Political initiative. Characteristics of youth as a social group
The youth- this is a socio-demographic group, identified on the basis of a combination of age characteristics (approximately from 16 to 25 years), characteristics of social status and certain socio-psychological qualities.
Youth is a period of choosing a profession and one’s place in life, developing a worldview and life values, choosing a life partner, starting a family, achieving economic independence and socially responsible behavior.
Youth is a specific phase, stage of the human life cycle and is biologically universal.
Features of the social status of young people
Transitivity of position.
High level of mobility.
Mastering new social roles (employee, student, citizen, family man) associated with changes in status.
Actively searching for your place in life.
Favorable prospects in professional and career terms.
Youth is the most active, mobile and dynamic part of the population, free from stereotypes and prejudices of previous years and possessing the following socio-psychological qualities: mental instability; internal inconsistency; low level of tolerance (from Latin tolerantia - patience); the desire to stand out, to be different from the rest; the existence of a specific youth subculture.
It is typical for young people to unite in informal groups, which are characterized by the following features:
Emergence on the basis of spontaneous communication in specific conditions of a social situation;
Self-organization and independence from official structures;
Models of behavior that are obligatory for participants and differ from the typical ones accepted in society, which are aimed at realizing life needs that are unsatisfied in ordinary forms (they are aimed at self-affirmation, giving social status, gaining security and prestigious self-esteem);
Relative stability, a certain hierarchy among group members;
Expression of different value orientations or even worldviews, behavioral stereotypes that are uncharacteristic of society as a whole;
Attributes that emphasize belonging to a given community.
Depending on the characteristics of young people’s amateur performances, it is possible classify youth groups and movements.
Aggressive initiative. It is based on the most primitive ideas about the hierarchy of values, based on the cult of persons. Primitivism, visibility of self-affirmation. Popular among teenagers and young people with a minimum level of intellectual and cultural development.
Shocking(French epater - to amaze, surprise) amateur performance. It is based on a challenge to norms, canons, rules, opinions both in everyday, material forms of life - clothing, hairstyle, and in spiritual ones - art, science. “Challenging” aggression on yourself from others in order to be “noticed” (punk style, etc.)
Alternative amateur activity. Based on the development of alternative, systemically contradictory models of behavior that become an end in themselves (hippies, Hare Krishnas, etc.)
Social activities. Aimed at solving specific social problems (environmental movements, movements for the revival and preservation of cultural and historical heritage, etc.)
Political initiative. Aimed at changing the political system and political situation in accordance with the ideas of a specific group
The acceleration of the pace of development of society determines the increasing role of youth in public life. By getting involved in social relations, young people modify them and, under the influence of transformed conditions, improve themselves.
2. Typology of political regimes.
Political regime– a set of methods for exercising power and achieving political goals.
Characteristics of the political regime:
· scope of human rights and freedoms,
· methods of exercising state power,
the nature of the relationship between state and society,
· the presence or absence of opportunities for society to influence political decision-making,
· ways of forming political institutions,
· methods for developing political decisions.
2. Classification of political regimes
Transitional position
· high level of mobility
· mastering new social roles (employee, student, citizen, family man) associated with changes in status
· active search for your place in life
· favorable professional and career prospects
B. Youth is the most active, mobile and dynamic part of the population, free from stereotypes and prejudices of previous years and possessing the following socio-psychological qualities:
mental instability
· internal inconsistency
· low level of tolerance (from Latin tolerantia - patience)
· desire to stand out, to be different from others
· the existence of a specific youth subculture
It is typical for young people to unite in informal groups, which are characterized by the following characteristics:
2. Signs of informal youth groups
· emergence on the basis of spontaneous communication in specific conditions of a social situation
· models of behavior that are mandatory for participants and differ from typical ones accepted in society, which are aimed at realizing life needs that are unsatisfied in ordinary forms (they are aimed at self-affirmation, giving social status, gaining security and prestigious self-esteem)
· expression of other value orientations or even worldviews, behavioral stereotypes that are not typical for society as a whole
self-organization and independence from official structures
· relative stability, a certain hierarchy among group members
· attributes emphasizing belonging to a given community
Depending on the characteristics of youth amateur activities, youth groups and movements can be classified.
Types of youth activities
| Type name | Its characteristics |
| Aggressive initiative | It is based on the most primitive ideas about the hierarchy of values, based on the cult of persons. Primitivism, visibility of self-affirmation. Popular among teenagers and young people with a minimum level of intellectual and cultural development |
| Shocking (French epater - to amaze, surprise) amateur performance | It is based on a challenge to norms, canons, rules, opinions, both in ordinary, material forms of life - clothing, hairstyle, and in spiritual ones - art, science. “Challenge” aggression to yourself from other persons in order to be “noticed” (punk style, etc.) |
| Alternative amateur performance | Based on the development of alternative, systemically contradictory models of behavior, which becomes an end in itself (hippies, Hare Krishnas, etc.) |
| Social activities | Aimed at solving specific social problems (environmental movements, movements for the revival and preservation of cultural and historical heritage, etc.) |
| Political amateur activities | Aimed at changing the political system and political situation in accordance with the ideas of a specific group |
The acceleration of the pace of development of society determines the increasing role of youth in public life. By getting involved in social relations, young people modify them and, under the influence of transformed conditions, improve themselves.
Ethnic communities
1. Modern humanity is a complex ethnic structure, including several thousand ethnic communities (nations, nationalities, tribes, ethnic groups, etc.), differing both in size and level of development. All ethnic communities of the Earth are part of more than two hundred states. Therefore, most modern states are multi-ethnic. For example, India is home to several hundred ethnic communities, while Nigeria is home to 200 peoples. The modern Russian Federation includes more than 100 ethnic groups, including about 30 nations.
2. Ethnic community - is a historically established stable collection of people (tribe, nationality, nation, people) in a certain territory, possessing common features and stable characteristics of culture, language, mental makeup, self-awareness and historical memory, as well as awareness of their interests and goals, their unity, differences from other detailed formations.
| A. | Types of ethnic communities | |||||||||||||||
| Genus | Tribe | Nationality | Nation | |||||||||||||
| A group of blood relatives descended from the same line (maternal or paternal) | A set of clans interconnected by common cultural features, awareness of a common origin, as well as a common dialect, unity of religious ideas and rituals | A historically established community of people, united by a common territory, language, mental makeup, culture | A historically established community of people, characterized by developed economic ties, a common territory and a common language, culture, and ethnic identity | |||||||||||||
2. The concept of “ethnic minorities” is widely used in sociology, which includes not just quantitative data:
its representatives are at a disadvantage compared to other ethnic groups due to discrimination(belittling, belittling, infringement) on the part of other ethnic groups
its members experience a certain sense of group solidarity, “belonging to a single whole”
· it is usually to some extent physically and socially isolated from the rest of society
3. Prerequisites for the formation of the ethnic group
· The natural prerequisite for the formation of one or another ethnic group was community of territory, since it created the necessary conditions for joint activities of people. However, later, when the ethnic group has formed, this feature loses its main meaning and may be completely absent. Thus, some ethnic groups and in conditions diaspora(from the Greek diaspora - scattering) maintained their identity without having a single territory.
· Another important condition for the formation of an ethnic group is community of language. But this feature cannot be considered universal, since in a number of cases (for example, the United States), an ethnic group takes shape during the development of economic, political and other ties, and common languages are the result of this process.
· A more stable sign of an ethnic community is the unity of such components of spiritual culture as values, norms And behavior patterns, as well as related socio-psychological characteristics of consciousness And people's behavior.
· An integrative indicator of the established socio-ethnic community is ethnic identity - a sense of belonging to a particular ethnic group, awareness of one’s unity and difference from other ethnic groups. An important role in the development of ethnic self-awareness is played by ideas about common origin, history, historical destinies, as well as traditions, customs, rituals, folklore, i.e. those elements of culture that are passed on from generation to generation and form a specific ethnic culture.
National interests. Thanks to ethnic self-awareness, a person keenly feels the interests of his people and compares them with the interests of other peoples and the world community. Awareness of ethnic interests encourages a person to engage in activities in the process of which they are realized.
Let's mark two sides national interests:
5. Ethnonational communities develop from clan, tribe, nation, reaching the level of nation-state.
Derived from the concept of “nation” is the term “ nationality”, which is used in Russian as a name for a person’s belonging to any ethnic group.
Many modern researchers consider a classic interethnic nation, in which general civic qualities come to the fore and at the same time the characteristics of the ethnic groups included in it are preserved - language, their own culture, traditions, customs.
Interethnic, civic nation is the totality (community) of citizens of a particular state. Some scientists believe that the formation of such a nation means the “end of the nation” in the ethnic dimension. Others, recognizing the nation-state, believe that we should talk not about the “end of the nation,” but about its new qualitative state.
Interethnic relations, ethnosocial conflicts, ways to resolve them
1. Interethnic relations, due to their multidimensional nature, are a complex phenomenon.
A. They include two varieties:
B. The methods of peaceful cooperation are quite diverse.
Lecture:
Youth as a social group
Youth is the most active and dynamic social group of people growing up. Throughout history, society's attitude towards youth has changed. There were times when children worked equally with adults for 10-12 hours a day. Before the transition of society to the industrial stage of development, youth were not identified as a separate social group. And in modern society it is a special demographic group, characterized by an age range from 14 to 30-35 years.
Youth is a very important period for a person, when the formation of personality occurs, the acquisition of one’s “I”, the assimilation of knowledge and values, and the mastery of social roles. This is the period of the most important events in life. Firstly, the young man completes his schooling and enters a vocational educational institution. Secondly, he reaches adulthood, which characterizes his civil formation - the achievement of full legal capacity. Thirdly, he acquires a profession and gets a job. And finally, fourthly, he creates a family.
Let's consider the features of the social status of the youth group:
Transition of position – search for oneself, frequent change of activities and hobbies, formation of social status.
High level of mobility - young people are not tied to a specific place by any obligations, for example, family ones, and actively move along social elevators.
Favorable prospects for choosing a profession and starting a family.
An active search for one’s place in life, tireless experimentation, creative growth.
Mastering new roles, for example, student, employee, family man.
A special psychological make-up, the desire to assert one’s individuality.
The value-orientation orientation of the personality, which is different for different people. For example, Andrey is interested in music, reading books, visiting museums, and art is his value. Marat is a master of sports in freestyle wrestling, he never spends a day without training, for him the value is sport. Sasha is interested in banking, he knows how and at what price you can buy Sberbank shares, for him the value is money).
Its own subculture, distinguished by a special image, slang, behavior patterns and often subject to criminalization.
Youth problems and youth policy of the Russian Federation
The position of young people in modern society is quite contradictory. On the one hand, youth is the most favorable period for professional development and family formation. But on the other hand, a number of problems arise during this period. Firstly, unemployment and material insecurity among young people who are forced to live at the expense of their parents. Secondly, low wages for employed young people and the inability to purchase their own housing. Thirdly, lack of confidence in the future and postponing the creation of a family “until better times.” These problems reduce the living standards of young people and contribute to the growth of crime, alcoholism, and drug addiction. In addition, modern sociologists note the degradation of the spiritual values of young people. The reason for which is the impact of mass culture and Westernization, as well as the cultivation of the younger generation's consumer attitude towards everything.
Only the state can solve these problems. Our country has developed a Resolution “On the main directions of youth policy in the Russian Federation.” Its goals are the spiritual and physical development of youth, the prohibition of discrimination based on age, the creation of conditions for the full inclusion of young people in all spheres of society, support for talented youth, etc.
Based on these goals, the directions of youth policy are:
ensuring the rights of young people (for example, parents are responsible for ensuring access and creating conditions for their children to receive school education);
guaranteeing employment and employment (the employment service temporarily attracts unemployed youth to public paid work, so that the young person can try himself in something new and, perhaps, find something of his own);
stimulation of entrepreneurial activity (a young person who wants to do business has the right to do this after reaching 16 years of age, for this he needs the written consent of his parents);
support for young families (in the Russian Federation there are social programs for improving the living conditions of young families);
support for talented youth (organization and holding of competitions of various contents aimed at identifying and encouraging talented youth), etc.
Social studies mind map No. 37
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Reaches physical maturity at an average age of 14 years. Around this age, in ancient societies, children underwent a ritual initiation— initiation into the number of adult members of the tribe. However, as society became more advanced and complex, it took more than just physical maturity to be considered an adult. It is assumed that an accomplished person must acquire the necessary knowledge about the world and society, acquire professional skills, learn to independently provide for himself and his own, etc. Since the volume of knowledge and skills has continuously increased throughout history, the moment of acquiring adult status has gradually been pushed back to a later age. Currently, this moment corresponds to approximately 30 years.
When I was young It is customary to call the period in a person’s life from 14 to 30 years - between childhood and adulthood.
Accordingly, representatives of the demographic group whose age falls within this time frame are called youth. However, age is not the decisive criterion for defining youth: the time boundaries of youth age are flexible and determined by the social and cultural conditions of growing up. To properly understand the characteristics of young people, attention should be paid not to the demographic criterion, but to the socio-psychological one.
The youth- this is a generation of people going through the stage of growing up, i.e. formation of personality, assimilation of knowledge, social values and norms necessary in order to become a full-fledged and full-fledged member of society.
Youth has a number of features that distinguish it from other ages. By its nature, youth is transitional,“suspended” state between childhood and adulthood. In some matters, young people are quite mature, serious and responsible, while in others they are naive, limited and infantile. This duality determines a number of contradictions and problems characteristic of this age.
Growing up- this is, first of all, the assimilation of knowledge and skills and the first attempts to apply them in practice.
If we consider youth from the point of view of leading activities, then this period coincides with the end education(educational activities) and entry into working life ().
Youth policy system consists of three components:
- legal conditions for the implementation of youth policy (i.e. the corresponding legislative framework);
- forms of regulation of youth policy;
- information, material and financial support for youth policy.
The main directions of youth policy are:
- involving young people in public life, informing them about potential development opportunities;
- development of creative activity of youth, support of talented youth;
- integration of young people who find themselves in difficult life situations into a full life.
These areas are implemented in a number of specific programs: legal advice, popularization of universal human values, propaganda, organization of international interaction between youth, support of volunteer initiatives, assistance in employment, strengthening young families, increasing civic activity, providing assistance to young people in difficult situations, etc. If desired, every young person is able to find in the media all the necessary information about current projects and choose those that can help solve his specific problems.
Transitivity of position.
High level of mobility.
Mastering new social roles (employee, student, citizen, family man) associated with changes in status.
Actively searching for your place in life.
Favorable prospects in professional and career terms.
Problems of youth socialization.
An acute reaction to all the shortcomings of society
Increase in crime among the younger generation
Deterioration in the level and quality of life
Economic insecurity of young scientists
Social vulnerability of young people in the world of work
Youth subcultures
Certain social groups are characterized by special features of consciousness, behavior, and lifestyle. They create their own cultural niche - subculture. Sub in Latin is “under”, i.e. in meaning it contains a connotation of subordination (subculture, deviation from culture).
The youth subculture has:
With your tongue; special fashion; art and style of behavior.
Its carriers are most often informal teenage groups.
Reasons for the wide spread of youth subculture in modern society:
In a subcultural community, a teenager gets the opportunity to belong to a select group of peers, which is a reference group for him, a unifying feeling of “we” arises, which increases the level of psychological significance of everyone, gives a certain guarantee (or its illusion) of independence and security from society;
Subculture allows a young person to better feel and demonstrate the independence of his “I”;
Helps a teenager free himself from painful experiences caused by a conflict with the outside world of adults, with the dominant culture in society.
Young people are encouraged to create a subculture:
- Internal loneliness; - Protest against lies; - Separation from elders;
Need for friends; - Distrust of adults; - Escape from the cruelty of the world;
Conflicts at school and at home; - Power over others; - Opposition to official society;
Escape from social reality or rejection of it; - The desire to find emotional support.
Types of youth subcultures
According to the specific behavior of group members, the following are distinguished:
1. prosocial – groups that do not pose a threat to society, are positive and helpful;
2. antisocial – they criticize any foundations of society, but this confrontation is not extreme;
3. antisocial – not only criticize social orders and foundations, but also strive to destroy them.
In Soviet times, our grandparents, fathers and mothers were involved in official youth organizations. This was required by ideology.
By type of hobby:
Musical- subcultures based on fans of various genres of music:
Goths (subculture) - fans of gothic rock, gothic metal.
Metalheads are fans of heavy metal. - Punks are fans of punk rock.
Rastafarians are fans of reggae. - Rappers are fans of rap and hip-hop.
Subcultures based on literature, cinema, animation, games, etc.:
Otaku - anime fans - Roleplayers - role-playing game fans
Bikers - lovers of motorcycles - Furries - fans of anthropomorphic creatures.
Image- subcultures distinguished by style of clothing and behavior:
Cyber Goths - Mods - Hipsters - Freaks - Glamour
Political and ideological- subcultures identified according to social beliefs:
Antifa - Hippie - Yuppie
Expand the concepts of “legal awareness” and “legal culture”. Highlight the factors influencing the legal culture of a teenager.
Legal awareness – This is a set of ideas and feelings that express the attitude of people and social communities to the current or desired law.
STRUCTURE OF LEGAL CONSCIOUSNESS
1. Legal psychology corresponds to the empirical, everyday level of social consciousness, formed as a result of everyday human practice of both individuals and social groups. The content of legal psychology are feelings, emotions, experiences, moods, habits, stereotypes that arise in people in connection with existing legal norms and the practice of their implementation.
2. Legal ideology– This is a set of legal ideas, theories, views that reflect and evaluate legal reality in a conceptual, systematized form.
TYPES OF LEGAL CONSCIOUSNESS
Ordinary legal consciousness – mass ideas of people, their emotions, sentiments about law and legality. These feelings arise under the influence of people’s immediate living conditions and their practical experience.
Professional legal consciousness – concepts, ideas, ideas, beliefs, traditions, stereotypes that develop among legal professionals. Unfortunately, the professional consciousness of lawyers is characterized by both distortions and deformations (“accusatory” or “exculpatory” bias, bureaucracy)
Scientific legal consciousness – ideas, concepts, views expressing a systematic, theoretical development of law. The bearers and generators of this type of reflection of legal phenomena are legal scholars who, as a rule, work in specialized legal research institutes.
Legal culture - the totality of all values created by man in the legal sphere, as well as knowledge and understanding of these values and action in accordance with them.
STRUCTURE OF LEGAL CULTURE
1. psychological element(legal psychology);
2. ideological element(legal ideology);
3. Legal behavior(legally significant behavior, implementation of the law).
Legal culture reflects the qualitative state of the legal life of society and transmits corresponding legal values from generation to generation.
The legal culture of an individual depends on the following indicators:
§ knowledge and understanding of law;
§ respect for the law due to personal conviction;
§ ability to use the law;
§ Subordination of one’s behavior to the requirements of the law.
TYPES OF LEGAL CULTURE
Legal culture of society determined by the level of legal consciousness and legal activity of society, the degree of progressiveness and effectiveness of legal norms.
Legal culture of a social group may vary greatly depending on the nature of that group. It is higher in social groups that unite people with higher or secondary specialized education, pensioners, law enforcement officers, and government employees.
Legal culture of the individual is formed primarily by the education a person receives and the lifestyle he leads. In addition to legal education, the legal culture of an individual presupposes the ability and skills to use the law, subordinating one’s behavior to the requirements of legal norms.
Factors influencing the legal culture of a teenager:
The formation of the legal culture of a minor child is influenced by many factors:
1. Upbringing in the family (starting from birth), when the understanding of good and evil is laid down.
2. Preschool education/upbringing (in kindergarten) – the first prohibitions, the experience of socialization.
3. School education/upbringing - compliance with the school charter, daily routine, traffic rules, etc.
4. Law lessons – mastering legal terminology, experience working with documents, analyzing situations
5. Close environment (relatives, acquaintances, friends) example of compliance/non-compliance with laws
6. Street (socialization experience, deviant behavior and its consequences, influence of social groups)
7. Mass media (especially TV and Internet) – disseminated principles, creation of behavioral models
8. State policy (legal measures, implementation of democratic principles).
9. Work of law enforcement agencies (compliance with the principle of punishability, equality before the law)
10. Self-education - reading specialized literature, analyzing situations and life experience.
11. Economic situation (standard of living of the population, availability of the benefits of civilization, etc.)
12. Age-related personality traits of a teenager.
