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Copernicus presentation on history. Nicolaus Copernicus

Slide presentation

Slide text: Scientific discoveries of N. Copernicus, D. Bruno, G. Galileo. Completed by: Yusupakhunova Gyuzyalai 10/12/2011 17:00

Slide text: Nicolaus Copernicus 1473 – 1543. The great Polish astronomer, creator of the heliocentric system of the world.

Slide text: Copernican theory A person perceives the movement of celestial bodies in the same way as the movement of various objects on Earth when he himself is in motion.

Slide text: The heliocentric system the Earth simultaneously moves both around its axis and around the Sun.

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Slide text: By the beginning of the thirties, work on the creation of a new theory and its presentation in the work “On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres” was basically completed. By that time, the system of the world structure proposed by the ancient Greek scientist Claudius Ptolemy had existed for almost one and a half millennia. It consisted in the fact that the Earth rests motionless in the center of the Universe, and the Sun and other planets revolve around it. The provisions of Ptolemy's theory were considered unshakable, since they were in good agreement with the teachings of the Catholic Church.

Slide text: Observing the movement of celestial bodies, Copernicus came to the conclusion that Ptolemy’s theory was incorrect. After thirty years of hard work, long observations and complex mathematical calculations, he proved that the Earth is only one of the planets and that all planets revolve around the Sun. Copernicus believed that to an observer on the Earth, it seems that the Earth is motionless, and the Sun is moving around it. In fact, it is the Earth that moves around the Sun and makes a full revolution in its orbit during the year. Copernicus was dying when his friends brought him the first copy of “On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres,” printed in one of the Nuremberg printing houses. Copernicus died on May 24, 1543. A solitary life and later publication of his works saved Copernicus from the persecution to which his followers were subjected.

Slide text: Buried in Frombork in the cathedral. For some time his work was distributed among scientists. But when Copernicus had followers, his teaching was declared heresy, and the book was included in the “Index” of prohibited books and was banned by the Catholic Church from 1616 to 1828 (212 years!). And only in the 19th century. Monuments to N. Copernicus were erected in Warsaw, Krakow, Thorn and Regensburg. Before his death, he was overcome by visions: “Mom, look! We are motionless, but everything floats past us. Oh, how wonderful! This is the best proof! I always said that it is not the Sun that moves, but the Earth...”

Slide text: The first of the followers of Copernicus who proved themselves in science was born 5 years after his death (Giordano Bruno), the second - 21 years later (Galileo Galilei)

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Slide text: Giordano Bruno - Italian pantheist philosopher, poet, philosopher, satirist and pamphleteer. Giordano Bruno (1548-1600)

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Slide text: Bruno was greatly influenced by the teachings of Copernicus and the ideas of Plato, rediscovered as a result of translations carried out by Marsilio Ficino. In Bruno's philosophy, the ideas of Neoplatonism (especially the ideas of a single beginning and the world soul as the driving principle of the Universe, which led Bruno to hylozoism) intersected with the strong influence of the views of ancient materialists and Pythagoreans. From Nicholas of Cusa, Bruno learned the idea of “negative theology,” based on the impossibility of a positive definition of God. This gave him the opportunity to contrast scholastic Aristotelism with his pantheistic natural philosophy. Bruno believed that the goal of philosophy is not the knowledge of a supernatural God, but of nature, which is “God in things.” Bruno's ideas had a great influence on the development of modern philosophy: the idea of a single substance in its relation to individual things was developed by Spinoza, the idea of the monad by Leibniz, the idea of the unity of existence and the “coincidence of opposites” - in the dialectics of Schelling and Hegel. Thus, Bruno's philosophy was a transitional link from medieval philosophical systems to the philosophical concepts of the New Age. Philosophy of Giordano Bruno

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Slide text: Like Raymond Lull, Bruno was an expert in the art of memory. He wrote a number of books on mnemonic technique, which, according to scholars of Bruno's work, has its roots in Hermeticism. Mnemonics

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Slide text: Cosmology Developing the heliocentric theory of Copernicus, Giordano Bruno expressed ideas about the infinity of nature and the infinite number of worlds in the Universe, asserted the physical homogeneity of the world (the doctrine of the 5 elements that make up all bodies - earth, water, fire, air and ether), taught about internal kinship and the coincidence of opposites. In infinity, he believed, when identified, the straight line and the circle, the center and the periphery, form and matter, etc. merge. In cosmology, Bruno expressed a number of guesses that were ahead of his era and justified only by subsequent astronomical discoveries: about the infinity of the Universe, that stars are distant suns, about the existence of planets unknown in his time within our solar system, about the rotation of the Sun and stars around an axis, about the fact that in the Universe there are countless bodies similar to our Sun, etc. Bruno refuted medieval ideas about opposition between the Earth and the sky and opposed anthropocentrism, speaking about the habitability of other worlds.

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Slide text: As a poet, Giordano Bruno belonged to the opponents of literary humanism. In his works of art - the anti-clerical satirical poem “Noah’s Ark”, philosophical sonnets, the comedy “The Candlestick” (1582, Russian translation 1940) - Bruno breaks with the canons of “learned comedy” and creates a free dramatic form that allows him to realistically depict the life and customs of the Neapolitan street . Bruno ridicules pedantry and superstition, and with caustic sarcasm attacks the stupid and hypocritical immorality that the Catholic reaction brought with it. Literary creativity

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Slide text: As a Catholic priest, he developed Neoplatonism in the spirit of Renaissance naturalism, and tried to give a philosophical interpretation of the teachings of Copernicus in this vein. He was condemned by the Catholic Church for free-thinking as a heretic and burned.

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Slide text: On May 25 and May 26, 1592, Mocenigo sent new denunciations against Bruno, after which the philosopher was arrested and imprisoned. After several years of imprisonment and futile attempts to persuade him to renounce his teachings, on February 26, 1600, Bruno was burned in the Campo dei Fiori (Place of Flowers) as a heretic and violator of the monastic vow. Like Socrates, Bruno courageously told his judges that they had to face their sentence with greater fear than the condemned person himself. It is known that the executioners brought Bruno to the place of execution with a gag in his mouth, tied him to a pole that was in the center of the fire with an iron chain and tied him with a wet rope, which, under the influence of the fire, contracted and cut into the body. Bruno's last words were: "I die a martyr voluntarily."

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Slide text: All works of Giordano Bruno were included in the 1603 Catholic Index of Prohibited Books, in which they appeared until its last edition in 1948. Liberated in 1865, Italy hastened to erect a monument to the famous martyr for freedom of thought and research in Naples. On June 9, 1889, a monument was inaugurated in Rome on the very Campo dei Fiori square where the Inquisition executed him about 300 years ago.

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Slide text: Galileo Galilei Italian philosopher, mathematician, physicist, mechanic and astronomer, who had a significant influence on the science of his time.

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Slide text: In 1581, Galileo entered, at the insistence of his father, the University of Pisa, where he was to study medicine. At this time, he first became acquainted with the physics of Aristotle, with the works of ancient mathematicians - Euclid and Archimedes.

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Slide text: Probably during these years he became acquainted with the theory of Copernicus, which in those years was not yet officially prohibited. Astronomical problems were then actively discussed, especially in connection with the just carried out calendar reform.

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Slide text: The first result of the four-year period of Galileo’s life was the small essay “Small Hydrostatic Balances.” The work pursued purely practical goals: having improved the already known method of hydrostatic weighing, Galileo used it to determine the density of metals and precious stones. He made several handwritten copies of his work and tried to distribute them.

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Slide text: Works on motion... His work On Motion dates back to the time Galileo was at the department in Pisa... In it, he first argued against the Aristotelian doctrine of the fall of bodies.

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Slide text: Galileo was the first to discover that heavy objects fall down just as quickly as light ones. To test this assumption, Galileo Galilei dropped a cannonball weighing 80 kg and a much lighter musket bullet weighing 200 g from the Leaning Tower of Pisa at the same moment. Both bodies had approximately the same streamlined shape and reached the ground at the same time. Before him, the dominant point of view was Aristotle, who argued that light bodies fall from a height more slowly than heavy ones.

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Slide text: The reason for a new stage in Galileo’s scientific research was the appearance in 1604 of a new star, now called Kepler’s supernova. This awakens general interest in astronomy, and Galileo gives a series of lectures, proving the truth of the heliocentric model of the world. Having learned about the invention of the telescope in Holland, Galileo in 1609 constructed the first telescope with his own hands (at first - threefold magnification) and directed it into the sky.

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Slide text: Galileo continues his scientific research and discovers the phases of Venus, spots on the Sun, and then the rotation of the Sun around its axis. Galileo often presented his achievements (and often his priorities) in a cocky polemical style, which earned him many new enemies.

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Slide text: Was Galileo tortured? In the verdict of the Inquisition, the words were found: Having noticed that when you answer, you are not quite sincerely admitting your intentions, we considered it necessary to resort to a strict test.

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Slide text: After the “test”, Galileo, in a letter from prison, carefully reports that he does not get out of bed, as he is tormented by “a terrible pain in his thigh.” There was probably torture, but on a moderate scale, since after 2 weeks the scientist was released back to the Tuscan embassy.

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Slide text: Scientific topics were not discussed at the trial. The main questions were: whether Galileo deliberately violated the edict of 1616, and whether he repented of his deeds. Three Inquisition experts gave their conclusion: the book violates the ban on promoting the “Pythagorean” doctrine. As a result, the scientist was faced with a choice: either he would repent and renounce his “delusions,” or he would suffer the fate of Giordano Bruno and many others tortured by the Inquisition.

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Slide text: Renunciation... On June 22, Galileo had to pronounce the text of renunciation proposed to him. Then the verdict was announced: Galileo was guilty of spreading a “false, heretical, contrary to Holy Scripture teaching” about the movement of the Earth. He was condemned to imprisonment for a term to be set by the Pope. Galileo was declared not a heretic, but “strongly suspected of heresy”; This formulation was also a grave accusation, but it saved him from the fire.

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Slide text: Galileo settled in the village of Arcetri after leaving Rome. Here he spent the rest of his life under house arrest, he was not allowed to visit cities, and all his printed works were subject to particularly careful censorship. In the first years he was forbidden to receive guests under pain of being transferred to prison. Subsequently, the regime was somewhat relaxed, and friends were able to visit Galileo. However, the Inquisition monitored the prisoner until the end of his life. Only once, shortly before his death, was Galileo allowed to leave Arcetri for a short time for treatment.

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Slide text: Tomb of Galileo Galilei. Cathedral of Santa Croce, Florence

Kolya Copernicus was born on February 19, 1473 in the Polish city of Toruń into the family of a merchant who came from Germany. He was the fourth child in the family. He most likely received his primary education at a school located near his home. Until the age of ten, Kolya grew up in an atmosphere of prosperity and contentment. Carefree childhood ended suddenly and quite early, barely ten years old, when the “pestilence” epidemic of the plague, a frequent guest and a formidable scourge of humanity at that time, visited Toruń, and one of its first victims was Nicolaus Copernicus the father. His uncle Lukash took charge of Nikolai’s education and future fate.

Nikolai and his brother Andrzej ended up in Italy, in the city of Bologna. At that time, the law faculty of the university with its departments of civil, canonical, ecclesiastical, and law was especially popular here, and Nikolai enrolled in this faculty. It was in Bologna that Copernicus developed an interest in astronomy, which determined his scientific interests.

Nikolai then returned to Poland for a short time, but just a year later he returned to Italy, where he studied medicine at the University of Padua and received a doctorate in theology from the University of Ferrara. Nikolai then returned to Poland for a short time, but just a year later he returned to Italy, where he studied medicine at the University of Padua and received a doctorate in theology from the University of Ferrara. Copernicus returned to his homeland at the end of 1503 as a comprehensively educated man. Copernicus returned to his homeland at the end of 1503 as a comprehensively educated man. The astronomical observations begun by Copernicus in Italy were continued, albeit on a limited scale, in his homeland. The astronomical observations begun by Copernicus in Italy were continued, albeit on a limited scale, in his homeland.

The invention of the telescope was still a long way off, but with the help of the instruments of that time, the accuracy of astronomical observations was good. The invention of the telescope was still a long way off, but with the help of the instruments of that time, the accuracy of astronomical observations was good. The most famous instrument used by Copernicus was the triquetrum. The second device used by Copernicus was the sundial or “horoscope.” The most famous instrument used by Copernicus was the triquetrum. The second device used by Copernicus was the sundial or “horoscope.” TriquetrumHoroscopeTriquetrum

The twenties of the 16th century accounted for a significant part of the astronomical results of N. Copernicus. It was possible to make many observations. So, around 1523, while observing the planets, Nicolaus Copernicus made an important discovery - he refuted the opinion that the position of planetary orbits in space remains stationary. The twenties of the 16th century accounted for a significant part of the astronomical results of N. Copernicus. It was possible to make many observations. So, around 1523, while observing the planets, Nicolaus Copernicus made an important discovery - he refuted the opinion that the position of planetary orbits in space remains stationary.

By the beginning of the thirties, work on the creation of a new theory and its presentation in his work “On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres” was basically completed. by the beginning of the thirties, work on the creation of a new theory and its presentation in his work “On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres” was basically completed.

By that time, the system of the world structure proposed by the ancient Greek scientist Claudius Ptolemy had existed for almost one and a half millennia. It consisted in the fact that the Earth rests motionless in the center of the Universe, and the Sun and other planets revolve around it. Ptolemy's theory did not explain many phenomena well known to astronomers, in particular the loop-like movement of planets across the visible sky. But its provisions were considered unshakable, since they were in good agreement with the Catholic Church.

Observing the movement of celestial bodies, N. Copernicus came to the conclusion that Ptolemy’s theory was incorrect. After thirty years of hard work, long observations and complex mathematical calculations, he convincingly proved that the Earth is only one of the planets and that all planets revolve around the Sun. True, Copernicus still believed that the stars are motionless and are located on the surface of a huge sphere, at a great distance from the Earth. This was due to the fact that at that time there were no such powerful telescopes with which one could observe the sky and stars. Observing the movement of celestial bodies, N. Copernicus came to the conclusion that Ptolemy’s theory was incorrect. After thirty years of hard work, long observations and complex mathematical calculations, he convincingly proved that the Earth is only one of the planets and that all planets revolve around the Sun. True, Copernicus still believed that the stars are motionless and are located on the surface of a huge sphere, at a great distance from the Earth. This was due to the fact that at that time there were no such powerful telescopes with which one could observe the sky and stars.

Copernicus believed that we perceive the movement of celestial bodies in the same way as the movement of various objects on Earth when we ourselves are in motion. When we are sailing in a boat on the surface of a river, it seems that the boat and we are motionless in it, and the banks are floating in the opposite direction. In the same way, to an observer on Earth, it seems that the Earth is motionless, and the Sun is moving around it. In fact, it is the Earth that moves around the Sun and makes a full revolution in its orbit during the year. Copernicus believed that we perceive the movement of celestial bodies in the same way as the movement of various objects on Earth when we ourselves are in motion. When we are sailing in a boat on the surface of a river, it seems that the boat and we are motionless in it, and the banks are floating in the opposite direction. In the same way, to an observer on Earth, it seems that the Earth is motionless, and the Sun is moving around it. In fact, it is the Earth that moves around the Sun and makes a full revolution in its orbit during the year. Having discovered that the Earth and the planets are satellites of the Sun, Nicolaus Copernicus was able to explain the apparent movement of the Sun across the sky, the strange entanglement in the movement of the planets, as well as the apparent rotation of the firmament. Having discovered that the Earth and the planets are satellites of the Sun, Nicolaus Copernicus was able to explain the apparent movement of the Sun across the sky, the strange entanglement in the movement of the planets, as well as the apparent rotation of the firmament.

A solitary life and the later publication of the work saved Nicolaus Copernicus from the persecution to which his followers were subjected. He continued his scientific research and medical activities until his old age. Nicolaus Copernicus died on May 24, 1543 and was buried in Thorn in the Church of St. John. Only in the 19th century. Monuments were erected to him in Warsaw, Krakow, Thorn and Regensburg.

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Polish astronomer and creator of the heliocentric system Nicolaus Copernicus was a versatile scientist. In addition to astronomy, which interested him most, he translated the works of Byzantine authors, and was a famous statesman and doctor.

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Education

Nicolaus Copernicus was born on February 19, 1473 in the Polish city of Torun, his father was a merchant who came from Germany. The future scientist was orphaned early, he was brought up in the house of his uncle, bishop and famous Polish humanist Lukasz Wachenrode. In 1490, Copernicus graduated from the University of Krakow, after which he became a canon of the cathedral in the fishing town of Frombork. In 1496 he went on a long journey through Italy. Copernicus studied at the universities of Bologna, Ferrara and Padua, studied medicine and church law, and became a Master of Arts. In Bologna, the young scientist became interested in astronomy, which determined his fate.

In 1503, Nicolaus Copernicus returned to his homeland as a fully educated man; he first settled in Lidzbark, where he served as his uncle's secretary. After the death of his uncle, Copernicus moved to Frombork, where he carried out research until the end of his life.

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Social activity

Nicolaus Copernicus took an active part in governing the region in which he lived. He was in charge of economic and financial affairs and fought for its independence. Among his contemporaries, Copernicus was known as a statesman, a talented doctor and an expert in astronomy. When the Lutheran Council organized a commission to reform the calendar, Copernicus was invited to Rome. The scientist proved the prematureness of such a reform.

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Astronomical observations and heliocentric theory

The creation of the heliocentric system was the result of many years of work by Nicolaus Copernicus. For about one and a half millennia, there was a system of world structure proposed by the ancient Greek scientist Claudius Ptolemy. It was believed that the Earth was at the center of the Universe, and the other planets and the Sun revolved around it. This theory could not explain many of the phenomena that astronomers observed, but it agreed well with the teachings of the Catholic Church.

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Copernicus observed the movement of celestial bodies and came to the conclusion that the Ptolemaic theory was incorrect. In order to prove that all the planets revolve around the Sun, and the Earth is only one of them, Copernicus carried out complex mathematical calculations and spent more than 30 years of hard work. Although the scientist mistakenly believed that all the stars were stationary and located on the surface of a huge sphere, he was able to explain the apparent movement of the Sun and the rotation of the firmament.

The results of the observations were summarized in the work of Nicolaus Copernicus “On the Revolution of the Celestial Spheres,” published in 1543. In it he developed new philosophical ideas and focused on improving the mathematical theory that described the movement of celestial bodies. The revolutionary nature of the scientist’s views was recognized by the Catholic Church later, when in 1616 his work was included in the “Index of Prohibited Books.”

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Quotes

“I think that heaviness is nothing more than a certain desire with which the divine Builder endowed the particles of matter so that they would unite in the shape of a ball. This property is probably possessed by the Sun, Moon and planets; These luminaries owe their spherical shape to him.”

“The philosophers, in view of the unusual perfection of the sky, called him a visible deity. Therefore, if we evaluate the merits of sciences depending on the subject they study, astronomy will be the most outstanding. It itself, which is undoubtedly the head of the noble sciences and the most worthy occupation of a free man, is based on almost all mathematical sciences.

Completed by a student of grade 7b of MAOU Ilinskaya school in Domodedovo KOKHTENKO ALINA CLASS 7B. Teacher: Zamolodchikova M.A.

Nicolaus Copernicus was born on February 19, 1473 in the Polish city of Toruń into the family of a merchant who came from Germany. He was the fourth child in the family. He received his primary education at a school located near his home. Until the age of ten, Kolya grew up in an atmosphere of prosperity and contentment. A carefree childhood ended suddenly, as soon as Nikolai was ten years old, a plague epidemic visited Torun, and one of its first victims was his father. Lukash, his mother’s brother, took care of his nephew’s education and future fate. In the second half of October 1491, Nicolaus Copernicus, together with his brother Andrzej, arrived in Krakow and enrolled in the Faculty of Arts at the local university. After its completion in 1496, Copernicus went on a long journey to Italy.

It was in Bologna that Copernicus developed an interest in astronomy, which determined his scientific interests. On the evening of March 9, 1497, together with the astronomer Domenico Maria Novara, Nicholas made his first scientific observation. After it, it became clear that the distance to the Moon when it is in quadrature is approximately the same as during a new or full moon. The discrepancy between the theory of Claudius Ptolemy and the discovered facts amused one to think... THE TOWER IN FROMBORC.

In 1512, the uncle-bishop died. Copernicus moved to Frombork, a small town. Where all this time he was listed as a canon, and began his spiritual duties. However, he did not give up scientific research. Already in the 1500s, the idea of a new astronomical system was quite clear to him. He began to write a book describing a new model of the world, discussing his ideas with friends, among whom were many of his like-minded people (for example, Giese, Bishop of Kulm). During these years (ca. 1503 - 1512), Copernicus distributed a handwritten summary of his theory to friends ("Small Commentary on the Hypotheses Relating to the Celestial Motions"), and his student Rheticus published a clear exposition of the heliocentric system in 1539. Work on the main work lasted almost 40 years, Copernicus constantly introduced clarifications into it, prepared new astronomical calculation tables.

In 1531, 58-year-old Copernicus retired and concentrated on finishing his book. At the same time, he was engaged in medical practice. The faithful Rheticus constantly worked for the speedy publication of Copernicus's work, but progress was slow. In 1542, the scientist’s condition deteriorated significantly, and paralysis of the right half of the body occurred. Copernicus died on May 24, 1543 at the age of 70 from a stroke. Some argue that the author managed to see his work published shortly before his death. But others argue that this was impossible, since Copernicus was in a severe coma during the last months of his life.

The heliocentric system in the Copernican version can be formulated in seven statements: 1. Orbits and celestial spheres do not have a common center; 2. The center of the Earth is not the center of the Universe, but only the center of mass and the orbit of the Moon; 3. All planets move in orbits centered on the Sun, and therefore the Sun is the center of the world; 4. The distance between the Earth and the Sun is very small compared to the distance between the Earth and the fixed stars; 5. The daily movement of the Sun is imaginary, and is caused by the effect of the rotation of the Earth, which rotates once every 24 hours around its axis, which always remains parallel to itself; 6. The Earth (together with the Moon, like other planets) revolves around the Sun, and therefore the movements that the Sun seems to make (the daily movement, as well as the annual movement when the Sun moves around the Zodiac) are nothing more than an effect Earth movements; 7.This movement of the Earth and other planets explains their location and the specific characteristics of the movement of the planets. .

Nicolaus Copernicus was born on February 19, 1473 in the Polish city of Torun, his father was a merchant who came from Germany. The future scientist was orphaned early; he was raised in the house of his uncle, bishop and famous Polish humanist Lukasz Wachenrode. In 1490, Copernicus graduated from the University of Krakow, after which he became a canon of the cathedral in the fishing town of Frombork. In 1496 he went on a long journey through Italy. Copernicus studied at the universities of Bologna, Ferrara and Padua, studied medicine and church law, and became a Master of Arts. In Bologna, the young scientist became interested in astronomy, which determined his fate.

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