible to imagine a scientific article with the word “fool” introduced into the context. Such words initially have a bright color, so they cannot be used in another style of speech. Neutral ones function in all styles.

Where is neutral vocabulary used?

Neutral lexemes are used in all styles of conversation and writing. In scientific and journalistic articles, in textbooks, in fiction, in ordinary conversation - this vocabulary is the basis of the Russian language, the most stable part of its vocabulary. For example, a literary author’s text includes units mostly from words of a neutral layer. For example, in the text by M. Prishvin, words that are not related to neutral vocabulary are highlighted.

The guys here don’t go with the star and they don’t let anyone into the choir to sing, and I saw in one shop on the window hooks they sell straight with fishing line and for all kinds of fish, they’re very expensive, there’s even one hook that can hold a pound of catfish.

A. Chekhov "Vanka"

The word “let go” is colloquial, “standing” is a phonetic distortion of the lexeme “standing”, but fixed in writing in this text, can also be considered colloquial.

Interstyle vocabulary has thematic associations that make up the active vocabulary of the language:

• Temporal meaning: “tomorrow”, “yesterday”, “century”, “month”, “morning”, “day”, “past”, “present”.
• Meaning of place: “to the right”, “behind”, “there”, “where”, “house”, “country”, “island”.
• Negativity: “no”, “no one”, “none”, “not”, “neither”.
• Emphasis on the face: “he”, “she”, “you”, “I”.

Neutral vocabulary helps protect spoken and written speech from vulgarity, for example: “Girl, go to that cash register.”

The word “walk” is of high style; it fits unnaturally into the context of everyday life. colloquial speech.

It is necessary to remember caution and reasonableness when combining words of different semantic connotations in one text.

Background neutral vocabulary. Examples

Stylistic differences in language can only be seen against the background of words with a neutral coloring. Neutral vocabulary is White list, on which the smallest shades of other colors are visible. Speech can be expressive and figurative, but in comparison with the expression of bookish and conversational style, the coloring of interstyle vocabulary is not so noticeable. For example: “walk” is a neutral word, “step” is a high style, “loiter” is a conversational style.

Authors of literary texts can achieve expressiveness and imagery without resorting to expressively colored vocabulary. For example: “If you become silent in these rustling leafy forests and listen to the sounds around you, you can hear mysterious quiet steps...”

In this passage, only words of a neutral style are used, but the imagery and colorfulness are not lost. True, not everyone can create a literary text using common vocabulary alone. The existence of emotionally rich layers of speech makes it possible to create texts of special imagery.

Neutral vocabulary and semantics

You also need to be careful when referring to words in a neutral style. The same lexeme can have different meaning depending on the context and relate to different stylistic layers of the language. For example:

• “A terrible squeal of brakes was heard not far away.” - Here the word “brakes” means “mechanism for stopping” (neutral).
• "Well, you guys are slow!" - In this text, “brakes” are used in a figurative sense - “people with slow perception of information.”

Neutral vocabulary in fairy tales

A fairy tale text can be built on the basis of neutral vocabulary - it will not be a folk tale, but an original text.

For example, in far away kingdom, in the thirtieth state there lived a king and a queen, and they had a beautiful daughter, which cannot be said in a fairy tale or described with a pen. She sat in the little room all day." The text contains outdated words: “king”, “queen”, “svetlitsa”, there are also stable expressions of the fairy-tale epic: “in the distant kingdom, in the thirtieth state”, “to say in a fairy tale, not to describe with a pen.”

Canvas folk tale consists of words of increased imagery, the phenomena described in it are often not related to real world, being the result of a person’s flight of imagination, a reflection of the sensory perception of the world. Neutral vocabulary cannot handle such imagery.

The predominance of stylistically neutral vocabulary in the author's fairy tales is appropriate, since such texts are usually calmer, less expressive and more speculative.

Colloquial, stylistically neutral and book vocabulary complement each other. Stylistically colored words allow us to express shades of feelings and the realities of knowledge of a narrow circle of people. Neutral vocabulary is what brings precision, certainty and clarity to everyone.

forms the basis of the verbal means of language. It is used in all varieties, both written and oral speech. Neutral words are used to name objects, properties, actions and communicate various information, without any assessment of this information by the speakers: book, house. theory, big, wooden, do, play, talk, always, there, our, this and many more etc.

Stylistically reduced vocabulary can be divided into two groups - colloquial vocabulary and colloquial vocabulary.

L eks i k a Conversational speech is characteristic primarily of everyday, relaxed speech; its use in book speech, for example in a scientific report, is not always appropriate. Words of colloquial vocabulary have additional shades of familiarity, rudeness, contempt, disapproval, playfulness, irony, obsolescence: eatery(cf. dining room), bracelet(cf. bracelet), doctor's wife, general's wife(cf. wife of a doctor, general), very close, very close(cf. exactly, very exactly, very close), scribbling, scribbling(with a hint of disdain), braggart, scoundrel, beast, Arkharovite(with a hint of disapproval, close to swear words), lipped; toothy(with a hint of rudeness), bobak(about a clumsy, lazy person) bear(about a clumsy person with a hint of disapproval, and sometimes playfulness and familiarity), balk, make trouble, joke around, careless(cf. disorderly), blundering. blond(cf. blond), now(cf. today), poor thing(with a touch of familiar sympathy), Basurman(obsolete swear word), etc. (Colloquial words that are swear words are very close to colloquial vocabulary.)

Let's look at examples: /) Pechorin was unwell for a long time, lost weight, bad thing. (L.) In this sentence the spoken word poor thing has a clearly expressed shade of sympathy. 2) It finally occurred to me that, by the grace of Telitsyn, I was working the mostb e a l a b e r n m way and spentp r o p a t b unnecessary labor and time. (Letters) In this example there are two words of colloquial vocabulary: careless And abyss. Their colloquial nature clearly appears when they are replaced with words of commonly used, stylistically neutral vocabulary: I, by the grace of Telitsyn, he workedo r e n b e s p o r i d o c h n o i spent a lot of unnecessary labor and time. 3) Tentetnikov belonged to the family of those people... whose names u v a l n i, leonards, b a i b a k i and the like. (G.) This sentence contains three words of colloquial vocabulary: bumpkins, lazybones, boibaks. They have an added tinge of disapproval. 4) - I know I your secretary,” he said, getting into the cab.P r o u d o x a And b e s t i i... of which there are few. (Ch.) This sentence contains two words of colloquial vocabulary: rascal And beast. Both have an additional character of disapproval, approaching swear words.

Colloquial vocabulary differs from colloquial vocabulary in a greater degree of expression. Many colloquial words have a connotation of rudeness, and therefore their use is typical only for

certain types of linguistic communication - for familiar speech, various kinds verbal altercations, altercations, quarrels, etc. Compare words like mug, mug, deceive, bend over, eat etc. In speech practice, literary talking people some colloquial words are often used intentionally - to enliven speech, to play out certain situations humorously, etc.

In fiction, colloquial vocabulary is used mainly for the speech characteristics of characters, as well as in some forms of author’s speech (when the narration is conducted as if from the character’s point of view), compare the so-called skaz, which was widely used, for example, in the works of M. Zoshchenko: Recently there was a fight in our communal apartment. And not just a fight, butPURPOSE the battle. They fought, of course, from the bottom of their hearts. The last one for the disabled Gavrilovhead near o t t i p a l i .

Book vocabulary constitutes a significant layer of the dictionary. Here are examples of book words: analogy, antagonist, antithesis, argumentation, indifference, calm, tastelessness(cf. word in common vocabulary bad taste), timelessness, anarchy, soullessness, silence, fratricidal, improvement, proportional, symmetrical, empirical, disinfect, differentiate, conduct, etc.

Book vocabulary is used in works of fiction, for example: 1)It was fullno wind (Leon.)(Book word calm with book suffix - no .) 2) Dark blueimmensity the sky sparkled with gems. (New-Pr.)(Book word immensity with suffix -ost.) Book vocabulary is also often found in critical and journalistic articles, for example: We must shatter the fairy tale aboutanolithic art. (V.M.)(Book word apolitical, it contains Greek elements.)

Book vocabulary is widely represented in scientific and popular science works, for example: Absolute cessation of all life func tion seed, even on a relatively small P e r i o d time, must inevitably entail the complete destruction of the seed. (Michurin.) This sentence contains book words absolute, functions Latin in origin, and period - Greek

Book words are not the same in the degree of emotional coloring (cf., on the one hand, words such as analogy, abstract, differentiate, and on the other - words with a touch of solemnity: accomplishments, coming, erect), by areas of their primary use (compare scientific literature and poetry). Depending on this, several groups of book words are distinguished.

Vocabulary is special various areas science and technology. The bulk of words in specialized vocabulary are terms. A term is a word with a precisely established content, denoting a concept in a particular field of science or production: multiplication, addition, divisibility, equation, trapezoid(mathematical terminology); mood, agreement, adjunction, addition, subordination of sentences, isolation ( grammatical terminology); digestion, blood circulation, metabolism(physiological terminology), etc.

Special vocabulary is found mainly in scientific research and textbooks. In fiction, special vocabulary in the past - in the 19th - early 20th centuries. - rarely penetrated. IN Soviet period Special vocabulary is widely included in literary texts. In the works of F. Gladkov, L. Leonov, D. Granin and many others, special technical and scientific vocabulary is widely represented, in the works of A. Novikov-Priboy, V. Konetsky - marine terminology, in the works of G. Nikolaeva, F. Abramov, V. Belova - special agricultural vocabulary, etc.

A unique layer of book words is made up of official vocabulary, characteristic of official documents - laws, diplomatic notes, protocols and other types of business papers: the above, such, in view of, in relation to, plaintiff, defendant, protocol, personal appearance, disciplinary action, prosecutorial supervision, credentials, ratification of the treaty, authorized representative and under.

In written language, sublime vocabulary stands out very noticeably. In the Russian language, the richest synonymy allows you to make speech solemn by selecting appropriate synonyms, for example: mouth(cf. lips), fatherland(cf. homeland), before(cf. before), because(cf. because), penates(cf. native places). Sublime vocabulary is characteristic of certain genres of poetry; At the same time, it must be taken into account that the nature of this vocabulary and attitudes towards it are changing. In modern poetry, for example, some words typical of poetic language first half of the 19th century: cheeks(cheeks), kissing(kiss), virgins(girls), Brega(shore), swearing(war), Aurora(morning dawn) aquilon(northeast wind), ambrosia(food of the gods), anchorite(hermit), bard(poet), marshmallows(warm wind), etc.

Among the words of sublime vocabulary in modern poetry, for example, the following are found: mouth, lyre, herald, army, knights, radiant, crimson, find, sons, homeland, embraces, creators, coming etc., for example: I) The country presents awards to its militarysons . (Zharov.) 2)Radiant life sparkles for us now... (Rylsky.) 3) We will not flinch in the battle forfatherland my. Our native Moscow is dear to us. (Marmot.)

Words of sublime vocabulary are used in journalistic works for two purposes: as a means of solemnity and as a means of irony.

Here are some words and combinations that are used to create solemnity: warriors, great achievements, retribution, from now on, erect, in the name of and etc.

An ironic impression is created when something very ordinary or even base is described by means of sublime vocabulary, especially when words of sublime vocabulary are used next to words of colloquial and colloquial vocabulary. A master of using the means of sublime vocabulary for an ironic purpose was M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, for example: “He approached one cart, wants to launch his paw, but the paw does not rise; he went up to another cart and wanted to shake the man by the beard - oh, horror! - hands do not stretch out.”

Exercise 20. Indicate words and combinations of official vocabulary and explain for what purpose they are used in A.P. Chekhov’s story. Write by inserting the missing letters.

• - Listen! Article 1081 of the Penal Code says that for any damage done with intent... railway when it could endanger the following transport on this road and the culprit knew that the consequence of this should be ( Not)happiness<...>could not (Not) know , To what does this unscrewing lead to?<...>
• - Of course, you know better<...>
• 21. Copy by inserting the missing letters. Indicate words and combinations of official vocabulary and explain for what purpose M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin uses this vocabulary.

Encouraged by the success of the first law, Benevolensky began actively preparing for the publication of the second. The fruits turned out to be quick, and on the streets of the city, through the same sacrament... a new and more simple law appeared, which read as follows:

Instructions for proper baking of pie.

"I. Let everyone sing pies on holidays, without forbidding themselves from such cookies on weekdays.

• 2. Let everyone use the filling according to their condition. Tako: when you catch a fish in the river, put it down; Having chopped the cattle meat into pieces, put it in; Having chopped the cabbage, add it too. Poor people put in tripe.
• 4. When they take it out of the oven, everyone takes a knife into his hand and, having cut out a part from the middle, let him bring it as a gift.
• 5. Let him who has done this eat.”
• (M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin. History of a city.)
• 22. Read aloud expressively; indicate words and combinations of military vocabulary and words of colloquial speech; then tell me for what purpose the poet A. Tvardovsky uses these words and combinations.
• 1) I came from the stop. I wouldn’t smoke shag,

To your dear village council. I wish I could get Kazbek.

I came, and there was a party. And I would sit, guys,

No party? Okay, no. There, my friends,

I went to another collective farm and to a third - Where as a kid I hid it under a bench

The whole area is visible. Your feet are bare.

Somewhere I’m in the village council and would smoke a cigarette,

I'll go to the party. I would treat everyone around

And, having appeared at the party, And to all sorts of questions

Although I am not a proud person, I would not answer suddenly.

2) Allow me to report And the war - forget about everything

Short and simple: And you have no right to blame.

I am a big hunter of life, I was getting ready for a long journey,

About ninety years old. The order was given: - Leave!

• (A. T v a r d o v s k i y. Vasily. Terkin.)
• 23. Read it out loud carefully. Indicate words and combinations of book vocabulary. Write by inserting the missing letters.

Never think that you already know everything. And, no matter how highly you are rated, always have the courage to say to yourself: “I am a n... ».

N... let pride take over you. Because of her you will persist where you need to agree, because of her you will refuse useful advice and friendly help, because of it you will lose a measure of objectivity.

In the team that I had to lead, everything is done by the atmosphere. We are all tied into one common cause, and everyone moves it according to their strength and capabilities. With us, you can often not tell what is “mine” and what is “yours,” but our common cause only benefits from this.

• (Academician I. P. P a v l o v.)
• 24. Read carefully; indicate words and combinations of special vocabulary; tell me what branch of science they belong to. Write by inserting the missing letters.

Once upon a time, somewhere a ray of... the sun fell to the ground, but it did not fall on barren soil, it fell on a green blade of wheat sprout, or, better said, on a chlorophyll grain. Hitting against it, it went out, ceased to be a light, but did not... disappear. He only spent on internal work, he cut, broke the connection between the particles of carbon and oxygen, connected in carbon dioxide. The liberated carbon combined with water to form starch.

This starch, turning into soluble sugar, after long wanderings through the plant, was finally deposited in the grain in the form of starch or in the form of gluten. In one form or another, it became part of the bread that served us as food. He was transformed into our muscles, into our nerves. And now the carbon atoms in our bodies strive to reconnect with oxygen, which the blood carries to all ends of our body. At the same time, the tin... of the sun, hidden in them in the form of chemical tension, again takes the form of obvious force. This ray of... the sun warms us. He sets us in motion. Perhaps at this moment it is playing in our brain.

• (K. A. T i m i r y z e v.)
• 25. Read expressively; indicate words and combinations of sublime vocabulary.
• 1) I would like to live and live,

rushing through the years.

But in the end I want -

there are no other desires -

I want to meet

my hour of death

how I met death

Comrade Nette.

• (V. V. M a y a k o v s k i y.)
• 2) And, listening to the sound of spring,

Among the enchanted grasses,

I would still lie and think, I think

Boundless fields and oak forests.

(N.A. Z abolotsk iy.)

The Almighty God has risen and judged

Earthly gods in their host;

How long, rivers, how long will you be

Spare the unrighteous and evil?

Your duty is: to preserve the laws,

Don't look at the faces of the strong,

No help, no defense

Do not leave orphans and widows.

Your duty: to save the innocent from harm,

Give cover to the unlucky;

To protect the powerless from the strong,

Free the poor from their shackles.

• (G. R. Derzhavin.)
• 26. Read expressively; indicate words and combinations of various stylistic layers.

I would be a wolf

bureaucracy.

To the mandates

there is no respect.

to hell with their mothers

any piece of paper.

• (V. V. M a y a k o v s k i y.)
• 4. Vocabulary of the modern Russian language from the point of view of its origin

The stylistic characteristics of a word are determined by how it is perceived by speakers: as assigned to a certain functional style or as appropriate in any style, commonly used.

The stylistic consolidation of a word is facilitated by its thematic relevance. We feel the connection of words-terms with scientific language ( quantum theory, assonance, attributive ); refer to journalistic style words related to political topics ( world, congress, summit, international, law and order, personnel policy ); we highlight as official business words used in office work ( following, proper, victim, residence, notify, order, forwarded ).

In the most general outline The functional-style stratification of vocabulary can be depicted as follows:

The most clearly contrasted are book and spoken words(compare: to invade - to interfere, to meddle; get rid of - get rid of, get rid of; criminal - gangster ).

As part of book vocabulary, one can single out words characteristic of book speech in general ( subsequent, confidential, equivalent, prestige, erudition, premise ), and words assigned to specific functional styles (for example, syntax, phoneme, litotes, emission, denomination tend towards the scientific style; election campaign, image, populism, investments - to the journalistic; promotion, consumer, employer, prescribed, above, client, prohibited - to official business).

The functional consolidation of vocabulary is most definitely revealed in speech.

Book words are not suitable for casual conversation.

For example: The first leaves appeared on the green spaces.

Scientific terms should not be used in conversation with a child.

For example: It is very likely that dad will enter eye contact with Uncle Petya during the coming day.

Colloquial and colloquial words are inappropriate in an official business style.

For example: On the night of September 30, racketeers attacked Petrov and took his son hostage, demanding a ransom of 10 thousand dollars.

The ability to use a word in any style of speech indicates its common use.

So, the word house is appropriate in different styles: House No. 7 on Lomonosov Street is subject to demolition; The house was built according to the design of a talented Russian architect and is one of the most valuable monuments of national architecture; Pavlov's house in Volgograd became a symbol of the courage of our soldiers, who selflessly fought the fascists on the streets of the city; Tili-bom, tili-bom, the cat's house caught fire(March.).

In functional styles, special vocabulary is used against the backdrop of commonly used vocabulary.

Emotionally expressive coloring of words

Many words not only name concepts, but also reflect the speaker’s attitude towards them.

For example , admiring the beauty of a white flower, you can call it snow-white, white, lily. These adjectives are emotionally charged: the positive evaluation contained in them distinguishes them from a stylistically neutral word white. The emotional connotation of a word can also express a negative assessment of the named concept ( blond ).

That's why emotional vocabulary is called evaluative (emotional-evaluative).

A feature of emotional-evaluative vocabulary is that the emotional coloring is “superimposed” on lexical meaning words, but is not reduced to it; the purely nominative function is complicated here by evaluativeness, the attitude of the speaker to the named phenomenon.

The following three varieties are distinguished as part of emotional vocabulary.

1. Words with a clear evaluative meaning, as a rule, unambiguous; “the assessment contained in their meaning is so clearly and definitely expressed that it does not allow the word to be used in other meanings.” These include the words “characteristics” ( forerunner, herald, grumbler, idle talker, sycophant, slob etc.), as well as words containing an assessment of a fact, phenomenon, sign, action ( purpose, destiny, businessmanship, fraud, marvelous, miraculous, irresponsible, antediluvian, dare, inspire, defame, mischief ).

2. Ambiguous words, usually neutral in basic meaning, but receiving a bright emotional coloring when used metaphorically.

Thus, they say about a person: hat, rag, mattress, oak, elephant, bear, snake, eagle, crow ; Verbs are used in a figurative meaning: sing, hiss, saw, gnaw, dig, yawn, blink and under general

3. Words with subjective evaluation suffixes, conveying various shades of feeling: concluding positive emotions – son, sunshine, granny, neat, close, and negative ones - beards, kids, officialdom and so on.

Since the emotional connotation of these words is created by affixes, the evaluative meanings in such cases are determined not by the nominative properties of the word, but by word formation.

Depicting feelings in speech requires special expressive colors.

Expressiveness (from Latin expressio - expression) - means expressiveness, expressive - containing special expression.

At the lexical level, this linguistic category is embodied in the “increment” of special stylistic shades and special expression to the nominative meaning of the word.

For example, instead of the word good We are speaking wonderful, wonderful, delightful, wonderful ; one might say I do not like, but you can find stronger words: I hate, I despise, I disgust .

In all these cases, the lexical meaning of the word is complicated by expression.

Often one neutral word has several expressive synonyms that differ in degree. emotional stress(compare: misfortune - grief - calamity - catastrophe, violent - unrestrained - indomitable - frantic - furious ).

Vivid expression highlights solemn words ( unforgettable, herald, accomplishments ), rhetorical ( sacred, aspirations, proclaim ), poetic ( azure, invisible, chant, incessant ).

Particular expression distinguishes humorous words ( blessed, newly minted ), ironic ( deign, Don Juan, vaunted ), familiar ( good-looking, cute, poke around, whisper ).

Expressive shades differentiate words disapproving (pretentious, mannered, ambitious, pedant ), dismissive (paint, petty ), contemptuous (gossip, servility, sycophant ), derogatory (skirt, wimp ), vulgar (grabber, lucky ), abusive (boor, fool ).

The expressive coloring in a word is layered on its emotional-evaluative meaning, and in some words expression predominates, in others - emotional coloring. Therefore, it is not possible to distinguish between emotional and expressive vocabulary. The situation is complicated by the fact that “unfortunately, there is no typology of expressiveness yet.” This is associated with difficulties in developing a unified terminology.

Combining words that are similar in expression into lexical groups, we can highlight:

1) words expressing a positive assessment called concepts,

2) words expressing their negative assessment .

The first group will include words that are lofty, affectionate, and partly humorous; in the second - ironic, disapproving, abusive, etc.

The emotional and expressive coloring of words is clearly manifested when comparing synonyms:

The emotional and expressive coloring of a word is influenced by its meaning. Sharp negative rating we received words like fascism, separatism, corruption, assassin, mafia .

Behind the words progressive, law and order, sovereignty, publicity and so on. is fixed positive color .

Even different meanings the same word may differ noticeably in stylistic coloring: in one case, the use of the word may be solemn ( Wait, prince. Finally, I hear the speech not of the boy, but of the husband.- P.), in another - the same word receives an ironic connotation ( G. Polevoy proved that the venerable editor enjoys the reputation of a learned man, so to speak, on his word of honor. - P.).

The development of emotionally expressive shades in a word is facilitated by its metaphorization.

Thus, stylistically neutral words used as tropes receive vivid expression.

For example: burn (at work), fall (from fatigue), suffocate (in unfavorable conditions), flaming (gaze), blue (dream), flying (gait) etc.

The context ultimately determines the expressive coloring: neutral words can be perceived as lofty and solemn; High vocabulary in other conditions takes on a mockingly ironic tone; sometimes even a swear word can sound affectionate, and an affectionate word can sound contemptuous.

The appearance of additional expressive shades in a word, depending on the context, significantly expands the visual possibilities of vocabulary.

The emotional and expressive coloring of the word, layered on the functional, complements its stylistic characteristics. Words that are neutral in an emotionally expressive relation usually belong to commonly used vocabulary (although this is not necessary: ​​terms, for example, in an emotionally expressive relation, as a rule, are neutral, but have a clear functional definition). Emotionally expressive words are distributed between book, colloquial and colloquial vocabulary.

Divisions of expressively colored vocabulary

D.E. Rosenthal identifies 3 groups of vocabulary:

1) Neutral (interstyle)

2) Spoken

3) Prostorechnaya

1. Neutral(interstyle) is vocabulary that has application in all styles of language; it represents a category of words that are not expressively colored, emotionally neutral.

Interstyle vocabulary is the basis for the vocabulary of both oral and written speech.

You can compare the common word lie and words compose, flood, which belong to colloquial vocabulary and are colloquial and humorous in nature.

2. TO colloquial vocabulary include words that give speech a touch of informality, ease, but do not go beyond literary language. This is the vocabulary of spoken language. It is characterized by informality and emotionally expressive coloring. Gestures, facial expressions, posture, and intonation play an important role in oral communication.

The group of colloquial vocabulary includes words that are different in the way of expression, stylistic coloring and those whose semantics already contain evaluativeness ( troublemaker, bedlam posers etc.), as well as those whose evaluation is created by affixes, the addition of stems ( old man, boot, poor thing and so on.). Words with suffixes of subjective assessment also have a colloquial character ( healthy, small, son, dominatrix and so on.). This vocabulary also includes familiar words ( grandma, grandpa, auntie, son and so on.).

3. Colloquial vocabulary is on the verge or beyond the boundaries of strictly standardized lexical literary speech and is distinguished by a greater stylistic decline compared to colloquial vocabulary, although the boundaries between them are unsteady and fluid and are not always clearly defined.

There are three groups of colloquial vocabulary:
Rough expressive vocabulary grammatically represented by nouns, adjectives, adverbs and verbs (bore, idiot, scoundrel, etc.). The expressiveness of these words shows the attitude towards any object, person, phenomenon.
Rough colloquial vocabulary but is distinguished by a greater degree of rudeness: (snout, bulldozer, mug, etc.). These words have stronger expression and a negative attitude towards certain phenomena.
Some colloquial vocabulary includes words are actually colloquial, non-literary , they are not recommended in the speech of cultured people ( just now, I suppose, maybe, once born and so on.)

Using stylistically colored vocabulary in speech

To tasks practical style includes the study of the use of vocabulary of various functional styles in speech - both as one of the style-forming elements, and as a foreign style means that stands out in its expression against the background of other linguistic means.

The use of terminological vocabulary that has the most specific functional and stylistic significance deserves special attention.

Terms- words or phrases naming special concepts of any sphere of production, science, art.

For example: deposit(money or securities deposited with a credit institution for storage); express loan (term loan, lending of valuables); business(entrepreneurial activity that generates income, profit); mortgage(pledge of real estate for the purpose of obtaining a long-term loan); percent(fee received by the lender from the borrower for using a cash loan).

Each term is necessarily based on a definition (definition) of the reality it denotes, due to which the terms represent a capacious and at the same time concise description of an object or phenomenon. Each branch of science operates with certain terms that make up the terminological system of this branch of knowledge.

The term is usually used in only one area.

For example: phoneme, subject - in linguistics, cupola- in metallurgy. But the same term can be used in different areas. Moreover, in each case the term has its own special meaning.

For example: Term operation used in medicine, military and banking. Term assimilation used in linguistics, biology, ethnography; iris– in medicine and biology (botany); reversion– in biology, technology, law.

Becoming a term, the word loses its emotionality and expressiveness. This is especially noticeable if we compare commonly used words in the diminutive form and the corresponding terms.

For example: cam in the child and cam in car, front sight- a small fly and front sight meaning “a small protrusion on the front of the barrel of a firearm used for aiming” cheeks child and cheeks at a machine gun, etc.

The diminutive form of a common word very often becomes a term. tooth from the word tooth meaning “bone formation, organ in the mouth for grasping, biting and chewing food” and the term clove- cutting tooth of a machine or tool. Tongue from the word language in the meaning of “movable muscular organ in the oral cavity” and the term tongue- a small process at the base of the leaf blade of cereals and some other plants. Hammer from the word hammer in the meaning of “a tool for hammering, striking” and the term hammer– one of the auditory ossicles of the middle ear and the name of various impact devices in mechanisms.

Terminological vocabulary contains more information than any other, therefore the use of terms in a scientific style is a necessary condition for brevity, conciseness, and accuracy of presentation.

Scientific and technological progress has led to the intensive development of the scientific style and its active influence on others. functional styles modern Russian literary language. The use of terms outside the scientific style has become a kind of sign of the times.

Studying the process of terminology of speech not bound by the norms of scientific style, researchers point to distinctive features use of terms in this case. Many words that have a precise terminological meaning have become widespread and are used without any stylistic restrictions.

For example: radio, television, oxygen, heart attack, psychic, privatization .

Another group includes words that have a dual nature: they can be used both as terms and as stylistically neutral vocabulary. In the first case, they are distinguished by special shades of meaning, giving them special accuracy and unambiguity.

Yes, word mountain, meaning in its broad, cross-style usage “ a significant hill rising above the surrounding area", and having a number figurative meanings, does not imply an accurate quantitative measurement of height. In geographical terminology, where the distinction between concepts is essential mountain - Hill, clarification is given: elevation more than 200 m in height.

Thus, the use of such words outside the scientific style is associated with their partial determinologization.

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Neutral and stylistically colored vocabulary. In each developed literary language, the vocabulary is distributed stylistically. There are neutral words, i.e. those that can be used in any genre and style of speech (in oral and written speech, in public speaking and in telephone conversation, in a newspaper article and in poetry, in fiction and scientific text, etc.). These are, first of all, words from the main vocabulary in direct meanings: forehead, eye, earth, mountain, river, house, table, dog, horse, homeland, eat, work, sleep. Compared to such neutral, not stylistically colored words, other words may be of “high style” (brow, eyes, belly, homeland, horse, eat, rest), or "low" (clothes, mugs, bowler hat, belly, eat, bum, junk, shudder, the other day).

Thus, Lomonosov’s “theory of three calms” turns out to be not only historically justified in relation to the Russian literary language of the 18th century, but also contains a very important theoretical grain: speech styles are correlative, and any style is primarily correlated with neutral, zero; other styles diverge from this neutral opposite sides: some with a “coefficient” plus as “high”, others with a “coefficient” minus as “low” (cf. neutral There is, high eat and low eat and so on.).

Within one or another style (except neutral!) there may be its own divisions: in “high” - poetic, rhetorical, pathetic, “academic”, special technical, etc.; in “low” – colloquial, familiar, vulgar, etc.

For each language there are different sources for compiling the vocabulary of “high” and “low” styles.

In the Russian literary language, the sources of the “high” style can be, first of all, Slavicisms or similar words (not forehead, A brow, Not lips, A mouth, Not died, A died, no homeland, A fatherland, Not watchman, A guard, Not gates, A gate, Not city, A hail, Not nipples, A nipples, Not I'm suffering A suffering and so on.); in addition, in other genres this role can be played by Greek-Latin and other international words (not world, A space, Not invader, A occupant, Not import And export, A import And export, Not criminal, A criminal, Not abscess, A abscess, Not component, A ingredient and so on.).

The sources of the “low” style can be their original Russian words, if the place of the corresponding neutral word is replaced by Slavicism (not cloth, A clothes, Not Evdokia, A Ovdotya or Avdotya 1) if the neutral word is your own, Russian, then the words of the “low” style are taken from the vernacular, dialects and jargons (not again, A back, Not hut, A hut, Not young woman, A girl, Not young man, A boy, Not There is, A to be naughty Not eyes, A zenki, Not steal, A whistle, slam, steal, Not absent-minded person A dishevel and so on.).

Accordingly, for example, in the English literary language, the neutral style is formed primarily by words of Anglo-Saxon origin, in the “high” style are words of French and Greco-Latin origin, and in the “low” style are words from slang, professional speech and dialectism.

For French XVI century the source of the “high” style was Italian language, and for German language XVII–XVIII centuries - French. Norms of the Russian literary language of the 18th century. in relation to the distribution of words by style, they are described in detail by Lomonosov in “Discourse on the Use of Church Books in the Russian Language” 1.

All of the above allows us to draw some conclusions about the system in vocabulary.

1) It is impossible to describe a vocabulary system by the objects it names. Vocabulary can name natural phenomena, technological phenomena, culture, and the mental life of people; This is why a language has vocabulary, so that a native speaker of a given language can name everything he needs in his social and even personal practice. But the system of what is called must disperse across the areas of what is called, this is a system of subjects of different sciences: geology, botany, zoology, physics, chemistry, etc. Moreover, many objects can have several names (synonymy), but these names will not be like words represent the language system.

2) The same should be said about the system of concepts, although concepts are not just objects of reality, but “casts” in people’s minds, reflecting the system of objects of objective reality, but these are also not words. The study of the system of concepts, their relationships and their elements is a very important task of science, but is by no means the subject of linguistics.

3) Thus, “the lexical system of a language has nothing to do with the ordering of the vocabulary of a given language into subject (extra-linguistic) categories, as is done in “subject”, “thematic” and “ideological” dictionaries. It cannot be reduced to a system of “semantic fields” or “lexical-semantic groups”, since the latter are only one (albeit quite important) of the structural elements of the “lexical system” 1.

This idea is developed in a more constructive way by Yu. D. Apresyan: “... the semantic content of a word is not something self-sufficient. It is entirely determined by the relationships that develop in the network of oppositions of a given word with another word of the same field. According to the idea and terminology of F. de Saussure, it has not meaning, but significance”, “... in order to return linguistics... unity, semantic fields must be obtained not on a conceptual, but on a linguistic basis, not from the side of logic, but from the side of linguistics..." 1

4) Everything said requires clarification. First, what is meaning and what is significance? The meaning of a word is the relation of the word to the object or phenomenon it denotes, i.e. the relation of a fact of language to an extra-linguistic fact (thing, phenomenon, concept), while significance is its own, linguistic property of the word, obtained by the word because the word is a member lexical system language.

The meaning of words such as 1) There is, 2)face, 3) scream is determined by their relations:

1) for eat: taste, eat, devour, gobble, crack, sham;

2) for face: face, physiognomy, muzzle, mug, mug, snout, mug, image, rump;

3) for shout: shout, scream, yell, roar.

The significance of a word is determined in the same way as the significance of other language units (phonemes, morphemes...) - by correlation in one row.

The series for determining the significance of a word is called lexical field 1 . The lexical field is not an area of ​​homogeneous objects of reality and not an area of ​​homogeneous concepts, but a sector of vocabulary united by the relations of parallelism (synonyms), contrast (antonyms) and concomitance (metonymic and synecdochic connections of words), and most importantly, various kinds of oppositions. Only within the lexical field can a word receive its significance, just as a phoneme can gain its meaning. In no case should the concept of context (see above, § 20) and field be confused. Context is the area of ​​use of a word, speech, and field is the sphere of its existence in the language system.

Neutral vocabulary, commonly used vocabulary, interstyle vocabulary is one of the main categories of literary vocabulary, along with book vocabulary (see) and colloquial vocabulary (see); consists of words that are widespread in all functional and stylistic variants of the literary language. N. l. is intended for ascertaining, non-evaluative, non-terminological designation of objects, concepts of everyday life, natural phenomena, periods of a person’s life and states of his life, periods of time, measures of length, weight, volume, etc. It is devoid of expression, emotional and social assessments.
N. l. is the starting point in the “scale of expressiveness”, according to the cut lit. vocabulary according to the main categories: interstyle (neutral), bookish (increased expression) and colloquial (lower, or reduced, expression). N. l. is the background against which and thanks to which the expressive and emotional properties of book and colloquial writing are manifested in all their diversity. vocabulary. Among the stylistic synonyms of N.l. is the semantic (semantic) dominant of the synonymous series and a kind of axis around which the paradigm of the “scale of expressiveness” and functional-stylistic differentiation of lit. vocabulary, e.g.: parade (bookish, high) -
walk (neutral) - trudge (colloquial, reduced); head (bookish, high) - head (neutral) - head (colloquial, familiar). N.l. compared (contrasted), therefore, with book and colloquial vocabulary in terms of the absence/presence of expressive coloring, as well as along the boundaries of distribution in literature. language (N.L. is commonly used, and the other two categories are limited to the framework of predominant distribution in book and colloquial speech, respectively).
However, there is no strict framework for identifying N. l. in real speech communication of lit. speakers. there is no language. Firstly, in the semantic structure of a significant part of N.L. there are book and colloquial books. meanings (or shades), and therefore the corresponding expressive coloring, which “appears” when a given word is used in such meanings. Yes, St. 1850 neutral words (according to the “Dictionary of the Russian Language” by S. Ozhegov, 11th ed., 1975) have expressively colored colloquial words. meanings, eg: run, lean, crawl, etc.; the verb to touch has bookish and colloquial. meanings. Secondly, the composition of N.L. historically changeable, constantly replenished due to book and colloquial literature. vocabulary (for example: indisputable, indeed, TV, blemish, comb, partner, etc.), certain words acquire stylistically colored meanings, for example: birthday man - “the one who has a birthday” (colloquial), work out - “to subject someone to sharp criticism” (colloquial).
N. l. makes up the main part (approx. /a) lit. vocabulary is the basis for its quantitative growth, stylistic development, and stylistic diversity. Basic character of N.l. is defined as its quantitative predominance in the vocabulary of lit. language, and features of semantics, as well as features of compatibility (see Collocation). The meanings of such words are very capacious. N.l. characterized by a complicated semantic structure, subtle nuances of meanings and their shades (for example, the verb to go in the “Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language” edited by D. N. Ushakov has 40 meanings); for N. l. characterized by wide compatibility possibilities. All this determines the special expressiveness of N. l. (despite the lack of expressive coloring): thanks to the semantic capacity of N.L. under the influence of context and phraseological environment, it can be used in figurative and expansive senses while maintaining the basic semantics to convey new facets of content and subjective modality. N. l. serves as the basis for the formation of phraseological units of various stylistic statuses. Neutral words act as their constructive elements, ch. arr. as a supporting component of a phraseological unit (see, for example, phraseological units with the words head, go/walk, stand, etc.: dizzy, keep up, stand taller someone or something. and so on.).