The problem of oncological cardiovascular diseases and AIDS. The problem is cardiovascular, oncological diseases and AIDS
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Plan. General characteristics of the problem. 2. The most dangerous diseases of our time: a) oncological diseases; b) AIDS; c) schizophrenia; d) cardiovascular disease. 3. Additives and their effect on the human body 4. Conclusion.
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General characteristics. Global problems are problems that cover the whole world, all of humanity, pose a threat to its present and future and require joint efforts, joint actions of all states and peoples for their solution. When you hear the term Global problems, first of all, you think about ecology, peace and disarmament, but it is unlikely that anyone will think of an equally important problem as the problem of human health. Recently, in the world practice, when assessing the quality of life of people, it is health that has been put forward in the first place, because without health it is impossible to talk about the quality of life.
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General characteristics. This problem worried people at all stages of historical development. The diseases for which a vaccine was found were replaced by new diseases that were not known to science before. Until the middle of the 20th century, plague, cholera, smallpox, yellow fever, polio, tuberculosis, etc. threatened human life. In the second half of the last century, great successes were achieved in the fight against these diseases. For example, tuberculosis can now be detected at an early stage, and even by vaccination, it is possible to determine the body's ability to contract this disease in the future. As for smallpox, in the 1960s and 1970s, the World Health Organization carried out a wide range of medical interventions to combat smallpox, which covered more than 50 countries of the world with a population of over 2 billion people. As a result, this disease on our planet has been virtually eliminated. But they were replaced by new diseases, or diseases that were there before, but were rare, began to grow quantitatively. Such diseases include cardiovascular diseases, malignant tumors, sexually transmitted diseases, drug addiction, malaria.
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Oncological diseases. This disease occupies a special place among other diseases, since this disease is very difficult to predict and it does not spare anyone: neither adults nor children. But a person is powerless from cancer. As you know, cancer cells are present in any organism, and when these cells begin to develop, and what will serve as the beginning of this phenomenon, is unknown. Many scientists claim that cancer cells begin to develop under the influence of ultraviolet rays. There are also additives that speed up this process. Such additives are found in seasonings, such as glutomate, soda, chips, crackers, etc. All these additives were invented in the late 90s and it was then that the mass disease of people began.
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Oncological diseases. The development of this disease is also influenced by the environment, which has deteriorated greatly in recent years. The number of ozone holes that let in dangerous ultraviolet rays has increased. Radiation is also very dangerous for humans, it causes many diseases, including cancer. Our planet has not yet recovered from the explosion at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, as happened in Japan, which led to the explosion at the Fukushima-1 nuclear power plant. In a few years, this disaster will certainly affect people's health. And, of course, it will be oncology.
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AIDS. The human immunodeficiency virus is different from other viruses and is very dangerous precisely because it attacks the cells that should fight the virus. Fortunately, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is transmitted from person to person only under certain conditions and is much less common than other diseases such as influenza and chicken pox. HIV lives in blood cells and can pass from one person to another if the blood infected (infected) with HIV enters the blood of a healthy person. In order not to get infected through someone else's blood, it is enough to observe elementary precautions where you have to deal with blood. For example, make sure that there are no cuts and abrasions on the body. Then, even if the patient's blood accidentally gets on the skin, it will not be able to penetrate the body.
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AIDS. The virus can be transmitted to a child from a sick mother. Developing in her womb, he is connected to her by the umbilical cord. Blood flows through blood vessels in both directions. If HIV is present in the mother's body, it can be transmitted to the child. In addition, there is a risk of infection of infants through mother's milk. HIV can also be transmitted through sexual contact.
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AIDS. SYMPTOMS. For example, a person with chickenpox develops a rash. It becomes clear to him and to everyone that he has contracted chickenpox. But HIV for a long time, and often for years, may not detect anything. At the same time, for quite a long time, a person feels absolutely healthy. This is what makes HIV very dangerous. After all, neither the person himself, into whose body the virus has penetrated, nor those around him, are aware of anything. Not knowing about the presence of HIV in his body, this person can unwittingly infect others. Nowadays, there are special tests (analyzes) that determine the presence of HIV in a person's blood.
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AIDS. It is very difficult to predict exactly what will happen to a person who has HIV, because the virus affects everyone differently, having HIV in your body and having AIDS are not the same thing. Many people infected with HIV live normal lives for many years. However, over time, they may develop one or more serious diseases. In this case, doctors call it AIDS. There are a number of illnesses that indicate that a person has AIDS. However, it has not yet been established whether HIV always leads to the development of AIDS or not. Unfortunately, no medicine has yet been found that could cure people diagnosed with HIV and AIDS.
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Schizophrenia. Considering this topic, we must keep in mind that when assessing a person's health, one should not be limited only to his physiological health. This concept also includes mental health, with which the situation is just as unfavorable, including in Russia. For example, a disease such as schizophrenia is very common in recent times. The era of schizophrenia began in 1952. We rightly call schizophrenia a disease, but only from a clinical, medical point of view. In the social sense, it would be incorrect to call a person suffering from this disease sick, that is, inferior. Although this disease is chronic, the forms of schizophrenia are extremely diverse and often a person who is currently in remission, that is, out of an attack (psychosis), can be quite capable, and even more professionally productive than his average opponents.
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Schizophrenia. For example, a person who is very difficult in everyday life, with difficult relationships within the family, cold and completely indifferent towards his loved ones, turns out to be unusually sensitive and touching with his favorite cacti. He can watch them for hours and cry quite sincerely and inconsolably when one of his plants dries up. Of course, from the outside it looks completely inadequate, but for him there is his own logic of relationships, which a person can justify. He is simply sure that all people are false, and no one can be trusted. Schizophrenia is of two types: continuous and paroxysmal. In any of the types of schizophrenia, there are changes in personality, character traits under the influence of the disease. A person becomes closed, strange, commits ridiculous, illogical actions from the point of view of others. The sphere of interests is changing, hobbies that were completely uncharacteristic before appear.
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Cardiovascular diseases. Myocardial infarction is one of the most common manifestations of coronary heart disease and one of the common causes of death in developed countries. In the United States, about one million people develop a myocardial infarction every year, with about a third of the cases dying. It is important to note that about half of deaths occur in the first hour from the onset of the disease. It has been proven that the incidence of myocardial infarction increases significantly with age. Numerous clinical studies suggest that in women under the age of 60, myocardial infarction occurs four times less often and develops 10-15 years later than in men.
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Cardiovascular diseases. Smoking has been found to increase mortality from cardiovascular disease (including myocardial infarction) by 50%, with the risk increasing with age and the number of cigarettes smoked. Smoking has an extremely harmful effect on the human cardiovascular system. Nicotine, carbon monoxide, benzene, ammonia contained in tobacco smoke cause tachycardia, arterial hypertension. Smoking increases platelet aggregation, increases the severity and progression of the atherosclerotic process, increases the content of such substances in the blood as fibrinogen, promotes spasm of the coronary arteries.
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Cardiovascular diseases. It has been established that a 1% increase in cholesterol levels increases the risk of developing myocardial infarction and other cardiovascular diseases by 2-3%. It has been proven that a 10% decrease in serum cholesterol levels reduces the risk of death from cardiovascular diseases, including myocardial infarction, by 15%, and with prolonged treatment - by 25%. The West Scottish study showed that lipid-lowering therapy is effective as a primary prevention of myocardial infarction. Diabetes. In the presence of diabetes, the risk of myocardial infarction more than doubles on average. Myocardial infarction is the most common cause of death in patients with diabetes (both men and women) aged 40 years and older.
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Additives and their effect on the body Today, the modern food market is characterized by a very wide range of choices, both in assortment and in price categories. Recently, the state of the body and its performance have been increasingly affected by foods included in the daily diet of consumption, or to be more precise, their composition, which in turn is replete with a list of all kinds of so-called food additives, the most common of which are ingredients with index E. Most of them are very dangerous for the health of an adult, not to mention children.
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Additives and their effect on the body I would like to consider one of the most harmful and at the same time the most common additives - E 250. E250 - sodium nitrite - a dye, seasoning and preservative used for dry preservation of meat and stabilization of its red color. E250 is allowed for use in Russia, but banned in the EU. Impact on the body: - increased excitability of the nervous system in children; - oxygen starvation of the body (hypoxia); - decrease in the content of vitamins in the body; - food poisoning with a possible fatal outcome; - oncological diseases. This additive is found in carbonated drinks, condiments, cooked sausages, crackers, etc.
Some types of cancer are so common in AIDS patients that they are considered AIDS-defining diseases- this means that their presence in an HIV-infected person is a sign of the development of AIDS in such a patient. These cancers are also called AIDS-associated cancers, which include:
Kaposi's sarcoma
Lymphoma (especially non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and lymphoma of the central nervous system)
Invasive cervical cancer
Other cancers that are more likely to develop in people with HIV include: invasive anal cancer, Hodgkin's disease, lung cancer, oral cancer, testicular cancer, skin cancer, including basal epidermocyte and squamous cell carcinoma, and malignant melanoma. . Of course, HIV-negative people can also get these diseases, even those that are considered AIDS-related. But they are called such only when they occur in HIV-positive patients.
In developing countries, 4 out of 10 people with AIDS develop cancer at some point during their illness. However, the overall picture of cancerous tumors in HIV-infected people changes. With the spread of antiretroviral treatment, the incidence of Kaposi's sarcoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma has decreased. Most other cancers have not slowed down with anti-HIV treatment, and their risk factors remain the same as in healthy people. For example, HIV-positive smokers are more likely to get cancer of the lips, mouth, throat, and lungs than healthy non-smokers.
The relationship between HIV and other cancers is still not fully established. However, it is believed that cancer develops faster in people with immune systems weakened by HIV. Unfortunately, cancer in HIV-infected people is more difficult to treat, in part because of HIV's weakened immune system and reduced white blood cell count, a direct result of HIV infection. Chemotherapy can be difficult for people with AIDS because the bone marrow, which is supposed to produce new blood cells, is sometimes already infected with HIV. Patients with this problem often cannot complete a full course of chemotherapy without causing serious harm to themselves. The introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in the late 1990s led to a reduction in the incidence of certain cancers in HIV-infected people and increased the life expectancy of AIDS patients. It also allowed HIV-positive patients to receive full courses of chemotherapy for cancer. Currently, alternative methods of cancer treatment based on monoclonal antibodies and stem cell transplantation are being developed for HIV-infected people.
AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma
Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) was once a rare disease that predominantly affected older men of Mediterranean or Jewish descent, organ transplant recipients, or young people from Africa. This form is called classic SC. However, in the 1970s and 80s, the number of people with KS skyrocketed.
Over the past 25 years, most cases of KS in the US have been associated with HIV infection in men who have sex with men. These cases refer to epidemic SC. It is now known that KS in HIV-infected people is associated with another viral infection. It is caused by a virus called human herpesvirus type 8 (HHV-8), also known as Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. HHV-8 does not cause disease in most HIV-negative people. Infection with this virus is common in the United States among men who have sex with men, although it can also be transmitted during sex between a man and a woman. The virus was found in saliva, which means it can be transmitted during deep kisses.
In most cases, epidemic KS causes dark purple or brownish malignant growths of the dermis (called lesia) that can appear in various places on the body. Such growths can occur on the skin or in the mouth, and damage the lymph nodes and other organs such as the digestive tract, lungs, liver, and spleen.
At the time of initial diagnosis, some people with epidemic KS show no other symptoms, especially if the lesions occur on the skin. However, many, even in the absence of skin lesions, have enlarged lymph nodes, unexplained fever, or weight loss. Over time, the symptoms of epidemic KS spread throughout the body. If SC affects a significant area of the lung or intestines, it can be fatal.
Usually, patients who are diagnosed with epidemic KS are given antiretroviral drugs and anticancer treatment.
Lymphomas
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) affects 4-10% of AIDS patients. This is an oncological disease that begins in the lymphoid tissue and can spread to other organs. Since the introduction of antiretroviral therapy, the number of HIV-infected people who develop lymphoma has dropped significantly, although not as much as the number of patients with Kaposi's sarcoma.
Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, which commonly occur in people with AIDS, are often primary lymphomas of the central nervous system (CNS). Primary CNS lymphoma begins in the central or spinal cord. Symptoms of primary CNS lymphoma may include: seizures, facial paralysis, confusion, memory loss, and drowsiness (fatigue). AIDS-associated non-Hodgkin's lymphoma can also provoke the development of other moderate-to-high grade lymphomas, including Burkitt's lymphoma.
The prognosis or outcome for patients with AIDS-associated non-Hodgkin's lymphoma depends partly on the type of lymphoma and partly on the function of the patient's immune system. Patients with generalized non-Hodgkin's lymphoma who have a CD4 T cell count of less than 200 per microliter of blood and/or those patients who are not taking antiretroviral therapy usually do worse than those who have these factors present.
Cancer is the scourge of mankind. In terms of mortality, it ranks second after cardiovascular diseases, and in terms of fear that inspires people, it ranks first. Many thousands of researchers strive to understand its causes, find ways to prevent it and treat it. Dozens of institutes and hundreds of laboratories around the world are working on this problem, ensuring progress in its understanding and slow but steady progress in prevention and treatment.
The problem of oncological diseases remains a priority for modern society. During the 1990s, 8 million people worldwide died of cancer every year. According to WHO forecasts, from 1999 to 2020, the incidence of cancer and mortality will increase by 2 times: from 10 to 20 million new cases and from 6 to 12 million registered deaths. Considering that in developed countries there is a tendency to slow down the incidence rate and reduce mortality from malignant tumors (both through prevention, primarily the fight against smoking, and through improved early diagnosis and treatment), it is clear that the main increase will have to on developing countries, to which Russia should be attributed today. Unfortunately, a serious increase in both morbidity and mortality from cancer should be expected in Russia. Prognosis confirmed by data on the main causes of malignant tumors.
Cancer is more than 100 different varieties of this disease, affecting almost all tissues of the body, but all of its types have common features. The most common forms of malignant tumors are cancer of the lung (1.3 million), stomach (1.0 million), upper digestive tract (0.9 million, mainly due to cancer of the esophagus), liver (0.7 million). ).
The main causes of cancer of the lung, oral cavity, larynx, and in some cases the esophagus and stomach are smoking, liver cancer - hepatitis B. Methods for early diagnosis and treatment of these diseases are extremely unsatisfactory. Therefore, it is necessary to focus on their prevention. Smoking cessation and hepatitis B vaccination can significantly reduce the incidence and therefore mortality of lung, upper respiratory and liver cancers. Another 4 million deaths are due to cancer of the intestine (0.6 million), breast (0.4 million), prostate (0.3 million), cervix (0.3 million), pancreas (0, 2 million) and bladder (0.2 million). The main causes of these diseases are hormonal disorders (breast and prostate cancer), papillomaviruses (cervical cancer), smoking (pancreatic and bladder cancer). Thus, smoking is responsible for 20% of all cancer deaths. Other reasons include viral infections (hepatitis B virus, papilloma virus, Epstein-Barr virus, etc.), dietary factors, harmful environmental factors, sun exposure.
Returning to Russia, we must bitterly admit that all of the above listed causes of cancer tend to increase. Unlike the whole world, where the anti-nicotine struggle is carried out, in our country the cult of smoking is prospering and being implanted. It is especially regrettable that most medical workers, including oncologists, are subject to this addiction. The incidence of hepatitis B virus is growing, there is no prevention of the sexually transmitted papillomavirus, the quality of nutrition of the majority of the country's population is deteriorating due to economic difficulties, environmental pollution is growing and the negative impact of man-made factors on humans. There is no anti-cancer program in Russia, the prevention of oncological diseases and medical examination of the population are forgotten, early diagnosis of precancerous and neoplastic diseases is not carried out, the situation with the organization of medical care is deteriorating. All this inevitably leads to an increase in morbidity and mortality from malignant neoplasms in our country. (Literature: Peto R. The causes of cancer. European Journal of Cancer Vol 35, Suppl. 4 September 1999, page 125 Abstract: 446).
In the United States, the incidence of malignant neoplasms is estimated from the results of the SEER program (Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results, Course, Prevalence and Outcomes of Malignant Neoplasms) of the National Cancer Institute, which covers about 10% of the population, and demographic data from the Bureau of the Census. Thus, in 1996, 1,360,000 Americans (765,000 men and 595,000 women) fell ill with malignant neoplasms, and 555,000 of them died (292,000 men and 263,000 women). The structure of morbidity and mortality is shown in fig. 81.1.
The main risk factor for malignant neoplasms is age: two-thirds of patients are over 65 years of age. The probability of oncological diseases increases sharply with age: before the age of 39, 1 in 58 men and 1 in 52 women fall ill; at the age of 40-59 years - 1 out of 13 men and 1 out of 11 women, at the age of 60-79 years - 1 out of 3 men and 1 out of 4 women.
Among the causes of death, malignant neoplasms rank second after cardiovascular disease. However, in the United States, cardiovascular mortality has declined by 45% since 1950 and continues to decline, while cancer mortality is on the rise (Figure 81.2). In table. 81.1 lists malignant neoplasms that are the most common cause of death among different population groups. Already at the beginning of the 21st century, malignant neoplasms will take first place in this list.
Along with the increase in the incidence of malignant neoplasms, the survival rate of oncological patients is also growing. if in 1960-1963. the five-year survival rate among whites was 39%, in 1986-1991. - already 58%. Among blacks, this figure is lower in 1986-1991. it was only 42%. The reason for the racial difference in survival is unknown.
Cancer tumors
Pathological formations that have developed by cell multiplication for no apparent reason. As differences, the isolation of growth and polymorphism of the structure are noted. Such tumors differ from similar formations primarily in that they disappear after the cause of the occurrence is eliminated. If we are dealing with a tumor, then its development is not controlled and the body is not regulated. Simply put, if a person has swelling due to a prick or a bite, then when the splinter is removed or after the bite is treated, it will disappear completely. If an oncological process occurs, then it will not be possible to stop it without special intervention.
A cell of any tissue of the body can mutate into a tumor. The main thing is that this tissue has cells capable of reproduction. Further, the process becomes an avalanche - the mutant cell passes on its qualities acquired during the mutation to its descendants, and they carry them further. The main transmitted quality is rapid growth and reproduction. In addition, oncological cells do not repeat the structure of the tissue and do not have localization like lipomas. All descendants of a tumor cell become similar to it in their chemical and morphological features. Here, a number of regularities are observed.
Angelina Jolie
The Hollywood diva underwent breast surgery in May 2013 to prevent her risk of developing breast cancer.
The doctors decided that I had an 87% chance of developing breast cancer. As soon as I found out about this, I wanted to minimize the risk,” Jolie told the press.
She noted that her cancer is hereditary. The mother of the actress died of this disease at the age of 56, after an almost 10-year battle with cancer.
Robert DeNiro
The famous American actor faced a terrible disease in 2003 at the age of 60 - he was diagnosed with prostate cancer. De Niro, however, did not despair, especially since the doctors' forecasts were optimistic.
“Cancer was detected at an early stage, so doctors predict a full recovery,” a spokesman for the actor’s fans reassured. Robert De Niro underwent a radical prostatectomy, the most effective operation in the fight against his type of disease. The recovery was extremely fast, and after a while the doctors said that de Niro was completely healthy.
The actor did not allow the disease to destroy his creative plans and almost immediately after the treatment he began filming in the film "Hide and Seek". Since then, he managed to star in more than twenty films, including "Area of Darkness", "My Boyfriend is a Crazy", "Malavita" and "Downhole Revenge".
Yuri Nikolaev
The Russian TV presenter has been battling bowel cancer for several years. When doctors told him about a terrible disease in 2007, in his words, "the world seemed to turn black." However, it was only a moment of weakness. Yuri Nikolaev managed to gather his will into a fist and not fall into despair. He preferred foreign oncology clinics to a specialized center in Moscow, where he underwent more than one operation and underwent a full course of treatment. As a deeply religious person, Nikolaev is convinced: “It is only thanks to God that I am alive and do not need doctors anymore.” Now the presenter is involved in several television programs at once, such as “Property of the Republic” and “In Our Time”.
Hugh Jackman
In November 2013, the American actor announced that doctors diagnosed him with skin cancer - basalioma. At the insistence of his wife Deborah, he visited a doctor to examine the skin on his nose, as a result of which he was diagnosed with basal cell carcinoma.
“Please don't be stupid like me. Be sure to check,” Jackman wrote. He also advised everyone to use sunscreen.
The form of cancer identified in the actor is the most common malignant tumor in humans. It differs from other types by rare metastasis, but is capable of extensive local growth.
Darya Dontsova
The popular writer managed to defeat breast cancer, despite the fact that the disease was discovered when she had already reached the last, fourth stage. As Dontsova said in one of her interviews, when in 1998 she turned to an oncologist, he told her bluntly: "You have three months left to live."
“I had no fear of death. But I have three children, an elderly mother, I have dogs, a cat - it’s simply impossible to die, ”the writer recalls the terrible event with her usual sense of humor. The hardest treatment - courses of chemotherapy and a number of complex operations - the woman endured steadfastly, without complaining about her fate. Moreover, it was during the period of endless procedures that she first began to write. At first, just so as not to go crazy, then - because I realized that this is what I want to do in life.
Having completely defeated the disease, Dontsova now does not avoid talking about cancer, but on the contrary, talks about this test, giving hope for recovery to cancer patients: “You can feel sorry for yourself for the first two hours, then wipe your snot and understand that this is not the end. Will have to be treated. Cancer is curable."
In the modern world, the problem of cancer has become, without exaggeration, global. Indeed, according to statistics, every 8th case of this disease leads to death.
According to the same source, 8 million people died from cancer in 2014, informs dni24.com. Statistical calculations show that if this trend continues, by 2030 the number of deaths will increase to 13 million people.
Russia is especially prone to negative dynamics in this matter, where the increase in the number of deaths from cancer is growing rapidly. A more favorable situation in terms of cancer incidence is observed in the United States. In Russia, the relevant authorities are trying in various ways to prevent the deadly diseases of their fellow citizens. But, despite these efforts, the unfavorable environmental situation only worsens the situation. This requires an urgent solution to such a serious issue.
However, in Russia there is a persistent trend of unequal access to medicines and treatment methods for different social strata of the population. This fact is also one of the strong reasons for the increase in mortality. Moreover, among the female population of Russia, breast cancer is recognized as the most dangerous. However, the diagnosis of this disease in the early stages in 60 percent of cases contributes to healing. At the same time, on average, the treatment and recovery of sick women last about 29 months.
Studies show that the risk of cancer in men and women appears at about the same age. But specific types of cancer can appear much earlier in men. The most common type of cancer in men is prostate cancer. The prevention of this dangerous disease is facilitated by quitting smoking, rational nutrition, constant monitoring of body weight, and an active lifestyle.
Modern statistics show that prostate cancer in 75 percent of cases poses a mortal threat to the lives of men. But the positive moment in solving this problem is the development of science, which continuously enriches humanity with invaluable knowledge in the field of cancer biology and makes it possible to intensively and successfully fight against a tricky disease, identifying it in the initial stages and applying intensive effective methods of treatment. But to solve the global problem of cancer on a planetary scale, it is necessary to continue to actively study this area. Only in this way it is possible to save millions of lives in different parts of our planet.
