Warm currents in the black sea map. Black Sea currents

what are the sea currents near the black sea? help please and got the best answer

Answer from Alexey Khoroshev [guru]

Black sea currents map.

The current under consideration originates at the mouths of large rivers and in the Kerch Strait. River waters, flowing into the sea, go to the right. Then the direction is formed under the influence of wind, coastal configuration, bottom topography and other factors. From the Kerch Strait, the current goes along the Crimean shores. At the southern tip of the Crimea, a division is taking place. The main current goes north to the mouth of the Dnieper-Bug estuary, and part of it goes to the Danube banks. Having received the Dnieper and then Dniester waters, the main current goes to the Danube, and then to the Bosphorus. Strengthened by the Danube waters and the Crimean branch, it is gaining the greatest strength here. From the Bosphorus, the main branch of the current, having given part of the water to the Sea of ​​Marmara, turns to Anatolia (the main part of Turkey, located on the peninsula of Asia Minor). The prevailing winds here favor the eastward direction. At Cape Kerempe, one branch of the current deviates to the north towards the Crimea, while the other goes further to the east, absorbing the flow of the rivers of Asia Minor. At the Caucasian shores, the current turns to the northwest. Near the Kerch Strait, it merges with the Azov current. And on the southeastern coasts of the Crimea, the division is again taking place. One branch descends to the south, diverges with the current coming from Cape Kerempe, and in the Sinopa region it connects with the Anatolian current, closing the East Black Sea circle. And another branch of the current from the southeastern shores of the Crimea goes to its southern end. Here the Anatolian current flows into it from Cape Kerempe, which closes the western Black Sea circle.
An underwater river in the Black Sea is a bottom flow of highly salty water from the Sea of ​​Marmara across the Bosporus and along the seabed of the Black Sea. The trench through which the river flows is about 35 m deep, 1 km wide and about 60 km long. The speed of the water flow reaches 6.5 km / h, that is, 22 thousand m³ of water passes through the canal every second. If this river flowed on the surface, then it would be the sixth in the list of rivers in terms of fullness. The submarine river contains elements characteristic of surface rivers, such as banks, floodplains, rapids and waterfalls. Interestingly, the eddies in this underwater river do not twist counterclockwise (as in ordinary rivers of the Northern Hemisphere due to the Coriolis force), but along it.
The channels at the bottom of the Black Sea were supposedly formed 6 thousand years ago, when the sea level was approaching its current position. The waters of the Mediterranean Sea broke into the Black Sea and formed a network of gutters that are still active today.
The water in the river has a higher salinity and sediment concentration than the surrounding water, so it flows down by gravity and possibly supplies nutrients to the abyssal plains that would otherwise be lifeless.
The river was discovered by scientists from the University of Leeds on August 1, 2010, and is the first such river to be discovered.
Source: Geography

Answer from Vova dorokhov[active]

Answer from Anna Emelyanova[active]
Of particular interest is the question of the Black Sea currents. In the Black Sea, there is a main closed ring of current, 20 to 50 miles wide, running 2-5 miles counterclockwise from the coast, and several connecting jets between its separate parts. The average current speed in this ring is 0.5-1.2 knots, but with strong and stormy winds it can reach 2-3 knots. In spring and early summer, when rivers bring large amounts of water to the sea, the current intensifies and becomes more stable.
The current under consideration originates at the mouths of large rivers and in the Kerch Strait. River waters, flowing into the sea, go to the right. Then the direction is formed under the influence of wind, coastal configuration, bottom topography and other factors. From the Kerch Strait, the current goes along the Crimean shores. At the southern tip of the Crimea, a division is taking place. The main current goes north to the mouth of the Dnieper-Bug estuary, and part of it goes to the Danube banks. Having received the Dnieper and then Dniester waters, the main current goes to the Danube, and then to the Bosphorus. Strengthened by the Danube waters and the Crimean branch, it is gaining the greatest strength here. From the Bosphorus, the main branch of the current, having given part of the water to the Sea of ​​Marmara, turns to Anatolia. The prevailing winds here favor the eastward direction. At Cape Kerempe, one branch of the current deviates to the north towards the Crimea, while the other goes further to the east, absorbing the flow of the rivers of Asia Minor. At the Caucasian shores, the current turns to the northwest. Near the Kerch Strait, it merges with the Azov current. And on the southeastern coasts of the Crimea, the division is again taking place. One branch descends to the south, diverges with the current flowing from Cape Kerempe, and in the Sinopa region it connects with the Anatolian current, closing the East Black Sea circle. And another branch of the current from the southeastern shores of the Crimea goes to its southern end. Here the Anatolian current flows into it from Cape Kerempe, which closes the western Black Sea circle.

BLACK SEA COLOR

The Black Sea "is not the bluest in the world" (Sargasso Sea, some areas of the Indian Ocean) - even in the Red Sea the water is blue than in the Black Sea. The color of water depends on the scattering of the rays of the solar spectrum by water particles and impurities.
Rays of different colors have different wavelengths, red - long-wavelengths are absorbed in the surface layer; blue - shortwave - are reflected and fall into the eye. Near the coast, where there are many impurities, green and yellow rays are reflected.
Also, the color of the water depends on the amount of suspended particles. There are more of them in the Azov Sea than in the Black Sea, therefore the water in the Azov Sea is greenish-brown, and in the Black Sea it is greenish-blue.
The transparency of water is determined by lowering to a depth of a standard white disc with a diameter of 30 centimeters, the depth at which this disc is hidden from view and is called the transparency of water. The largest - 27 meters, in the eastern part - in the summer, the smallest 2-3 meters - in the northwestern part - in the spring. At a depth of 25 meters, the illumination is 1-4 percent of the illumination on the surface.

BLACK SEA CURRENTS

1. Weak, the speed rarely exceeds 0.5 meters per second, the reasons for them - the flow of rivers and the effects of winds. Under the influence of river runoff and under the influence of the earth's rotation force, it deviates to the right by 90 degrees (to the northern hemisphere) and goes counterclockwise along the banks. The main stream of currents has a width of 40-60 kilometers and passes at a distance of 3-7 kilometers from the coast.
2. Separate clockwise gyres are formed in the bays, their speed is 0.5 meters per second.
3. In the central part of the sea - zones of calm, there are 2 rings: in the eastern and western half.
4. Winds form temporary currents.

5. In the Bosphorus, Admiral Makarov established 2 currents:
a) surface - carrying desalinated water from the Black Sea to the Marmara, speed of 1.5 meters per second;
b) deep-seated - carrying dense saline into Black, a speed of 0.75 meters per second.

BLACK SEA WATER POLLUTION

a) semi-closed, weak exchange of waters with the ocean.
b) lack of vertical movement of water.
c) oil (oil pouring out; ballast water gives the greatest amount of oil; after unloading oil, tanker tanks are filled with ballast - sea water, and before reloading it is poured into the sea; oil has a nerve effect on marine organisms: fish - 15 milligrams of oil per 1 liter of water, mussels - 40 milligrams.
d) discharge of untreated waste water into the sea. Purification systems are needed, especially water, plastics and other synthetic substances.

The material used for the article:
Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: In 86 volumes - St. Petersburg, 1890-1907.
Agbunov M.V. Antique sailing of the Black Sea. Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Science, Moscow, 1987.
Kuzminskaya G. Black Sea. Krasnodar 1977.
Beasts of the Black Sea. Simferopol: Tavria, 1996.
Wikipedia

The currents in the sea can be figuratively compared to rivers without banks. In marine science, it is customary to designate the direction of currents according to the "where" principle. Unlike currents, wind and wave directions are determined according to the "from where" principle. For example, a wind blowing from south to north will be called southerly, and the current created by this wind will be called northerly.

Black Sea Currents Map

The currents of the Black Sea are weak, their speed rarely exceeds 0.5 meters per second, the main reasons for them are river runoff and the influence of winds. Under the influence of river runoff, water would have to move to the center of the sea, but under the influence of the Earth's rotation force, it deviates to the right (in the northern hemisphere) by 90 degrees and goes along the banks in a counterclockwise direction. The main stream of currents has a width of 40-60 kilometers and passes at a distance of 3-7 kilometers from the coast.

Separate clockwise gyres are formed in the bays, their speed reaches 0.5 meters per second.
In the central part of the sea there is a calm zone, where the currents are weaker than at the coast, and are not constant tno direction. Some researchers distinguish two separate rings in the general flow. The origin of the two rings of currents is associated with the peculiarities of the outlines of the Black Sea, contributing to the deviation to the left of parts of the general flow off the coast of Crimea and Turkey.

An interesting system of currents is observed in the Bosphorus Strait, it is of great importance for the Black Sea.

These currents were first studied at the end of the last century by Admiral Makarov. S.O. Makarov was not only an outstanding naval commander, shipbuilder, theorist of military affairs, he was also a remarkable scientist who understood how important it is to learn the environment in which the navy has to operate.

From conversations with local residents, S.O. Makarov established that there are two currents in the Bosphorus: superficial and deep. He verified this fact by successively lowering the load into the water at different depths. The load was secured by a cable to a buoy floating on the surface. When the cargo was in the surface layers, the buoy moved to the Sea of ​​Marmara, when the cargo was at the bottom, the buoy was carried to the Black Sea. Thus, it was established that the surface current, carrying desalinated water, goes to the Sea of ​​Marmara, and the deep current, carrying denser salt water, goes to the Black Sea. S.O. Makarov established that the speed of the upper course is 1.5 meters per second, the lower one - 0.75 meters per second; the depth of the interface between the currents is 20 meters. The lower current does not go strictly under the upper one, both of them experience reflection from the capes, sometimes the currents bifurcate.

To explain the reasons for these currents, Makarov performed such an experiment. Water was poured into a glass box, divided into two parts: salted in one part, and desalinated in the other. Two holes were made in the partition, one above the other. Salt water began to move through the lower opening, desalinated water through the upper one. SO Makarov was the first to explain the origin of these two layers. The upper course is wastewater, it is formed under the influence of excess water brought by rivers into the Black Sea. The lower, the so-called density, is formed as a result of the fact that the denser waters of the Sea of ​​Marmara exert greater pressure on the underlying layers than the lighter waters of the Black Sea. This forces the water to move from an area of ​​higher pressure to an area of ​​less pressure.

The main current observed in the Black Sea is called the “main Black Sea current”. It spreads along all the shores along the perimeter of the sea, directed counterclock-wise and curls up into two vortex flows, called rings. These rings, reminiscent of giant glasses and the name of the hydrologist who first noticed and described them, gave the name to this phenomenon - "Knipovich Glasses".

The basis of the direction of the movement of the Black Sea current is the acceleration received by the sea water due to the rotation of the planet. Physicists call this effect "Coriolis force". In addition to space forces, the wind force also affects the movement of surface waters on the Black Sea map. This explains the variability of the main Black Sea current: sometimes it is barely noticeable against the background of other, smaller-scale currents, and sometimes its speed reaches one meter per second.

In coastal areas Black sea anticyclonic gyres are observed - vortex flows directed opposite to the main current. They are most noticeable off the coast of the Caucasus and Anatolia. In these parts of the Black Sea, the direction of alongshore currents is usually determined by the direction of the prevailing wind and can change several times a day.

Vacationers on the Black Sea should be aware of the existence of such a type of local Black Sea currents as “ tyagun". Most often, this current is formed during a storm near sandy gently sloping shores. The water running onto the shore returns back not evenly, but in streams along the channels spontaneously formed in the sandy bottom. It is dangerous to get into the jet stream: even an experienced swimmer, despite all his efforts, can be carried away to the open sea far from the coast. To get out of the draft, you need to swim to the shore not directly perpendicularly, but at an angle in order to reduce the oncoming resistance of the receding water.

A type of traction “in action” can be seen in the Black Sea ports. From time to time, ships moored at the pier begin movement along the coast, as if controlled by a tremendous natural force. Sometimes this movement is so powerful that the metal mooring lines do not withstand the pressure, and the ships have no choice but to stop loading operations and go to the roadstead further from the coast.

The nature of the “port” draft is different from the draft that occurs during a storm. It is caused by special waves, imperceptible to the naked eye, approaching the port gate. They are called long-period - the oscillation period created by them is much longer than the oscillation periods of ordinary waves.

Scientists in our country and abroad are studying the nature of this phenomenon. The result of their work is scientific and practical recommendations on the correct mooring of ships during "pulling" and advice on the design of safe ports that can extinguish the "evil" energy of long-period waves.

When measuring heights on land, the counting starts from sea levels. This does not mean that sea level is exactly the same in all regions of the World Ocean. In particular, the level of the Black Sea near Odessa is 30 cm higher than that of Istanbul, for this reason the water rushes from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean (through the Marmara Sea), and in the Bosphorus there is a constant current carrying out the Black Sea water. the air moves downward towards a warm, lighter one. The water in the Bosphorus moves in the same way - the heavy Mediterranean water flows down towards the Black Sea. It is interesting that the Mediterranean water is warmer, but despite this, it is heavier: the density of water depends more not on temperature, but on salinity. The smallest width of the Bosphorus is 730 m, and the depth in some places does not exceed 40 m, so that the smallest cross-section of the strait is only 0.03 sq. km. The two opposite currents are cramped here. Foreign scientists took measurements in the Bosphorus in the 40-50s of our century and stated that a permanent lower course does not exist in the strait. Mediterranean water enters the Black Sea supposedly only occasionally, in small quantities. The materials used for such a "revolution in science" were clearly insufficient. The authors of the "discovery" did not pay attention to such an obvious circumstance: the flow of river waters into the Black Sea is much higher than evaporation from its surface. So, if the sea was not constantly salted with Mediterranean water, it would become fresh. This is characteristic precisely for the Black Sea, since in the Mediterranean, for example, evaporation exceeds river runoff, and the dynamics of the salt balance there is different.In scientific disputes, exact facts are of decisive importance, therefore Soviet scientists, starting from 1958, conducted many years of research, now no longer in the strait, but in the Bosporus region of the Black Sea. The expedition was headed by hydrologists of the Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas, located in Sevastopol; our scientific institutions, as well as Bulgarian and Romanian scientists took part in them. Expeditions in the Bosporus region made it possible to establish that in all seasons of the year, Mediterranean water enters the Black Sea. After leaving the strait, this heavy water flows at the bottom, to the east, forming a stream with a thickness of 2 to 8 m, after 5-6 miles turns to the northwest, and in the area of ​​the continental slope it breaks up into separate streams, gradually sinks to a great depth and mixed with the Black Sea water. Studies have shown that in the Bosphorus both currents have a velocity of about 80 cm / sec. About 170 cubic meters of water are supplied to the Black Sea per year. km of Mediterranean water, and flows out about 360 cubic meters. km of Black Sea water. To fully determine the water balance of the Black Sea, it is also necessary to take into account the exchange with the Sea of ​​Azov, the flow of river waters. precipitation and evaporation rate. The study of the water balance of the sea is like solving a school problem about a pool with pipes. Only the sea problem is incomparably more difficult. Nevertheless, it is already possible to quite accurately predict the changes that will occur to the sea during certain major transformations of nature. Regulation of rivers by dams, creation of reservoirs and diversion channels leads to a decrease in river flow, since part of the water no longer reaches the sea. The scale of this transformation is immense. While salinity in the Black Sea is not yet very noticeable, in the shallow Azov Sea salinization already leads to a noticeable decrease in fish stocks. The saltier Black Sea water enters the Sea of ​​Azov through the Kerch Strait, in which, as in the Bosphorus, there are opposite currents. Previously, the Sea of ​​Azov took about 33 cubic meters. km of Black Sea water per year and gave 51 cubic meters. km of its less salty water. After the regulation of the Don and Kuban, the ratio changed in favor of the Black Sea water, and the Sea of ​​Azov began to become saline. Salinity exceeded 12 ‰. This led to a decrease in the food supply for gobies and other fish. Freshwater fish, most valuable for fishing, began to stay closer to river mouths, and immobile mollusks are destroyed by saltier water going down. To improve the water balance of the Azov Sea, it was decided to regulate water exchange in the Kerch Strait. This will make it possible to control the sea level, its salinity, and create conditions for increasing the fish stocks of Azov. One of the difficulties is that there is nothing to compensate for evaporation with a reduced river flow. There is still no need to artificially change the water exchange in the Bosporus to regulate the salinity of the Black Sea. But, perhaps, such a problem will one day have to be solved by countries interested in its fate. Near the mouths of the rivers, the Black Sea water is less salty than in the central part of the sea. But in deep-water areas, far from the coast, does the Black Sea water have the same composition throughout the entire thickness of the sea? Is water stagnant here or is it mixed? It has long been established that there are currents in the upper layers of the seas. They are caused by winds, level differences and differences in water density. Scheme of currents in the Black Sea Some currents are constant and resemble rivers, while others often change speed and direction (for example, depending on the nature of the winds). In the Black Sea, one of the causes of currents is the difference in level between its northern and southern parts, which we have already discussed. Water from the northwestern region of the sea "flows" to the south. But the rotation of the earth causes this current to deviate to the west, and it runs counterclockwise along the banks. The width of the current is about 60 km, and the speed of water movement is 0.5 m / sec. Part of the water goes to the Bosphorus, and the rest of the mass moves on, turning to the north at the eastern coast of the sea. Where the current bends around a wide ledge of the Anatolian coast, part of the stream forms a branch heading immediately to the north; a western annular current appears. The eastern half of the sea also has its own ring current, going counterclockwise. The currents in the Black Sea are often disturbed by strong winds, which move significant masses of water and can noticeably change the water level, sometimes by half a meter. When the wind blows from the coast, it drives the surface warm water into the open sea. The water level is dropping. During such a sweeping wind, stones covered with algae are exposed near the coast. Instead of the warm water that has gone away, there is cold water at the surface, which has risen from the depths. A surge wind directed from the sea to the coast brings warm surface water and raises the water level near the coast. The ebb and flow in the Black Sea are so small that the movement of water under the influence of the wind almost completely obscures them. (Tides arise in the oceans under the influence of lunar attraction, but in the inland seas the tidal wave does not reach great heights.)