Beech battery. Air defense systems: self-propelled air defense system "Buk"

The military anti-aircraft missile system "Buk" (9K37) is designed to destroy aerodynamic targets flying at speeds of up to 830 meters per second, at low and medium altitudes, at ranges of up to 30,000 m, maneuvering with overloads of up to 12 units, under radio countermeasures conditions. in the future - Lance ballistic missiles. Development began in accordance with the Resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated January 13, 1972. it provided for the use of cooperation between manufacturers and developers, the basic composition corresponding to that previously involved in the creation of the Kub anti-aircraft missile system. At the same time, they determined the development of the M-22 (Hurricane) anti-aircraft missile system for the Navy using an anti-aircraft guided missile, integrated with the Buk air defense system.

The developer of the Buk complex as a whole was identified as NIIP (Research Institute of Instrument Engineering) NKO (research and design association) Phazotron (general director Grishin V.K.) MRP (formerly OKB-15 GKAT). Chief designer of the 9K37 complex - Rastov A.A., CP (command post) 9S470 - Valaev G.N. (then - Sokiran V.I.), self-propelled firing system 9A38 - Matyashev V.V., semi-active Doppler seeker 9E50 for anti-aircraft guided missiles - Akopyan I.G.

PZU (start-loading unit) 9A39 was created at the MKB (Machine-Building Design Bureau) "Start" MAP (formerly SKB-203 GKAT), headed by A.I. Yaskin.

The unified tracked chassis for the complex's vehicles was developed by OKB-40 MMZ (Mytishchi Machine-Building Plant) of the Ministry of Transport Engineering under the leadership of N.A. Astrov.

The development of 9M38 missiles was entrusted to SMKB (Sverdlovsk Machine-Building Design Bureau) "Novator" MAP (former OKB-8) headed by L.V. Lyulev, refusing to involve the design bureau of plant No. 134, which had previously developed a guided missile for the "Cube" complex.

SOC 9S18 (detection and target designation station) ("Dome") was developed at the NIIIP (Scientific Research Institute of Measuring Instruments) of the Ministry of Radio Industry under the leadership of Vetoshko A.P. (later - Shchekotova Yu.P.).

A set of technical tools was also developed for the complex. provision and maintenance on the automobile chassis.

Completion of the development of the anti-aircraft missile system was planned for the second quarter of 1975.

But in order to quickly strengthen the air defense of the main striking force of the Army - tank divisions - with increasing the combat capabilities of the "Cube" anti-aircraft missile regiments included in these divisions by doubling the channel capacity for targets (and, if possible, ensuring complete autonomy of the channels during work from target detection to its destruction), the Resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated May 22, 1974 prescribed the creation of the Buk anti-aircraft missile system in 2 stages. At first, it was proposed to rapidly develop an anti-aircraft guided missile and a self-propelled firing system for the Buk anti-aircraft missile system, capable of launching 9M38 missiles and 3M9M3 missiles of the Kub-M3 complex. On this base, using other means of the Kub-M3 complex, they were supposed to create the Buk-1 (9K37-1) anti-aircraft missile system, and ensure its entry into joint testing in September 1974. At the same time, the previously prescribed deadlines and volumes of work on the Buk air defense system in its full prescribed composition were maintained.

For the Buk-1 complex, it was planned to include a Kub-M3 regiment in each anti-aircraft missile battery (5 pieces), in addition to one SURN and 4 self-propelled launchers, to introduce a 9A38 self-propelled firing system from the Buk missile system. Thus, thanks to the use of a self-propelled firing system, the cost of which was about 30% of the cost of the rest of the battery, the number of combat-ready anti-aircraft guided missiles in the Kub-M3 regiment increased from 60 to 75, and target channels - from 5 to 10.

The 9A38 self-propelled firing system, mounted on the GM-569 chassis, seemed to combine the functions of the SURN and the self-propelled launcher used as part of the Kub-M3 complex. The 9A38 self-propelled firing system provided search in the designated sector, detected and captured targets for automatic tracking, solved pre-launch tasks, launched and homing 3 missiles (3M9M3 or 9M38) located on it, as well as 3 3M9M3 guided missiles located on the 2P25M3 self-propelled launcher, associated with it. The combat operation of the fire installation was carried out both autonomously and under control and target designation from the SURN.

The 9A38 self-propelled firing system consisted of:
- digital computing system;
- Radar 9S35;
- a starting device equipped with a power servo drive;
- television-optical viewfinder;
- ground-based radar interrogator operating in the “Password” identification system;
- telecode communication equipment with SURN;
- wire communication equipment with SPU;
- autonomous power supply systems (gas turbine generator);
- navigation, topographical reference and orientation equipment;
- life support systems.

The weight of the self-propelled firing system, including the weight of the combat crew consisting of four people, was 34 thousand kg.

The progress that has been made in the creation of ultra-high-frequency devices, electromechanical and quartz filters, and digital computers has made it possible to combine the functions of target detection, illumination and target tracking stations in the 9S35 radar. The station operated in the centimeter wavelength range, it used a single antenna and two transmitters - continuous and pulsed radiation. The first transmitter was used to detect and automatically track a target in a quasi-continuous mode of radiation or, in case of difficulties with unambiguous determination of range, in a pulse mode with pulse compression (linear frequency modulation is used). The continuous radiation transmitter was used to illuminate targets and anti-aircraft guided missiles. The station's antenna system carried out a sector search using the electromechanical method, target tracking in range and angular coordinates was carried out using the monopulse method, and signal processing was carried out by a digital computer. The width of the antenna pattern of the target tracking channel in azimuth was 1.3 degrees and in elevation - 2.5 degrees, the illumination channel - in azimuth - 1.4 degrees and in elevation - 2.65 degrees. The search sector review time (in elevation - 6-7 degrees, in azimuth - 120 degrees) in autonomous mode - 4 seconds, in control mode (in elevation - 7 degrees, in azimuth - 10 degrees) - 2 seconds. The average transmitter power of the target detection and tracking channel was: in the case of using quasi-continuous signals - at least 1 kW, in the case of using signals with linear frequency modulation - at least 0.5 kW. The average power of the target illumination transmitter is at least 2 kW. The noise figure of the station's direction-finding and surveillance receivers is no more than 10 dB. The transition time of the radar station between standby and combat modes was less than 20 seconds. The station could unambiguously determine the speed of targets with an accuracy of -20 to +10 m/s; ensure selection of moving targets. The maximum range error is 175 meters, the root-mean-square error in measuring angular coordinates is 0.5 d.u. The radar station was protected from passive, active and combined interference. The equipment of the self-propelled firing system was used to block the launch of an anti-aircraft guided missile when accompanied by a helicopter or aircraft.

The 9A38 self-propelled firing system was equipped with a launcher with interchangeable guides designed for 3 3M9M3 guided missiles or 3 9M38 guided missiles.

The 9M38 anti-aircraft missile used a dual-mode solid propellant engine (the total operating time was about 15 seconds). The use of a ramjet engine was abandoned not only due to the high resistance in passive sections of the trajectory and instability of operation at a high angle of attack, but also because of the complexity of its development, which largely determined the delay in creating the Kub air defense system. The power structure of the engine chamber was made of metal.

The general design of an anti-aircraft missile is X-shaped, normal, with a low aspect ratio wing. The appearance of the missile resembled American-made naval anti-aircraft missiles of the Standard and Tartar families. This corresponded to strict restrictions on overall dimensions when using 9M38 anti-aircraft guided missiles in the M-22 complex, which was developed for the USSR Navy.

The rocket was carried out according to the normal design and had a low aspect ratio wing. In the front part, a semi-active hydrodynamic pump, autopilot equipment, power supply and warhead are sequentially placed. To reduce the spread of alignment over flight time, the combustion chamber of the solid propellant rocket engine was placed closer to the middle, and the nozzle block was equipped with an elongated gas duct, around which the steering drive elements are located. The rocket has no parts that separate during flight. The diameter of the rocket was 400 mm, the length was 5.5 m, and the span of the rudders was 860 mm.

The diameter of the front compartment (330 mm) of the rocket was smaller in relation to the tail compartment and engine, which is determined by the continuity of some elements with the 3M9 family. The missile was equipped with a new homing head with a combined control system. The complex implemented homing of an anti-aircraft guided missile using the proportional navigation method.

The 9M38 anti-aircraft guided missile ensured the destruction of targets at altitudes from 25 to 20 thousand m at a range of 3.5 to 32 km. The rocket's flight speed was 1000 m/s and maneuvered with overloads of up to 19 units.

The weight of the rocket is 685 kg, including a 70 kg warhead.

The design of the missile ensured its delivery to the troops in a fully equipped form in the 9YA266 transport container, as well as operation without routine maintenance and inspections for 10 years.

From August 1975 to October 1976, the Buk-1 anti-aircraft missile system, consisting of the 1S91M3 SURN, the 9A38 self-propelled firing system, the 2P25M3 self-propelled launchers, the 9M38 and 3M9M3 anti-aircraft guided missiles, as well as the 9V881 MTO (maintenance vehicle) underwent state testing. tests at the Embensky test site (head of the test site Vashchenko B.I.) under the leadership of a commission headed by Bimbash P.S.

As a result of the tests, the detection range of aircraft by a radar station of a self-propelled firing system operating in autonomous mode at altitudes of more than 3 thousand meters was obtained - from 65 to 77 km; at low altitudes (from 30 to 100 meters) the detection range decreased to 32-41 kilometers. Detection of helicopters at low altitudes occurred at a range of 21-35 km. When operating in a centralized mode, due to the limited capabilities of the SURN 1S91M2 issuing target designation, the detection range for aircraft at altitudes of 3-7 km was reduced to 44 kilometers and for targets at low altitudes - to 21-28 km. In autonomous mode, the operating time of a self-propelled firing system (from the moment of target detection to the launch of a guided missile) was 24-27 seconds. The loading/discharging time for three 9M38 or 3M9M3 anti-aircraft guided missiles was 9 minutes.

When firing a 9M38 anti-aircraft guided missile, the destruction of an aircraft flying at altitudes of more than 3 thousand meters was ensured at a range of 3.4-20.5 kilometers, at an altitude of 30 meters - 5-15.4 kilometers. The affected area in height is from 30 meters to 14 kilometers, in terms of the heading parameter - 18 kilometers. The probability of hitting an aircraft with one 9M38 guided missile is 0.70-0.93.

The complex entered service in 1978. Since the 9A38 self-propelled firing system and the 9M38 anti-aircraft guided missile were means complementary to the Kub-M3 anti-aircraft missile system, the complex was given the name "Kub-M4" (2K12M4).

The 9A38 self-propelled firing systems were produced by the Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant MRP, and the 9M38 anti-aircraft guided missiles were produced by the Dolgoprudny Machine-Building Plant MAP, which previously produced 3M9 missiles.

The Kub-M4 complexes, which appeared in the air defense forces of the Ground Forces, made it possible to significantly increase the effectiveness of the air defense of the tank divisions of the SV SA.

Joint tests of the Buk air defense system in its full set of assets took place from November 1977 to March 1979 at the Embensky training ground (chief V.V. Zubarev) under the leadership of a commission headed by Yu.N. Pervov.

The combat assets of the Buk anti-aircraft missile system had the following characteristics.

The 9S470 command post installed on the GM-579 chassis provided the reception, display and processing of target data coming from the 9S18 station (detection and target designation station) and 6 9A310 self-propelled firing systems, as well as from higher command posts; selection of dangerous targets and their distribution between self-propelled firing installations in automatic and manual modes, setting their sectors of responsibility, displaying information about the presence of anti-aircraft guided missiles on firing and launch-loading installations, about the letters of the illumination transmitters of firing installations, about work on targets, about the mode operation of the detection and target designation station; organizing the operation of the complex in the event of interference and the use of anti-radar missiles; documentation of training and work of calculation of CP. The command post processed messages about 46 targets located at altitudes of up to 20 thousand m in a zone with a radius of 100 thousand m per station review cycle and issued up to 6 target designations for self-propelled firing systems (accuracy in elevation and azimuth - 1 degree, in range - 400-700 meters). The weight of the command post, including a combat crew of 6 people, is no more than 28 tons.

Coherent-pulse three-coordinate detection and target designation station "Dome" (9С18) of the centimeter range, which has electronic scanning of the beam according to the elevation angle in the sector (set to 30 or 40 degrees) with mechanical (in a given sector or circular) rotation of the antenna in azimuth (using a hydraulic drive or electric drive). The 9S18 station was intended to detect and identify air targets at a range of up to 110-120 kilometers (at an altitude of 30 meters - 45 kilometers) and transmit information about the air situation to the 9S470 command post.

Depending on the presence of interference and the established sector in elevation, the speed of viewing the space during a circular view was 4.5 - 18 seconds and when viewing in a 30-degree sector 2.5 - 4.5 seconds. Radar information was transmitted to the 9S470 command post via a telecode line in the amount of 75 marks during the review period (4.5 seconds). Root mean square errors in measuring target coordinates: in elevation and azimuth - no more than 20", in range - no more than 130 meters, resolution in elevation and azimuth - 4 degrees, in range - no more than 300 meters.

To ensure protection from targeted interference, we used tuning of the carrier frequency between pulses, from response interference - the same plus blanking of range intervals via the automatic recording channel, from asynchronous pulse interference - blanking of range sections and changing the slope of linear frequency modulation. The detection and target designation station with noise barrage of self-cover and external cover of specified levels ensured detection of a fighter at ranges of at least 50 thousand m. The station ensured the tracking of targets with a probability of at least 0.5 against the background of passive interference and local objects using a scheme for selecting moving targets with automatic wind speed compensation. The detection and target designation station was protected from proto-radar missiles by software tuning the carrier frequency in 1.3 seconds, switching to circular polarization of the sounding signal or to flicker mode (intermittent radiation).

Station 9S18 consisted of an antenna post consisting of a reflector with a truncated parabolic profile and a feed in the form of a waveguide ruler (providing electronic scanning of the beam in the elevation plane), a rotating device, and an antenna folding device; transmitting device (average power 3.5 kW); receiving device (noise factor up to 8) and other systems.

All station equipment was placed on a modified self-propelled chassis "ob. 124" of the SU-100P family. The tracked base of the detection and target designation station was different from the chassis of other means of the Buk anti-aircraft missile system; it was different, since the Kupol radar station was initially intended to be developed outside the anti-aircraft complex - as a means of detecting the divisional air defense of the Ground Forces.

The time it took to transfer the station between traveling and combat positions was up to 5 minutes, and from duty to operating mode - about 20 seconds. The weight of the station (including a crew of 3 people) is up to 28.5 tons.

In its design and purpose, the 9A310 self-propelled firing system differed from the 9A38 self-propelled firing system of the Kub-M4 (Buk-1) anti-aircraft missile system in that, using a telecode line, it communicated not with SURN 1S91M3 and self-propelled launcher 2P25M3, but with the command clause 9C470 and ROM 9A39. Also, on the launcher of the 9A310 installation there were not three, but four 9M38 anti-aircraft guided missiles. The time it took to transfer the installation from traveling to combat position was less than 5 minutes. The time to transfer from standby mode to operating mode, in particular, after changing position with the equipment turned on, was up to 20 seconds. Loading the 9A310 firing system with four anti-aircraft guided missiles from the launch-loading installation took 12 minutes, and from a transport vehicle - 16 minutes. The mass of the self-propelled firing system, including a combat crew of 4 people, was 32.4 tons.

The length of the self-propelled firing system is 9.3 meters, width - 3.25 meters (in working position - 9.03 meters), height - 3.8 meters (7.72 meters).

The 9A39 launch-loading installation installed on the GM-577 chassis was intended for transporting and storing eight anti-aircraft guided missiles (on the launcher - 4, on fixed cradle - 4), launching 4 guided missiles, self-loading its launcher with four missiles from the cradle, self-loading 8- yu missile launcher from a transport vehicle (charging time 26 minutes), from ground cradle and transport containers, discharge and on the launcher of a self-propelled firing system with 4 anti-aircraft guided missiles. Thus, the launch-loading installation of the Buk anti-aircraft missile system combined the functions of the TZM and the self-propelled launcher of the Kub complex. The launch-loading installation consisted of a starting device with a servo power drive, a crane, supports, a digital computer, equipment for topographical referencing, navigation, telecode communication, orientation, power supply and energy supply units. The mass of the installation including a combat crew of 3 people is 35.5 tons.

Dimensions of the launch-loading installation: length - 9.96 meters, width - 3.316 meters, height - 3.8 meters.

The complex's command post received data on the air situation from the command post of the Buk anti-aircraft missile brigade (automated control system Polyana-D4) and from the detection and target designation station, processed them and issued instructions to self-propelled firing units that carried out search and capture for automatic tracking targets. When the target entered the affected area, anti-aircraft guided missiles were launched. To guide the missiles, the proportional navigation method was used, which ensured high guidance accuracy. When approaching the target, the homing head issued a command to the radio fuse for close arming. When approaching a distance of 17 meters, the command was carried out detonation of the warhead. If the radio fuse failed to operate, the anti-aircraft guided missile self-destructed. If the target was not hit, a second missile was launched at it.

Compared to the Kub-M3 and Kub-M4 anti-aircraft missile systems, the Buk air defense system had higher operational and combat characteristics and provided:
- simultaneous shelling of up to six targets by a division, and if necessary, execution of up to 6 independent combat missions in the case of autonomous use of self-propelled firing systems;
- greater detection reliability thanks to the organization of a joint survey of the space by 6 self-propelled firing systems and a detection and target designation station;
- increased noise immunity due to the use of a special type of illumination signal and an on-board computer for the homing head;
- greater efficiency in hitting targets due to the increased power of the anti-aircraft guided missile warhead.

Based on the results of tests and modeling, it was determined that the Buk anti-aircraft missile system can fire at non-maneuvering targets flying at altitudes from 25 meters to 18 kilometers at speeds up to 800 m/s, at ranges from 3–25 km (at speeds up to 300 m /s - up to 30 km) with a heading parameter of up to 18 kilometers with the probability of being hit by one guided missile - 0.7-0.8. When firing at maneuvering targets (overload up to 8 units), the probability of defeat was 0.6.

Organizationally, the Buk anti-aircraft missile systems were consolidated into missile brigades, consisting of: a command post (a combat control post from the Polyana-D4 automated control system), 4 anti-aircraft missile divisions with their own command posts 9S470, a detection and target designation station 9S18, a platoon communications and three anti-aircraft missile batteries (each with two 9A310 self-propelled firing installations and one 9A39 launcher-loading installation), maintenance and support units.

The Buk anti-aircraft missile brigade was controlled from the army air defense command post.

The Buk complex was adopted by the ground forces' air defense forces in 1980. Serial production of combat weapons of the Buk complex was mastered in the cooperation involved in the Kub-M4 air defense system. New means - KP 9S470, self-propelled firing systems 9A310 and detection and target designation stations 9S18 - were produced by the Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant MRP, launch-loading installations 9A39 - at the Sverdlovsk Machine-Building Plant named after. Kalinina MAP.

In accordance with the Resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated November 30, 1979, the Buk anti-aircraft missile system was modernized to increase its combat capabilities and the protection of the complex's electronic equipment from anti-radar missiles and interference.

As a result of tests that were carried out in February-December 1982 at the Embensky training ground (chief - V.V. Zubarev) under the leadership of a commission headed by B.M. Gusev, it was found that the modernized "Buk-M1" compared to the anti-aircraft missile system "Buk" provides a large area of ​​destruction of aircraft, can shoot down an ALCM cruise missile with a probability of being hit by one guided missile of more than 0.4, "Hugh-Cobra" helicopters - 0.6-0.7, hovering helicopters - 0.3-0, 4 at ranges from 3.5 to 10 kilometers.

The self-propelled firing system uses 72 letter illumination frequencies instead of 36, which helps to increase protection from intentional and mutual interference. Recognition of 3 classes of targets is provided - ballistic missiles, airplanes, helicopters.

Compared to the 9S470 command post, the 9S470M1 KP provides simultaneous reception of data from its own detection and target designation station and about 6 targets from the air defense control post of a tank (motorized rifle) division or from the army air defense command post, as well as comprehensive training for crews of anti-aircraft missile systems.

Compared to the 9A310 self-propelled firing system, the 9A310M1 installation provides target detection and acquisition for automatic tracking at long ranges (approximately 25-30 percent), as well as recognition of ballistic missiles, helicopters and aircraft with a probability of more than 0.6.

The complex uses a more advanced detection and target designation station "Kupol-M1" (9S18M1), which has a flat elevation phased antenna array and a GM-567M self-propelled tracked chassis. The same type of tracked chassis is used at the command post, self-propelled firing installation and launch-loading installation.

The detection and target designation station has the following dimensions: length - 9.59 meters, width - 3.25 meters, height - 3.25 meters (in working position - 8.02 meters), weight - 35 tons.

The Buk-M1 complex provides for effective technical and organizational measures for protection against anti-radar missiles.

The combat assets of the Buk-M1 air defense system are interchangeable with similar assets of the Buk complex without modifications. The standard organization of technical units and combat formations is similar to that of the Buk anti-aircraft missile system.

The technological equipment of the complex consists of:
- 9V95M1E - automated control and testing mobile station vehicles based on ZIL-131 and a trailer;
- 9V883, 9V884, 9V894 - repair and maintenance vehicles based on Ural-43203-1012;
- 9V881E - maintenance vehicle based on Ural-43203-1012;
- 9T229 – transport vehicle for 8 anti-aircraft guided missiles (or six containers with guided missiles) based on the KrAZ-255B;
- 9T31M - truck crane;
- MTO-ATG-M1 - maintenance workshop based on ZIL-131.

The Buk-M1 complex was adopted by the Air Defense Forces of the Ground Forces in 1983 and its serial production was established in cooperation with industrial enterprises that produced the Buk anti-aircraft missile system.

In the same year, the Navy's M-22 Uragan anti-aircraft missile system, unified with the Buk complex on 9M38 guided missiles, also entered service.

Complexes of the Buk family called "Gang" were proposed to be supplied abroad.

During the Defense 92 exercise, anti-aircraft missile systems of the Buk family successfully fired at targets based on the R-17, Zvezda ballistic missiles and Smerch MLRS missiles.

In December 1992, the President of the Russian Federation signed a decree on further modernization of the Buk air defense system - the creation of an anti-aircraft missile system, which was repeatedly presented at various international exhibitions under the name "Ural".

In 1994-1997, a cooperation of enterprises led by Tikhonravov Research Institute carried out work on the Buk-M1-2 anti-aircraft missile system. Thanks to the use of the new 9M317 missile and the modernization of other air defense systems, for the first time it was possible to destroy Lance tactical ballistic missiles and aircraft missiles at a range of up to 20 thousand meters, elements of high-precision and surface ships at a range of up to 25 thousand meters and ground targets (large command points, launchers, aircraft at airfields) at a range of up to 15 thousand meters. The effectiveness of defeating cruise missiles, helicopters and aircraft has increased. The boundaries of the affected zones in range increased to 45 kilometers and in height - up to 25 kilometers. The new missile provides for the use of an inertial-corrected control system with a semi-active radar homing head with guidance using the proportional navigation method. The rocket had a launch mass of 710-720 kilograms with a warhead mass of 50-70 kilograms.

Externally, the new 9M317 missile differed from the 9M38 in its shorter wing chord length.

In addition to the use of an improved missile, it was planned to introduce a new means into the air defense system - a radar station for illuminating targets and guiding missiles with the installation of an antenna at a height of up to 22 meters in the working position (a telescopic device was used). With the introduction of this radar station, the combat capabilities of the air defense system to destroy low-flying targets, such as modern cruise missiles, are significantly expanded.

The complex includes a command post and two types of firing sections:
- four sections, including one modernized self-propelled firing installation each, carrying four guided missiles and capable of firing four targets simultaneously, and a launcher-loading installation with 8 guided missiles;
- two sections, including one illumination and guidance radar station, capable of also providing simultaneous fire at four targets, and two launch-loading installations (each with eight guided missiles).

Two versions of the complex were developed - mobile on GM-569 tracked vehicles (used in previous modifications of the Buk air defense system), as well as transported by KrAZ vehicles and on road trains with semi-trailers. In the latter option, the cost was reduced, but maneuverability deteriorated and the deployment time of the anti-aircraft missile system from the march increased from 5 minutes to 10-15.

In particular, the Start MKB, during the modernization of the Buk-M air defense system (Buk-M1-2, Buk-M2 complexes), developed the 9A316 launcher-loader and the 9P619 launcher on a tracked chassis, as well as PU 9A318 on a wheeled chassis.

The process of development of the Kub and Buk families of anti-aircraft missile systems as a whole represents an excellent example of the evolutionary development of military equipment and weapons, ensuring a continuous increase in the air defense capabilities of the ground forces at relatively low costs. This path of development, unfortunately, creates the preconditions for gradual technical behind. For example, even in promising versions of the Buk air defense system, the more reliable and safe scheme for continuous operation of missile defense systems in a transport and launch container, all-angle vertical launch of guided missiles, introduced in other second-generation air defense missile systems, have not been used. But, despite this, in difficult socio-economic conditions, the evolutionary path of development has to be considered the only possible one, and the choice made by the developers of the Buk and Kub family complexes is the correct one.

For the creation of the Buk anti-aircraft missile system: Rastov A.A., Grishin V.K., Akopyan I.G., Zlatomrezhev I.I., Vetoshko A.P., Chukalovsky N.V. and others were awarded the USSR State Prize. The development of the Buk-M 1 anti-aircraft missile system was awarded the State Prize of the Russian Federation. The laureates of this prize were Kozlov Yu.I., Ektov V.P., Shchekotov Yu.P., Chernov V.D., Solntsev S.V., Unuchko V.R. and etc.

The main tactical and technical characteristics of the BUK type anti-aircraft missile systems:
Name - "Buk"/"Buk-M1";
The affected area in range is from 3.5 to 25-30 km/from 3 to 32-35 km;
Damage zone in height – from 0.025 to 18-20 km / from 0.015 to 20-22 km;
Damage zone by parameter – up to 18/up to 22;
The probability of hitting a fighter with one guided missile is 0.8..0.9/0.8..0.95;
The probability of hitting a helicopter with one guided missile is 0.3..0.6/0.3..0.6;
Probability of hitting a cruise missile – 0.25..0.5/0.4..0.6;
The maximum speed of targets hit is 800 m/s;
Reaction time - 22 seconds;
Anti-aircraft guided missile flight speed - 850 m/s;
Rocket mass – 685 kg;
Warhead weight - 70 kg;
Target channel – 2;
SAM channel (per target) – up to 3;
Expansion/collapse time – 5 minutes;
The number of anti-aircraft guided missiles on a combat vehicle is 4;
Year of adoption: 1980/1983.

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During World War II, the main enemy of tanks on the battlefield was enemy artillery or armored vehicles, but soon the situation changed dramatically and enemy aircraft increasingly became one of the main enemies of tanks. The threat from the air has especially increased with the appearance of combat helicopters over the battlefield. These vehicles have become real “tank hunters”. In October 1973, eighteen Israeli Air Force Cobra helicopters destroyed ninety Egyptian tanks in one mission without losing a single helicopter.

It became clear that the air defense forces must not only cover populated areas and fixed objects as before, but also cover their troops on the march. The Soviet military very quickly came to understand this fact. Work on the creation of MANPADS was intensified, and at the end of the 50s, the development of the Kub self-propelled anti-aircraft missile system began in the USSR. Its main task was to protect ground troops, including tank formations, from enemy aircraft and helicopters operating at medium and low altitudes. The complex was put into service in 1967. But already at the beginning of 1972, a resolution was adopted ordering the development of a new self-propelled air defense system to begin, which was to replace the Kub anti-aircraft missile system. Thus began the creation of the Buk, one of the most effective air defense systems in the world.

History of the creation of the Buk air defense system

The main developer of the new air defense system was the Tikhomirov Research Institute of Instrument Engineering (this organization was involved in the creation of the “Cube”). At the same time, work began on the development of the Uragan anti-aircraft complex for the needs of the Navy using a single missile.

The developers had to invest in a very short time frame, so the commissioning of the complex was divided into two stages. Initially, all efforts were devoted to creating a new 9M38 anti-aircraft missile (SAM) and a self-propelled firing system (SFA). They became part of the batteries of the “Cube” complex and significantly increased its combat power. It was in this form that the 2K12M4 “Kub-M4” air defense system was adopted by the USSR Ground Forces in 1978.

The new modernized “Cube” had much better technical characteristics: the number of target channels increased (from 5 to 10), the range and height of destruction of air targets increased, and now the complex could destroy faster targets.

The second stage of creating a new air defense system involved the creation of an integral complex consisting of a 9A310 self-propelled launcher armed with new M938 anti-aircraft missiles, a 9S18 target detection station, a 9S470 command post and a 9A39 charging unit. In 1977, testing of the new air defense system began, which continued until 1979. The tests were successful, and the complex was put into service. It received the designation "Buk-1".

The new anti-aircraft missile system was intended to combat air targets at low and medium altitudes (25-18,000 meters) and at a range of 3 to 25 kilometers. The probability of hitting the target was 0.6. All elements of the complex are placed on unified tracked vehicles with increased cross-country ability.

Almost immediately after the 9K37 air defense system was put into service, work began on its modernization in 1979. They were completed in 1982, in the same year they successfully conducted tests and the modernized Buk-M1 air defense system was put into service. The new anti-aircraft missile system has had a number of basic characteristics significantly improved. The affected area was significantly increased, the probability of hitting cruise missiles and helicopters increased, and it became possible to recognize targets. In addition, the Buk-M1 has become much less vulnerable to anti-radar missiles.

The next stage of modernization of the Buk air defense system occurred in the early 90s of the last century. The anti-aircraft complex was equipped with a new 9M317 anti-aircraft missile, which had much more “advanced” characteristics compared to its predecessor (although the complex can also be armed with the standard 9M38M1 missile for the Buk). This missile hit air targets at an altitude of up to 25 kilometers and at a range of up to 50. The new anti-aircraft missile system was designated 9K37M1-2 “Buk-M1-2”. Work on the air defense system took place from 1993 to 1996. In 1998, the Buk-M1-2 was adopted by the Russian army. Also, the Buk-M1-2 complex provides for the introduction of a new component - a special vehicle with a radar used to illuminate targets and guide missiles. In this case, the radar antenna is located on a telescopic lift, which raises it to a height of 22 meters. This additional element significantly increases the effectiveness of the air defense system, especially against low-flying, high-speed targets (cruise missiles).

Since the mid-80s, work has been in full swing on another modification of the Buk complex, which was supposed to be able to fire at 24 air targets and have a much larger destruction radius (up to 50 kilometers). This modification was called 9K317 Buk-M2. This modification was also planned to be equipped with the 9M317 missile. In the 90s, tests of the new complex were carried out, however, due to the difficult situation in the country and in the Russian economy, it never went into production. Only fifteen years later, the Buk-M2 was finalized and began to be delivered to the troops only in 2008.

Currently, work is underway on the next modification of the legendary air defense system - 9K317M Buk-M3. It will be able to track and engage up to 36 targets simultaneously. They plan to equip the complex with a new missile with a radar guidance system. The complex will be able to operate successfully in conditions of strong electronic countermeasures. The new anti-aircraft missile system is planned to be put into service in 2015.

Description of the Buk anti-aircraft missile system

The Buk-M1 air defense system is designed to destroy army, tactical and strategic aviation aircraft, fire support helicopters, cruise missiles and unmanned aerial vehicles. This complex is capable of effectively resisting massive raids by enemy aircraft and reliably covering troops or military-industrial facilities. This complex can successfully operate under electronic jamming conditions and in any weather conditions. The Buk-M1 air defense system has a circular radius of destruction of targets.

One Buk battery consists of six self-propelled firing systems, three charging vehicles, a target acquisition station and a command post. The GM-569 tracked chassis is used as the base for all vehicles of the complex. It provides the Buks with high maneuverability, maneuverability and speed of deployment of the complex. All systems of the complex have an autonomous power supply.

The command post (CP) of the Buk complex is designed to control the operation of the complex. Can operate in conditions where the enemy actively uses electronic interference. The command post can process information about 46 air targets; it provides reception and processing of data from six fire control systems and a target detection station, as well as from other air defense units. The command post identifies air targets, determines the most dangerous of them and assigns a task to each SDA.

The target acquisition station (TDS) is a 9S18 “Dome” radar operating in the centimeter range, capable of detecting air targets at an altitude of up to 20 and a range of up to 120 kilometers. The station has a high level of noise immunity.

The Buk-M1 self-propelled firing system (SOU) is equipped with four missiles and a 9S35 centimeter-range radar. The self-propelled gun is designed to search, track and destroy air targets. The installation contains a digital computer complex, communication and navigation equipment, a television-optical sight, and an autonomous life support system. The SOU can operate autonomously, without being tied to a command post or target detection station. True, in this case the affected area is reduced to 6-7 degrees in angle and 120 degrees in azimuth. The SOU can perform its functions in conditions of radio-electronic interference.

The charging installation of the Buk complex can store, transport and load eight missiles.

The complex is armed with a 9M38 anti-aircraft solid-fuel single-stage missile. It has a radar guidance system with a semi-active operating principle and a high-explosive fragmentation warhead. At the initial stage of the flight, correction is carried out by radio signals, and at the final stage - due to homing.

To destroy air targets, a warhead weighing 70 kilograms is used, which is detonated using a proximity fuse 17 meters from the target. The damaging elements of a missile are the shock wave and fragments. The length of the rocket is 5.5 meters, its largest diameter is 860 mm, and the total weight is 685 kilograms. The rocket is equipped with a solid propellant engine operating in two modes, with a total operating time of 15 seconds.

Specifications

At the moment, more than ten countries are armed with the Buk air defense system of various modifications. Negotiations are currently underway with several other countries. There are several export versions of the complex. Further work is being carried out to modernize it.

ANTI-AIRcraft MISSILE SYSTEM

MEDIUM RANGE 9K317 "BUK-M2"

AIR DEFENSE MISSILE COMPLEX MEDIUM-RANGE 9K317 “BUK-M2”

20.12.2016


On the territory of the Krasnodar Territory, a new anti-aircraft missile brigade of the Southern Military District (SMD) received the Battle Banner and took up combat duty.
The formation is staffed by military personnel both conscript and contract; its three divisions are armed with modern Buk-M2 anti-aircraft missile systems.
All missile battalion personnel have at least a specialized secondary education. In addition, before being assigned to military positions, military personnel underwent appropriate training at military air defense training centers.
Press service of the Southern Military District

25.12.2016


Buk-M2 anti-aircraft missile systems will no longer be supplied to the Russian Ground Forces; re-equipment with Buk-M3 systems is underway.
This was announced by the head of the military air defense of the Russian Ground Forces, Lieutenant General Alexander Leonov.
“There will be no more deliveries of Buk-M2 (to the Ground Forces). At the beginning of next year, retraining for the Buk-M3 complexes will begin,” he said on the Ekho Moskvy radio station.
TASS

The 9K37 Buk anti-aircraft missile system has been in service with the Soviet army since the late 70s, and now the Russian army, being one of the most popular air defense systems.

Despite its age, numerous modernizations of this weapon allow it to remain effective and relevant even today.

History of creation

On January 13, 1972, it was decided to replace the outdated 2K12 "Cube" air defense system with a new weapon using standardized missiles together with the M-22 "Uragan" naval system.

The development started at the Tikhomirov Research Institute of Instrument Making, the work was headed by A.A. Rastov. Due to the rush, they planned to put the complex into operation in parts. First came the 2K12M4 Kub-M4 self-propelled firing system, which used the recently created 9M38 anti-aircraft missiles. It was put into service in 1978. The main differences from its predecessor were 10 target channels and increased limits for the height and speed of air targets.

• Self-propelled firing system 9A310;
• 9M38 anti-aircraft missiles;
• command post 9С470;
• charging installation 9A39.

The created anti-aircraft missile system was tested at the end of 1977, which ended in 1979 with its entry into service.

Peculiarities

The Buk turned out to be capable of destroying air targets flying at altitudes from 25 to 18,000 meters, located at a distance of 3 to 25 kilometers from the complex with a probability of 0.6.

Each part of the complex was located on a standardized tracked platform with high cross-country ability.

"Buk-M1"

After a short period of time, modernization of the complex began, culminating in the creation of the new Buk-M1 air defense system. It was distinguished by an increased area and probability of destruction, target recognition function and less vulnerability to anti-radar missiles.

Designed to combat enemy aircraft, helicopters, cruise missiles and drones. Used to cover various types of troops or ground targets from massive enemy air raids. Capable of operating in conditions where the enemy widely uses electronic countermeasures and in any weather.

Device

A self-propelled firing system is capable of operating alone, but its capabilities are extremely limited. Therefore, it is customary to consider the complex as a whole, in a fully combat-ready state to cover the area from air threats.

The Buk-M1 complex consists of:

• self-propelled firing system 9A310M1;
• charging installation 9A39M1;
• target detection station 9S18;
• command post 9S470M1.

All anti-aircraft missile systems are built on the GM-569 tracked chassis, which was chosen due to such features as good maneuverability and maneuverability, which allows you to spend a minimum amount on deploying and putting the complex into combat condition.

After deployment, the highly noise-resistant target detection station 9S18 “Dome” radar begins to continuously scan airspace in the centimeter range at a distance of up to 120 and a range of up to 20 kilometers.

Also, each of the 9A310 self-propelled firing systems has its own radar station operating in the centimeter range, computing equipment and a communication device, which allows it to independently scan the airspace in search of a target and transmit information to the command post.

The signal about detected targets is sent to the 9S470 command post, which is capable of simultaneously receiving and processing data on 46 targets. Next, he transfers up to 6 tasks to each of the 9A310 firing installations.

Anti-aircraft missile 9M38

Development began in 1973, and in 1976 the missile entered service with the Soviet army as part of the Buk.

This is a solid-fuel single-stage anti-aircraft missile designed to operate for up to 15 seconds. Its dimensions are strictly limited due to the fact that the development was carried out not only for land systems, but also for the M-22 “Hurricane” system for the Navy.

It has a semi-active homing head and carries a high-explosive fragmentation warhead weighing 70 kg. The detonation is carried out by a charge weighing 34 kg at a distance of 16 meters from the target.

Designed to destroy highly maneuverable targets located at a distance from 3500 to 32000 m, at altitudes from 25 to 20000 m, and can withstand overloads of up to 19g.

After launch, the flight course is indicated by radio signals from the firing installation; when approaching the target, the homing head comes into play.

9K317 "Buk-M2"

By the end of the 1980s, a modification appeared using modern 9M317 missiles. The use of this missile was supposed to significantly increase the range and altitude of the targets hit, and it was also planned to use improved equipment on all vehicles of the complex.

The 9M317 received smaller wings, the firing range reached 45,000 m at an altitude of 25,000. Its fuse received 2 modes, which made it possible to carry out detonations not only at a distance from the target, but also upon contact, making it possible to fight surface and ground enemies.

The 9A317 self-propelled firing system received new equipment, which made it possible to simultaneously detect 10 targets and attack 4 at once.

The updated 9S510 command post has the ability to track 60 targets at once and issue 36 target indications simultaneously. In this case, the time from receiving information to transmission to firing installations is no more than 2 seconds.

The 9S18M1-3 detection and target designation station is equipped with a phased array antenna, which allows it to detect air targets at a distance of up to 160,000 m. It is resistant to various types of enemy interference.

Additionally, a 9S36 missile illumination and guidance station was added to the complex. It is a phased array antenna raised by a retractable mast to a height of 22 meters, which improves performance and detects targets at a distance of 120 km. The 9S36 electronic equipment is capable of tracking 10 targets and issuing commands to fire at 4 of them.

Comprehensive improvements to the 9K317 Buk-M2 complex made it possible to increase the interception distance of aircraft and helicopters to 50,000 m, and the altitude to 25,000 m.

The missile interception range has increased to 20,000 m, and the altitude to 16,000. Use against ground and surface targets is also possible.

The country's deplorable economy in the early 90s did not allow the adoption of a new product; the army limited itself to the compromise Buk-M1-2 complex.

It was only in 2008 that the 9K317 Buk-M2 entered service with the Russian army, having been modified to suit our times.

SAM "Buk-M1-2 Ural"

As already mentioned, the most modern modification at that time was not adopted for service, so the army limited itself to a simplified version of the “Ural”. Development started in 1992 and ended in 1998 with the adoption of the Buk-M1-2 air defense system into service with our army.

The complex includes:

• self-propelled firing system 9A310M1-2;
• target detection station 9S18M1;
• command post 9С470;
• charging installation 9A38M1.

To increase stealth and camouflage, as well as increase capabilities, the 9A310M1-2 was equipped with a television-optical sight and a laser rangefinder, which made passive direction finding of the target possible.

SAM "Buk-M2E"

Export modification of the Buk-M2, characterized by improved electronic digital equipment. Modern equipment operates not only in combat, but also in training mode, which allows for the training of soldiers.

It is possible to use the usual tracked chassis or the wheeled MZKT-6922, which allows the customer to choose a more suitable option.

SAM "Buk-M3"

The development of a new modification of the air defense system became known not so long ago. It is planned to completely replace outdated electronics with modern digital equipment, and replace the missile with a modern 9M317M, launched from a container and with higher performance.

The exact characteristics are not known today, but approximate ones can be given. The self-propelled firing unit contains 6 containers with ready-to-launch missiles inside.

The estimated target engagement range is up to 75,000 m, the probability is 0.96.

Combat use

The Buk anti-aircraft missile system is in service with 9 countries, including Russia.

With the exception of the first Chechen war, where the complexes were used by the Russian army, other episodes can hardly be called successful for Russia. During the Georgian-Abkhaz conflict, the plane of the commander of the air defense of Abkhazia was mistakenly destroyed.

In South Ossetia, the Russian Air Force lost 4 aircraft due to Buk-M1 fire, in addition, in 2014, a Boeing 777 was destroyed over Ukraine, and some sources link this event to the use of the Buk.

21-07-2014, 04:30

49

This post will explain to you in detail what the BUK military air defense system is and how it functions in combat conditions. I think many of us have heard this abbreviation of the anti-aircraft missile system in the media in connection with, but not everyone understands how the BUK air defense system works and the features of its functioning.

The military air defense system "Buk" (9K37) was intended to fight in radio countermeasures against aerodynamic targets flying at speeds up to 830 m/s, at medium and low altitudes, maneuvering with overloads of up to 10-12 units, at ranges up to 30 km, and in in the future - and with Lance ballistic missiles.
Development was started in accordance with the Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated January 13, 1972 and provided for the use of cooperation between developers and manufacturers, the main composition corresponding to that previously involved in the creation of the Kub air defense system. At the same time, the development of the M-22 “Hurricane” air defense system for the Navy was determined using the same missile defense system as the “Buk” complex.

The developer of the Buk air defense system as a whole was identified as the Research Institute of Instrument Engineering (NIIP) of the Research and Design Association (NKO) "Phazotron" (General Director V.K. Grishin) MRP (former OKB-15 GKAT). The chief designer of the 9K37 complex as a whole was appointed A.A. Rastov, the command post (CP) 9S470 - G.N. Valaev (then - V.I. Sokiran), the self-propelled firing systems (SOU) 9A38 - V.V. Matyashev, semi-active Doppler homing head 9E50 for missiles - I.G. Akopyan.
Launch-loading units (PZU) 9A39 were created at the Mechanical Design Bureau (MKB) "Start" MAP (formerly SKB-203 GKAT) under the leadership of A.I. Yaskina. Unified tracked chassis for the complex's combat vehicles were created at OKB-40 of the Mytishchi Machine-Building Plant (MMZ) of the Ministry of Transport Engineering by a team headed by N.A. Astrov. The development of 9M38 missiles was entrusted to the Sverdlovsk Machine-Building Design Bureau (SMKB) "Novator" MAP (former OKB-8) headed by L.V. Lyulev, refusing to involve the design bureau of plant No. 134, which had previously developed the missile defense system for the "Cube" complex. The detection and target designation station (SOTs) 9S18 (“Dome”) was developed at the Research Institute of Measuring Instruments (NIIIP) MRP under the leadership of chief designer A.P. Vetoshko (then Yu.P. Shchekotov).
Completion of the development of the complex was planned for the second quarter. 1975

However, in order to quickly strengthen the air defense of the main striking force of the Ground Forces - tank divisions - with an increase in the combat capabilities of the "Cube" anti-aircraft missile regiments included in these divisions by doubling the channels for targets (and ensuring, if possible, complete autonomy of these channels during operation from detection to hitting the target). The resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated May 22, 1974 ordered the creation of the Buk air defense system in two stages. It was initially proposed to develop at an accelerated pace the missile defense system and the self-propelled firing system of the Buk air defense system, capable of launching both 9M38 and 3M9M3 missiles from the Kub-M3 complex. On this basis, using other means of the Kub-M3 complex, it was planned to create the Buk-1 (9K37-1) air defense system, ensuring its entry into joint testing in September 1974, maintaining the previously prescribed volumes and timing of work on the Buk complex » in full specified composition.
For the Buk-1 air defense system, it was envisaged that each of the five anti-aircraft missile batteries of the Kub-M3 regiment, in addition to one self-propelled reconnaissance and guidance unit and four self-propelled launchers, would have one 9A38 self-propelled firing system from the Buk air defense system. Thus, due to the use of a self-propelled firing system with a cost of about 30% of the cost of all other battery assets in the Kub-MZ anti-aircraft missile regiment, the number of target channels increased from 5 to 10, and the number of combat-ready missiles - from 60 to 75.

In the period from August 1975 to October 1976, the Buk-1 air defense system included the 1S91M3 self-propelled reconnaissance and guidance system, the 9A38 self-propelled firing system, the 2P25M3 self-propelled launchers, the 3M9M2 and 9M38 missile defense systems, as well as a maintenance vehicle (MTO) 9B881 passed state tests at the Embensky training ground (head of the training ground B.I. Vashchenko) under the leadership of a commission headed by P.S. Bimbash.
As a result of the tests, the detection range of self-propelled firing system radar aircraft in autonomous mode was obtained from 65 to 77 km at altitudes of more than 3000 m, which at low altitudes (30-100 m) decreased to 32-41 km. Helicopters at low altitudes were detected at a distance of 21-35 km. In the centralized operating mode, due to the limited capabilities of the 1S91M2 self-propelled reconnaissance and guidance unit, the aircraft detection range was reduced to 44 km for targets at altitudes of 3000-7000 m and to 21-28 km at low altitudes.

The operating time of the self-propelled firing system in autonomous mode (from target detection to missile launch) was 24-27 seconds. The charging and discharging time for three 3M9M3 or 9M38 missiles was about 9 minutes.
When firing the 9M38 missile defense system, the destruction of aircraft flying at altitudes of more than 3 km was ensured at a range of 3.4 to 20.5 km, and at an altitude of 3.1 m - from 5 to 15.4 km. The affected area ranged from 30 m to 14 km in height, and 18 km in terms of heading. The probability of an aircraft being hit by one 9M38 missile was 0.70-0.93.
The complex was put into service in 1978. Due to the fact that the 9A38 self-propelled firing system and the 9M38 missile defense system were only complementary to the Kub-MZ air defense system, the complex was named “Kub-M4” (2K12M4).
The Kub-M4 complexes that appeared in the Air Defense Forces of the Ground Forces made it possible to significantly increase the effectiveness of the air defense of tank divisions of the Ground Forces of the Soviet Army.

The Buk-M1-2 air defense system is a multi-purpose system that simultaneously fires at six targets flying at different azimuths and altitudes. The high firepower created by the complex's 6 firing channels allows you to effectively hit tracked targets. The complex is armed with modern 9M317 anti-aircraft guided missiles, which have high technical characteristics that ensure the destruction of air and surface targets, as well as combat work against ground targets. Missiles are launched from self-propelled firing systems 9A310M1-2 and launch-loading systems 9A39M1-2.

One of the significant differences between the Buk-M1-2 air defense system and the Buk-M1 complex is the presence of a laser rangefinder in the SOU 9A310M1-2, which allows successful combat work against surface and ground targets with microwave radiation turned off, which significantly improves the characteristics noise immunity, stealth and survivability of the complex.
The “coordinate support” mode implemented in the Buk-M1-2 complex allows you to successfully solve combat missions under intense influence on the complex of active interference.

The complex ensures the destruction of aerodynamic targets with maximum approach speeds of 1100-1200 m/s and removal speeds of 300 m/s in an altitude zone from 15 m to 25 km, and a range from 3 to 42 km. Ensures the destruction of cruise missiles (CM) at ranges of up to 26 km, tactical ballistic missiles (TBM) - at ranges of up to 20 km. The affected area of ​​the complex when firing at surface targets is up to 25 km. The probability of being hit by one missile is 0.8-0.9, the operating time is 20 s. The deployment time of the complex from traveling to combat position is up to 5 minutes. The complex's combat assets are mounted on high-capacity self-propelled tracked chassis, allowing movement both on highways and on dirt roads and off-roads with a maximum speed of 65 km/h. The fuel range is 500 km, maintaining a reserve for two hours of combat work.
The complex ensures operation at ambient temperatures from -50°C to +50°C and altitudes above sea level up to 3000 m, as well as under conditions of the use of nuclear and chemical weapons.

The facilities of the complex are equipped with autonomous power supply systems, and at the same time the ability to operate from external power sources is provided. The continuous operation time of the complex is 24 hours.
The complex includes combat weapons:
command post 9S470M1-2, designed to control the combat operations of the complex (one);
target detection station 9S18M1, providing detection of air targets, identification of their nationality and transmission of information about the air situation to the command post (one);
self-propelled firing system 9A310M1-2, providing combat operation both as part of a complex in a given sector of responsibility, and in autonomous mode and performing target detection, acquisition, identification
its nationality and shelling of an escorted target (six);
launch-loading installation 9A39M1-2, designed for launching, transporting and storing 9M317 missiles, as well as performing loading and unloading operations with them (three, attached to two SOU 9A310M1-2);
anti-aircraft guided missile 9M317, designed to destroy air, surface and ground targets in conditions of intense enemy radio countermeasures.

The high combat readiness of the 9K37M1-2 complex is maintained with the help of attached technical means.
All technical equipment, except PES-100 and UKS-400V, are mounted on the chassis of Ural-43203 and ZIL-131 vehicles.
Currently, in parallel with the serial development of the Buk-M1-2 complex, work is underway to significantly modernize the complex, aimed at significantly improving its tactical and technical characteristics.
Directions for modernization of the Buk-M1-2 air defense system:
a mobile station for automatic detection of radio emission sources “Orion” is being introduced into the complex, which provides information support and increases the effectiveness of the complex in conditions of the massive use of organized jamming and anti-radar missiles;
SOU 9A310M1-2 and PZU 9A39M1-2 are equipped with objective control systems (SOK), which provides operational documented control of the process of combat operation of a self-propelled firing system (SOU) and launch-loading unit (PZU) with information output to a special electronic computer.
SOC can be used to monitor the actions of the crew of the firing installation during its training.