Fundamentals of relay protection technology. Berkovich M., Molchanov V.V., Semenov V.A.
What is relay protection
Relay protection automatically eliminates damage and abnormal conditions in the electrical part of power systems and is the most important automation ensuring their reliable and stable operation. Relay protection is the main type of electrical automation, without which normal and reliable operation of modern energy systems is impossible.
Chernobrovov N.V. Relay protection, 1974
Relay protection is an automatically operating device in electrical installations that provides protection against damage and certain abnormal operating conditions. The name “relay protection” appeared in a number of countries due to the fact that the type of emergency automation in question began to be implemented using electromechanical devices called relays. Subsequently, this term received universal recognition and was legalized in the International Electrotechnical Dictionary, which played a large role in the development of domestic terminology.
Fedoseev A. M., Fedoseev M. A. F. Relay protection of electric power systems, 1992
Relay protection is a special automatic device that operates to open switches to quickly disconnect a damaged section of an electrical installation or network to prevent the development of accidents.
Berkovich M. A. Fundamentals of relay protection technology, 1984
Textbooks on relay protection and automation
Chernobrovov N.V. Relay protection. Textbook for technical schools. Ed. 5th, revised and additional M., “Energy”, 1974. 680 p.
The book examines relay protection of electrical networks, power plant equipment and distribution busbars. The book is intended as a textbook for students of power engineering colleges and can be used by students of electrical engineering and power engineering universities, as well as by engineers and technicians involved in the operation, installation and design of relay protection of power plants and networks. In preparation for the re-release of the book, the author sought to reflect new developments in domestic equipment for relay protection and automation.
Download the book Chernobrov N.V. Relay protection. Textbook for technical schools (djvu, zip, 11.54 MB) - download book
Fedoseev A. M., Fedoseev M. A. F. Relay protection of electric power systems: Textbook. for universities. — 2nd ed., revised. and additional - M.: Energoatomnzdat, 1992. - 528 p.
The book discusses the basics of relay protection technology for three-phase systems with voltages above 1 kV, the general principles of protection, protection of lines, buses, generators, transformers, autotransformers and motors. Methodological changes have been made to the 2nd edition, and new principles for implementing defenses are also considered. The material in the book is presented in such a way that students study primarily the principles of protection, and not the implementation of individual devices, which can be modernized quite often or even replaced with new ones.
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Berkovich M. A. et al. Fundamentals of relay protection technology /M. A. Berkovich. V. V. Molchanov, V. L. Semenov. — 6th ed., revised. and additional - Energoatomizdat, 1984. 376 p.
The textbook outlines the basics of relay protection technology for power system elements - power lines, generators, transformers, electric motors. The sixth edition of the book has been supplemented with a description of a number of complex protections; sections devoted to operational issues have been excluded.
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Berkovich M. A. et al. Fundamentals of automation of power systems / M. A. Berkovich, A. N. Komarov, V. A. Semenov, - M.: Energoizdat, 1981, - 432 p.
The purpose and scope of application of the main technical means of automation of power systems are considered. Schematic diagrams and descriptions of the principles of operation of automatic reclosure, automatic reclosure, automatic reclosure, automatic frequency control, automatic synchronization and emergency control devices are provided. Methods for calculating the settings of automation devices are outlined. The second edition covers new equipment. For engineering and technical workers involved in the design and operation of system automation devices. Can be used by university and technical college students. The material in the book is presented in a fairly complete volume, which allows it to be used when studying relevant courses by students of secondary and higher technical educational institutions who are studying to become a technician or electrical engineer in automation.
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Elements of automatic devices: Textbook for universities / V. L. Fabrikant, V. P. Glukhov, L. B. Paperno, V. Ya. Putnins. - M.: Higher. school, 1981. - 400 p.
The textbook shows typical elements of automatic devices used in the electric power industry. For a number of elements, methods for their construction and calculation are considered. Particular attention is paid to the methodological side, for which the consideration is presented, if possible, in a coherent system with explanations of the reasons for the decisions made. The book is intended for students studying in the specialty "Automation of production and distribution of electricity." Can be used by students of other electrical power specialties, as well as engineers, graduate students, employees of research, design and other organizations working in the field of automation.
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Automation of electrical power systems: Textbook for universities / O. P. Alekseev, V. E. Kazansky, V. L. Kozis and others; Ed. V. L. Kozis and N. I. Ovcharenko. - M.: Energoizdat, 1981 - 480 p.
The textbook discusses issues of automation of control of electrical power systems in normal, emergency and post-emergency modes. Concepts about automatic control are given, materials are given on the automatic switching on of synchronous machines for parallel operation, automatic control of system elements and automatic regulation in them. For university students specializing in electrical power engineering. The textbook was written by members of the Department of RZiA MPEI (Head of the Department of Candidate of Technical Sciences Associate Professor V.P. Morozkin) based on lectures that they gave for many years at MPEI, and is intended to more fully provide students of the specialty with educational material.
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Krivenkov V.V., Novella V.N. Relay protection and automation of power supply systems: Textbook. manual for universities. - M.: Energoizdat, 1981. 328 p.
Operation of power supply systems for industrial and rural enterprises without automatic control of system elements in normal and emergency modes. The book discusses relay protection devices and automation of elements of the power supply system, as well as issues of telemechanization and automation of system control as a whole. The book is intended as a teaching aid for students of energy and electrical engineering universities studying in the specialty “Power supply of cities, industrial enterprises and agriculture”, and can be used by engineering and technical personnel servicing electrical installations.
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Alekseev V. S., Varganov G. P., Panfilov B. I., Rosenblum R. 3. Protection relays. M., "Energy", 1976. 464 p.
The book contains a systematic description of secondary AC protection relays, electromechanical time relays, electromagnetic auxiliary protection relays and some power system automation relays currently produced by the domestic industry. Full technical data of the relay are provided. The book is intended for engineering and technical workers involved in the production and operation of relay protection devices, and can also be useful to employees of design organizations and students of secondary and higher specialized educational institutions dealing with relay protection issues.
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Zasypkin A. S. Relay protection of transformers. - M. Energoatomizdat. 1989 240 p.
The book provides a generalized description of the characteristics of emergency and abnormal modes of powerful power system transformers - internal short circuits (short circuits), magnetizing current surges, overexcitations, special modes of converter transformers, as well as transient processes in current transformers. Requirements for the functioning of relay protection against internal short circuits are formulated. New devices are described that provide increased technical perfection of relay protection. Particular attention is paid to relay protection with built-in primary measuring converters.
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Shabad M. A. Protection of distribution network transformers. — L.: Energoizdat. Leningr. department, 1981. - 136 p.
The book outlines the issues of protecting step-down transformers of distribution networks with higher voltages from 6 to 110 kV. carried out using fuses and modern relay protection devices. The principles of operation, typical circuits and conditions for calculating the main types of relay protection, as well as the design and selection of fuses for protecting transformers are considered. The book is intended for engineers, technicians and craftsmen involved in the operation of electrical distribution networks of power systems, industrial enterprises and agricultural complexes, and can also be useful to employees of design and commissioning organizations and students of electrical power specialties.
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Fabrikant V.L. Distance protection: Textbook. manual for universities.— M.: Vyssh. school, 1978.—215 p.
The book outlines the most important issues of the modern theory of distance protection, presented as coherently as possible in a system. Much attention is paid to the methodological side of the presentation. In particular, answers are given: not only to the question of how it is done, but also to the question of why it is done this way. The consideration is brought to the algorithms that determine the conditions for the operation of the protection and its organs. The book examines some problems in the field of distance protection that require mathematical analysis, emphasizing the presence of a large number of unsolved problems that require a creative approach. Intended for students of electrical power universities and faculties. May be useful to graduate students and engineers of a wide variety of electrical power specialties.
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Averbukh A. M., Rybak H. A. Problems of relay protection and methods for their solution, M-L., Gosepergoizdat, 1961, 352 p.
The book contains problems on relay protection and some system automation devices and provides methods for solving them. Relay protection tasks are aimed at expanding students' knowledge in this area and preparing them for the practical application of the fundamentals of the theory of relay protection technology. When drawing up and solving problems, the experience of design, research and commissioning organizations was used. The book is intended as a textbook for students of energy and electrical engineering colleges. It can be used by students of energy and electrical engineering faculties of higher educational institutions when studying relay protection courses and diploma design, as well as by engineers and technicians working in the field of operation and design of relay protection.
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Averbukh A. M. Relay protection in problems with solutions and examples. L., “Energy”, 1975. 416 p.
The book provides solutions to problems and examples of relay protection of power systems. It is intended for engineers and technicians working in the field of operation and design of relay protection devices for electrical substations and high-voltage networks. The book can be used as a teaching aid by students of energy technical schools and energy specialties of higher educational institutions.
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Korolev E. P., Liberzon E. M. Calculations of permissible loads in current circuits of relay protection. — M.: Energy, 1980.—208 p.
The book outlines the main features of calculating permissible loads in relay protection current circuits, taking into account the modes of deep saturation of the magnetic circuit of current transformers and distortion of the shape of the secondary current curve. The operation of the main measuring organs of relay protection in different modes is considered and the design conditions for determining the permissible loads on current transformers are formulated. A method for calculating the cross-section of control cable cores is presented. The book is intended for engineers and technicians involved in the design and operation of relay protection and automation of electrical networks, industrial and agricultural facilities, and can also be used by students of electrical power specialties at universities and technical schools.
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Shabad M. A. Calculations of relay protection and automation of distribution networks. — 3rd ed., revised. and additional — L.: Energoatomizdat. Leningr. department, 1985. - 296 p.
The book discusses methods and examples of calculating relay protection and automation devices for rural, urban and industrial electrical networks of 6 and 10 kV, power lines of 35, 110 kV and step-down transformers of 6-110 kV. This publication has been revised and supplemented in accordance with new GOSTs, rules and directive materials on protection and automation issues. The book is intended for engineering and technical workers servicing protection and automation devices in power systems, electrical networks, industrial and agricultural enterprises, and can also be useful to employees of design and commissioning organizations and students of electrical power specialties.
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FRAGMEHT BOOKS (...) The first stage of busbar protection operates without a time delay to turn off all power sources, with the exception of generators, which are turned off by their current protections. The second stage of protection operates with a time delay, adjusted from the maximum time delay of the protection of outgoing lines, to disconnect transformers, sectional and busbar switches. Typically, the second stage of protection also provides for a second time delay, with which it acts to disconnect generators connected to the damaged bus section, if after disconnecting the transformers, sectional and busbar connection switches, the short circuit is not eliminated.The sensitivity of the first stage of protection, calculated for a metallic two-phase short circuit on the substation busbars, must be at least 1.5. The sensitivity coefficient of the second stage of busbar protection, determined with a metal two-phase short circuit behind the reactor, must be at least 1.2-1.3.
In Fig. 12.11 shows a bus coupling switch, the circuits of which, if available, must be connected to the current bus protection circuits. In this case, during testing of the backup bus system through the bus coupling switch, a device must be provided in the protection circuit that automatically applies the action of bus protection to all connections, with the exception of the bus coupling switch, in the same way as was described above for full differential bus protection. If the first stage of incomplete differential busbar protection does not provide the necessary sensitivity during a short circuit on the busbars, incomplete differential distance busbar protection can be used. In this case, a distance protection circuit with one resistance relay with switching in the current and voltage circuits or only in the voltage circuits is usually used. The resistance relay response setting is adjusted from the short circuit behind the reactor. Starting current protection relays are used as the second stage in a similar way to the circuit discussed above.
At large substations and power plants, in a number of cases, using the second stage of incomplete differential busbar protection, it is not possible to provide the necessary sensitivity during a short circuit behind the reactor.
Rice. 12.12. Block diagram of maximum current protection of a transformer with acceleration in the absence of current in the outgoing lines
rum and on outgoing lines. This is especially undesirable, since in the case of a short circuit downstream of the reactors to the outgoing circuit breakers, the second stage of busbar protection is the only protection effective in the event of a fault at that point. A number of methods have been proposed to ensure the disconnection of short circuits behind reactors. All these methods are associated with a more complex protection circuit and require the installation of additional cables and additional equipment. For example, CTs installed on the most powerful lines are connected to the current circuits of incomplete differential protection of buses. Excluding part of the load current from the current passing in the relay during a short circuit behind the reactor makes it possible to increase the sensitivity of the second stage of protection. In this case, to disconnect the short circuit behind the reactors of the lines whose CTs are connected to the differential protection circuits, special current protections are used, installed on these lines and operating with a time delay greater than that of their own maximum protection. It is also possible to use on the longest lines, the sensitivity for short circuits at the end of which is unsatisfactory, special current protections, which also act to disconnect all connections of the section. Such protection can be performed both on each line and across several lines.
In order to quickly disconnect short circuits on 6-10 kV busbars, acceleration of the maximum current protection of the supply transformer is also used in the absence of start-up of the protection of any of the connections extending from these busbars. The block diagram of such accelerated protection is shown in Fig. 12.12. Blocks 1-3 are the maximum current relay, time relay and output transformer protection circuits. Blocks 4X-4p correspond to current protection relays for outgoing lines of 6-10 kV, which are connected to the transformer protection circuits through logical blocks OR-NOT (DWU) and AND (DX).
In the event of a short circuit on the substation buses, the current protection relays of transformer 1 will operate and none of the current protection relays of outgoing lines 4±-4p will operate. In this case, at the output of the logical block there will be a signal that is one of two enabling signals for the DX logical block. Since the second enabling signal will arrive when current relay 1 is triggered, a signal is generated at the output of the DX logical block that affects the output protection circuits, bypassing the time delay block 2. In the event of damage to the outgoing line, one of the 4U-4p relays will operate and the DWU logical element blocks the action of the logical DX block, preventing the transformer protection from operating without a time delay.
RESERVATION OF FAILURES IN OPERATION OF RELAY PROTECTION AND SWITCHES
13.1. GENERAL INFORMATION
In ch. 6 and 7 give the concept of the main and backup operation of relay protection. As noted, backup action is necessary to disconnect a short circuit in the event of a failure of the switch or relay protection of the damaged connection. An inextricable short circuit has a destructive effect on the damaged element and is dangerous for the electrical installation and for the electrical network as a whole. Therefore, redundancy of short-circuit shutdown is a prerequisite when implementing relay protection. Redundancy of short-circuit disconnection using for this purpose the backup action of the protections of neighboring network elements is usually called long-range redundancy. This method of redundancy is highly reliable, since the redundant and redundant devices do not have common structural elements and therefore cannot be damaged for the same reason. To implement long-distance backup, no special relay protection devices are required. These positive qualities of long-distance backup determine its widespread use.
However, redundancy also has significant drawbacks: one of them is significant difficulties in ensuring the required sensitivity of protections that provide long-range redundancy, especially in complex networks with long and heavily loaded lines in the presence of parallel branches and powerful feeders. Along with long-distance reservation, so-called short-range reservation is used. This method of trip backup is carried out by various means in the event of a failure of a protective relay or circuit breaker. For redundancy, in addition to the main relay protection, this element of the electrical installation is equipped with a backup protection kit. Backup protection acts to open the same circuit breakers as the main protection. In this case, backup protection, as a rule, provides the necessary sensitivity in case of damage at the end of the protected line.
To increase the efficiency of short-range protection redundancy, it is necessary that the main and backup protections have measuring and operational circuits independent of each other, as well as independent power sources. In addition, it is desirable that the main and backup protection have different principles of operation and respond to different electrical quantities, for example, current and resistance or other quantities. Such implementation of the main and backup protections eliminates to the greatest extent the possibility of simultaneous failure of both protections due to one common reason.
M.A.Berkovich V.A.Gladyshev, V.A. Semenov
AUTOMATIONENERGY SYSTEMS
Approved by the Ministry of Energy
and electrification of the USSR as a textbook
for energy students
and energy construction technical schools
3rd edition, revised and expanded
MOSCOW ENERGOATOMIZDAT
1991
Reviewer: Zuevsky Energy College,teacher T.S. Pavlova
Berkovich M.A. and etc.
Automation of power systems: Textbook for technical schools / M.A. Berkovich, V.A. Gladyshev, V.A. Semenov. - 3rd ed., revised. and additional - M.: Energoatomizdat, 1991. - 240 p.: ill. ISBN 5-283-01004-Х
Information about automatic control and regulation devices in power systems is provided. The issues of automatic control of the excitation of synchronous machines and their inclusion in parallel operation are considered. Devices of automatic reclosure, automatic transfer, and emergency automatics are described. The second edition was published in 1985. The third edition describes new automation devices based on the use of control mini- and microcomputers.
For technical school students majoring in "Operation of electrical equipment and automation equipment for power systems."
Contents of the textbook Automation of Power Systems
Preface
Introduction
Chapter first. General information on automation
1.1. Basic concepts and definitions of the theory of automatic control and regulation
1.2. Control Characteristics
Chapter two. Automatic reclosing (AR)
2.1. Purpose of automatic reclosing
2.2. Classification of automatic reclosure devices. Basic requirements for automatic reclosure schemes
2.3. Single action automatic reclosure device
2.4. Features of the implementation of automatic reclosure schemes at telemechanized substations
2.5. Features of the implementation of automatic reclosure circuits on air circuit breakers
2.6. Selection of settings for single-shot autorecloser circuits for lines with one-way power supply
2.7. Accelerating the action of relay protection during automatic reclosure
2.8. Implementation of automatic reclosure schemes on alternating operating current
2.9. Double automatic reclosure
2.10. Three-phase automatic reclosure on lines with double-sided power supply
2.11. Single-Phase Automatic Reclosing (SAR)
2.12. Automatic tire reactivation
Chapter three. Automatic transfer switching (ATS)
3.1. Purpose of AVR
3.2. Basic requirements for ATS circuits
3.3. Automatic switching on of reserve at substations
3.4. Minimum voltage starters
3.5. Automatic switching on of backup transformers at power plants
3.6. Network ATS
3.7. Calculation of ATS settings
Chapter Four. Automatic voltage regulation in electrical networks
4.1. Purpose of voltage regulation
4.2. Automatic voltage regulator for transformers
4.3. Capacitor bank management
Chapter five. Integrated substation control systems
5.1. General information
5.2. Integrated operational and automatic control systems
5.3. Integrated substation control system, which implements relay protection functions along with operational and automatic control functions
Chapter six. Automatic switching on of synchronous generators for parallel operation
6.1. Synchronization methods
6.2. Devices for automatic switching of generators for parallel operation
Chapter seven. Automatic control of excitation of synchronous machines
7.1. General information about excitation systems
7.2. Purpose and types of automatic excitation control (AEC)
7.3. Relay devices for high-speed excitation forcing (UFF) and deforcing
7.4. Generator excitation compounding
7.5. Electromagnetic voltage corrector
7.6. Automatic excitation regulators with compounding and electromagnetic voltage corrector
7.7. Automatic control and excitation boosting device for generators with high-frequency exciters
7.8. Automatic strong excitation regulators
7.9. Automatic voltage regulation on power plant buses
Chapter eight. Automatic regulation of frequency and active power
8.1. General information
8.2. Primary turbine speed regulators
8.3. Characteristics of regulation of turbine speed and electrical frequency of the network
8.4. Methods of frequency regulation in the power system
8.5. Automatic control of power flows
8.6. Comprehensive frequency and power flow regulation
8.7. Microprocessor active power controller of a power unit
Chapter Nine. Automatic frequency shedding (AFS)
9.1. Purpose and basic principles of performing AFR
9.2. Prevention of false consumer shutdowns during short-term frequency decreases in the power system
9.3. Automatic restart after AFR
9.4. AChR and CHAPV schemes
9.5. Separation of own consumption of thermal power plants when reducing frequency in the power system
9.6. Additional local unloading due to other factors
9.7. Automatic start of hydro generators when the frequency in the power system decreases
Chapter ten. Anti-emergency automation (AA)
10.1. Purpose and classification of emergency automatic devices
10.2. The concept of stability of parallel operation of power systems
10.3. Means for increasing static and dynamic stability
10.4. PA devices to prevent instability
10.5. Teletransmission device for automatic alarm signals (TSA)
10.6. Asynchronous mode and devices for automatic elimination of asynchronous mode
10.7. Automatic overvoltage limitation
Chapter Eleven. The use of electronic computers in emergency automation
11.1. General information
11.2. Methods of using a computer in an ADV device
11.3. Structure and characteristics of the control computer for storing the dosage of control actions
11.4. Algorithm for automatic dosage of control actions
Bibliography
PREFACE
The USSR energy program for the long termexamines the further development of the Unified Energy System (UES) of the USSR.Commissioning of high and ultra high power transmission linesvoltage, high-power power plants, intensive developmentmain and distribution networks have made the problem extremely difficultcontrols normal and emergency modes. Normaloperation of power systems, prevention of emergency situationsprovided by various automation devices, efficiencyand the correct functioning of which determines the reliability of operation you are energy systems.
The book is a textbook on automation of power systems for environmentsthem special educational institutions of electric power profile.The volume and content of the book correspond to the course program "Automaticka power systems", read in the specialty "Operation electrical equipmentand automation equipment for power systems."
The main difference between the third edition and the previous one is thatthat in it, along with traditional automation devices, having received which are widely used in power systems, systems are described andautomatic control devices based on moderncomputer technology.
All comments and suggestions should be sent to: 113114,Moscow, M-114, Shlyuzovaya embankment, 10, Energoatomizdat.
INTRODUCTION
Automation of power systems refers to the implementation of devicesand systems that automatically control the circuit and modesmami (processes of production, transmission and distribution of electricitygi) power systems under normal and emergency conditions. Automationenergy systems ensures the normal functioning of the elementsenergy systems, reliable and economical operation of the energy system as a whole, the required quality of electricity.
The main feature of the energy sector that distinguishes it from other industriesindustry, is that at every moment of time there is an increaseThe power supply must strictly correspond to its consumption. Poet mu when increasing or decreasing power consumption should not slowly increase or decrease its output per power plant tions. Violation of the normal operation of one of the elementsmay affect the operation of many elements of the power system and lead toto disruption of the entire production process. Another, no less importantThe main feature is that electrical processes when disruptednormal conditions proceed so quickly that operationalThe staff of power plants and substations does not have time to intervene in the flowprocess and prevent its development. These energy features define shared the need for widespread automation of power systems.
All automation devices can be divided into two large groups: devices technological and system automation. Technological automation is local automation, performing the functions of managing local processes at a power facility and maintaining at a given level or regulating according to the definition divided law of local parameters, without having a significant effectinfluence on the regime of the power system as a whole.
System automation carries out control functions, providinghaving a significant impact on the operating mode of the entire power system ora significant part of it. By functional purpose, systemautomation is divided into control automation in normal modes and automatic control in emergency modes.
Control automation in normal modes includes devices VA automatic frequency control and active power(ARFM), automatic voltage regulation on electrical buses stations and substations, etc. Using automatic control devices operation in normal modes ensures the established qualityelectricity by frequency and voltage, increasing energy efficiencybots and margin of stability of parallel work.
Automatic control in emergency modes includes, along withrelay protection devices (discussed in another course)also network automation that switches on the reserve, repeatsnew inclusion of equipment elements (transformer lines, buses),forcingexcitation of synchronous machines, and emergency automation. With the help of emergency automation, power lines are unloaded to prevent damage to foundations efficiency of parallel work, termination of asynchronous modepower systems, shutdown to prevent the development of an accidentsome consumers due to unacceptably low frequency or voltagetions, elimination of short-term increases in frequency and voltage, posing a danger to the equipment.
All automation devices, regardless of the functions performedcan also be divided into two groups: automatic control devices and automatic control devices.
This book is devoted mainly to the consideration of the mouthsystems automation devices that are widely used, and some process automation devices. Focus of the bookaddressed to the consideration of the physical essence of the phenomena occurringin power systems, as well as operating principles and circuits of modern mouths swarms of automation.
Download the book M.A. Berkovich, V.A. Gladyshev, V.A. Semenov. Automation of power systems: Textbook. for technical schools. Third edition, revised and expanded. Moscow, Energoatomizdat, 1991
a) K.M. Berkovich Regulation of river channels, M.: MSU, 1992b) Erosion processes, M.: Mysl, 1984
Work of water flows, M.: ed. Moscow State University. 1987
Channel regime of rivers in Northern Eurasia. M., 1994
Waterways of the Lena basin. M.: MIKIS, 1995
Ecological channel studies. M.: GEOS, 2000
K. M. Berkovich Geographical analysis of anthropogenic changes in channel processes. M.: GEOS, 2001
Channel processes and waterways on the rivers of the Ob basin. Novosibirsk: RIPEL-plus, 2001
K.M. Berkovich Geographical analysis of anthropogenic changes in channel processes. M.: GEOS, 2001
Ecology of erosion-channel systems in Russia. M.: MSU, 2002
K.M. Berkovich Channel processes and channel quarries. M.: MSU, 2005
K.M. Berkovich Channel processes on rivers in the sphere of influence of reservoirs. M.: MSU, 2012
B) K.M. Berkovich Some features of the formation of the basal horizon of alluvium on lowland rivers. // Geomorphology. No. 1, 1974.45-51
N.I. Makkaveev, R.S. Chalov, K.M. Berkovich Fundamentals of forecasting channel deformations to ensure a project for improving navigation conditions in the middle Ob.//Vestnik Mosk. Univ., Ser. 5. Geography, No. 1, 1978. 48-53
K.M. Berkovich, B.N. Vlasov Features of channel processes on rivers of the Non-Chernozem zone of the Russian Federation // Vestnik Mosk. Univ., Ser. 5. Geography, No. 3, 1982. 28-34
K.M. Berkovich, L.V. Zlotina, P.N. Ryazanov Evolutionary series of island and riverbed natural territorial complexes of the upper Ob // Vestnik Mosk. Univ., Ser. 5. Geography, No. 2, 1983. 82-86
K.M. Berkovich, R.S. Chalov, A.V. Chernov Problems of rational use of river floodplains in the national economy // geography and natural resources, No. 1, 1988. 30-39
K.M. Berkovich, S.N. Ruleva, R.S. Chalov Channel regime of the upper Ob // geography and natural resources. No. 4, 1989. 54-61
N.I. Alekseevsky, K.M. Berkovich Transport of traction sediments and its relationship with channel stability // Water Resources, No. 6, 1992
K.M. Berkovich Modern transformation of the longitudinal profile of the upper Oka // geomorphology, No. 3, 1993. 43-49
K.M. Berkovich, R.S. Chalov Channel regime of rivers and principles of its regulation in the development of water transport // Geographic and natural resources, No. 1, 1993. 10-17
K.M. Berkovich, R.S. Chalov Anthropogenic changes in channel processes on the rivers of Northern Eurasia over historical time // Water Resources, Volume 22, No. 3, 1995. 308-312
Vertical channel deformations of the upper and middle Oka and their connection with economic activity // Proceedings of AVN. Vol. 1. M., 1995. 105-114
K.M. Berkovich, L.V. Zlotina, R.R. Chalov Channel processes and urban-industrial siltation of the Insar River bed in Mordovia // Geography and natural resources, No. 2, 1998. 97-101
K.M. Berkovich, L.V. Zlotina, L.A. Turykin
Modern vertical deformations of the Belaya River bed // Geomorphology, No. 1, 1999. 50-56
K.M. Berkovich Reaction of river channels to their mechanical disturbances // Geography and natural resources, 2001, No. 1. 25-31
K.M. Berkovich Stability of river channels to anthropogenic load // Bulletin of Moscow University, series 5, geography, 2001, No. 5. 37-42
K.M. Berkovich, L.V. Zlotina, L.A. Turykin Anthropogenic deformations of the Belaya River bed // Soil erosion and channel processes. Vol. 13. M.: MSU, 2001. 184-202
K.M. Berkovich, L.V. Zlotina Calculation of the stability of river channels under conditions of anthropogenic load (journal article) // Geography and natural resources. 2003, no. 2. 117-123
K.M. Berkovich, L.V. Zlotina, V.V. Surkov Geographical aspects of the study of river beds and floodplains in the lower reaches of hydraulic structures //
Proceedings of the Academy of Problems of Water Sciences, vol. 9. M., 2003. 31-43
K.M. Berkovich, Zlotina L.V., Rulyova S.N. Ob-River channel and flood-plain trasformation below Novosibirsk hydropower station after the materials of long-term observations // Zeszyty naukove WSHE. Vol. X, series E, zeshyt 2. Włocłavek, 2002. 113-122
K.M. Berkovich, L.V. Zlotina, L.A. Turykin
The mechanism of reformation of the banks of the Volga in Rybinsk // Sat. “Soil erosion and channel processes”, no. 14. M. 2003. 131-144
K.M. Berkovich Stability and deformation of lowland river beds // Geomorphology, No. 1, 2004, 13-19
K.M. Berkovich, Zlotina L.V. The feature in riverbed recovery on alluvium excavation completion // Proceedings of the tenth international symposium on river sedimentation, Volume VI, Moscow, Russia, 2007. 17-23
K.M. Berkovich, V.V. Timofeeva. Morphology and directional deformations of the Lower Don channel // Geomorphology, 2007, No. 3. 54-62
K.M. Berkovich, L.V. Zlotina, L.A. Turykin
The channel of the Lower Belaya as a natural-technical system // Soil erosion and channel processes, vol. 17, 2010. 213-232
K.M. Berkovich Stability of the channel and the efficiency of dredging // River transport, 2011, No. 5. 83-89
K.M. Berkovich, L.V. Zlotina On the influence of coastal vegetation on riverbed processes // Geography and natural resources, 2012, No. 1. 31-37
K.M. Berkovich, L.V. Zlotina, S.Yu. Ivshin, L.A. Turykin Anthropogenic disturbances, sediment runoff and channel deformations of the middle Kama // Soil erosion and channel processes. Vol. 18. M.: MSU, 2012. 288-303
K.M. Berkovich, L.V. Zlotina, L.A. Turykin Nature-oriented approaches to the extraction of alluvial building materials from river beds and floodplains // Bulletin of Udmurt University, series 6. Biology. Geosciences. Vol. 3., 2012. 3-13
K.M. Berkovich, L.V. Zlotina, S.Yu. Ivshin, L.A. Turykin Taking into account the modern dynamics of the Kama River bed below the Votkinsk hydroelectric complex when planning the extraction of sand and gravel material // Bulletin of the Udmurt University, series 6. Biology. Geosciences. Vol. 1., 2013. 121-129
K.M. Berkovich, L.V. Zlotina, L.A. Turykin Channel processes and use of natural resources of the Oka River // Geography and natural resources, 2015, No. 1, 98-104
K.M. Berkovich, L.V. Zlotina, L.A. Turykin Determination of the permissible volume of sand and gravel material in a riverbed deposit // Waterways and riverbed processes, volume 2. 2015. 40-47
Fundamentals of technology and operation of relay protection
Authors: M. A. Berkovich and V. A. Semenov
Publisher: M.-L.: Gosenergoizdat, 1954
The book is a textbook for individual and team training of electricians and relay protection specialists. It contains basic information about relay protection of networks, transformers, generators and electric motors, as well as automatic reclosing and automatic switching of backup power supplies.
In addition to describing relays and protection circuits, the book briefly outlines the main methods of operational testing of relay protection devices.
The book can also be useful for electricians and masters of relay protection services of power plants and networks.
In recent years, due to the general increase in the technical level of equipment of power plants and electrical networks with modern relay protection, the role of electricians and especially relay protection service foremen, who often independently operate relay protection devices in individual areas, has increased significantly.
In accordance with this, the requirements for electricians and relay protection service specialists have also increased.
Based on this and relying mainly on the rich experience of operation and training in the Mosenergo system, as well as on the best practices of other energy systems, the authors sought to create a manual for training new electricians and relay protection operators.
Unfortunately, the limited volume of the manual did not make it possible to set out the basic principles on which
based on the action of the relay, the method of vector diagrams, methods for checking the correct activation of the power direction relay and a number of other useful information.
Preface
Introduction
IN 1. The Importance of Electrification
AT 2. Purpose of relay protection
AT 3. Basic requirements for relay protection
AT 4. The role of foremen and electricians of relay protection services
Chapter first. Relay
1-1. General information
1-2. Design of the most common domestically produced relays
Chapter two. Instrument transformers
2-1. Purpose of instrument transformers
2-2. Voltage transformers
2-3. Current transformers
2-4. Types and designs of current transformers
2-5. Cable current transformers with ring core
Chapter three. Protection of high voltage overhead and cable networks
3-1. Purpose and main types of protection
3-2. Overcurrent protection
3-3. Current cut-off on lines with one-sided supply
3-4. Current cut-off on lines with double-sided power supply
3-5. Combination of current cut-off with maximum current protection
3-6. Maximum directional protection
3-7. Current transverse differential protection of two parallel lines
3-8. Directional transverse differential protection of parallel lines
3-9. Protection against single-phase short circuits in networks with high ground fault current
3-10. Protection against single-phase earth faults in networks with low earth fault current
Chapter Four. Transformer protection
4-1. Purpose and main types of protection of transformers
4-2. Maximum current protection of transformers
4-3. Current cut-off
4-4. Differential protection
4-5. Gas protection
Chapter five. Protection of synchronous generators
5-1. Damage and abnormal operating conditions of synchronous generators and types of generator protection
5-2. Field extinguishing machines
5-3. Longitudinal differential protection
5-4. Transverse differential protection
5-5. Single-phase earth fault protection
5-6. Overcurrent protection
5-7. Overvoltage protection
5-8. Excitation circuit protection against ground fault
5-9. Complete generator protection circuit
5-10. Features of protection of synchronous compensators
Chapter six. Motor protection
6-1. Main characteristics of asynchronous electric motors and mechanisms
6-2. Damage and abnormal operating conditions of electric motors and types of protection of electric motors
6-3. Phase-to-phase short circuit protection
6-4. Overload protection
6-5. Undervoltage protection
6-6. Selecting the maximum current protection settings for a transformer supplying asynchronous electric motors
6-7. Protection of asynchronous electric motors with voltages up to 500 V
6-8. Features of protection of synchronous electric motors
Chapter seven. Automatic reclosure of power lines and substation buses (AR)
7-1. Purpose and types of automatic reclosure
7-2. Single-action electric autoreclosers
7-3. Cargo autorecovery
7-4. Selecting automatic reclosure settings
7-5. Automatic tire reclosure
7-6. Acceleration of protection before automatic reclosure
7-7. Acceleration of protection after automatic reclosure
Chapter eight. Automatic switching on of backup power supplies and other equipment (ATS)
8-1. Purpose and basic requirements for ATS
8-2. AVR transformers
8-3. ATS sectional switch
8-4. AVR lines
8-5. ATS on switches with a load drive
8-6. AVR of electric motors
8-7. ATS of low voltage lines
Chapter Nine. Equipment for testing protection and automation
9-1. Current control equipment
9-2. Voltage regulation equipment
9-3. Equipment for regulating the angle between current and voltage
9-4. Complete test devices for protection verification
Chapter ten. Adjustment and testing of relay protection
10-1. Programs and instructions for checking security
10-2. Types and timing of security checks
10-3. Checking correct installation and markings
10-4. Checking current transformers
10-5. Checking the serviceability of the mechanical part of the relay
10-6. Insulation resistance test and high voltage insulation test
10-7. Setting up and checking the electrical characteristics of the relay
10-8. Checking the interaction of relays in a protection and automation circuit
10-9. Checking primary current protection
10-10. Checking protection by primary load current and operating voltage
File information:
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Format - DjVu
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Auto table of contents - yes
