Internal adjective or participle. How to distinguish a verbal adjective from a participle

In Russian, a participle can turn into a verbal adjective due to the weakening of the properties of the verb. In other words, the sacrament gradually loses its temporary properties and acquires permanent qualities. Accordingly, the spelling changes "nn" in participles and verbal adjectives. It is important to know that participles are written with double " nn", in addition to the words: smart, named, and in adjectives - one "n" except for the words: unexpected, unexpected, unseen, desired and others.

Properties of parts of speech

In order to distinguish between a passive participle and a verbal adjective, you need to know their properties. Properties of participle and adjective:

The adjective is characterized by two more features:

1. It can be included in a number of homogeneous members (well-mannered and shy).
2. It may have a figurative meaning (lost gaze).

Participle and verbal adjective

The participle has its own specific affixes used for formation. For example, chlorine is not a participle, because the verb “chlorine” does not exist, unexpected is not a participle due to the fact that the word “unexpected” does not exist in the language.

To distinguish between these two categories you need:

Thus, if a word corresponds to at least one of the above points, it is a participle, which means you need to write " nn"; if the word does not correspond to any point, then it is verbal adjectives ("n" And " nn" in which cases to write, we have already found out), you need to write one letter. If it is necessary to determine the part of the written word, a word with two letters will be a participle, but one with one will not.

Dependence on semantic meaning

As for the suffixes of the analyzed parts of speech, the spelling of verbal adjectives should be noted. For example, words such as butter pancakes and oil paint. Here we differentiate between participles and adjectives not according to the rule, but in accordance with the meaning. In the first phrase it is a verbal adjective formed from the verb “oil”, and in the second it is an adjective formed from the noun “butter”. And in the phrase, for example, “butter pancakes in the morning” oiled- participle. In other words, when a word is used to mean “made of oil or powered by oil,” it is written with the suffix -yan. If it means “soaked in oil,” then the suffix is ​​-en.

The word wounded has two spellings. For example, in the sentence “Remaining wounded, he has already begun preparing for the campaign” in the word wounded - doubled "nn", although there is no prefix and no dependent word, it is formed from the verb “to wound” not perfect form, the word does not end with -ovanny, -evanny. Doubled "nn" is explained by the fact that the word carries a verbal meaning, that is, it denotes a temporary sign and is a participle. A verbal adjective does not denote an action and answers the question: which? Which?

Short and long forms

Having one or two "n" in a word depends on the form: full or short. So, in short adjectives so much is written "n", how many in full. And in short participles only one is always written "n". The girl was spoiled(spoiled - short adjective, means constant sign). The boys must have been spoiled by life(spoiled - participle, denotes a temporary sign).

Suffixes of verbal adjectives have their own characteristics. It should be added that in some combinations of repeated words, such as: patched-re-patched, washed-washed, despite the presence of the prefix pere, in the second part of the combinations one is written. Combinations have the meaning of degree of quality and are classified as adjectives.

Change of lexical meaning

In cases where a participle becomes an adjective, its lexical meaning may change. For example, the participle “forgiven” in the phrase “forgiven person” means “a person who has been forgiven,” but the adjective forgiven in the phrase “ Forgiveness Sunday" takes on a different meaning and means the name of the day of the week before the great Orthodox fast.

Complex verbal adjectives “n” and “nn” like: lightly salted, smooth-bleached, freshly dyed, are written with one "n". But: g bleached, freshly painted, lightly salted written with double "n", since the second part of these words is formed from verbs with prefixes.

Noun suffixes

Nouns formed from passive participles and verbal adjectives can also be written with one "n", and with two "nn". It all depends on the stem of the word from which it is derived. For example, protege- from an adjective set, but the producing verb is put in the perfect form, so we write with two "nn". Ice cream- from participle " ice cream", but, since the producing basis freeze(what to do?) - imperfect form, then we write one "n". The same applies to the spelling of derived adverbs.

Changing a participle to an adjective

If the participle turns into an adjective, then it takes on its characteristics:

From it a simple comparative (surprised, more surprised).

It can be combined with words less and more ( less surprised).

He has synonyms and antonyms from adjectives ( inspired mood, that is funny- synonym, sad- antonym).

Very often in Russian, participles turn into adjectives (they are called verbal adjectives).

Moreover, if these are passive participles of the past tense, then we must take into account that when they turn into adjectives, their spelling changes. Choice nn or n often depends on what part of speech the verb is: a participle or an adjective. And vice versa, if we know how many n in a verbal word ( nn or n), you can determine what part of speech it is.

Signs by which you can determine a part of speech (verbal adjective or participle):

1) Verbal adjectives are formed only from imperfective verbs: boiled milk from boil, burnt cork from burn.

But there are a number of verbal exception adjectives: made, affected, seen, desired, arrogant, minted, cursed, slow, sacred, unprecedented, unheard of, unexpected, unexpected, accidental, counted, watchful eye.

If the form is formed from a perfective verb, then this is a participle: solved problem from solve, abandoned things from throw. Exceptions: smart, named - with one n.

2) For verbal adjectives no consoles: fried cutlet, confusing answer. If the prefix not- is added to an adjective, then it remains an adjective and is written with one n: slaked lime - quicklime; ironed linen - unironed linen.

Participles can have prefixes: fried meat, confused traces.

3) For verbal adjectives no dependent words: dried mushrooms, sauerkraut. Participles can have dependent words: dried in the sun mushrooms, pickled for the winter cabbage.

4) Verbal words on -ovanny, -evanny- adjectives, they are always written with two n (pressed, uprooted).

Adjectives forged, chewed, are written with one n, since -s And -ev are included in the root, as we are convinced of by analyzing the words according to their composition.

Hence, if we are considering a form formed from a verb that does not have a prefix or dependent word, then before deciding whether it is a participle or an adjective, we must determine the type of verb from which this form is formed.

It is useful to compare the mixed forms:

oil(paints) is an adjective formed from the noun oil using the suffix -yan;

buttery(pancake) is a verbal adjective formed from the verb oil; oiled (apron) - a participle formed from the verb to oil.

IN short adjectives as many n are retained as were in full ones, and short passive participles always written with one n.

Exercises for training:

1. Turn adjectives into participles by adding dependent words or prefixes.

Pickled apples, salty fish, wounded bird, quilted jacket, confused answer.

2. Turn participles into adjectives.

Cabbage pickled in a barrel, a whitewashed ceiling, melted butter, a paved street, an overloaded car, potatoes fried in oil.

3. From these verbs, form verbal adjectives or participles, and select nouns for them.

Praise, decide, mow, deprive, let go, captivate, sharpen, weave.

4. Turn adjectives into participles, and participles into adjectives:

a sawn log is sawn sugar, a forged sword is chained.

woven tablecloth, knitted scarf, a poisoned wolf, a mended sleeve, an untrodden path.

5. Form full and short participles from adjectives, select nouns for them: broken line - broken pencil, broken toy.

Frozen fish, boiled egg, sowed grass, a confused story, an unironed shirt.

6. Explain the spelling of N and NN.

a) Cleared path, cleaned boots, cleaned shoes today, unpeeled potatoes, uncleaned shoes.

b) Painted floors, painted walls, unpainted tables, white-painted windows, painted shelves.

c) Dinner party, student called, uninvited guest, guests invited to dinner.

7. Insert H or NN.

1) Bunches of dried herbs, bundles of wrinkled roots and kitchen utensils hung on the walls (K. Paustovsky).

2) The patched cab driver's coats with tin plates sparkled in the eyes (K. Paustovsky).

3) Our brigade entered a Turkish village abandoned...by its inhabitants, ravaged and half-burned out (V. Garshin).

4) On large tables without tablecloths they placed several wooden, beautiful and golden bowls with liquid wheat porridge (V. Garshin).

5) At this strange hour of the bright and dim... oh autumn night, the desolate park seemed sad and mysterious, like an abandoned cemetery (A. Kuprin).

6) The walls, painted with oil... paint, grabbed... with dirty fingers, turned yellow (K. Paustovsky).

7) They were overtaken by a man in a ragged coat and a straw hat (A.N. Tolstoy).

8) On an empty street a strange figure of a frightened man appeared (A.N. Tolstoy).

9) The palaces looked into the Neva with their empty windows... (A.N. Tolstoy).

10) He was lying in someone's sheep's coat, surrounded by a whole crowd of people (A. Kuprin).

11) The army melted like tin soldiers thrown into an oven (A.N. Tolstoy).

12) The walls are whitewashed with lime, and the bottoms are painted with brown oil paint (A. Kuprin).

Source:

• pack-me.ru - “Transition of participles into adjectives.”

Additional sources:

• rosental.virtbox.ru - § 52 “Spelling N and НН in participles and verbal adjectives” in the “Handbook of Spelling and Stylistics”, ed. D.E. Rosenthal (1997);
• traktat.com - “Spelling N and NN in participles and verbal adjectives”;
• hi-edu.ru - “N and НН in participles and verbal adjectives.”

Additionally on the site:

I am making an attempt to create something like a reference summary for those who find it difficult to determine the part of speech and, accordingly, are confused in the spelling of participles and verbal adjectives.

Questions, clarifications and attempts to round up will be welcome.

Participles differ from adjectives not only in the presence of verb features, but also in their meaning.

Adjectives denote permanent characteristics objects, and participles - signs that develop over time.

For example: red (generally red) - blushing, blushing (becoming, becoming red over some time); old (generally old) - aging, aged (becoming old over a period of time).

Offtopic

Participles can lose their meaning and attributes of the verb and turn into adjectives. In this case, the participle already denotes a constant attribute of an object (loses the category of time), loses the ability to have subordinate (dependent) words with it, to control nouns: out of tune piano defiant look, aspiring poet, brilliant answer.

For example: He also liked Titus Nikonich... loved by everyone (participle) and loving everyone. (I. Goncharov)

When she played my favorite (adjective) pieces on the piano... I listened with pleasure. (A. Chekhov).

Passive participles most easily transform into adjectives: restrained character, high spirits, strained relationships, confused appearance.

Participles are used mainly in bookish speech styles and are almost never found in everyday speech.

To differentiate between a participle and an adjective, you first need to remember one simple thing:

The participle can be replaced by a phrase with the verb from which it is formed.

For example, a built house is a house that is built;

Offtopic

A participle may have a dependent word.

For example: eyes shining (from what?) with joy - communion.

and an adjective can be replaced by another adjective.

For example:

eyes shining (participle) with joy - replace: eyes that shine + there is a dependent word “with joy”

brilliant (adjective) performances - replace: amazing performances, wonderful performances, excellent performances.

Offtopic

The terms are always adjectives (typewriter);

The particle does NOT reduce verbosity, so the word is used as an adjective (inappropriate conditions - adjective);

Participles on – shiy often turn into adjectives (the past year is an adjective).

How to distinguish unloved from unloved?

Participle - if there is a dependent word + the form is formed from an imperfective verb, i.e. answering the question “what to do?”

For example:

not loved (derived from the verb - “what to do?” - “to love”, non-natural form) by a child (< - это зависимое слово) игрушки.

Let's repeat and clarify:

If a word can be replaced by a verb without changing the essence phrases, and substitute dependent word V instrumental case, That this is a participle

(exquisite reserves - to find reserves, exquisite (by whom?) reserves by the chief);

If I may replace with another adjective, apply degrees of comparison or form an adverb from a word with –O, then it's an adjective

(exquisite manners - noble manners, extremely refined manners, exquisitely);

In every doubtful case, experiment with synonyms or try to form a verb form, add a dependent word and over time the distinction will become easier.

Letters Н and НН in verbal adjectives and participles

One letter H written in adjectives with suffixes -n-, -en-, formed from imperfective verbs without a prefix:

For example: loaded (one “n”, because the word is formed from the verb “load” without a prefix, an imperfective verb, because it answers the question “what to do?”) machine, knitted (one “n”, because it is formed from the verb “knit” without a prefix) sweater.

Adjectives here do not have dependent words. If no dependent word is added, you have an adjective.

Two letters HH are written:

A) in participles, as well as verbal adjectives formed from perfective verbs, with and without prefixes:

salted butter, broken things (participles);

an absent-minded person (an adjective formed from the verb “scatter” of the perfect form, answering the question “what to do?”), a desperate step (an adjective formed from the verb “to despair” of the perfect form, answering the question “what to do?”)

Exceptions: smart boy, sworn brother;

b) in participles with a dependent word:

loaded with (what?) bricks, crocheted (with what?);

And if diligent J. explains to me in her own words in the comments why “loaded car” is spelled with one “n”, and “car loaded with bricks” with two, then she will receive a bun.

c) We memorize (read: cram, so that forever and ever) exception adjectives: unprecedented, unheard of, unexpected, unforeseen, desired, sacred, accidental, minted (step), done (look), cutesy, slow;

d) in adjectives formed from passive participles -ovanny, -ovanny: rhymed, qualified, uprooted (exceptions: forged, chewed).

They saw “ovanny, yovanny” - they wrote two “n”

3. In short participles, one letter N is written,

in short verbal adjectives two letters N are written.

To distinguish the short form of a participle from the short form of an adjective in a sentence, you can use the same principles as to distinguish the long form.

a) if it is possible to replace the short form with a synonym in the short form, you have an adjective.

Their views are very limited (i.e. narrow, narrow-minded - short adjective);

b) if we see a dependent word, we have a participle in front of us.

The interests of the Oblomovites were limited to a narrow circle of everyday concerns (limited (by what?) to a narrow circle of concerns - short communion).

You will need

• Text with participles and adjectives;
• Knowledge of the rules for forming participles;
• Knowledge of the similarities and differences in both parts of speech;
• Knowledge of formations of adjectival adjectives;
• Knowing the exceptions to the rules.

Instructions

A part of speech that denotes a property, accessory or attribute of another part of speech - a noun, but is not connected with it by any process. An adjective is a part of speech dependent on a noun, therefore it inherits all its characteristics. This means that it has three genders: masculine, feminine and neuter, numbers: singular and plural, and also changes according to the noun to which it refers. The adjective answers the question “which?” or “whose?”

“Oil paint” (R.p.)

“An oiled pancake” (TV.p.)
4. Also, a participle can have a short form like an adjective. For example: “made” (from “made”) – participle, “light” from “light”.
5. As members of a sentence, participle and adjective are .

Differences between participles and adjectives
Now, using an example, let’s look at participles from adjectives, which characterize the presence of verb features in them (participles):
1. The perfect form is “running”, “running” is the imperfect form.
2. Reflexive form – “rotating”, “rotating” – non-reversible form.
3. Time – “running” (present time), “running” (past time).
4. Active or passive meaning tearing a shirt, tearing a shirt.
5. Transitivity: a reading person reading a book.
There are adjectives formed from participles. They are called verbal adjectives or adjectival adjectives.

Such adjectives are formed for the following reasons:
The emergence of a new meaning for the subject of action, for example, “driving force”;

The occurrence of a word that is a participle figurative meaning, for example “brilliant performance”;

If the participle denoted the intended purpose of performing some action and became a constant accompanying word for a noun, for example, “condensed milk.” Please note in in this example Even the spelling of the word changes, because... in the case of a participle, it would be correct to write “condensed”;

If the participle is the ability of an object to be subject to any influence, for example, “indeclinable adjective.”

You can easily distinguish a participle from an adjective in a simple way. Try inserting a word in a sentence after the intended participle or adjective that matches its meaning. For example, in the sentence “We saw birds flying,” you can insert the word “across the sky” that has the appropriate meaning. “We saw birds flying across the sky.” The word "flying" in in this case is a participle.
In the sentence “She approached us with a flying gait,” we cannot insert a suitable word for the word “flying,” because this is an adjective and is directly dependent on the noun “gait”

The second way to distinguish an adjective from a participle is quite difficult, because is based on knowledge of the formation of participles and adjectives. In most cases, participles have a double "n" in their suffix, unlike adjectives, but there are exceptions to both of these rules that you need to know.

Video on the topic

Helpful advice

Currently there are many software products in the form of grammatical dictionaries that allow you to check your spelling, as well as parse a sentence into parts of speech and identify both participles and adjectives.

In order to find participle among other parts of speech, you need to know what distinguishes it from them. Firstly, this is a special form of the verb, denoting the attribute of an object by action. Secondly, it has the characteristics of a verb and an adjective.

You will need

• 1. Words
• 2. Participles

Instructions

Look at the meaning of this word. If these are real present participles, then you will encounter –ush-, -yush-, -ash-, -yash. For example, issuing. If these are present passive participles, then these are the suffixes -em-, -im-. For example, produced.

Correctly identify active past participles. They are characterized by the suffixes –vsh-, -sh-. For example, the one who read, who brought. For past passives, the characters are the suffixes –nn-, -t-, -enn-. For example, drawn, offended, sung.

Sources:

• “Modern Russian language”, Beloshapkova V.A. 1989.

Participles and participles, as well as participial and participial phrases, perform different functions in a sentence, play different roles. They also have pronounced morphological differences.

Instructions

Participle(turnover) necessarily refers to the word being defined - a noun or pronoun, depends on it, changes in numbers, genders and, has a full and - some - short form.
For example: smiling person; us, who have signed this document, ...
Other nominal parts of speech can also act as a defined word if they are in the meaning of a noun.
For example: tidy dining room; “154th”, who asked to board, ... (about). Participle or participial turnover refers only to the predicate verb and denotes an additional action with the main action expressed by the verb. Unlike the participle, the gerund is an unchangeable word form.
For example: lying motionless; froze standing in the wind.

Participle and the functions of definition - single or widespread, agreed or inconsistent, isolated or not isolated.
For example: Those who had calmed down silently and obediently dropped the yellow ones.
Participles in short form are used only as a nominal part of a compound predicate.
For example: The hair is silvered with early gray hair. The participle and participial phrase act as different circumstances.
Paler, the dawn subsides (I. Nikitin).

Formal features, distinguishing participles and participles, are suffixes.
In school classes, all information about suffixes is summarized in tables that are posted on. For convenience, they can be written down, for example, on the cover of a notebook.
Derivative suffixes active participles: -ush-(-yush-), -ash-(-box); -vsh-, -sh-; passive: - om-(-eat-), -im-; -enn-, -nn-, -t-.
Derivational suffixes of imperfect and perfect gerunds: -a-, -ya-, -uchi-, -yuchi-, -v-, -louse-, -shi-.

Communion is special verb form, having both the properties of a verb and an adjective. From the verb, the participle has aspect, transitivity, reflexivity and voice, and from the adjective - change in cases, numbers and genders, as well as agreement with the noun. A participle, like an adjective, denotes a characteristic of an object.

noun and agrees with it in gender, number and case. For example: “boiling stream - boiling stream - boiling stream - boiling streams; boiling lava, boiling milk."

Types and methods of forming participles

Lexical meaning - a sign of an object by action - consists of grammatical features this part of speech. For example: “singing birds” (those that are singing now), “singing birds” (those that sang in the past), “the issue under discussion” (the one that someone is discussing now), “the issue under discussion” (the one which has already been discussed).

Accordingly, there are 4 forms of participles: active present and past tense, passive present and past tense.

The first group of participles (actual present tense) are formed from the present tense stem using the suffixes -ush- (-yush-), -ash- (-yash-). The choice of suffix depends on the verb. For example: “cry-ut - cry-ush-y”, “kol-yut - kol-yush-y” - I conjugation; “lech-at – lech-ash-y”, “kle-yat – kle-yash-y” – II conjugation.

Active participles in the past tense are formed from the infinitive by replacing the suffixes –т, -ти with the suffixes –вш-, -ш-. For example: “run - run - run”, “carry - carry”.

Present passive participles are formed from verbs in the present tense using the suffixes –em- (I conjugation) and –im- (II conjugation): “cherish-em – cherish-em-yy”, “kran-im – stored” -im."

Passive past participles are formed from the stem of the indefinite form of the verb using the suffix –nn-, if the verbs end in –att, -et. Verbs ending in –it receive the suffix –enn-, just like verbs ending in –ti, -ch, and verbs ending in –ot, -ut-, -ity- receive the suffix –t-. For example: “write - write-nn-y”, “capture - captured-nn-y”, “save - save-y”, “forget- forget-y”.

Short participles, as well as short adjectives, are in a sentence the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate.

Passive participles have a short form with truncated ones: -а, -о, -ы. For example: “sent, sent-a, sent-o, sent-s.”

Participles and verbal adjectives

Both participle forms and verbal adjectives can be formed from the same verb. If suffixes of different sound (letter) composition are used to form participles and adjectives, it is not difficult to distinguish them: from the verb burn using a suffix -box- a participle is formed burning, and using the suffix -yuch-- adjective combustible. If both participles and adjectives are formed using suffixes that have the same sound (letter) composition (for example, -enn- or -them-), it is more difficult to distinguish them.

However, there are differences between participles and adjectives in this case as well.

1. Participles denote a temporary attribute of an object associated with its participation (active or passive) in an action, and adjectives denote a permanent attribute of an object (for example, “arising as a result of an action,” “able to participate in an action”), cf.:

She was raised with strict rules (=She was raised with strict rules) - participle;

She was brought up, educated (=She was well-mannered and educated).

2. Word in full form with the suffix - n-(-nn-), -en-(-enn)- is a verbal adjective if it is formed from the verb NSV and has no dependent words, and is a participle if it is formed from the verb SV and/or has dependent words, cf.:

unmown meadows(adjective),

unmown meadows(participle, because there is a dependent word),

mown meadows(participle, because SV).

3. Since only transitive verbs of the NSV can have present passive participles, words with suffixes - im-, -eat- are adjectives if they are formed from a verb SV or an intransitive verb:

waterproof boots get wet intransitive in the meaning “to let water through”),

invincible army(adjective, because verb win SV).

For the teacher. Changing words into adjectives

The use of different parts of speech as adjectives is called adjectivation (from Latin adjectivum - adjective). A significant number of participles move into the category of adjectives, especially passive ones with the suffixes -nn; -enn- and -t-: suppressed voice, high spirits, shabby dress, etc. When turning into adjectives, participles lose their main verbal features: tense, type and ability of verbal control (see § 199 about this). Passive participles with the suffix -m- sometimes also become adjectives: invisible tears, indeclinable nouns, favorite flower. There are relatively few adjectives formed from passive participles using the suffix -m- (-im-). Already in the second half of the 18th century. qualitative adjectives were formed directly from verb stems of the perfective and imperfective forms using the suffix -m- (-im-), bypassing the stage of formation of participles. In modern Russian, they are most often used with the prefix particle non-: indestructible, insoluble, elusive, etc. Participles that have become adjectives sometimes acquire characteristic grammatical features of qualitative adjectives: the ability to have full and short forms (the mood is high, the result unexpected), as well as the ability to form forms of degrees of comparison (this invitation was more unexpected than that), etc. There are cases of transition into the category of adjectives and active participles of the present tense (brilliant answer, knowledgeable student, amazing news, next day, blooming health, etc.) , which also lose verbal features and sometimes acquire some features characteristic of adjectives (short form, degrees of comparison, form of subjective assessment, etc.). For example: I have never heard a more brilliant answer; The most brilliant number of the program at the concert was the reading of poetry by V. Mayakovsky; His affairs were not very brilliant. Wed. also the use in book style (most often, in the author’s style) of short forms of participles that turn into adjectives: The look... was already too intent and searching (Ver.); His bayonet is sharp and warning (A.N.T.). Much less often, active past participles with the suffixes -ш- and -вш- turn into adjectives, for example: dried plants. In addition to participles, other parts of speech can also become adjectives. Thus, in the context of context, some pronouns, as well as ordinal numbers, can be used as qualitative adjectives. Wed, for example: A year passes and another - there is no news (P.). - I’m no speaker, there’s a lunch break between two words (Gran.). Or: Three treasures in this life were my joy. And the first treasure was my honor (P.). - Soon the boy became the first student in the class.

Participles and adjectives have many common grammatical features, which contributes to their confusion. For example, active participles of the present tense in -shchy very easily turn into adjectives (brilliant abilities, stupefying smell, irritating tone, aspiring writer, etc.). Passive participles no less easily pass into the category of adjectives: an exhausted child, a limited person, exquisite taste, an absent-minded person, a hackneyed topic, a favorite city, an unforgettable impression

These participles have lost their verbal features (they do not denote action, time, type), their qualitative meaning has increased, compare: a flying object was either approaching or moving away - “flying” is a participle, since it denotes an action in the process occurring in the present tense; Butterflies and dragonflies are flying insects - the word “flying” has lost the meaning of an action that takes place at a certain time, and has come to mean a constant attribute of an object, i.e., it has turned into an adjective.

However, from the initial, dictionary form of the words hackneyed, scattered, brilliant, it is impossible to determine whether it is a participle or an adjective. Only in context does the difference between these words appear: Beaten half to death, he was unconscious for several hours - communion; Don't say hackneyed phrases - adjective.

As a rule, participles that have become adjectives are single, they do not have explanatory words and are easily replaced by synonyms, compare: He has brilliant (excellent) abilities.

In some cases, the correctness of their spelling depends on the correctness of assigning a homonymous participle and an adjective to one category or another (The dog, abandoned by its owners, ran along the street and The abandoned dog lived in the entrance).

Participles can also become nouns (students, workers, manager, etc.). This process is called substantivation.

Signs by which you can determine a part of speech (verbal adjective or participle):

1) Verbal adjectives are formed only from imperfective verbs: boiled milk from boil, burnt cork from burn.

But there are a number of verbal exception adjectives: made, affected, seen, desired, arrogant, minted, cursed, slow, sacred, unprecedented, unheard of, unexpected, unexpected, accidental, counted, watchful eye.

If the form is formed from a perfective verb, then this is a participle: solved problem from solve, abandoned things from throw. Exceptions: smart, named - with one n.

2) For verbal adjectives no consoles: fried cutlet, confusing answer. If the prefix not- is added to an adjective, then it remains an adjective and is written with one n: slaked lime - quicklime; ironed linen - unironed linen.

Participles can have prefixes: fried meat, confused traces.

3) For verbal adjectives no dependent words: dried mushrooms, sauerkraut. Participles can have dependent words: dried in the sun mushrooms, pickled for the winter cabbage.

4) Verbal words on -ovanny, -evanny- adjectives, they are always written with two n (pressed, uprooted).

Adjectives forged, chewed , are written with one n, since -s And -ev are included in the root, as we are convinced of by analyzing the words according to their composition.

Hence, if we are considering a form formed from a verb that does not have a prefix or dependent word, then before deciding whether it is a participle or an adjective, we must determine the type of verb from which this form is formed.

It is useful to compare the mixed forms:

oil(paints) - an adjective formed from the noun oil using the suffix -yan;

buttery(pancake) is a verbal adjective formed from the verb oil; oiled (apron) - a participle formed from the verb to oil.

IN short adjectives as many n are retained as were in full ones, and short passive participles always written with one n.

Conversion of participles into adjectives and nouns

Think about whether the highlighted words have verbal properties: tense, aspect, ability to control nouns? That is, can these words be called participles?

Brilliant speaker, outstanding capabilities, dependent state, closed character, educated Human, well-mannered child.

Words brilliant, outstanding, dependent, reserved, educated, well-mannered have lost the indicated verbal properties and denote only a sign. In these examples we observe the phenomenon of the transition of participles into adjectives.

What conditions are necessary for the transition of participles into adjectives and do changes occur in this case? lexical meaning words? Support with examples.

To transform participles into adjectives, the participle must be placed before the word it is defining. (frost,brilliant (adv.) in the sun -shiny (adj.) capabilities), lack of controlled words (poisonous (adj.) substances), loss or weakening of verbal categories of aspect, tense. Changes occur in the lexical meaning of words (burning (adv.) firewood -burning (adj.) eyes; embankment,educated (adv.) explosion -educated (adj.) woman).

A technique that allows you to check whether a participle has turned into an adjective is to replace it with synonymous adjectives, while constructions with participles are replaced by subordinate clauses.

Brilliant (adj.) success- magnificent, excellent, wonderful. Loving (adj.) sight- Kind. Open (adj.) character- sincere, direct. Jumping (adv.) boy- a boy who jumps.

Make a similar substitution in the following examples:curly hair, poisonous substances, exciting spectacle, knowledgeable specialist .

Curly hair– hair that is curly; curly. Poisonous substances – substances that poison; poisonous. Exciting spectacle– a spectacle that excites the soul; alarming. Knowing specialist– a specialist who knows a lot; competent, intelligent, erudite.

A brilliant answer is a brilliant answer, a brilliant speech is a brilliant speech. A brilliant answer is the most brilliant answer. A threatening situation is a dangerous situation. Favorite flowers are the most favorite flowers. Perform brilliantly.

From these examples it is clear that participles that have become adjectives acquire grammatical features characteristic of adjectives: the ability to have degrees of comparison, a short form, adverbs are formed from them, they can have synonyms and antonyms from among ordinary adjectives.

Changing participles to adjectives

The most common words with one n – participles turned into adjectives: boiled, baked, fried, boiled, dried, dried, smoked, soaked, salted, melted, wounded, dyed, oiled, torn, confused.

The transition of participles into nouns is accompanied by the fact that there is no need for a defined noun, the categories of gender, number and case become independent in them, in a sentence they perform syntactic functions characteristic of a noun, they can have definitions with them, that is, they develop the meaning of objectivity and the meaning of the attribute is lost.

Exercises for training:

Turn adjectives into participles by adding dependent words or prefixes.

Soaked apples, salted fish, a wounded bird, a quilted jacket, a confusing answer.

2. Turn participles into adjectives.

Cabbage pickled in a barrel, a whitewashed ceiling, melted butter, a paved street, an overloaded car, potatoes fried in oil.

3. From these verbs, form verbal adjectives or participles, and select nouns for them.

Praise, decide, mow, deprive, let go, captivate, sharpen, weave.

4. Turn adjectives into participles, and participles into adjectives:

a sawn log is sawn sugar, a forged sword is chained.

A woven tablecloth, a knitted scarf, an etched wolf, a mended sleeve, an untrodden path.

5. Form full and short participles from adjectives, select nouns for them: broken line - broken pencil, broken toy.

Frozen fish, boiled egg, sown herbs, confused story, unironed shirt.

6. Explain the spelling of N and NN.

a) Cleared path, cleaned boots, cleaned shoes today, unpeeled potatoes, uncleaned shoes.

b) Painted floors, painted walls, unpainted tables, white-painted windows, painted shelves.

c) Dinner party, student called, uninvited guest, guests invited to dinner.

7. Insert H or NN.

1) Bunches of dried herbs, bundles of wrinkled roots and kitchen utensils hung on the walls (K. Paustovsky).

2) The patched cab driver's coats with tin plates sparkled in the eyes (K. Paustovsky).

3) Our brigade entered a Turkish village abandoned...by its inhabitants, ravaged and half-burned out (V. Garshin).

4) On large tables without tablecloths they placed several wooden, beautiful and golden bowls with liquid wheat porridge (V. Garshin).

5) At this strange hour of the bright and dim... oh autumn night, the desolate park seemed sad and mysterious, like an abandoned cemetery (A. Kuprin).

6) The walls, painted with oil... paint, grabbed... with dirty fingers, turned yellow (K. Paustovsky).

7) They were overtaken by a man in a ragged coat and a straw hat (A.N. Tolstoy).

8) On an empty street a strange figure of a frightened man appeared (A.N. Tolstoy).

9) The palaces looked into the Neva with their empty windows... (A.N. Tolstoy).

10) He was lying in someone's sheep's coat, surrounded by a whole crowd of people (A. Kuprin).

11) The army melted like tin soldiers thrown into an oven (A.N. Tolstoy).

12) The walls are whitewashed with lime, and the bottoms are painted with brown oil paint (A. Kuprin).