The beginning of the development of the oil resources of western Siberia. History of a great civilization

The history of the discovery of Siberian oil began long before it became a world famous symbol of the region. For several centuries, a number of researchers have assumed the presence of oil resources in the West Siberian region. So, back in the 18th century, Croatian scientist and public figure Yuri Krizhanich, exiled to Tobolsk, wrote about the release of oil satellites - bituminous shale in the Ob River basin. Swedish captain Stralenberg, who participated in the expedition D.G. Messerschmidt wrote in the book "Northern and Eastern Europe and Asia" published in 1730 about the finding of combustible bituminous material on the Irtysh.

An outstanding role in the discovery of the oil and gas resources of Western Siberia was played by the founder of Soviet petroleum geology, Academician Ivan Mikhailovich Gubkin (see Fig. 1).

Fig. 1. Ivan Mikhailovich Gubkin

In 1932 he put forward a working hypothesis about the existence of oil fields in the West Siberian Lowland. THEM. Gubkin actively sought the deployment of comprehensive oil and geological research here. However, for another two decades, oil prospecting in the area did not produce the expected results.

The turning point, from which, as a rule, the history of the West Siberian oil and gas province begins, was the powerful gas release that occurred in 1953 at a drilling rig located not far from the village of Berezovo, an old outpost of the development of Siberia by the Russians. This event was the impetus for large-scale geological exploration in a number of regions of the Tyumen North. On the territory of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug, systematic geophysical and drilling operations began in 1954. In 1958, a comprehensive exploration expedition was created in Salekhard, headed by V.D. Bovanenko (see. fig. 2). Its purpose was to prove the predictions of academician I.M. Gubkin on the oil and gas potential of the Yamal region.

Fig. 2. Search for Siberian oil in the middle of the twentieth century

(based on materials from the site http://www.ikz.ru/siberianway/library/index.html)

An important result of the commenced exploration work was the discovery in 1959 near the village of Shaim (area of ​​the modern city of Urai) of an oil and gas reservoir with a daily oil production of over one ton. In subsequent years, such large oil and gas fields were discovered as Megionskoye, Ust-Balykskoye, Zapadno-Surgutskoye, Punginskoye, etc. In 1962, a natural gas fountain with a flow rate of more than a million cubic meters per day was obtained from a well drilled in the area of ​​the Tazovsky settlement. ... The Tazovskoye field became the first large gas field discovered in the Arctic.

In 1963, the Council of Ministers of the USSR issued a decree "On the organization of preparatory work for the industrial development of discovered oil and gas fields and on the further development of geological exploration in the Tyumen region." Preparations began for the trial exploitation of proven reserves, and by 1964 they totaled about 300 million tons of oil and 176 billion cubic meters of gas at 8 oil and 2 gas fields [Essays on the history of the Tyumen region, 1994]. In the same year, the construction of the first main pipelines began: the gas Igrim - Serov and the oil Shaim - Tyumen and Ust - Balyk - Omsk.

The year 1965 became a new milestone in the history of the development of the West Siberian oil and gas province. This year, the Samotlor oil field was discovered, which in terms of explored reserves has become the largest in the Soviet Union, and entered the ten largest in the world. In the same year, the Berezovskaya group of gas fields was discovered, which produced from 500 thousand to 1.5 million cubic meters of gas per day, as well as the Zapolyarnoye gas condensate field, which is colossal in its reserves. A year later, the world's largest Urengoyskoye oil and gas condensate field was discovered. In 1967, the Nadym and Medvezhye gas fields were discovered, and in 1969 a new world giant - the Yamburg gas condensate field.

In 1972, construction began on the country's largest oil pipeline Samotlor - Almetyevsk, the length of which was about 1,850 kilometers. After its completion, West Siberian oil began to flow to other countries through the Druzhba pipeline system. By that time, in connection with a significant increase in world oil prices and the "energy crisis" that began in a number of Western countries, the Soviet Union quickly began to gain the role of a major world "resource power", and funds received from sale of energy resources.

One of the most pressing and complex tasks of that time was the need to develop unique in scale deposits located in hard-to-reach, sparsely populated, and sometimes completely deserted areas, located mainly in the taiga and tundra zones. This development process was associated not only with the problems of transferring and installing heavy equipment in the regions of the North with extreme climatic conditions, as well as laying pipelines and other utilities through them. One of the most acute problems was the organization of working conditions and life activity of a significant number of people involved in the process of "new industrial" development. One of the widely implemented options for solving this problem was the organization of work at the fields on a rotational basis. Most often, it boiled down to the fact that teams of specialists from large cities located at a considerable distance (which were called the "mainland" in the North) were delivered to the places of field development. Here they performed the necessary work during the shift, which lasted from several weeks to several months, living in minimally comfortable conditions, most often in special temporary huts. However, the implementation of work only on a rotational basis could not fully satisfy the demands of the rapidly developing administrative and technological infrastructure of the emerging oil and gas production complex. Therefore, from the mid-1960s, an intensive process of urbanization of the Tyumen North began, the result of which was the emergence in a short time of a specific settlement system, consisting of cities and workers' settlements that met the various tasks of the industrial development carried out here. In 1964, oil workers' settlements were laid in Urai and Surgut. A year later, they received the status of cities. In 1967, the city of Nefteyugansk appeared on the map of the Soviet Union, and in 1972 - Nizhnevartovsk and Nadym, which became outposts for the development of a number of major oil and gas fields. In 1980, the city of Novy Urengoy was formed, which was formed on the site of the Urengoyskoye gas condensate field and became the backbone for the development of a number of other promising fields, mainly located in the polar regions of Yamal. In 1982, the city of Noyabrsk was formed in a similar way, on the site of a workers' settlement.

In 1984, the Soviet Union came out on top in the world in natural gas production - 587 billion cubic meters per year. By this time, the construction of the Urengoy - Uzhgorod gas pipeline was completed. The opening ceremony of the transcontinental Western Siberia - Western Europe gas pipeline with a length of over 20 thousand kilometers took place in France. According to it, the export of Tyumen "blue fuel" was carried out to Germany, France, Italy, Holland, Belgium and a number of other countries. In the 1990s, a number of large oil companies with the participation of private capital, developing fields in the Tyumen North, emerged, such as: Surgutneftegaz, Lukoil, Slavneft, Yukos, Sibneft, Tyumen Oil Company " and etc.

The English word frontier literally means the border between reclaimed and undeveloped land. This is the edge of the Oycumene, where the wonders of science, technology and law have not yet reached. Western Siberia since the development of oil and gas fields has become precisely the frontier that attracted enthusiasts and romantics from all over the country. Today this region is the largest oil and gas province, the initial total resources of which make up 60% of the national raw material resource of Russia. About 500 oil, gas and oil and oil and gas condensate fields have been discovered here, containing 73% of Russia's current proven oil reserves.

Learning history through dates, through a clear sequence of events, you feel its rhythm; a kind of forward movement, step by step. These are the dates behind which there are real names and names, when the history of the region and the country is intertwined with the lives of specific people, whose almost unbearable labor feat became possible thanks to the thirst for discovery and the excitement of overcoming.

1953 first gas
fountain in Berezovoe

On September 21, at 9:30 pm, a sudden gas-water release occurs at well No. P-1 of the Berezovskaya drilling party. The height of the fountain jet reaches 45-50 meters.
This event is the impetus for large-scale
geological exploration in a number of regions
Of the Tyumen North.

Ejection when lifting the tool pt Pressure at the mouth 75 atmospheres pt We are urgently awaiting the plane pt

An urgent telegram from the head of the Berezovskaya drilling party G.D. Surkov to the manager of the Tyumenneftegeologiya trust A.K. Shilenko September 21, 1953

“... The discovery of combustible gas in the Berezovsky region is of great importance. For the first time in the West Siberian lowland, a gas fountain was obtained, which testifies to the great prospects of the northwestern side of the West Siberian depression. " From the conclusion of the commission of the Ministry of Oil Industry of the USSR on the state of the Berezovskaya reference well of the Tyumenneftegeologiya trust, November 1, 1953

“... The jet of the fountain spurted 60 meters. Its roar could be heard thirty kilometers away! The local population hastily left Berezovo. Moving to the opposite bank of Northern Sosva, they commemorated the end of the world ... The drilling rig turned into a huge ice pyramid, from which pieces were constantly breaking off. " Lev Rovnin, chief geologist and deputy managing director of the Tyumen Geological Department (Glavtyumengeologiya), in an interview with the Tyumenskie Izvestia newspaper, 2008.

Reference well in Berezovoye

Raoul Ervier was appointed Chief Engineer of the Tyumen Oil Prospecting Trust. A year later, he will receive the post of manager of the trust, and then the management of Tyumenneftegeologiya. From 1966 to 1977, Ervier worked as the head of the Glavtyumengeologia head office. It is under his leadership that a single exploration trust will be created, uniting geophysicists, geologists and drillers.

“... An unattractive picture does not dampen the enthusiasm of the Russians developing plans, who, instead of simply exploiting oil and gas resources, decided to develop this region as a single economic entity. It is planned as industrial complexes, including petrochemical, oil refineries, woodworking enterprises, power plants, and cities and towns with a population of 30 thousand to 100 thousand people. Tyumen, once a sleepy crossroads on the Trans-Siberian railway, has already become a bustling center from which active work is directed ... " Article: "The Soviet Union is the # 1 nation in terms of natural gas and oil reserves", "Business week", New York

The combination of geophysical exploration methods with geological and immediate verification of their drilling will give real results: more than 250 oil and gas fields, including unique oil fields (Mamontovskoye, Pravdinskoye, Samotlorskoye, Fedorovskoye, Kholmogorskoye) and gas (Zapolyarnoye, Medvezhye, Urengoyskoye, Yamburgskoye) ... Explored oil reserves amounted to 10 billion tons, condensate - 0.5 billion tons, gas - 20 trillion cubic meters.

Raoul (Yuri) Ervier

1957 secret expedition
Salmanova

V.Vysotsky "Tyumen oil" August. Farman Salmanov, head of the Plotnikovskaya and Gryaznenskaya oil and gas exploration expeditions (Kemerovo, Novosibirsk region), unauthorizedly and secretly on seven barges and tugboats takes his geological party down the Ob - to Surgut. Despite the ineffectiveness of the previous expedition, Salmanov is confident that there is oil in Surgut. This confidence is not mystical, but practical: Salmanov was in Western Siberia as a student and wrote his thesis on the oil-bearing prospects of this region. And the first Surgut expedition failed due to poor equipment, which did not allow drilling wells to the required depth.

“There was a lot of noise, but we turned off the connection. They wanted to remove me from my post. But in the end they were allowed to stay. At first they huddled at the station with their wives and children ... " From an interview with Farman Salmanov "Rossiyskaya Gazeta", 2005.

Forty families of volunteers leave Kuzbass for Surgut after Salmanov. Regarding barges and tugs - they negotiate with the river workers. To prevent the authorities from finding him, Salmanov orders the radio operator to turn off the radio.

Already in Surgut, Salmanov continues drilling operations under the threat of dismissal and even trial. As a result, the order to transfer Salmanov's party to Surgut was signed "retroactively" so as not to aggravate the situation.

Farman Kurban oglu Salmanov - "godfather" of the big Tyumen oil

An integrated exploration expedition headed by the first manager of the Yamalneftegazrazvedka trust Vadim Bovanenko has been set up in Salekhard. Its goal is to prove the accuracy of the predictions of Academician Ivan Gubkin about the oil and gas potential of the Yamal Territory, made by the scientist in 1932.
Discovery of an oil and gas reservoir near the village of Shaim (area of ​​the modern city of Uray) with a daily oil production volume of more than one ton. In a year, the team of foreman Urusov, having built well No. 6, will receive an industrial flow of oil - 350 tons per day. In subsequent years, large oil and gas fields Megionskoye, Ust-Balykskoye, Zapadno-Surgutskoye, Punginskoye and others will be discovered.

Vadim Dmitrievich Bovanenko - scientist, geophysicist, one of the discoverers of the largest oil and gas fields in Yamal

1960 field discovery
high quality oil

In June of this year, news spread around the country about the discovery of high-quality oil fields in Western Siberia. The world press called this event “the event of the century”.

21 March. The first well in the Megion area produces a gusher of pure oil with a flow rate of 200 tons (that is, 200 tons per day). Farman Salmanov's opponents claim that this is a natural anomaly and in a couple of weeks the well will dry out, but after half a month a well in the Ust-Balyk region gushes. In the coming years, new oil fields will be discovered - Salymskoye, Pravdinskoye, Mamontovskoye.

“On March 21, 1961, on my favorite Azerbaijani holiday, Novruz Bayram, the first well in the area of ​​the Megion settlement gave a gusher of oil. I jumped and shouted: "We won!" ". F. Salmanov in an interview with Rossiyskaya Gazeta, 2005.

Dear Comrade ZPT in Megion, at well No. 1 from a depth of 2180 meters, an oil gusher was received.

Telegram sent by F. Salmanov to all his opponents after the Megion oil was discovered.

EHF Well pounds according to all EHF rules

F. Salmanov's radiogram to the authorities after the discovery of the Ust-Balyk oil.

EHF I found oil TChK This is how ZPT Salmanov EHF

Telegram sent by F. Salmanov to N.S. Khrushchev. Boris Shcherbina, a state and party leader, and in the future one of the founders of the oil and gas complex in Western Siberia, was appointed First Secretary of the Tyumen Regional Committee of the CPSU.

In May, and subsequently in December 1963, two government decrees were issued: on the strengthening of geological exploration in Western Siberia and on the organization of preparatory work for the industrial development of discovered oil and gas fields in the Tyumen region. The drafts of these resolutions, which predetermined the entire further course of events in the development of the region, are being prepared with the participation of the young scientist Gennady Bogomyakov.

Bogomyakov travels to Moscow together with the head of Glavtyumengeologia, Yuri Ervie, and the first secretary of the Tyumen industrial regional party committee, Alexander Protozanov. Together, they are actively proving to the Moscow authorities the high state significance of the fastest development of the Siberian oil and gas virgin lands.

A hydrogeologist by education, Gennady Bogomyakov also plays one of the key roles in the discussion that unfolded at that time on the feasibility of building the Nizhneobskaya hydroelectric power station. Its construction was already indicated in the Program of the CPSU, and it was planned to flood an area of ​​132 thousand square kilometers in the north of the region under the reservoir, where the first large hydrocarbon deposits had already been discovered. It was the calculations of Bogomyakov, as well as the appeals to the Central Committee of the CPSU of the first secretary of the Tyumen Regional Committee of the CPSU Boris Shcherbina, that showed the inexpediency of flooding the territory promising for oil and gas production.

"The XXII Congress of the CPSU sets before the Soviet people the task of increasing the volume of industrial production six times by 1980, and for this to bring oil production in the country to 710 million tons, and gas to 720 billion cubic meters."

1962 Tazovskoe - the first large
gas field in the Arctic

A natural gas fountain with a flow rate of more than a million cubic meters per day was obtained from a well drilled near the Tazovsky settlement. Tazovskoye became the first large gas field discovered in the Arctic.

“... The reference well was laid in 1961 with a great battle. We started drilling. Experiencing the Jurassic and Cretaceous strata - empty. And suddenly in September 1962 we received from Vadim Bovanenko, the head of the Yamalo-Nenets expedition, a radiogram: “A gas-water fountain of great power suddenly appeared at the R-1 Tazovskaya well, pieces of rock are constantly flying out, destroying the tower. There are no victims. " Lev Rovnin, chief geologist and deputy manager of the Tyumen Geological Department (Glavtyumengeologiya), in an interview with the Tyumenskie Izvestia newspaper, 2008

Gennady Bogomyakov was appointed Deputy Director of the West Siberian Research Geological Prospecting Oil Institute (ZAPSIBNIGNI, Tyumen). He will be able not only to quickly organize the work of the first oil and gas direction in the field of science, but also to actively join the struggle for the creation of a "third Baku" in Western Siberia.

The construction of the first main pipelines begins: the gas Igrim - Serov and the oil Shaim - Tyumen and Ust-Balyk - Omsk. The world has never known such a rate of development of oil and gas provinces. The Shaim-Tyumen oil pipeline, launched in 1965, was popularly called the “route of courage”: after all, in fact, it was a four-hundred-kilometer pipe “carried” through taiga, swamps, lakes and rivers. The construction of the Ust-Balyk - Omsk pipeline was also completed in record time in 1967.

In May of the same year, the first tanker with Shaim oil departed from the pier of the Sukhoborsky commodity park, and a year later the first oil pipeline Shaim - Tyumen was built. The Shaim exploration drilling office was established. Oil production increased from 16 thousand tons in 1964 to 4 million tons in 1969.

The Tyumen Industrial Institute was created, later transformed into the Oil and Gas University. Report of "Posledniye Izvestiya" of the All-Union Radio "on the opening of the Ust-Balyk - Omsk oil pipeline", 1967

Construction of the "muzhetsva highway" - the Shaim-Tyumen oil pipeline

1965 Samotlor and Zapolyarnoye - one of the largest oil and gas fields in the world

A new milestone in the history of the development of the West Siberian oil and gas province is the discovery of the Samotlor oil field, which in terms of explored reserves has become the largest in the Soviet Union, and entered the ten largest in the world.

On June 22, a fountain of unprecedented power hit from an exploration well - more than a thousand tons of oil per day. The intra-reservoir pressure was so high, and oil was bursting from the depths with such force that steel pipes were heated. The peak of oil production (about 150 million tons per year) fell on the early 80s of the XX century. In total, over the years of the field's operation, 16,700 wells have been drilled and more than 2.3 billion tons of oil have been produced.

The Berezovskaya group of gas fields was discovered, producing from 500 thousand to 1.5 million cubic meters of gas per day, as well as the Zapolyarnoye gas condensate field, which is colossal in its reserves. The great era of gas production at Urengoy began.

At 4:45 a.m. on the well 101 of the Purpeyskaya area, a pt was released, which turned into an open gas fountain pt.At 7:30 p.m., a point fire started. The tower was deformed and fell pt. A crater pt.

Manager of the Yamal-Nenets Geological Prospecting Trust Vadim Bovanenko - Head of the Tyumen Geological Department Yuri Ervie. In less than two years, 12-15 wells were drilled at the Zapolyarnoye and Urengoyskoye fields. According to the estimates of the initial reserves of the territories made by the end of 1967, 1.7 trillion cubic meters were received at Zapolyarnoye, 6 trillion cubic meters of gas at Urengoyskoye.

Fragment of the film "The Four Springs of Samotlor" from the archives of the State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company "Region-Tyumen"

The Central Committee of the Komsomol adopted a resolution "On the participation of Komsomol organizations in the development of oil and gas fields in Western Siberia."

In the 1960s, mainly young people went to Siberia to extract oil - from Bashkiria, Tatarstan, the Volga region, Azerbaijan, Chechnya (traditional oil production regions), as well as from Ukraine, Belarus and a number of southern regions of Western Siberia. They were attracted by the possibility of rapid career growth and high earnings, the prestige of participation in the most advanced construction projects in the country, romantic expectations, and youthful enthusiasm. The promised career growth in oil construction was really amazing for those years: thanks to the heavy workload and the fantastic pace of work, they became heads of departments at the age of 25-27, and managers of trusts at the age of 30-35.

According to eyewitnesses of those events, the outflow of people was large - every third person left. As a result, the backbone of oil producers consisted of the most persistent - those who did not leave, frightened by the domestic disorder, close to the front (they lived in beams, trailers, and even dugouts) and the harsh Siberian winter, from which, according to the memoirs of the oilmen, “the top of the sheepskin coat turned dull , cheeks tightened, eyelashes and mustache froze, fingers went numb ”. It was they who created the oil and gas complex, on the wave of professional obsession, enthusiasm and deep conviction that oil and gas in Western Siberia will be discovered.

Viktor Muravlenko was appointed head of the main Tyumen production department for the oil and gas industry of the Economic Council of the RSFSR (Glavtyumenneftegaz).

Victor Ivanovich Muravlenko

1966 Urengoyskoye oil and gas condensate field - one of the largest in the world

The first exploration well in Urengoy was drilled on July 6, 1966 by a team of foreman V. Polupanov. Production at the field began in 1978. On February 25, 1981, the first one hundred billion cubic meters of natural gas were produced at the Urengoyskoye field. In January 1984, gas from the Urengoyskoye field began to be exported to Western Europe.

Exploration well of the Urengoyskoye gas condensate field

The Nadym and Medvezhye gas fields were discovered. The West Siberian oil and gas complex gave the Motherland more than twelve million tons of black gold, overtaking the famous Baku in terms of average daily production.

Residential village in Yamburg

1969 first used
directional drilling

The discovery by the Tazov geological exploration expedition of a new world giant - the Yamburgskoye oil and gas condensate field. For the first time in the practice of the gas industry, directional drilling was used on a large scale. According to Pyotr Grigoriev, director of the TyumenNIIgiprogaz Institute, which carried out the design, "Yamburg has broken consciousness."

“At the end of April 1969, it was decided to deliver the drilling rig from Tazovskaya to Yamburgskaya area. All May was the delivery of equipment and materials. In July, the team of Anatoly Grebenkin completed the installation and immediately the team of the drilling foreman V.V. Romanov began counting the first meters of the Yamburg well. On August 13, they reached the design depth, and during testing, the well gave a powerful gusher of gas. Inspired by success, Romanov went to the east to outline it along the wings of the deposit. And several more wells fell into the contour. " From the memoirs of F. Salmanov

The oil development of the North gave a powerful impetus to its urbanization: during the census in 1959, there were 6 cities and 11 urban-type settlements in the region. In 1970, there were already 10 cities and 29 urban-type settlements here.

By the early 1980s, several dozen cities and large settlements appeared on the territory of the Tyumen North, in which comfortable housing was being built at a rapid pace and a full-fledged social infrastructure was formed. In the Tyumen North, thanks to his pioneers, a special community of people has developed - the "northerners". For them, national and age differences were indifferent, and they created, in the words of the writer Konstantin Lagunov, "a special moral microclimate."

Romantics and discoverers formed a new regional community of an industrial type: in contrast to the previous stages of industrial development of the Urals and Siberia, the "new development" of the Tyumen north was initially carried out by design methods. Thanks to them, the organizational matrix of the production complex was created.

Over the decades, big oil has transformed the merchant town of Tyumen into a large administrative and scientific center, and has given impetus to the development of a number of new subject branches in science. A competitive advantage was created, on the basis of which, thanks to the efforts of today's descendants of the pioneers of oil and gas, the Tyumen region has become a self-sufficient region.

In the middle of the twentieth century, a milestone was conquered, which largely determined the further fate of not only a specific region, but also the entire country. Yesterday's frontier today has become the foundation of economic growth, social development and the use of innovative technologies. We have a long and long road ahead of us.

To be continued...

Back in the 1930s, when the forecast for the existence of oil on the eastern slope of the Ural mountain range was put forward in 1932 by the founder of Soviet petroleum geology, Academician Ivan Gubkin

The second development of Siberia is an oil epic that gave the country a wealth of Siberian oil fields. The fact that there is oil in Western Siberia was said in the early 1930s and earlier. However, the first fountains of large fields, which gave industrial oil, began to flow in the early 60s.

Geologists set off to search for oil almost immediately after the Great Patriotic War. The issue became especially acute in the late 1950s, when the level of oil production in Second Baku - Bashkiria and the Volga region, began to gradually decline.

The first geologists went to Siberia back in the 1930s, when the prediction of the existence of oil on the eastern slope of the Ural mountain range was put forward in 1932 by the founder of Soviet petroleum geology, Academician Ivan Gubkin.

On April 21, 1948, order No. 108 was signed by the Main Directorate of Petroleum Geology of the USSR Ministry of Geology "On the development of geological exploration work for oil and gas in Western Siberia and urgent assistance to the Central West Siberian oil exploration expedition - on drilling key wells."

On June 17, 1948, a new order was issued under the same ministry, No. 375 - “On the approval of the West Siberian expedition for exploration of oil and natural gases - all year round”. At the end of the 50s of the twentieth century, a geological exploration expedition began work in the Tyumen expanses.

Soviet geologists drilled the first well in 1948 - it is located almost in the center of modern Tyumen, on Melnikaite Street. Instead of oil, a well of 2 thousand meters produced mineral water, but this did not stop the work on prospecting for oil and gas in Western Siberia.

The main directions of geological exploration work were at the end of November 1950 in Novosibirsk at a meeting of geologists, geophysicists, oilmen of the Ministry of Geology and the Academy of Sciences of the USSR.

It was decided to cover the West Siberian Lowland with a dense network of deep reference wells and cut from end to end with geophysical profiles.

They began looking for oil and gas in the south of Western Siberia, in Omsk, Tomsk, and then exploration began in the north of the West Siberian lowland. The opening of the first oil and gas province in Western Siberia was announced by a gas gusher from the P-1 reference well near the village of Berezovo.

The well was drilled by a team led by foreman Vasily Melnikov at the direction of geologist Alexander Bystritsky.

They said that the gas gusher came out by pure chance, they say, the drilling crew had already finished work and was about to leave the well.

However, this is not the case - luck and "happy accidents" always accompany those who have carried out long, systematic work, and who have worked hard on the task at hand. And especially to those, behind whose back there is a huge state, which has concentrated its forces on solving the problem of finding the oil riches of Siberia.

The names of those who found the first oil fields are inscribed in history. In inhuman conditions, without transport equipment - where they landed, there they began to drill, oil deposits were found.

In the north of the Tyumen region, on the banks of the Konda, the head of one of the drilling crews, Semyon Urusov, found the first oil. It was produced by well 2P, drilled in the area of ​​the small village of Shaim, a little - only one and a half tons per day. The second well was more productive - 12 tons of oil per day.

In the same place, on the bank of the Konda, when geologists still doubted whether there was oil here, on June 21, 1960, a large fountain hit - from well 6P, almost 400 tons of oil per day. Later, for this discovery, Semyon Urusov was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor, and his team received the honorary title of "Best Drilling Team of the USSR Ministry of Geology." This is how the first field in Western Siberia was discovered.

The first commercial oil in Western Siberia was produced by the Megionskoye field, the first fountain gushed there on March 21, 1961. He drilled a well that discovered one of the largest and first deposits in Siberia by a geologist, future doctor of geological and mineralogical sciences, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1991) and Hero of Socialist Labor Farman Salmanov.

An almost detective story is connected with this drilling in the Surgut region: work on the well began almost arbitrarily and secretly. From 1955 to 1957, Salmanov worked as the head of the Plotnikovskaya and Gryaznenskaya oil and gas exploration expeditions in the Kemerovo and Novosibirsk regions. The idea was that there is oil in Kuzbass, which Salmanov was not convinced of.

Leaving the search in Kuzbass, Salmanov took his geological party secretly to Surgut in August 1957. The order for the transfer of the party was later signed retroactively, allowing the group to remain where the geologist decided.

When the first well in the area of ​​the Megion settlement gave a fountain, Salmanov wrote to Moscow “In Megion, at well No. 1 from a depth of 2180 meters, an oil gusher was received. It's clear? Best regards, Farman Salmanov. "

After a fountain gushed from the second well in the Ust-Balyk area, Salmanov sent a radiogram to his superiors: "The well is pounding according to all the rules." Large oil has been found in Siberia.

Later, other fields were discovered, more than a dozen in total, including the supergiant Samotlor, the sixth largest oil field in the world. Oil production in the Volga-Ural region continued to decline, and by the mid-67s the difference was completely covered by Western Siberia.

RUSSIAN FEDERATION

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE

FEDERAL STATE AUTONOMOUS

EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

HIGHER EDUCATION

"TYUMEN STATE UNIVERSITY"

DEPARTMENT OF ORGANIC AND ECOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

by discipline: oil and gas processing History of the discovery of oil in Western Siberia

Completed:

IV year student

Groups 39X132

Malikova Oksana Idalisovna

Checked:

Dr. chem. Sciences Department of Organic and

environmental chemistry.

Kremleva Tatiana Anatolievna

_____________________

Tyumen, 2017

Introduction 3

Chapter I. A Brief History of Oil Discovery in Western Siberia 4

Chapter II. History of oil discovery in Western Siberia by dates 7

1957 year. Salmanov's secret expedition. 7

1960 Discovery of high-quality oil fields. eight

1962 year. Tazovskoye is the first large gas field in the Arctic. nine

1965 year. Samotlor and Zapolyarye are some of the largest oil and gas fields in the world. ten

1966 year. The Urengoyskoye oil and gas condensate field is one of the largest in the world. eleven

1967-1968. eleven

1968 year. Directional drilling was used for the first time. eleven

1989 year. Opening of the transcontinental gas pipeline Western Siberia - Western Europe. 13

Conclusion 13

Literature 15

Introduction

The formation of an oil and gas production complex in the Tyumen North can be regarded as an unprecedented example in the world history of the industrial development of vast northern territories with extreme natural and climatic conditions for humans. The formation of the West Siberian oil and gas complex in the second half of the XX century predetermined the energy priorities of the state, became the most important stimulus for the development of science, new technologies and industries. The intensive process of the development of oil and gas resources of Western Siberia pushed the scientific community to the development of a number of new subject areas, involuntarily contributing to the accomplishment of many significant discoveries. He had a decisive influence on the nature of the country's economic development, turning it into a "resource power". It gave rise to many environmental, social and cultural problems that have never been exposed so sharply as in the conditions of the vulnerable northern nature and the traditional way of life of its old-timers organically inscribed in it. Being a part of modern Russian history, the development of the Tyumen North, which took place during the life of one generation, in the minds of contemporaries is still devoid of the scale of "epoch-making", and for the most part is perceived as something commonplace, happening nearby. Perhaps that is why today an attentive and meaningful attitude to its history is becoming so important, which should become the foundation for developing criteria for a reasonable and harmonious future development of the region. During the development of oil and gas fields, Western Siberia became a frontite that attracted enthusiasts and romantics from all over the country. Today this region is the largest oil and gas province, the initial total resources of which make up 60% of the national raw material resource of Russia. About 500 oil, gas and oil and oil and gas condensate fields have been discovered here, containing 73% of Russia's current proven oil reserves.

Chapter I. A Brief History of Oil Discovery in Western Siberia

Back in the first half of the twentieth century, no one expected the presence of oil or gas in Siberia. At that time, the main place of oil production was the Baku region, where the main oil fields were concentrated. The first person to speculate about the presence of oil east of the Volga was Academician Ivan Gubkin. In his fundamental work "The Doctrine of Oil", which became the quintessence of world knowledge about oil at that time, he made a forecast of the presence of oil in the area later called "Second Baku" - between the Volga and the Urals. Also, the possibility of the presence of oil in the region of the West Siberian Lowland was not ruled out. Through his efforts, search work was organized, which brilliantly confirmed the academician's assumptions. The Ishimbaevskoye oil field, discovered in 1932, became the first sign of a new oil-bearing region. Tatar and Bashkir oil, discovered before the war, made an important contribution to the victory over Nazi Germany. And by the beginning of the 50s, oil production in "Second Baku" exceeded oil production in Baku first.

But the search parties went further and further west. And in 1948, the Minister of Geology of the Soviet Union I. Malyshev approved the decision to start large-scale prospecting work with the aim of discovering oil and gas in Western Siberia. In the same year, the Tyumen Oil Exploration Expedition was founded. And the next year, the team of B.N. The first prospecting well was drilled in Melik-Karamova. In this case, the result was negative, but the beginning of the path that led in the end to success was laid.

By the way, this place, where the memorial sign is installed today, is now within the city limits of Tyumen.

The exploration drilling rigs were gradually moving northward. And now, 4 years later, an incident occurred that confirmed the correctness of Academician Gubkin's assumptions. On September 21, 1953, a powerful natural gas blowout occurred at a drilling rig near the village of Berezovo. Paradoxically, by this time the prospecting work in the area was almost complete. Of course, we can say that in this case it was just lucky. But life shows that only the most persistent are lucky. And the search engines' persistence was rewarded in full.

Now the search work has become even more persistent. The next big success came in 1959. Prospecting well No. 6 (an interesting detail - it was installed by mistake about two kilometers from the planned location) uncovered a large oil and gas reservoir near the village of Shaim, north of Tyumen. Now the opening is incremental. Over the course of several years, a number of large oil and gas fields have been discovered in the vicinity of Surgut - Zapadno-Surgutskoye, Megionskoye, Ust-Balykskoye, Punginskoye and others. And in 1962, the first natural gas field was discovered in the Arctic - the Tazovskoye field (near the village of Taz).

All this became the reason that in 1964 the Council of Ministers of the USSR adopted a resolution "On the organization of preparatory work for the industrial development of discovered oil and gas fields and on the further development of geological exploration in the Tyumen region." This event gave rise to a full-scale comprehensive program for the development of Western Siberia and the Far North. And in the same year, the construction of the first main pipeline from the open field began. It was the Shaim - Tyumen oil pipeline, which was successfully completed in 1965.

The year 1965 was a landmark year. It was then that one of the world's largest oil fields, Samotlorskoye, was discovered. In the same year, prospectors discovered the huge Zapolyarnoye gas condensate field. A year later, the discovery of the world's largest Urengoyskoye oil and gas condensate field followed. In 1967, the Nadym and Medvezhye gas fields were discovered, and 1969 gave the country a new world-class gas condensate field - Yamburgskoye.

These discoveries, made in just a dozen years, brought the USSR to the first place in the world in terms of gas reserves and made it one of the leading countries in terms of oil reserves. The country's energy independence was ensured for decades to come.

And Western Siberia itself began to develop at an unprecedented pace. Old villages and settlements turned into big cities in a matter of years. On the site of the working camps of geologists and drillers, new cities arose. This is how the city of Noyabrsk was founded, whose population in a matter of years reached 100 thousand people. And the population of Surgut, founded back in 1594, by the mid-80s in just two decades increased from 6 to 250 thousand people. At the same time, all the infrastructure necessary for the life of the townspeople was created - schools, hospitals, cinemas and libraries. Started in 1965, the railway from Tyumen reached Surgut and Nizhnevartovsk.

In the second half of the 1980s, oil and gas production reached its peak. At the same time, the construction of the Urengoy-Pomary-Uzhgorod gas pipeline was completed, through which natural gas was exported to Western Europe. And even earlier, in the 1960s and the first half of the 1970s, the Druzhba and Druzhba-2 oil pipelines were built, through which oil was exported to the CMEA countries.

Unfortunately, the subsequent crisis of the late 80s - early 90s, which led to the collapse of the USSR, had a far from the best effect on the state of oil and gas production, which significantly decreased in the 90s. This was partly due to the fact that a number of fields turned out to be depleted, and new ones were not discovered due to scarce funding in those years of prospecting work.

However, the situation has now more or less stabilized. Unemployment has dropped significantly, the outflow of residents to the mainland has almost stopped.

The history of the discovery of Siberian oil, which gave life to today's Western Siberia, is one of the brightest and most glorious pages in the history of this region.

Oil was not considered a significant resource until the spread of automobiles in the early 20th century. Half a century later, the need for gasoline led to a sharp increase in the production of "black gold". It happened so rapidly that from 1957 to 1966 more oil was produced and processed than in the previous hundred years. It was at this time that the development of West Siberian deposits fell.

On October 4, 1959, the Tyumenskaya Pravda newspaper wrote: “On September 25, on the Mulym'inskaya structure, near the village of Shaim, at a depth of 1405 meters, an oil-bearing layer was discovered, the daily flow rate of which, according to preliminary data, is over 1 ton of light oil ... Tyumen region will soon the future may become the new Soviet Baku! " In March 1961, the first well in Western Siberia produced oil.

About how the first West Siberian oil was searched for and produced, about modern methods of subsoil development - in the material of "RG".

Blood of the earth

The world's first oil well was drilled in the Bibi-Heybat tract (6 versts from Baku) in 1848. Before that, oil was extracted from wells. The first oil well in Russia with a mechanical percussion method, 198 meters deep, was drilled in the Kuban by engineer Aradilion Novosiltsev in 1864. The transition from the manual method of drilling wells to the mechanical percussion method is considered to be the beginning of the birth of the oil and gas industry.

The only way to accurately determine the presence or absence of oil in the survey area is to drill a well with a drilling rig. The drilled well is supported with pipes, which gives it additional strength and facilitates oil production.

The crude oil produced from the well is a warm, dark liquid with a yellowish, brownish or greenish tint and a pungent odor. It is lighter than water and consists of liquid and, to a lesser extent, solid and gaseous hydrocarbons. The latter affect the quality of oil: the lighter it is, the higher its heat transfer.

In Western Siberia, by the way, drilling with electric drills is not used: geological and technological conditions (unstable rocks) are such that drilling with hydraulic downhole motors is preferable. This makes it possible to achieve simplicity of the well design due to the fact that the drill string does not rotate, thereby eliminating the possibility of debris, collapse of the wellbore walls.

Modern drilling rigs amaze with their power and impressive appearance. The first devices were much more modest. However, despite the development of technology, sometimes it is necessary to mount towers manually, knee-deep in a swampy swamp.

"There is an opinion that oil production is a simple matter: it is enough to drill a" hole "and the oil will flow itself. But this is not at all the case. A driller will never call a well a" hole ": this is a complex engineering and technical structure, the construction of which requires vast experience , knowledge, physical and intellectual efforts, huge financial resources. For this, a large number of people of various specialties are involved - transport workers, builders, geologists, drillers, field workers, geophysicists - without which it is impossible to drill a well, "say experienced oilmen.

The rate of penetration is 30 centimeters per hour. Deep wells can reach several kilometers. It takes weeks or even years to get to oil. At the same time, in order to start drilling, you need to mount the tower itself, and before that, bring several tons of metal structures to the site.

Usually in Western Siberia, the depth of wells is 1.5-2.5 kilometers, in Eastern Siberia, 2-3-kilometer wells are drilled, and in the Volga region, the depth of a well can reach 4.5 kilometers.

During the construction of a new well, not only drillers are involved, but also dozens of other services: seismologists, repairmen, production workers and many other specialists.

What does the well drilling process consist of? Drilling rigs are used to drill wells. First, a bit is lowered into the well, which will perform all the main work. The bit is screwed onto drill pipes, and this whole structure is called a drill string. During drilling, drilling fluid passes through the pipes, which cools the bit and brings the drilled rock to the surface. Then the solution is cleaned from the rock.

If necessary (if there is a danger of collapses), the well is reinforced with casing and drilled with a smaller bit. Usually, the process of drilling a well takes from one month to a year: it all depends on the geological features of the area, oil density, well length, the conscientiousness of workers and other factors. When the well is finished drilling, the casing is lowered into it, and concrete is poured into the space between the string and the walls of the well to prevent its walls from collapsing.

Search evolution

Drilling is the most efficient way to find oil. True, it is very long and expensive. In Siberia, one well can cost under a billion rubles (in Tatarstan - 25-30 million). It is difficult to imagine the degree of disappointment for oil workers if, with such labor costs and cash injections, the well does not produce oil. This often happened before, when they were looking for "black gold" exclusively by drilling wells.

Today, the equipment used to search for oil is many times more compact and cheaper: they put explosives into the drilled mini-wells and detonate them. Then the principle of the locator works: the blast wave is reflected differently from different rocks, otherwise it will be reflected from the oil as well. The most modern technology for searching for oil reservoirs is that special machines on caterpillars move in the place of the approximate location of the deposits. The vibration generated by their bottoms makes it possible to determine the presence of a mineral. Until recently, such a seismic survey could only be dreamed of.

Another curious search method is "sniffing". Biochemical studies are needed in order to understand whether there are hydrocarbons in the oil trap that seismic exploration detects or not. The sensor with the sorbent is placed in a shallow hole (an artificial cylindrical depression in the ground or rock - ed.) And closed. After two weeks, it is retrieved, and analysis shows whether it is worth drilling a well in this place.

However, even with all the variety of modern methods of searching for oil, it is possible to find it on an ever more modest scale than in the 1940s and 1960s. Even relatively new West Siberian deposits are being depleted. Experts say: the era of light - both in consistency and in terms of production - of oil is coming to an end.

Intelligence data

Yuri Krizhanich, a Croatian theologian, philosopher and historian who was exiled to Tobolsk for his support of the Greek Catholic Church, wrote about oil shows in Siberia - about the outcrops of bituminous shale, oil satellites in the Ob basin - at the end of the 17th century.

The prophetic idea of ​​the existence of oil on the eastern slope of the Ural mountain range in 1932 was put forward by the founder of Soviet oil geology, academician Ivan Gubkin: “I believe that in the east of the Urals, along the edge of the great West Siberian depression ... oil ". Soon, the assumptions received the first practical confirmation, and at the end of the 50s of the twentieth century, a geological exploration expedition began work in the Tyumen expanses.

Even the outbreak of the Great Patriotic War did not stop work. Only in 1942, when German tanks broke through to Stalingrad, exploration work in Western Siberia came to a standstill.

The construction of the first reference well - Tyumenskaya - was started in 1948. The study of the geological section has established that the conditions for the formation of hydrocarbon deposits are favorable here. In total, 11 such reference wells were drilled in the Tyumen region.

In the early 1960s, the region's first oil reserves were explored, the main of which was the Samotlor supergiant field discovered in 1965 with recoverable reserves of about 14 billion barrels (2 billion tons). Data on the discovery of the first large fields in Western Siberia came in handy as never before: production in the Volga-Ural region was steadily declining.

In the summer of 1960, when the Tyumen wells produced the first commercial oil, Anatoly Trofimuk, director of the Institute of Geology and Geophysics of the Siberian Branch of the Academy of Sciences, emphasized: “For a number of years, our prospectors managed to find oil deposits in different regions of the Asian part of the USSR. But only Tyumen geologists and drillers produced oil, which has indisputable industrial potential. According to the available data, it can be said that Konda in the very near future will become a major oil field in the country. "

In May 1964, the tanker opened the first oil navigation in the history of Western Siberia.

By 1975, it was planned to increase oil production in Western Siberia to 100-120 million tons per year. This goal seemed, according to the memoirs of experts, unattainable: in Tataria, the main oil-producing region of the country at that time, it took 23 years to reach the figure of 100 million tons per year, and the Siberians had to achieve this in five years.

The edge is harsh

Oil production in Russia is complex. In the same Saudi Arabia or Iraq, it is enough just to drill one well in the sand, and you can freely approach it. In Russia, oil reserves are concentrated in swampy areas, and the difference between summer and winter temperatures reaches several tens of degrees.

Since it is impossible to drill a well in a swamp, you first need to cut down the forest, drain the swamp, fill the area with sand, and only then the drilling begins. Moreover, the well is drilled not vertically, but at an angle.

The local area is huge: the south of the oil and gas bearing lands of the West Siberian Plain is removed from their northern borders, just as in the European part of the country Arkhangelsk is removed from Astrakhan. Overcoming these distances is much more difficult than in the European part: the territory is sparsely populated, covered with impenetrable taiga and holds the world record for swampiness.

The richest deposits lie under the most powerful peat bogs. To all this is added the severity of the climate, and to the north of the Siberian Uvaly there is also permafrost. Building roads, settlements, oil and gas pipelines here is a daunting task. However, as the oilmen say, these circumstances have given rise to very interesting technical projects. Thus, air-cushion drilling rigs appeared, floating above the swamps, a method was invented to lower the temperature of the roadbed due to the evaporation of natural gas in a porous mass (thus, the permafrost does not melt and a thousand-kilometer artificial ice rink can connect remote areas of oil fields with bases even in summer).

Gennady Shmal, one of the founders of the oil and gas complex in Western Siberia, told how difficult it was for the pioneers to turn the wild swampy land into oases of civilization and high culture: in the 1960s, at the very beginning of the development of Tyumen riches, the British Financial Times, savoring the difficulties of a taiga construction, sarcastically: "The Tyumen Bolsheviks name huge numbers of production prospects for 1975 and later. But let's see if they can realize what they dream of ...". We could !. In 1960-70s. people lived for years in barracks and trailers to bring multimillion-dollar profits to the country's treasury. Now the pioneering oilmen remember this time as the time of heroes and exploits.

The rate of development of deposits in the Tyumen region was on average 2-3 times higher than in Tataria and Bashkiria. With difficulty, and sometimes with the risk of their lives, landing in the impenetrable taiga from helicopters, the pioneers almost everywhere were almost the first people to set foot on this land.

The growth in production in Western Siberia predetermined the growth of production in the Soviet Union from 7.6 million barrels (over a million tons) per day in 1971 to 9.9 million barrels (about 1.4 million tons) per day in 1975. By the mid-1970s, production in the Western Siberia region filled the gap created by the decline in production in the Volga-Ural region.

It would seem that oil produced in difficult conditions is quite expensive. However, the paradox is that the cost of Tyumen (and Tomsk) oil is lower than that of Tatarstan, for example. "This region happily combines favorable geological features - a very high density of reserves in large areas and, in addition, oil is deposited at very convenient depths for production. Western Siberia is also distinguished by a high proportion of large deposits that allow organizing production at low cost. For example, one such a field - Samotlorskoye - is capable of producing 4 times more oil annually than all the fields of the Apsheron Peninsula, "explains the yearbook" Earth and People "for 1972.

Many of the fields put into operation, according to the international classification, belonged to the category of unique ones, giving an abnormally high production rate of wells: wells drilled on them yield a lot of oil, the quality of which is much higher than that of the Volga-Ural oil.

Oil produced in Western Siberia looks like an almost transparent liquid. For comparison, the one that is "found" in Tatarstan - black, viscous, Samara and Orenburg - red, sometimes orange. And the exotic-looking green oil is mined in Iran.

Oil of the West Siberian oil and gas basin is characterized by a low sulfur content (up to 1.1 percent) and paraffin (less than 0.5 percent), a high content of gasoline fractions (40-60 percent) and an increased amount of volatile substances.

"... They open the valves, and a black stream hits the prepared container - the tank - with force. A wonderful, greenish-brown, aromatic liquid with golden foam. Can any of the most expensive perfumes compare with the smell of oil for an oilman ?! No, their smell in comparison with oil - nothing. We take it in the palm of our hand, rub it, smell it. I even want to taste it. Joy, great joy. After all, this is the first Siberian oil ... "

West Siberian oil, from relatively young fields, smells - as experts say - more refined: it lacks the smell of sulfur, as in the Volga and Urals. However, experts can predict with certainty: Siberia will face the fate of Tatarstan: there will be less Devonian oil every year, and more carbonic oil. Those who have tasted oil on the tongue - in the literal sense - say: it is sweetish, with sourness. This acidity is precisely what sulfur gives. Sulfur also makes Russian export Urals oil cheaper, which is obtained by mixing in the pipeline system heavy, high-sulfur oil from the Urals and the Volga region with light West Siberian oil Siberian Light.

Oil production in Russia finally stopped its decline in 1997. Independent experts believe that Western Siberia has residual reserves of more than 150 billion barrels (over 20 billion tons), and the level of production could be three times higher than now. But the situation is complicated by poor reservoir conditions in already developed fields and the fact that West Siberian fields usually consist of more oil-bearing strata than fields in other regions, which aggravates production.

Help "RG"

Oil production in Western Siberia, the main production region of Russia, will decline until 2019 to about 290 million tons (from 300 million in 2015). Experts believe that after 2019, oil production in the region will begin to recover, and by 2035 will again reach 300 million tons thanks to new discoveries and the development of hard-to-recover reserves. By 2025-2030, oil production in Russia, under favorable external and internal conditions, may reach 580-585 million tons per year.