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Incentive reason. Philosophical Dictionary

- base
reason
Synonym dictionary

Cause- Unconditional, plausible, decent, important, visible, dominant, main, deep, real, delicate, sufficient, natural, legal, logical,......
Dictionary of epithets

Reason J.— 1. A phenomenon, a circumstance that serves as the basis for something. or causing another phenomenon (opposite: consequence). 2. Reason, reason, pretext for something. actions, deeds.........
Explanatory Dictionary by Efremova

Incentive Information
Political dictionary

Cause- reasons, w. 1. A phenomenon, a circumstance that serves as the basis for something. or causing the appearance of another phenomenon; opposite consequence. A cold was the cause of his illness.........
Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

Cause- -s; and.
1. A phenomenon, a circumstance that directly generates or conditions another phenomenon - a consequence. P. fire. P. diseases. P. breakdowns. Find out, establish the cause.........
Kuznetsov's Explanatory Dictionary

Cause of Damage— In property insurance:
an event or condition the occurrence of which leads to
damage. In insurance policies this
the term is used instead of the one used.......
Economic dictionary

Cause, Immediate- In legal practice: an act, event or omission that naturally and foreseeably leads to harm or damage, although it may not necessarily be......
Economic dictionary

Proximate Cause— The most important actual cause of the event or chain of events that results in a claim under the insurance policy. The damage must be caused directly........
Economic dictionary

Cause— This word was borrowed from Polish, where it is derived from the verb przyczynic - “to do.” Related words: rank, (to) repair.
Krylov's etymological dictionary

Crime Cause(s)— - a phenomenon (set of phenomena) that gives rise to crime as a consequence. The existence of a general P.p. does not have strict empirical evidence, its description is contradictory,........
Legal Dictionary

Cause of death— (causa mortis) a pathological condition that directly led to death (eg, asphyxia, shock, embolism).
Large medical dictionary

Cause— see Causality.
Large encyclopedic dictionary

Neurosis: Cause- - according to S. Freud, neurosis arises where the transition from direct to sexual primary urges inhibited in the sense of purpose is not entirely successful; this corresponds to the conflict........
Psychological Encyclopedia

Incentive Information- expressed in an order, advice, request, designed to stimulate some kind of action. Stimulation can be different: 1) activation, i.e. motivation to action......
Psychological Encyclopedia

Predisposing Cause- Any factor that, although not necessarily the cause of a given event, plays an important role in its occurrence. This term is most often used........
Psychological Encyclopedia

Cause and investigation- Like causation, it is the belief that every event has its own cause. When conducting an experiment, the hypothetical cause is considered to be an independent variable........
Psychological Encyclopedia

Cause of death- (causa mortis)
pathological condition that directly led to death (for example, asphyxia, shock, embolism).
Medical encyclopedia

Cause- - English reason/cause; German Ursache/Kausalitat. 1. A phenomenon (action) that causes, conditions the occurrence or change of another phenomenon or action. 2. Reason, pretext for k.-l. actions.
Sociological Dictionary

Cause Of Death- illness or event causing death. The cause of death is established in accordance with the International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Injuries and Causes of Death.
Sociological Dictionary

CAUSE- REASON, -y, w. 1. A phenomenon that causes or conditions the occurrence of another phenomenon. P. fire. P. haste is that there is not enough time. 2. Reason, pretext for some.........
Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

Russian

Reason, Russian

Cause, root cause, reason, basis, guilt, culprit, source, root, motive, pretext; lever, force, factor, organ, instrument, spring, reason, secret, seed. the cause of all causes. the reason is motivating and respectful. cassation reason. found a plausible prospect

(lat. causa) - something without which there would be no other effect - a consequence (see causation). initially, a cause is understood as an object that does something and causes something (by analogy with our self, which is the conscious cause of our actions). Such an understanding of cause necessarily leads to the emergence of the concept of force as the ability of a thing (as a cause) to cause something, i.e. make changes as a result of their activities. and since the efficient cause in turn cannot but have a cause and itself causes the effect only through change, then the functional concept of cause gradually arises. it is a change causing another change. The relationship between cause and effect is called causation. but since a cause as a change depends in turn on another change as a cause, we can speak of a causal series or causal chain, the “beginning” of which is lost from sight, and the assumption of the existence of its end is pure arbitrariness (see proton kinun). each member of this causal chain is both cause and effect. the causal chain is continuous, the relations in it are similar to the relations of foundation and effect or existing existence in general and its specific form. as necessary, one link is snatched out of it, considered as a cause, and another connected with it and following it in time, considered as a consequence. due to the fact that each phenomenon contains very many components that cause certain consequences, they often prefer to replace the concept of “cause” with the concept of a “component” of the phenomenon, and the concept of “effect” with the concept of “resultant” (see occasionalism).

, see causality.

Cause

Cause of the disease, Russian

Reason for return, Russian

Cause of gigantism, Russian

Reason enough, Russian

The minimum set of conditions, factors or events to obtain an outcome. a complete causal mechanism that does not require the presence of any other factor for the outcome to occur, such as disease. see also association, causation, necessary cause.

Cause and Effect, Russian

Competing reason, Russian

Reason necessary, Russian

A causal factor whose presence is necessary for an effect to occur. see also association, causation, sufficient cause.

INCENTIVE REASON FOR THE AGREEMENT

In Russian civil laws, the name of the basis of obligation (causa obligandi), i.e. those objective facts on which, in addition to the agreement of the parties, rests the force of the obligation and the agreement itself. In jurisprudence, the doctrine of it is very controversial. Some writers (Baer, Windscheid, Dernburg) think that at present the concept of reason as a constructive element of obligation should be completely discarded. Previously, for the validity of an obligation, in addition to the contract, a certain form (nexum, stipulatio) or, later, actual performance (transfer or performance of an action; see Contract); Now all contracts are formless in principle and are based only on agreement. With the latter, the parties, of course, are guided by certain motives, “motivating reasons,” but for law these motives are indifferent, since the externally expressed will in itself, without motives, is a sufficient basis for the obligation. If I promise to pay you 100 rubles, then it makes no difference to the law why and why I promise this; I can freely dispose of my property whenever I want. Therefore, without any further reservations, both concrete (with a reason) and abstract obligations (without a reason) are valid. Others think that the modern consensual contract (q.v.) is not valid by virtue of agreement alone; its various types established by law contain a certain indication of the essence of the economic relations that have arisen between the parties, and, thus, determine its legal permissibility; for those contracts that do not fit the types established by law in their characteristics, the plaintiff must prove that they are not illegal, not contrary to the economic and moral structure of society, etc. Abstract obligations can be recognized only when from the very obligation it follows that it is deliberately abstracted from its grounds, although such grounds really existed (a bill? an obligation that is abstract in its purpose, but a non-monetary bill is subject to challenge). The latter point of view is held by English and French law, the first? Germanic. English correctness and French point of view is proven by the fact that the general German. the code, having destroyed the general requirement of the basis, was supposed to include in its place a number of detailed definitions (Articles 306–312). Russian law also lists individual cases of absence of P. reasons in contracts: “the contract is invalid and the obligation is void if P. the reason for concluding it is the achievement of a goal prohibited by laws, such as when the agreement tends: 1) to the dissolution of legal marriage; 2) to falsely reconsolidate the estate in order to avoid paying debts; 3) to extortionate twists; 4) to assign to a private person a right that he, due to his condition, cannot have; 5) to the detriment of the state treasury" (Article 1529). According to the Senate, this list does not cover all types of invalidity of agreements and is only approximate. Therefore, the Senate rejects many other agreements as without basis. Without recognizing the need for a basis, the obligation as a constructive element is inexplicable , in any case, the validity of unilateral promises (see), contracts in favor of third parties, etc. Analysis of the concept of agreement (see) also speaks for the necessity of this element for the theory of obligation.

Literature. Witte, "Die bindende Kraft des Willens in Obligationenrecht nach der Lehre d. heutigen Wissenschaft" ("Kritische Vierteljahrssrhrift f. Gesetzgeb. und Rechtswiss.", 1864); Kindel, "Das Rechtsgescha ft und sein Rechtsgrund" (B., 1892); Holmes, "The common law" (chap. VII and VIII, Boston, 1881); Dernburg, "Pandecten" (II, ¬ 22); Laurent, "Principes de droit civil" (XVI); Hartmann, "Grundprinzipien der Praxis des Englisch-Amerikanischen Vertragsrechts gegenu ber der Deutschen gemeinrechtlichen Vertragsdoktrin" (Freiburg, 1891); Nechaev, "The Theory of Contract" ("Legal Bulletin", 1888, 10).

Brockhaus and Efron. Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron. 2012