Weight of the Topol m missile. Strategic missile system "Topol-M"

DATA FOR 2019 (standard update, v.2)

R&D "Universal" / R&D "Topol-M", rocket 15Zh55 / 15Zh65 - SS-X-27 SICKLE-B
Complex RS-12M1 "Topol-M" / 15P155 (PGRK), missile RT-2PM1 / 15Zh55 - SS-27 SICKLE-B / STALIN
Complex RS-12M2 "Topol-M" / 15P165 (silo), missile RT-2PM2 / 15Zh65 - SS-27 SICKLE-B / STALIN

Intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) / mobile ground-based missile system (MGRS). The complex and the rocket were developed by the Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering (MIT), the main designers were Boris Nikolaevich Lagutin and Yuri Semenovich Solomonov (in different years).

In 1987, simultaneously at the NPO Mashinostroeniya (Reutov, project ""), at the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau (Dnepropetrovsk) and at the Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering, work began on the development of promising ICBMs with the ability to overcome the multi-echelon missile defense system of the alleged enemy with a universal basing - with launch options from silos and in the form of a PGRK ( ).

Work at the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau was carried out under the Universal research project - a solid-fuel ICBM was being developed in the PGRK and silo versions. At MIT, work was carried out on the Topol-M research project - the development of ICBMs to replace the Topol ICBMs with two types of deployment - PGRK and silos. In August 1988, Yu.S. Solomonov (MIT) held negotiations with the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau, as a result of which, by the end of 1988, the two design bureaus jointly developed a technical proposal for a single rocket within the framework of the Universal research project ( ist. - Strategic missiles).

Full-scale development of the RT-2PM2 / 15Zh65 missile was started jointly by MIT and Yuzhnoye Design Bureau by decision of the USSR Military-Industrial Complex No. 323 of 09.09.1989 on the topic of the Universal research project. The design was planned to be completed by the end of 1991 in two versions - a missile with a platform for breeding unguided warheads with a solid propellant rocket engine and without a complex of means of overcoming (KSP) missile defense - developed by MIT (mobile missile system, PGRK), a similar missile with a platform for breeding warheads with a monopropellant liquid engine and with a missile defense system - developer - Yuzhnoye Design Bureau (Dnepropetrovsk, silo missile system 15P065). Due to a number of production reasons, the missiles differed in the design of the TPK and therefore had some differences and received different indices - 15Zh55 for the PGRK and 15Zh65 for the silos ( ist. - Strategic missiles).

The development of the 1st stage, a version of the AP launch platform and the rocket's head fairing was led by the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau, the development of the 2nd and 3rd stages, the instrument compartment, its version of the AP launch platform and the unguided warhead was led by MIT. The 1st stage engine, nose fairing and the second version of the launch platform with a monopropellant engine were developed by Yuzhnoye Design Bureau ( ist. - Rockets and spacecraft, Strategic missiles). At the end of 1989, a joint preliminary design of the rocket and the silo version of the missile system was released. In the first half of 1990, a preliminary design of the PGRK was released ( ist. - Strategic missiles).

The first flight sample of the 1L version of the missile from the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau was assembled and prepared for testing at the test site in Plesetsk in December 1991. The dispatch of the missile from the factory to the test site was canceled by the decision of the Commander-in-Chief of the USSR Strategic Missile Forces. In 1991, MIT began forming adjusted developer cooperation with an emphasis on Russian enterprises ( ist. - Strategic missiles). In 1992, after the general designer of the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau S.N. Konyukhov addressed the President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, a meeting was convened to discuss the continuation of the joint development of ICBMs. No decision was made, and in April 1992, Yuzhnoye Design Bureau’s participation in the development of the rocket was terminated ( ). In 1992, an addition to the preliminary design of the Topol-M ICBM was released, taking into account changes in the cooperation of developers - the engine of the 1st stage of the rocket was now being developed by NPO Iskra (Perm). The main option for basing the silo version was the option using the launch position and silo launchers of the UR-100NUTHKh complexes with 15A35 missiles after modernization of the launch equipment (developed by the Vympel Design Bureau, Moscow). Also, an addition to the preliminary design provided for the use of silo launchers for R-36MUTTH and R-36M2 missiles in the event of a complete reduction of these missiles under the START-2 treaty, which could occur ( ist. - Strategic missiles).

By decree of Boris Yeltsin of February 27, 1993, MIT became the lead enterprise for the development of Topol-M. It was decided to develop a unified missile with only one variant of combat equipment - with a solid fuel combat stage propulsion system. After that, developments on the RT-2PM2 variant with a missile defense system and a monopropellant engine of the breeding platform were transferred from the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau to the Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering. A sample of the 1L rocket was transferred to Russia on January 15, 1995 ( ist. - Rockets and spacecraft...).

Tests. To test the stationary version of the RT-2PM2 missile of the Topol-M complex, in 1992 the re-equipment of silo launchers began at sites 163/1, 172 and Yuzhnaya of the Plesetsk test site. Tests of the RT-2PM2 took place from December 20, 1994 (first launch) to February 2000 (ten launches).

APU 15U175 of the RS-12M2 "Topol-M" complex with an ICBM TPK during a parade rehearsal in Moscow, 04/26/2011 (photo - Vitaly Kuzmin, http://vitalykuzmin.net/).

Launches of the RS-12M1 / RS-12M2 Topol-M ICBM:

№pp	date	Polygon	PU type	Rocket	Description
01	12/20/1994 (12:50)	Plesetsk	silo	2L? 15Zh65	Successful first launch from a silo at the Kura training ground (Kamchatka). A silo was used converted from a silo launcher for the UT-100NUTTKh ICBM ( ist. - Strategic missiles).
02	09/05/1995 (11:50)	Plesetsk	silo	1L? 15Zh65
03	07/25/1996	Plesetsk	silo	15Zh65	Successful launch from a silo at the Kura training ground (Kamchatka)
04	07/08/1997 (16:25)	Plesetsk	silo	15Zh65	Successful launch from a silo at the Kura training ground (Kamchatka)
05	10/22/1998 (15:53)	Plesetsk	silo	15Zh65	Unsuccessful launch at the Kura training ground (Kamchatka). The missile veered off course and was destroyed.
06	08.12.1998 (14:25)	Plesetsk	silo	15Zh65	Successful launch from a silo at the Kura training ground (Kamchatka)
07	01/03/1999 (18:20)	Plesetsk	silo	15Zh65	Successful launch from a silo at the Kura training ground (Kamchatka)
08	09/03/1999 (15:44)	Plesetsk	silo	15Zh65	Successful launch from a silo at the Kura training ground (Kamchatka)
09	12/14/1999 (12:05)	Plesetsk	silo	15Zh65	Successful launch from a silo at the Kura training ground (Kamchatka)
10	02/09/2000 (13:59)	Plesetsk	silo	15Zh65	Successful launch from a silo at the Kura training ground (Kamchatka). The first launch on command from the Strategic Missile Forces control center. Launch from silo 15P765-18 with silo elements of missile 15A18M ( ist. - Strategic missiles). The last launch of the test program for the silo version of the Topol-M ICBM.
11	09.26.2000 (15:00)	Plesetsk	silo		Successful launch from a silo at the Kura training ground (Kamchatka).
12	09.27.2000 (13:50)	Plesetsk	PGRK	15Zh55	Successful first launch from the PGRK (according to other data, the first launch of the PGRK was 20.09). 1st launch of the PGRK test program.
13	06.06.2002 (15:20)	Plesetsk	PGRK	15Zh55	Successful launch at the Kura test site (Kamchatka). 2nd launch of the PGRK test program.
14	04/20/2004 (21:30)	Plesetsk	PGRK	15Zh55	Successful launch to maximum range in the Pacific Ocean. 3rd launch of the PGRK test program.
15	12/24/2004 (12:39)	Plesetsk	PGRK	15Zh55	Successful launch at the Kura test site (Kamchatka). The last - fourth - launch within the framework of the PGRK test program.
16	01.11.2014 (09:20)	Plesetsk	silo
17	01/16/2017	Plesetsk	silo		Successful test launch at the Kura test site (Kamchatka).
18	17.10.2018	Plesetsk	silo		According to Western data, an emergency launch at the Kura test site (Kamchatka). () - no launch confirmation from other sources
19	30.09.2019	Plesetsk	silo		Successful test launch at the Kura test site (Kamchatka).

Launch of a 15Zh65 "Topol-M" missile from a silo, Plesetsk training ground, 2000 or earlier (Strategic ground-based missile systems. M., "Military Parade", 2007).

Launch of the Topol-M rocket, Plesetsk (http://militaryphotos.net).

The fourth launch within the framework of the Topol-M PGRK test program, Plesetsk, December 24, 2004 (photo - Alexander Babenko, http://itar-tass.com).

Serial production of RT-2PM2 missiles began at the Votkinsk Machine-Building Plant in 1997 after the first four successful launches - simultaneously with the placement of the complex on experimental combat duty ( ist. - Strategic missiles).

The deployment of the 15Zh65 ICBM with the 15P165 complex in a silo version in experimental combat duty mode began with the deployment of the first two missiles in the 104th missile regiment of the 60th division of the Strategic Missile Forces in Tatishchevo on December 24, 1997. However, at the beginning of 1998 in the analytical The note “The state of the defense industry and ways to overcome the crisis” () reported that the Topol-M priority program was being implemented with a delay of several years. the first regiment with Topol-M missiles in silos (10 missiles) went on combat duty on December 30, 1998 ( ist. - Strategic missiles).

The stationary-based 15Zh65 ICBM was adopted by the Russian Strategic Missile Forces after the signing of the Act on Adoption for Armament on April 28, 2000 by Decree of the President of Russia, which was signed on July 13, 2000.

In 2011, a decision was made to stop purchasing 15Zh65 ICBMs for the Strategic Missile Forces. The deployment of Topol-M missiles in silos was completed in 2012. A total of 60 silos were deployed - 10 regiments as part of the 60th division of the Strategic Missile Forces in Tatishchevo.

Testing and acceptance into service of the version with PGRK. To test the mobile version of the RT-2PM1 missile of the Topol-M complex, sites 167 and 169 of the Plesetsk test site were used. A total of four launches were carried out during flight tests from September 2000 to December 2004. Testing of the 15Zh55 ICBM with the 15P155 PGRK began in Plesetsk with a launch on September 27, 2000.

On November 21, 2005, two missile divisions and a mobile command post of the 321st missile regiment of the 54th missile division (Teykovo) were decommissioned. In November 2006, one missile division of the 321st missile regiment was equipped with 3 automatic launchers and a mobile command post of the Topol-M complex, and on December 10, 2006, this division of the 321st regiment of the Teikov missile division took up combat duty.

The PGKR with the Topol-M ICBM was put into service in December 2006.(). The deployment of the Topol-M missiles as part of the PGRK was completed in 2009 - at the same time it was announced that the production of the Topol-M PGRK would be discontinued in favor of the PGRK with ICBMs. A total of 18 PGRKs have been deployed.

Starting equipment:
The launch of the rocket according to the 1989 project was initially planned from the TPK. For the PGRK it was planned to use a TPK made of fiberglass (MIT project). For the variant of the complex with launch from a silo (version of the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau), it was planned to manufacture a TPK from metal, with a number of ground equipment systems mounted on it. For this reason, the missiles differed slightly and received different indices during development ( ist. - Strategic missiles).

Silo 15P765 type OS- complex 15P065 / 15P165 - the first two installations on experimental combat duty - complex 15P065-35 (converted ICBM silos UR-100NUTTH / 15A35). The silo launchers of the complex are combined into regimental sets of 10 silo launchers with a command post 15B222. In the silo version, the missile can use modified silo launchers from the UR-100NUTTH and R-36M missiles ().

Several types of silos are known:
- silo 15P765-35 - silo using the MBR 15A35 shaft
- silo 15P765-18 - silo using the MBR 15A18M shaft;
- silo 15P765-60 - silo using the MBR shaft 15Zh60;

Work on converting silo launchers of old missiles into silo launchers 15P765 was carried out by the Vympel Experimental Design Bureau under the leadership of Dmitry Dragun. The re-equipment was carried out by removing elements of the 15P735 launcher necessary for the gas-dynamic launch of 15A35 missiles, using an improved shock-absorbing system and filling the freed volume with special grades of heavy reinforced concrete ().

It was decided to convert one of the two silos for the 15A35 ICBM at the Plesetsk test site, which were previously used for testing the RT-23 ICBM, using a silo head and a protective device for the 15A18M ICBM silo. components for the conversion were delivered from the Orenburg Rocket Army. This is how the 15P765-18 silo was equipped and the 15Zh65 missile was launched from it in 2000.

Launch of the 15Zh65 ICBM from the OS 15P765-18 PU prototype, Plesetsk training ground, 02/09/2000 (photo retouched in the source, Ground-Based Strategic Missile Systems. M., "Military Parade", 2007).

Launch of the 15Zh65 ICBM from the OS 15P765-18 PU prototype, Plesetsk test site, probably 02/09/2000 (without retouching).

Silo launcher type 15P765-35 for the Topol-M ICBM, Plesetsk test site, 1990-2000. (http://www.arms-expo.ru).

The head of a silo launcher type 15P765 / 15P765M at the Plesetsk training ground, footage of the launch of the Topol-M ICBM on November 1, 2014 (Strategic Missile Forces of the Russian Armed Forces).

PGKR 15P155- autonomous launcher 15U175 on an eight-axle chassis MZKT-79221 with a 15Zh55 missile in a fiberglass TPK.

APU 15U175 ICBM "Topol-M" with TPK ICBM "Yars" at one of the rehearsals of the parade on Red Square, April 2011 (http://russianarms.mybb.ru).

TTX APU 15U175 "Topol-M" on the MZKT-79221 (MAZ-7922) chassis:
Launch type - mortar using PAD
The wheel formula is 16 x 16, the first three and last three axles are steered.
Engine - diesel YaMZ-847.10 with a power of 800 hp, 4-stroke, 12-cylinder, turbocharged
Length - approx. 22.7 m
Width - approx. 3.4 m
Height - approx. 3.3 m
Ground clearance - 475 mm
Turning radius - 18 m
Brod - 1.1 m
Tires with adjustable pressure 1600x600-685 model VI-178A / AU
Curb weight - 40000 kg
Load capacity - 80000 kg
Tank volume - 825 l
Maximum speed - 45 km/h
Power reserve - 500 km

Photo report from the MZKT assembly line. Chassis MZKT-79221 for the Russian Strategic Missile Forces. Minsk, Belarus, 2010 ().

Chassis MZKT-79221 before the parade in honor of the Independence Day of the Republic of Belarus in Minsk, publication 07/01/2013 (http://www.vpk.gov.by via http://autocatalogue.livejournal.com).

APU 15U175 of the RT-2PM2 / RS-12M2 "Topol-M" complex with an ICBM TPK during a parade rehearsal in Moscow, 04/26/2011 (photo - Vitaly Kuzmin, http://vitalykuzmin.net/).

APU of the RT-2PM2 / RS-12M2 "Topol-M" complex with an ICBM TPK during a parade rehearsal in Moscow, 05/03/2011 (photo - Andrey Kryuchenko, http://a-andreich.livejournal.com).

PGRK "Topol-M" uses and can be used from the 15U182 "Krona" combat duty unit - a protected box with a tearable roof to house the 15U175 APU. Serially produced by JSC "85 Repair Plant" ().

Combat duty unit 15U182 "Krona" (http://russianarms.mybb.ru).

APU PGRK "Topol-M" with a raised TPK after the launch of an ICBM 15Zh55 from a "Krona" type shelter, launch 09/27/2000, Plesetsk (Strategic ground-based missile systems. M., "Military Parade", 2007).

Rocket RT-2PM1/15Zh55 and RT-2PM2/15Zh65:

Design three-stage with sequential connection of stages. The storage and use of ICBMs is carried out using TPK. The design of the rocket was developed taking into account the possibility of overcoming dust and soil formations after a nuclear explosion - clouds of crushed stone and suspensions at an altitude of 10-20 km. The rocket body is made without protruding parts with a durable head fairing. The design design also makes the high-energy third stage of the rocket as light as possible ( ist. - Strategic missiles).

Launch of the Topol-M complex rocket (http://ok.ya1.ru).

Launch of a 15Zh65 rocket from a silo, Plesetsk test site, 2000 or earlier (Strategic ground-based missile systems. M., "Military Parade", 2007).

Rocket composition:
- PAD
- 1st stage
- 2nd stage
- 3rd stage
- the stage of launching the warhead - in the original design of the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau - a monopropellant liquid engine using Pronit fuel.
- a combat unit with means to overcome missile defense (up to 20 decoys - - not confirmed).

The rocket stages are made by winding fiberglass of the “cocoon” type. The missile is not equipped with aerodynamic control and stabilization aids.

The missile has maximum resistance to the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion (PFYA) due to ():
- the use of a newly developed protective coating applied to the outer surface of the rocket body and providing comprehensive protection against nuclear attack;
- application of a control system developed on an element base with increased durability and reliability;
- applying a special coating with a high content of rare earth elements to the body of the sealed instrument compartment, which housed the control system equipment;
- the use of shielding and special methods for laying the onboard cable network of the rocket;
- introduction of a special program maneuver for a missile when passing through a cloud of a ground-based nuclear explosion, etc.

Control system and guidance- autonomous inertial control system using an on-board computer. The developer of the control system is the Scientific and Production Center for Automation and Instrumentation named after Academician N.A. Pilyugin (Moscow), the chief designers are V. Lapygin and Yu. Trunov. The active part of the trajectory has been shortened. To reduce the speed spread at the end of the 3rd stage, a maneuver is probably used to turn the rocket in the direction of zero range increment until the 3rd stage fuel is completely exhausted. The rocket's instrument compartment is sealed. The missile can perform a program maneuver at launch to pass through the nuclear explosion cloud of attacking ballistic missiles.

Automatic gyrocompass (AGK) of the APU 15U175 aiming system of the RT-2PM2 / RS-12M2 "Topol-M" complex with the Yars ICBM TPK during the parade in Moscow, 05/09/2012 (photo from the Boaz Guttman archive, http:// www.flickr.com).

Engines:

Stage 1 - solid propellant rocket engine using mixed fuel. Engine development - NPO "Iskra" (Perm), chief designer of the nozzle block - Sokolovsky M.I. Possibly fuel type T-9BK-8E or similar developed by NPO Soyuz (Dzerzhinsk). The 15S51 fiberglass body is an integral part of the propulsion system of the first stage of the rocket and, as of 2011, is mass-produced by Avangard OJSC (Safronovo,). Engine nozzle - controlled ( ist. - Strategic missiles).
Nozzle - rotary controlled (NPO "Iskra", Perm)
Engine thrust - approx. 100 t / 90780 kg (according to other data)
Engine operating time - 60 sec

Stage 2 - solid propellant rocket engine, probably with a sliding nozzle. Probably developed by MIT. Possibly Start type fuel or similar NPO Soyuz (Dzerzhinsk).
Engine thrust - approx. 50 t
Engine operating time - 64 sec

Stage 3 - solid propellant rocket engine with mixed fuel, probably with a sliding nozzle. Probably developed by MIT. Possibly AP-65 fuel or similar fuel from NPO Soyuz (Dzerzhinsk).
Nozzle - rotating, controlled, partially recessed with folding nozzle tip
Engine thrust - approx. 25 t
Engine operating time - 56 sec

The nozzle blocks of all stages are made of carbon-carbon material, the nozzle liners are based on a three-dimensionally reinforced oriented carbon-carbon matrix ().

There is a possibility that in order to reduce the time of the active part of the trajectory (AUT), the expansion of the nozzle nozzles of the 2nd and 3rd stages occurs in a “hot” mode by the products of the operation of the stage engines. A similar technology was developed in the 1980s by the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau (Dnepropetrovsk) for the Krechet aviation missile system and other systems.

Warhead breeding platform:
MIT version - with solid propellant rocket engine. There was information in the media about the use of a “unique variable-thrust engine.” Development of a fuel charge - NPO "Soyuz" (Dzerzhinsk).

Option of Yuzhnoye Design Bureau rocket 15Zh65 - monopropellant engine or solid propellant rocket engine or several low-thrust liquid rocket engines.

Such a remote control provides two modes of operation of the main engine of the stage with deep throttling (30 times) of the high-thrust engine chamber, which reduces the gas-dynamic effect on the detachable warheads. The formation of orders of warheads is carried out by a low-thrust engine according to a “pulling” scheme.
Fuel type - PRONIT
High thrust engine thrust - 300 kg (empty)
Thrust of the thruster - 3/6 kg (empty)

Performance characteristics of the missile:
Length - 22.55 m ( ist. - Strategic missiles) / 22.7 m (according to other data)
Length of the 1st stage - 8.04 m
Length of the 2nd stage - 6 m
Length of the 3rd stage - 3.1 m
Length without warhead - 17.5 m
Diameter of the 1st stage - 1.81 m ( ist. - Strategic missiles) / 1.86 m ()
Diameter of the 2nd stage - 1.61 m ()
Diameter of the 3rd stage - 1.58 m ()
TPK diameter without protruding parts:
- 15P065 - 1.95 m
- 15P165 - 2.05 m

Launch weight - 46.5 t ( ist. - Strategic missiles) / 47.1 t / 47.2 t ()
Weight of the 1st stage - 26 t / 28.6 t (according to other data)
Weight of the 1st stage structure - 3 t
Weight of the 2nd stage - 13 t
Weight of the 1st stage structure - 1.5 t
Weight of the 3rd stage - 6 t
Weight of the 1st stage structure - 1 t
Head mass - 1200 kg ()

Range:
- maximum:
- more than 11000 km
- 11500 km ()
KVO - 350 m / 200 m ()

Warranty period - 15-20 years (according to various sources)

Warhead types- monoblock thermonuclear warhead with a power of up to 1 Mt - developer - VNIIEF (Sarov), chief designer - G. Dmitriev.

The warhead is high-speed with a high level of resistance to the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion ().

The missile is equipped with a complex of means for overcoming missile defense (KSP ABM). According to unconfirmed data, the missile defense system includes active and passive decoys and means of distorting the characteristics of the warhead ().

Installation of the warhead on the 15Zh65 "Topol-M" missile, Plesetsk training ground, 2000 or earlier (Strategic ground-based missile systems. M., "Military Parade", 2007).

Modifications:
- R&D complex "Universal" - a rocket project developed by the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau (Dnepropetrovsk).

The Topol-M complex is a rocket project developed by MIT.

The "Universal" complex, missiles 15Zh55 (PGRK) and 15Zh65 (ShPU 15P065) - a preliminary design of joint development by the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau and MIT.

Complex RS-12M1 "Topol-M" 15P165 (silo launcher), missile RT-2PM1 / 15Zh65 - SS-27 SICKLE-B - a variant of the ICBM complex with silo launcher developed by MIT.
- option 15P765-35 - with silos using 15A35 ICBM silos
- option 15P765-18 - with silos using 15A18M ICBM silos
- option 15P765-60 - with silos using 15Zh60 ICBM shafts

Complex RS-12M2 "Topol-M" 15P155 (PGRK), missile RT-2PM2 / 15Zh55 - SS-27 SICKLE-B - a variant of the ICBM complex with PGRK developed by MIT.

The complex is a variant of the silo-based and mobile ground-based ICBM complex with MIRVs.

Status: Russia

1997 December 24 - in the 60th Taman Missile Division (Tatishchevo) in the 104th Missile Regiment, the first Topol-M missile was installed in a silo that had been modified after the release of the UR-100N missile, which had served its useful life, to continue testing. The missile is installed without a nuclear warhead. The first missile regiment armed with 15Zh65 missiles began testing combat duty only a year later (10 silos).

1998 December 30 - The 104th Missile Regiment of the 60th Missile Division, consisting of 10 silos of 15Zh65 missiles, began experimental combat duty as part of the Russian Strategic Missile Forces.

1999 December 10 - the second missile regiment of the 60th missile division took up combat duty with Topol-M missiles.

December 26, 2000 - the third missile regiment of the 60th missile division took up combat duty with Topol-M missiles - the regiment was re-equipped with the 15P060 complex.

December 21, 2003 - the fourth missile regiment of the 60th missile division began combat duty with Topol-M missiles.

December 9, 2005 - the fifth missile regiment of the 60th missile division began combat duty with Topol-M missiles.

Number of RS-12M2 "Topol-M" ICBMs in the RSVN:

Sources:
Wikipedia is a free encyclopedia. Website http://ru.wikipedia.org, 2013
Milekhin Yu.M. Contribution of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise FCDT "Soyuz" to the creation of solid-fuel missile systems. // National defense. No. 6 / 2011
JSC NPO Iskra. Website http://www.npoiskra.ru/, 2010.
Pashnev M.A. "Topol-M": history of creation and prospects. http://rbase.new-factoria.ru, 05/11/2010
Rocket and space technology developed by NPO Iskra. Presentation. 2008
Rockets and spacecraft of the Yuzhnoye design bureau. Dnepropetrovsk, State Clinical Hospital "Yuzhnoye", 2000
Ground-based strategic missile systems. M., "Military Parade", 2007

Location: 60th Taman Order of the October Revolution Red Banner Missile Division

Complex RT-2PM2 "Topol-M"(code RS-12M2, according to NATO classification - SS-27 Sickle "Sickle") - a Russian strategic missile system with an intercontinental ballistic missile, developed in the late 1980s - early 1990s on the basis of the RT-2PM "Topol" complex .

The first intercontinental ballistic missile developed in Russia after the collapse of the USSR. Adopted into service in 1997. The lead developer of the missile system is the Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering (MIT).

Rocket of the Topol-M complex is solid fuel, three-stage. The maximum range is 11,000 km. Carries one thermonuclear warhead with a power of 550 kt. The missile is based both in silo launchers (silos) and on mobile launchers. The silo-based version was put into service in 2000.

Designed to carry out tasks of delivering a nuclear strike on enemy territory in the face of counteraction from existing and future missile defense systems, with multiple nuclear impacts on a positional area, when blocking a positional area with high-altitude nuclear explosions. It is used as part of the 15PO65 silo-based and 15P165 mobile-based complexes.

Stationary complex "Topol-M" includes 10 intercontinental ballistic missiles mounted in silo launchers, as well as a command post.

Main characteristics:

Number of steps - 3

Length (with warhead) - 22.55 m

Length (without warhead) - 17.5 m

Diameter - 1.81 m

Launch weight - 46.5 t

Throwing weight 1.2 t

Type of fuel - solid mixed

Maximum range - 11000 km

Head type - monoblock, nuclear, detachable

Number of combat units - 1 + about 20 dummies

Charge power - 550 Kt

Control system - autonomous, inertial based on BTsVK

Method of basing - mine and mobile

Mobile complex "Topol-M" is a single missile placed in a high-strength fiberglass transport and launch container (TPK), mounted on an eight-axle MZKT-79221 cross-country chassis and is structurally practically no different from the silo version. The weight of the launcher is 120 tons. Six pairs of eight wheels are swivel, providing a turning radius of 18 meters.

The ground pressure of the installation is half that of a conventional truck. Engine V-shaped 12-cylinder turbocharged diesel engine YaMZ-847 with a power of 800 hp. The depth of the ford is up to 1.1 meters.

When creating systems and units of the mobile Topol-M, a number of fundamentally new technical solutions were used in comparison with the Topol complex. Thus, the partial suspension system makes it possible to deploy the Topol-M launcher even on soft soils. The maneuverability and maneuverability of the installation have been improved, which increases its survivability.

"Topol-M" is capable of launching from any point in the positional area, and also has improved means of camouflage, both against optical and other reconnaissance means (including by reducing the infrared component of the complex's unmasking field, as well as the use of special coatings that reduce radar signature).

Intercontinental missileconsists of three stages with solid propellant propulsion engines. Aluminum is used as fuel, ammonium perchlorate acts as an oxidizing agent. The step bodies are made of composites. All three stages are equipped with a rotating nozzle to deflect the thrust vector (there are no lattice aerodynamic rudders).

Control system- inertial, based on the on-board central heating system and a gyro-stabilized platform. The complex of high-speed command gyroscopic devices has improved accuracy characteristics. The new BTsVK has increased productivity and resistance to the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion. Aiming is ensured through the implementation of autonomous determination of the azimuth of the control element installed on a gyro-stabilized platform using a ground-based complex of command instruments located on the TPK. Increased combat readiness, accuracy and continuous operation life of on-board equipment are ensured.

Launch method - mortar for both options. The rocket's sustaining solid-propellant engine allows it to gain speed much faster than previous types of rockets of a similar class created in Russia and the Soviet Union. This makes it much more difficult for missile defense systems to intercept it during the active phase of the flight.

The missile is equipped with a detachable warhead with one thermonuclear warhead with a capacity of 550 kt of TNT equivalent. The warhead is also equipped with a set of means to overcome missile defense. The complex of means for overcoming missile defense consists of passive and active decoys, as well as means of distorting the characteristics of the warhead. Several dozen auxiliary correction engines, instruments and control mechanisms allow the warhead to maneuver along the trajectory, making it difficult to intercept it at the final part of the trajectory.

False targets indistinguishable from warheads in all ranges of electromagnetic radiation (optical, laser, infrared, radar). False targets make it possible to simulate the characteristics of warheads according to almost all selection criteria in the extra-atmospheric, transitional and significant part of the atmospheric section of the descending branch of the flight trajectory of missile warheads, and are resistant to the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion and the radiation of a super-powerful nuclear-pumped laser. For the first time, decoys have been designed that can withstand super-resolution radars.

In connection with the termination of the START-2 treaty, which prohibited the creation of multi-charge intercontinental ballistic missiles, the Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering is working on equipping Topol-M with multiple independently targetable warheads. Perhaps the result of this work is the RS-24 Yars. A mobile version of this complex, placed on the chassis of an eight-axle tractor MZKT-79221, is being tested.

The high resistance of the 15Zh65 missile to the effects of potential enemy missile defense systems is achieved due to:

• Reducing the time and length of the active section through extremely rapid acceleration of the rocket. Acceleration time to final speed (over 7 km/s) is less than 3 minutes.


• The missile’s ability to maneuver in the active section, complicating the enemy’s solution to the interception task, as well as to perform a program maneuver when passing through the cloud of a nuclear explosion


• Newly developed protective coating for the hull, providing comprehensive protection against the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion and weapons based on new physical principles.


• A complex for overcoming missile defense, including passive and active decoys and means of distorting the characteristics of the warhead. LCs are indistinguishable from warheads in all ranges of electromagnetic radiation (optical, laser, infrared, radar), they allow simulating the characteristics of warheads according to almost all selection criteria in the extra-atmospheric, transitional and significant part of the atmospheric section of the descending branch of the flight trajectory of missile warheads, up to altitudes 2 - 5 km; are resistant to the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion and radiation from a super-powerful nuclear-pumped laser, etc. For the first time, LCs have been designed that can withstand super-resolution radars. Means for distorting the characteristics of the warhead consist of a radio-absorbing (combined with heat-protective) coating of the warhead, active jammers, etc. The radar signature of the warhead is reduced by several orders of magnitude, the ESR is 0.0001 sq.m. Its detection range has been reduced to 100 - 200 km. The optical and IR visibility of the BB is extremely reduced due to the effective cooling of the BB surface in the transatmospheric section and the reduction in the luminosity of the BB's wake in the atmospheric section, achieved incl. due to the injection of special liquid products into the trace area that reduce the intensity of radiation. As a result of the measures taken, it is possible to overcome the monoblock warhead of a promising multi-echelon missile defense system with space-based elements with a probability of 0.93 - 0.94. The high- and sub-atmospheric missile defense section is overcome with a probability of 0.99, the atmospheric - with a probability of 0.93 - 0.95.

The 15Zh65 rocket is equipped with a thermonuclear monoblock warhead with a power of 0.55 MGt. Tests of ICBMs with MIRVs (from 3 to 6 multiple warheads with a capacity of 150 kt.) have been carried out. In the future, it is planned to equip the missile with a maneuvering warhead (tests of which were also successfully carried out in 2005 and continue), and therefore the possibility of intercepting warheads, according to Russian specialists will be practically reduced to zero.

The probable circular deviation is no more than 200 m, which allows the half-megaton power warhead to confidently hit highly protected point targets (in particular, command posts and silos). Due to the limited throw weight, which limits the power of the nuclear warhead, the Topol-M missile, unlike the 15A18 Voevoda missile (the power of the monoblock warhead of which was 20-25 MGt), has limitations in carrying out destructive effects on a large area target.

The mobile-based 15P165 complex has unique initial survivability characteristics and is capable of operating covertly and autonomously for a long period of time. The patrol area of ​​the complex is 250,000 sq. km.

The Topol-M missile is unified with the " Mace" sea-based, created to arm the Project 955 SSBN. The Bulava's competitor is the R-29RMU2 liquid-fueled ICBM " Sineva" It is significantly superior to the Bulava (like all other ICBMs) in terms of energy and mass sophistication, but is inferior in terms of an important criterion for Russian sea-based missiles - survival in the active phase due to the lower acceleration speed and greater vulnerability from laser weapons, characteristic of liquid-propellant missiles compared to solid fuel. However, the Bulava rocket, with a launch weight of about 37 tons, is significantly inferior in striking power to existing heavier solid-fuel rockets, including the Trident-2 rocket with a launch weight of 59 tons. (Bulava warhead - 6x150 kt, Trident-2 (theoretically) - 8x475 kt). The project to equip the naval component of Russia's nuclear forces with SSBNs with light ballistic missiles "Bulava" is criticized by experts who point to the need to arm domestic SSBNs with high-tech solid-fuel SLBM R-39UTTH, the testing of which was curtailed in the 90s. and which, if put into service, would have no analogues in the world among SLBMs in terms of striking power and flight performance.

The relative security of humanity in recent decades has been ensured by nuclear parity between the countries that own the majority of nuclear weapons on the planet and the means of delivering them to their target. Currently these are two states - the United States of America and the Russian Federation. The fragile balance is based on two main “pillars”. The American heavy carrier Trident-2 is opposed by the latest Russian Topol-M missile. Behind this simplified diagram lies a much more complex picture.

The average person is rarely interested in military equipment. It is difficult to judge by its appearance how reliably the state’s borders are protected. Many people remember the magnificent Stalinist military parades, during which citizens were shown the inviolability of Soviet defense. Huge five-turret tanks, giant TB bombers and other impressive models turned out to be not very useful on the fronts of the war that soon began. Maybe the Topol-M complex, the photo of which makes such a strong impression, is also outdated?

Judging by the reaction of military experts from countries that consider Russia a potential adversary, this is not so. But in practice it would be better not to be convinced of this. There is little objective data about the newest rocket. All that remains is to consider what is available. Seems like a lot of information. It is known what the Topol-M mobile launcher looks like, a photo of which was published at one time by all the world’s leading media. The main technical characteristics also do not constitute state secrets; on the contrary, they can serve as a warning to those who may be plotting an attack on our country.

A little history. The beginning of the atomic race

The Americans built the atomic bomb before anyone else in the world and did not hesitate to use it immediately, in August 1945, twice. At that time, the US Air Force not only had an aircraft capable of carrying it. It was a flying “superfortress” - the B-29 strategic bomber, the mass of which reached nine tons of combat load. At an altitude of 12 thousand meters, inaccessible to air defense systems of any country, at a speed of 600 km/h, this air giant could deliver its terrible cargo to a target almost three and a half thousand kilometers away. On the way, the B-29 crew did not have to worry about their safety. The plane was perfectly protected and equipped with all the latest achievements of science and technology: radar, powerful rapid-fire barrage cannons with telemetric control (in case someone did get close) and even some kind of on-board computer that made the necessary calculations. This way, in peace and comfort, it was possible to punish any disobedient country. But it ended quickly.

Quantity and quality

In the fifties, the leadership of the USSR placed its main bet not on long-range bombers, but on strategic intercontinental missiles, and, as time has shown, this decision was correct. The remoteness of the American continent has ceased to be a guarantee of security. At the time, the United States surpassed the Soviet Union in the number of nuclear warheads, but President Kennedy could not guarantee the lives of its citizens in the event of a war with the USSR. According to experts, it turned out that in the event of a global conflict, America would formally win, but the number of victims could exceed half the population. Based on these data, President J.F. Kennedy curbed his warlike ardor, left Cuba alone and made other concessions. Everything that happened in the subsequent decades in the field of strategic confrontation came down to a competition not just for the ability to deliver an all-crushing blow, but also to avoid retaliation or minimize it. The question was raised not only about the number of bombs and missiles, but also about the ability to intercept them.

After the Cold War

The RT-2PM Topol missile was developed in the USSR back in the eighties. Its general concept was the ability to overcome the impact of potential enemy missile defense systems mainly due to the surprise factor. It could be launched from various points along which this mobile system carried out combat patrols. Unlike stationary launchers, the location of which was often no secret to the Americans, Topol was constantly in motion, and it was not possible to quickly calculate its possible trajectory, even taking into account the high performance of Pentagon computers. Stationary mine installations, by the way, also posed a threat to a potential aggressor, because not all of them were known, and besides, they were well protected and a lot of them were built.

The collapse of the Union, however, led to the destruction of the long-built security system based on the inevitability of a retaliatory strike. The response to new challenges was the Topol-M missile adopted by the Russian Army in 1997, the characteristics of which were significantly improved.

How to complicate the missile defense task

The main change, which became revolutionary in the entire world ballistic missile industry, concerned the uncertainty and ambiguity of the missile trajectory on its combat course. The operation of all missile defense systems, already created and only promising ones (at the stage of design development and fine-tuning), is based on the principle of anticipation calculation. This means that when an ICBM launch is detected by several indirect parameters, in particular by an electromagnetic pulse, thermal trace or other objective data, a complex interception mechanism is launched. With a classical trajectory, it is not difficult to calculate the position of the projectile, determining its speed and launch location, and measures can be taken in advance to destroy it at any part of the flight. It is possible to detect the launch of a Topol-M; there is not much difference between it and any other missile. But then things get more complicated.

Variable trajectory

The idea was to make it impossible, even if detected, to miscalculate the coordinates of the warhead taking into account the lead. To do this, it was necessary to change and complicate the trajectory along which the flight takes place. “Topol-M” is equipped with gas-jet rudders and additional shunting engines (their number is still unknown to the general public, but we are talking about dozens), allowing you to change direction in the active part of the trajectory, that is, during direct guidance. In this case, information about the final goal is constantly retained in the memory of the control system, and ultimately the charge will get exactly where it is required. In other words, anti-missiles fired to shoot down a ballistic projectile will miss. It is not possible to defeat the Topol-M by existing and created missile defense systems of a potential enemy.

New engines and body materials

It is not only the unpredictability of the trajectory in the active area that makes the strike of the new weapon irresistible, but also the very high speed. "Topol-M" at different stages of the flight is driven by three main engines and very quickly gains altitude. Solid fuel is a mixture based on ordinary aluminum. Of course, the composition of the oxidizer and other details are not disclosed for obvious reasons. The step bodies are made as light as possible; they are made of composite materials (organoplastic) using the technology of continuous winding of hardening fibers of a heavy-duty polymer (“cocoon”). This decision has a double practical meaning. Firstly, the weight of the Topol-M rocket is reduced, and its acceleration characteristics are significantly improved. Secondly, the plastic shell is more difficult to detect by radar; high-frequency radiation is reflected from it worse than from a metal surface.

To reduce the likelihood of destruction of charges at the final stage of the combat course, numerous false targets are used, which are very difficult to distinguish from real ones.

Control system

Any missile defense system fights enemy missiles using a whole range of influences. The most common method of disorientation is to install powerful electromagnetic barriers, also called interference. Electronic circuits cannot withstand strong fields and fail completely or cease to function properly for some time. The Topol-M missile has a noise-resistant guidance system, but this is not the main thing. In the expected conditions of a global conflict, a potential enemy is ready to use the most effective means to destroy threatening strategic forces, including even barrage nuclear explosions in the stratosphere. Having discovered an insurmountable barrier in its path, the Topol, thanks to its ability to maneuver, will with a high degree of probability be able to bypass it and continue its deadly trajectory.

Stationary

The Topol-M missile system, regardless of whether it is mobile or stationary, is launched using a mortar method. This means that the launch is carried out vertically from a special container, which serves to protect this complex technical system from accidental or combat damage. There are two deployment options: stationary and mobile. The task of placing new complexes in mines is simplified as much as possible due to the possibility of modifying existing underground structures intended for heavy ICBMs that were withdrawn from service under the terms of the SALT-2 treaty. All that remains is to fill the too-deep bottom of the shaft with an additional layer of concrete and install a restrictive ring that reduces the working diameter. It is also important that the Topol-M missile system is maximally unified with the already proven infrastructure of the strategic deterrence forces, including communications and control.

Mobile complex and its chariot

The novelty of the mobile installation, designed for firing from any point on the combat patrol route (position area), lies in the so-called incomplete hanging of the container. This technical feature allows for deployment on any ground, including soft ground. Camouflage has also been significantly improved, which makes it difficult to detect the complex by all existing reconnaissance means, including space-optical and radio-electronic.

We should dwell in detail on the vehicle designed to transport and launch the Topol-M rocket. The characteristics of this powerful machine are admired by experts. It is huge - it weighs 120 tons, but at the same time it is very maneuverable, has high maneuverability, reliability and speed. There are eight axles, respectively, sixteen wheels 1 cm high, all of them are driving. The eighteen-meter turning radius is ensured by the fact that all six (three front and three rear) axles can turn. The width of the pneumatic tires is 60 cm. The high clearance between the bottom and the road (it is almost half a meter) ensures unhindered passage not only over rough terrain, but also ford (with a bottom depth of more than a meter). The specific ground pressure is half that of any truck.

The Topol-M mobile unit is driven by an 800-horsepower diesel turbo unit YaMZ-847. The speed on the march is up to 45 km/h, the range is at least half a thousand kilometers.

Other tricks and promising opportunities

According to the terms of the SALT-2 treaty, the number of separable individually targeted warheads is subject to a limitation. This means that it is impossible to create new missiles equipped with multiple nuclear warheads. The situation with this international treaty is generally strange - back in 1979, in connection with the entry of Soviet troops into Afghanistan, it was withdrawn from the US Senate and has not yet been ratified. However, there was no refusal from the American government to comply with its conditions. In general, it is observed by both sides, although it has not received official status even today.

Some violations, however, took place, and mutual ones. The United States insisted on reducing the total number of carriers to 2,400, which corresponded to their geopolitical interests, since they had more multi-charge missiles. In addition, it is also important that American nuclear forces are closer to Russian borders, and their flight time is much shorter. All this prompted the country's leadership to look for ways to improve its safety indicators without violating the conditions of SALT 2. The Topol-M missile, the characteristics of which formally and without taking into account its features correspond to the parameters of the RT-2P, was called a modification of the latter. The Americans, taking advantage of the gaps in the treaty, placed cruise missiles on strategic bombers and practically do not comply with quantitative restrictions on carriers with multiple independently targetable warheads.

These circumstances were taken into account when creating the Topol-M rocket. The radius of destruction is ten thousand kilometers, that is, a quarter of the equator. This is quite enough to consider it intercontinental. Currently, it is equipped with a monoblock charge, but the weight of the fighting compartment of one ton makes it possible to change the warhead to a multiple warhead in a fairly short time.

Are there any disadvantages?

The Topol-M strategic missile system, like any other military equipment, is not an ideal weapon. The reason for the recognition of some shortcomings was, paradoxically, the discussion that unfolded during the discussion of the future prospects of the SALT-2 treaty. In some conditions, you can vaguely hint at your own omnipotence, but in other circumstances, it is more advantageous, on the contrary, to point out that we are not as terrible as we seem. This happened with the Topol-M complex. The speed of the rocket (up to 7 km/sec), it turns out, is not high enough to be completely confident in its invulnerability. Security in the conditions of a barrage stratospheric nuclear explosion also leaves much to be desired, especially from such a terrible damaging factor as However, very little can withstand it.

The Topol-M, whose destruction radius allows it to destroy targets on other continents, is currently the only Russian strategic missile in mass production. That is why it is the mainstay of the forces of containment.

Apparently, this lack of alternative is a temporary phenomenon; other models will appear that will absorb the advantages of “Topol” and leave its shortcomings in the past. Although it’s unlikely to work out completely without any shortcomings. In the meantime, this type of ballistic missile carries the main burden in defense. Be that as it may, recent history shows that those who cannot defend themselves pay dearly for their own weakness.

It's actually not all that bad. Readiness to repel aggression can only be judged based on relative values. Nothing is absolute in matters of defense; each type of weapon can be improved endlessly. The main thing is that his fighting qualities allow him to effectively resist enemy forces.

USSR Government Decree No. 173-45 of February 9, 1987 prescribed the creation of the Albatross combat missile system, capable of penetrating the promising multi-echelon US missile defense system, the creation of which was announced by the administration of President R. Reagan. Three options for basing this complex were envisaged: mobile ground, stationary mine and mobile railway.

The Albatross three-stage solid-propellant missile was supposed to be equipped with a gliding winged warhead with a nuclear charge, capable of approaching targets at a sufficiently low altitude and maneuvering around the target. All elements of the missile, as well as the launcher, had to have increased protection from PFYVs and weapons based on new physical principles (primarily laser), in order to ensure a guaranteed retaliatory strike in the event of any opposition from a potential enemy. The development of the Albatross RK was entrusted to NPO Mashinostroeniya (General Designer G. A. Efremov) with launch at the LCI at the end of 1991. The resolution noted the special national importance of implementing this development. This was not surprising, since the government and military circles of our country were seriously concerned about the problem of overcoming the American missile defense system and were looking for ways to guarantee its solution, since the implementation of US plans created a real threat to the security of the USSR, disturbing the established military-strategic balance. In this regard, fending off a potential threat from the United States and maintaining strategic stability became the most important strategic task for the USSR. As is known, in response to the “star wars” concept, the USSR stated that the measures it was taking would be “asymmetrical” in nature, meet the concepts of “reasonable sufficiency”, “equal security” and would be significantly more economical. It was supposed to carry out qualitative improvements in strategic weapons, increasing their invulnerability to new means of attack and interception by US space forces. The solution to this complex problem proceeded mainly in two directions:

• creation of missiles capable of launching directly under conditions of nuclear impact in a positional area,
• development of mobile-based missiles, the survivability of which would be ensured due to mobility and location uncertainty.

For the sake of historical justice, it should be noted that, while tirelessly declaring, primarily for political reasons, a set of “asymmetrical” measures, the leadership of our country did not forget about the set of “symmetrical” measures. Evidence of this was the Resolution of the CPSU Central Committee and the USSR Council of Ministers “On the study of the possibility of creating weapons for combat operations in space and from space” of 1976. The basis of the Soviet “response” was to be a multi-echelon missile defense system, composed of three main elements - a combat space complex with laser weapons on board the 17F19 Skif, a combat space complex with missile weapons on board the 17F111 Cascade, and an orbital missile warning system. attack 71Х6 US-KMO (US-KMO was supposed to be supplemented by numerous ground-based early warning radars, as well as various means of monitoring outer space). The launch of all this equipment into space was planned using the latest launch vehicles - the heavy 11K25 Energia and the medium 11K77 Zenit. Servicing in orbit was supposed to be carried out using the 11F35 Buran reusable transport spacecraft, Soyuz-TM transport spacecraft and Progress-M automatic cargo spacecraft. True, due to technical and financial problems, the intensive consultative and contractual process with the United States and, finally, due to the collapse of the USSR after 1991, the project of the system as a whole “decided to live for a long time” and most of the programs (“Skif”, “Cascade” ", "Energia", "Buran" and a number of others) were closed.

The preliminary design of the Albatross RK, developed at the end of 1987, caused dissatisfaction with the Customer, since the implementation of a number of technical solutions included in the EP seemed quite problematic. However, work on the project continued throughout the next year. However, at the beginning of 1989, it became clear that the creation of this DBK, both in terms of technical indicators and the timing of its implementation, was in danger of being disrupted. In addition, powerful political factors came into play. Beginning in the second half of the 1980s, intensive negotiations were conducted between the USSR and the United States on the limitation and reduction of strategic weapons, which ended on July 31, 1991 with the signing of the Treaty on the Reduction of Offensive Arms in Moscow, known as START-1. The American side insisted not only on a quantitative reduction in Soviet heavy ICBMs, but also on a ban on their modernization and the creation of new types of such missiles for any type of deployment. With regard to new strategic developments, the START I Treaty allowed only the modernization of only one type of light-class solid-fuel missile (and within extremely strict size and weight limits), provided that it was equipped with only one warhead. In this regard, and long before the actual signing of the Treaty, the need arose to adjust the general direction of development.

On September 9, 1989, in development of the government decree of February 9, 1987, Military-Industrial Complex Decision No. 323 was issued, which prescribed the creation of two new missile launchers instead of the Albatros missile launcher: a mobile ground missile and a stationary mine launcher with a three-stage solid-fuel rocket, universal for both complexes, created as a modernization of the ICBM of the Republic of Tajikistan -2RM (15Zh58). The new theme was called “Universal”, and the rocket was named RT-2PM2 (15Zh65). The development of a mobile ground launch vehicle with the RT-2PM2 missile was entrusted to MIT, and a stationary mine missile launcher was entrusted to the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau. MIT was entrusted with the development of rocket units and connecting compartments of the second and third stages, an unguided warhead, a sealed instrument compartment, a platform for placing the warhead and missile defense control system, and interstage communications. Yuzhnoye Design Bureau was supposed to develop the first-stage rocket unit, the missile defense control system, and the head aerodynamic fairing. The development of the missile control system was entrusted to NPO AP. Separate parts of the rocket were to be produced at the Southern Machine-Building Plant and the Votkinsk Machine-Building Plant. Order No. 222 of the Ministry of General Engineering on the creation of a ballistic missile system with the RT-2PM2 (15Zh65) missile was issued on September 22, 1989.

Due to the uncertainty in the construction of the American missile defense system, in order to increase the effectiveness of the means to overcome it, it was decided to develop two SP missile defense systems, built on different physical, design and technological principles. Since these complexes had different mass-dimensional characteristics and differed in the breeding conditions of their elements, it was necessary to develop two variants of platforms for armored vehicles and two different combat stages with remote control, differing in power. The SP missile defense variant being developed by Yuzhnoye Design Bureau required somewhat higher energy costs to build battle formations, so it was decided to develop a high-energy liquid-propellant rocket launcher using the promising PRONIT monopropellant. The MIT version made do with a less powerful solid fuel propulsion system. By analogy with the RT-2PM missile, it was accepted that the operation of the RT-2PM2 missile in both mobile and stationary versions will be carried out using a TPK, the launch of both options will be mortar. Due to different operating conditions of missiles of mobile and stationary versions, as well as different requirements for protection from nuclear weapons, complete unification of missiles and TPK could not be realized. It required the development of structurally different transport and launch containers and even means of ejecting the rocket from the TPK at launch. So, for example, for the silo version of the rocket at launch, a pallet was used to protect the first stage remote control from the increased pressure of the gases of the PAD (powder pressure accumulator), but for the moving soil complex, due to the lower pressure, the pallet was not needed. The TPK for the mine version was made of metal, for the moving ground version - plastic. The operation of the missile launcher assumed an unregulated scheme with preventive maintenance of combat equipment combined with launcher maintenance.

Unfortunately, due to the collapse of the USSR, all work on the RT-2PM2 rocket by the KBU-MIT cooperation within the framework of the “Universal” theme was stopped, although in 1991 the first 1L rocket was already manufactured, intended for flight tests at the Plesetsk test site. However, according to the decision of the Commander-in-Chief of the Strategic Missile Forces of the USSR, its dispatch to the training ground was delayed until the “clarification of the situation”, which dragged on... for three years!!! S. N. Konyukhov, who became the General Designer of the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau in 1991, addressed the President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin. By order of the President, a meeting was held at which S. N. Konyukhov made a proposal, sanctioned by the Government of Ukraine, for the further participation of the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau in the creation of the RT-2PM2 missile. However, a positive decision was not reached and already in April 1992. By the decision of the Commander-in-Chief of the CIS Armed Forces and the Ministry of Industry of Russia, the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau and the YuMZ Production Association were relieved of their functions as the lead developer and manufacturer of the universal RT-2PM2 (15Zh65) missile with their transfer to the organization Russia. With Ukraine's acceptance of the status of a nuclear-free state, with the permission of the Ukrainian government, the first 1L flight rocket manufactured was transferred to the Russian Federation on January 14, 1995. It was the last strategic ICBM developed by the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau. But the history of the missile system did not end there...

In March 1992, a decision was made to develop a new, completely domestic missile, designed to become the basis of a promising group of strategic missile forces. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation B.N. Yeltsin on February 27, 1993 paved the way for full-scale development of the missile system. In order to reduce time and financial costs, the new missile system was created with maximum use of the developments obtained on the "Universal" theme. It was decided to make every possible effort to maximize the unification of the stationary silo and mobile ground-based types of missiles, while maintaining the combat effectiveness of both types of missile systems to the maximum extent possible. The problem of unification was solved, among other things, by abandoning two types of missile defense missile defense systems, platforms for warheads and combat stages, the creation of which was originally envisaged within the framework of the “Universal” theme. The development of the RT-2PM2 missile (15Zh65, indices “inherited” from the “Universal” theme), called “Topol-M,” was carried out by Russian cooperation of enterprises and design bureaus in difficult political and economic conditions. In order to generally reduce financial costs, and based on the principle of expediency, it was decided to test and put into service first the stationary silo version, and then the ground mobile version of the missile. The lead developer of the missile system is the Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering under the leadership of Yuri Solomonov. The developer of the control system is the Research and Production Association of Automation and Instrumentation under the leadership of Vladimir Lapygin and Yuri Trunov. Solid fuel for the rocket was created at the Federal Center for Dual Technologies "Soyuz" under the leadership of Zinovy ​​Pak and Yuri Milekhin. The thermonuclear warhead was developed at the Russian Federal Nuclear Center - the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Experimental Physics under the leadership of Yuri Faykov and Georgy Dmitriev. The organic materials used to create the DBK were developed at the Spetsmash Central Research Institute.

The Topol-M missile was created as a deep modernization of the RT-2PM Topol ICBM. The conditions for modernization are determined by the START-1 Treaty, according to which a missile is considered new if it differs from the existing one (analogue) in one of the following ways:

• number of steps;
• type of fuel of any stage;
• starting weight by more than 10%;
• the length of either the assembled rocket without the warhead, or the length of the first stage of the rocket by more than 10%;
• the diameter of the first stage by more than 5%;
• throw weight of more than 21% combined with a change in first stage length of 5% or more.

Thus, the mass-dimensional characteristics and some design features of the Topol-M ICBM are strictly limited.

The 15P065 combat stationary silo missile system with the RT-2PM2 ICBM, located in the Tatishchev division, includes 10 15Zh65 missiles in silo launchers 15P765-35, one unified command post of the 15V222 type with high security (located on a suspension in the silo using special shock absorption). By placing a missile in the TPK in the silo and using the “mortar launch” method, it became possible to significantly increase the resistance of existing launchers to PFYAV by removing all the elements of the SC necessary for the gas-dynamic launch of 15A35 missiles, and filling the released volume with heavy reinforced concrete of special grades, as well as through the use of an improved shock-absorbing system. Some of the division's missiles are located in OS 15P765-60 silos, which previously housed the RT-23 UTTH ICBMs. Work on the conversion of silo launchers of ICBMs 15A35 and 15Zh60 to accommodate Topol-M missiles was carried out by the Vympel Experimental Design Bureau under the leadership of Dmitry Dragun. When deploying the ballistic missile system in the Uzhur division, TPKs with ICBMs will also be placed in modified silo launchers 15P765-18/18M of R-36M UTTH (15A18) / R-36M2 (15A18M) missiles. Each regiment will include 8 OS silos and one command post.

DBK 15P065 with a light-class solid-propellant ICBM 15Zh65, which has increased resistance to PFYV and delivers the warhead of the second level of resistance to the designated target, ensures the launch of a missile without delay for the normalization of the external situation during repeated nuclear impacts on neighboring DBK facilities and when the position area is blocked by high-altitude nuclear explosions , as well as with minimal delay during non-destructive nuclear impact directly on the launcher. The stability of the launcher and the mine command post to PFYV has been significantly increased; it is possible to launch from the constant combat readiness mode according to one of the planned target designations, as well as prompt retargeting and launch according to any unscheduled target designation transmitted from the highest level of management. The likelihood of launch commands being transmitted to the control panel and silos has been increased. 15Zh65 is the first strategic missile of the new, fifth generation, which has absorbed all the many years of experience in cooperation between enterprises in the creation of solid fuel missiles. State tests took place at the 1st State Test Cosmodrome "Plesetsk". Also, test launches as part of the program to create a missile system (primarily to test promising combat equipment) were carried out by other carriers and from the 4th State Central Test Site "Kapustin Yar".

The high characteristics of the 15Zh65 missile in ensuring a high level of resistance to the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion were achieved through the use of a set of measures that had proven themselves well during the creation of the R-36M2 (15A18M), RT-23UTTH (15Zh60) and RT-2PM (15Zh58) ICBMs:

• the use of a newly developed protective coating applied to the outer surface of the rocket body and providing comprehensive protection against nuclear attack;
• application of a control system developed on an element base with increased durability and reliability;
• applying a special coating with a high content of rare earth elements to the body of the sealed instrument compartment, which housed the control system equipment;
• the use of shielding and special methods for laying the onboard cable network of the rocket;
• introducing a special program maneuver for a missile when passing through the cloud of a ground-based nuclear explosion, etc.

The missiles of the 15P065 stationary silo missile system are placed in single-launch silo launchers with high resistance to damaging factors of nuclear influence, converted in accordance with the START-2 treaty, in a metal transport and launch container. Mobile-based ICBMs have also been deployed - in a high-strength fiberglass TPK on an eight-axle cross-country chassis; The missile of the mobile mobile ground complex 15P165 also has a design index 15Zh65 and is structurally practically no different from the silo version 15Zh65 despite the peculiarities of the operation and combat use of complexes of various types of basing, which imposes different requirements for the necessary resistance to PFYV for missiles launched from mobile and silo launchers , and determines the need and feasibility of developing modifications of a single rocket with certain circuit design differences.

Type of warhead: detachable monoblock (higher power class) thermonuclear, second (upper) level of resistance to the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion with a high-speed warhead with a power (according to foreign experts) of the order of 0.8 - 1.0 Mt. Taking into account the accuracy of the new missile (according to various estimates, the COE is “about 150-200 m”), the warhead allows you to confidently hit any small, high-strength strategic targets. In the future, it is possible to equip a missile with a maneuvering warhead or a multiple warhead with a number of warheads from 3 to 6 (it is possible that promising warheads for MIRV IN will be unified with a low-power class warhead for a complex with the R-30 Bulava SLBM, the power of the thermonuclear warhead of a promising warhead - "about 150 kt"). The first test launch of a mobile version of the Topol-M ICBM, equipped with a MIRV with individually targeted warheads (officially the name of the new missile was announced as RS-24), took place on May 29, 2007 from the Plesetsk cosmodrome.

Complex of means for breaking through advanced missile defense: to overcome the advanced missile defense of a potential enemy, the RT-2PM2 missile is equipped with a complex of means for breaking through missile defense of a new development, created using elements of the complex of means for breaking through missile defense "Sura" (which, in turn, was created during work on the topic "Universal"), and consisting of passive and active decoys and means of distorting the characteristics of the warhead. LCs are indistinguishable from warheads in all ranges of electromagnetic radiation (optical, laser, infrared, radar), they allow simulating the characteristics of warheads in almost all selection characteristics in the extra-atmospheric, transitional and significant part of the atmospheric section of the descending branch of the flight path of missile warheads, and are resistant to damaging factors of a nuclear explosion and radiation from a super-powerful nuclear-pumped laser, etc. For the first time, LCs capable of withstanding super-resolution radars have been designed. Means for distorting the characteristics of the warhead consist of a radio-absorbing (combined with heat-shielding) coating of the warhead, active radio interference generators, aerosol sources of infrared radiation, etc. The missile defense system is designed to significantly increase the time required for a potential enemy's advanced missile defense system to detect a warhead among many false targets and interference, thus significantly reducing the likelihood of interception of a warhead. According to some data, the mass of the Topol-M ICBM missile defense system exceeds the mass of the American Peacekeeper ICBM missile defense system. In the future, when a missile is equipped with a maneuvering warhead (or a multiple warhead with individually targeted warheads), the missile defense capabilities of a potential enemy to intercept warheads will, according to Russian experts, be reduced to almost zero.

In addition, in the process of creating ICBMs, technical solutions were incorporated into the design of the hull components, propulsion system, control system and warhead (special grades of fuel, structural materials, multifunctional coatings, special circuit-algorithmic protection of equipment), providing the missile with high energy characteristics and the required resistance to damaging factors of both nuclear influence and advanced weapons based on new physical principles. It should be noted that the warhead and warhead of the new ICBM were created with maximum use of developments and technologies obtained earlier during the creation of warheads for ICBMs that entered service in the second half of the 1980s, which made it possible to reduce development time and reduce cost, which was important in new complex political and economic conditions. Despite this, the new warheads and warheads are much more resistant to PFYVs and the effects of weapons based on new physical principles than their predecessors, have a lower specific gravity, and have improved safety mechanisms during storage, transportation and being on combat duty. The new warhead has an increased efficiency of fissile materials compared to prototypes and is historically the first domestic warhead for ICBMs, the creation of which took place without testing parts and assemblies during full-scale nuclear explosions, although some developments “for the future” may have been made even before the USSR stopped nuclear testing in September 1989, followed by the announcement of a moratorium in October 1991 (it should be noted that the “nuclear” countries included in the NATO bloc were less scrupulous in this regard: the last nuclear test of Great Britain - November 1991 ., USA - September 1992, France - January 1996).

Successful measures were taken to reduce the flight duration and reduce the altitude of the end point of the active part of the rocket's flight path. The ICBM also received the possibility of limited maneuver on the active part of the trajectory (according to some data, due to the operation of auxiliary maneuvering engines, instruments and control mechanisms, and high-strength hull components), which can significantly reduce the likelihood of its destruction in the most vulnerable, initial phase of the flight. According to the developers, the active flight phase (launch, operation of the sustainer stages, disengagement of combat equipment) of the Topol-M ICBM is reduced by “3-4 times” compared to liquid-fueled ICBMs, for which it is approximately 10 minutes.

The 15P065 complex was put on experimental combat duty (2 missiles) in the 60th Missile Division of the Strategic Missile Forces of the 27th Guards Missile Army (Tatishchevo, Saratov Region, Svetly garrison) in December 1997. The first regiment (10 missiles) in full force went on combat duty on December 30, 1998, the second - in 1999. The State Commission approved the act on the adoption of an intercontinental ballistic missile based in the silo launcher OS "Topol-M" into service with the Strategic Missile Forces of the Russian Federation on April 28, 2000. The adoption of the DBK with the Topol-M ICBM based in the silo took place on July 13, 2000 with the signing of the corresponding Decree of the President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin No. 13-14. The third, fourth and fifth regiments with the DBK entered full combat duty in 2000, 2003 and 2005, respectively. It was planned that the sixth and last regiment of the Tatishchev division, re-equipped with the new DBK, would go on combat duty by the end of 2008, but this event occurred only in December 2010, when the regiment command post and 2 OS silos with ICBMs went on combat duty (it is planned that the entire regiment will be on combat duty by the end of 2012). The total number of Topol-M ICBMs based in OS silos by January 2011 reached, according to some estimates, 52 units. According to the announced plans of the Ministry of Defense, by the end of 2012, the sixth regiment will be deployed in its entirety of 10 missiles in the Tatishchevo garrison, thus bringing the total number of ICBMs of this type in Tatishchevo to 60 units. After the completion of the deployment of the sixth regiment in Tatishchevo, the deployment of Topol-M silo missiles is planned to continue in other divisions - the 62nd Missile Division (Uzhur, Krasnoyarsk Territory, Solnechny garrison) and the 28th Guards Missile Division ( Kozelsk, Kaluga region). According to statements by responsible officials from the Ministry of Defense, OS silo divisions will continue to be equipped with Topol-M monoblock ICBMs.

During 1994 - 2001 From the Plesetsk cosmodrome, 10 launches of the silo version of the Topol-M ICBM were carried out under the flight test program (of which one launch in 1998 was unsuccessful), and two combat training launches.

After the creation and testing of a stationary silo version of the rocket, development of a mobile ground-based missile system began, which received the index 15P165. When creating systems and units of the mobile launcher of the Topol-M complex, fundamentally new technical solutions were used in comparison with the Topol BGRK. Thus, the partial suspension system makes it possible to deploy the Topol-M launcher even on soft soils. The maneuverability and maneuverability of the installation have been improved, which increases its survivability. "Topol-M" is capable of launching from any point in the positional area, and also has improved means of camouflage against both optical and other reconnaissance means (including by reducing the infrared component of the complex's unmasking field, as well as the use of special coatings that somewhat reduce radar signature of the complex). The re-equipment of the Strategic Missile Forces units is carried out using existing infrastructure. Mobile (as well as stationary) versions of the missile system are fully compatible with the existing combat control and communications system. The characteristics of the Topol-M missile system can significantly increase the readiness of the Strategic Missile Forces to carry out assigned combat missions in any conditions, ensure maneuverability, secrecy of actions and survivability of units, subunits and individual launchers, as well as reliability of control and autonomous operation for a long time (without replenishment inventories of materials). The aiming accuracy has been almost doubled, the accuracy of determining geodetic data has been increased by one and a half times, and the preparation time for launch has been halved. The launcher of the mobile complex (placed on an eight-wheeled chassis MZKT-79221 produced by the Minsk Wheel Tractor Plant) was developed at the Titan Central Design Bureau under the leadership of Viktor Shurygin. Serial production of launchers for the mobile complex is carried out by the Volgograd Production Association "Barricades". The rocket for the BGRK entered flight tests in 2000. During 2000 - 2004 4 launches were carried out under the flight test program, all launches were successful. In 2006, it was decided to begin deploying the BGRK with the Topol-M ICBM, and at the end of that year the first 3 ICBMs (one division) went on combat duty. By December 2009, the number of Topol-M ICBMs in a mobile ground version in service with the 54th Guards Missile Division (Teykovo, Ivanovo Region, Krasnye Sosenki garrison) of the 27th Guards Missile Army reached 18, i.e. 2 missile regiments. In 2010, the Ministry of Defense announced that there would be no further deployment of the Topol-M ICBM in a mobile version: then only a deep modification of this missile - the RS-24 ICBM with a MIRV (according to some data, this missile has proper name "Yars" and NATO designation SS-X-29). According to MIT representatives, there are no plans to create a railway version of the RS-24 ICBM.

Currently, Russia’s main efforts in the situation emerging after the deployment of advanced missile defense work in the United States are aimed at completing the long-term work already underway to qualitatively improve the combat equipment of the Republic of Kazakhstan, as well as methods and means of countering promising missile defense in the United States and other regions. This work is being carried out in the context of the implementation of accepted restrictions on various international obligations and the active reduction of domestic strategic nuclear forces. A significant number of enterprises and scientific and production organizations of industry, higher education and research institutions of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation have been involved in the implementation of this work. The scientific and technical foundations created during the years of opposition to the American “Strategic Defense Initiative” are being updated. In addition, new technologies are being created based on the modern capabilities of Russian cooperation enterprises. One of the essential parts of the new program is the creation of significantly modified missile launchers with ICBMs on the basis of significant unification with both existing missile launchers of various bases and those just being created. An example is the program to create an improved mobile ground-based ICBM, called RS-24 (see the proposed diagram). In May 2007, this rocket entered flight tests. It is assumed that the RS-24 is a deep modification of the Topol-M mobile ground-based ICBM (according to General Designer Yu. Solomonov, “50% of the missile design is new”). Experts express the opinion (confirmed by statements from representatives of the MIT and the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation) that in a number of fundamental structural components and assemblies the RS-24 is also significantly unified with the promising R-30 Bulava SLBM (3M30, R-30, RSM-56, SS- NX-30 Mace), created by almost the same cooperation of manufacturers and currently undergoing testing. The deployment of the modified ICBM began after the completion of one of the stages of flight tests (flight tests have not yet been fully completed; previously it was assumed that the tests would take at least three years, carrying out at least 4 test launches, including three launches successfully carried out in May and December 2007 year, as well as in November 2008 - now it has been announced that three more test launches will be carried out during 2011). Initially, it was announced that the deployment of the new complex would begin no earlier than the end of 2010 - beginning of 2011. , however, already in July 2010, First Deputy Minister of Defense V. Popovkin announced that in the Teikovsky division 3 complexes (division) had already been deployed by the end of 2009, having gone on experimental combat duty. Another division of 3 complexes was deployed by the end of 2010, thus bringing the number of deployed RS-24 ICBMs to 6 units. The number of RS-24 missiles intended for deployment in 2011 has not been announced, but based on the experience of past years, it can be assumed that at least 3 more missiles will be deployed before the end of the year, which will make it possible to form the first regiment in the army fully equipped with this ICBM. According to various sources, the MIRV IN of the new missile is equipped with “no less than 4 new middle-class warheads and a modern missile defense control system.” According to analysts' forecasts, in this case it is assumed that the "middle-class warheads" are high-speed warheads of a new generation with a power of about 300-500 kt, with reduced visibility in various ranges of electromagnetic radiation and high accuracy. According to some publications in open sources, the increase in the throwable mass of the new ICBM, despite the possible increase in the energy potential of the missile itself during the creation process, had to be paid for by some reduction in the missile's firing range - to approximately 10,000 km compared to 11,000 km for the Topol-M ICBM. . A number of experts also express surprise at the relatively small volume of flight tests of the new ICBM before transferring the complex to the troops, compared to what was accepted in the Soviet years (only 3 launches in 2007-2008, all carried out successfully). The leadership of MIT and the Ministry of Defense in response to this indicate that a different testing methodology has now been adopted for the latest ICBMs and SLBMs - with much more intensive and productive computer modeling and a much larger volume of ground-based experimental testing than before. This approach, now considered more economical, during the USSR period was used primarily in the creation of the most complex and heavy new missiles (for example, RN 11K77 Zenit and especially 11K25 Energia), which made it possible to get by with a minimum number of extremely expensive heavy missiles destroyed during test launches. carriers and their payload. however, after the collapse of the USSR, due to a sharp reduction in funding for defense tasks, it was decided to fully use this approach when creating light-class missiles, primarily ICBMs and SLBMs. As for the new RS-24 missile, the volume of flight testing required for it is relatively small and, apparently, due to the significant unification of the new missile with its predecessor - the 15Zh65 Topol-M ICBM. It was stated that the Topol-M rocket (as a carrier) was initially designed (back in the late 1980s as part of the Universal theme) for several types of warheads, including MIRVs. The fact that the missile was initially put into service with a light-class monoblock warhead is nothing more than a tribute to the negotiating politicking of the authorities of our country at that time. In addition, information was voiced that a number of systems of the new RS-24 missile, primarily the control system, AP and missile defense control system, have already been tested during launches using other types of launch vehicles and ICBMs (UR-100N UTTH, “Topol”, K65M-R, etc.). There were also references to the experience of testing the Topol-M ICBM - the complex was transferred to the troops for experimental combat duty after 4 successful launches.

In addition, priority measures based on the completion of the implementation of achieved technologies in the field of creating maneuvering hypersonic warheads, advanced MIRVs, as well as a significant reduction in the radio and optical signature of both standard and advanced ICBM and SLBM warheads in all segments of their flight to targets. At the same time, improvement of these characteristics is planned in combination with the use of qualitatively new small-sized atmospheric decoys.

Achieved technologies and created domestic radar-absorbing materials make it possible to reduce the radar signature of warheads in the extra-atmospheric part of the trajectory by several orders of magnitude. This is achieved by implementing a whole set of measures: optimizing the shape of the warhead body - a sharp, elongated cone with a rounded bottom; the rational direction for separating the block from the breeding stage is in the direction of the toe towards the radar station; the use of light and effective materials for radio-absorbing coatings applied to the unit body - their mass is 0.05-0.2 kg per m2 of surface, and the reflection coefficient in the centimeter frequency range 0.3-10cm is no more than -23...- 10dB or better. There are materials with screen attenuation coefficients in the frequency range from 0.1 to 30 MHz: for the magnetic component - 2...40 dB; in terms of the electrical component - less than 80 dB. In this case, the effective reflective surface of the warhead can be less than 10-4 m2, and the detection range can be no more than 100...200 km, which will not allow the unit to be intercepted by long-range anti-missiles and significantly complicates the operation of medium-range anti-missiles.

Taking into account the fact that a significant share of future missile defense information systems will be detection means in the visible and infrared ranges, efforts have been made and are being implemented to significantly reduce the optical signature of warheads, both in the extra-atmospheric section and during their descent into the atmosphere. In the first case, a radical solution is to cool the surface of the block to such temperature levels when its thermal radiation will amount to fractions of a watt per steradian and such a block will be “invisible” for optical information and reconnaissance equipment such as STSS. In the atmosphere, the luminosity of its wake has a decisive influence on the optical visibility of a block. The achieved results and implemented developments make it possible, on the one hand, to optimize the composition of the heat-protective coating of the block, removing from it the materials that most contribute to the formation of marks. On the other hand, special liquid products are forcibly injected into the trace area in order to reduce the radiation intensity. The listed measures make it possible to ensure the probability of overcoming the extra- and high-atmospheric boundaries of the missile defense system with a probability of 0.99.

However, in the lower layers of the atmosphere, the considered measures to reduce visibility no longer play a significant role, since, on the one hand, the distances from the warhead to the missile defense information equipment are quite small, and on the other, the intensity of the unit’s braking in the atmosphere is such that it is no longer possible to compensate for it . In this regard, another method and its corresponding countermeasures come to the fore - small-sized atmospheric decoys with an operational altitude of 2-5 km and a relative mass of 5-7% of the mass of the warhead. The implementation of this method becomes possible as a result of solving a dual problem - a significant reduction in the visibility of the warhead and the development of qualitatively new atmospheric decoys of the "waveship" class, with a corresponding reduction in their mass and dimensions. This will make it possible to replace one warhead from a multi-charge missile warhead with up to 15...20 effective atmospheric decoys, which will increase the probability of overcoming the atmospheric missile defense line to a level of 0.93-0.95. Thus, the overall probability of Russian ICBMs and, above all, modified (through the use of improved electronics and CSP missile defense, MIRVs and maneuvering warheads with new generation warheads) Topol-M ICBMs overcoming 3 frontiers of a promising missile defense system, according to experts , will be 0.93-0.94. Thus, the Topol-M missile can hit well-protected strategic targets in the conditions of a counter, counter-counter and retaliatory nuclear strike, if the enemy has a multi-echelon missile defense system with space-based elements.

Conclusion

Assessing the Topol-M ballistic missile system as a whole, it can be noted that the designers managed to solve almost all the problems that faced them back in the framework of the “Universal” theme - a lightweight monoblock, PFYV-resistant, high-precision solid-propellant ICBM of a new generation was created for two deployment options , with high flight performance and potential for further modernization (primarily due to the replacement of a monoblock warhead with a MIRV IN with the number of warheads from 3 to 7 depending on the class of warhead, - medium or small class, respectively, - or with a maneuvering monoblock warhead; in addition, it is possible to improve the characteristics of the electronic “filling” of the complex and use a more advanced new-generation missile defense system). It is worth saying that the creation of the complex was carried out in a fairly short time, during a difficult period of political and economic upheavals for the country and society, such as the collapse of the USSR, the destruction of the usual long-term cooperation of producers, a number of whom remained “abroad,” and financial difficulties.

However, the very high hopes placed on the Topol-M ballistic missile system by the leadership of our country in the 90s generally did not come true - this missile has not become the “main missile” for the Strategic Missile Forces until today. In the period from December 1997 to December 2010 inclusive, a total of 76 ICBMs were put on combat duty - 52 in stationary silo-based and 24 in mobile ground-based (6 of them in the RS-24 modification) deployment options. As of July 2009, for example, Topol-M ICBMs quantitatively accounted for 17.4% of the total number of ICBMs of the Strategic Missile Forces, and their warheads accounted for 5.1% of the total number of warheads on Strategic Missile Forces missiles. For comparison, as of January 2008, Topol-M ICBMs quantitatively accounted for about 12% of the total number of ICBMs of the Strategic Missile Forces, and their warheads accounted for slightly more than 3% of the total number of warheads on Strategic Missile Forces missiles. Moreover, the gradual increase in the relative contribution of the Topol-M ICBMs to the overall picture is also noticeable due to the gradual and obvious reduction in the number of old ICBMs that have served their term (the number of deployed ICBMs as of July 2009 is given in parentheses): R-36M2 "Voevoda" / R-36M UTTH (59 pieces), UR-100N UTTH (70 pieces), RT-2PM "Topol" (174 pieces). In general, the general trend is disappointing - the vast majority of currently available ICBMs were deployed under the USSR and, therefore, are physically outdated, having now had a many times extended warranty period - from 23 (RT-2PM "Topol"; the original warranty period - 10 years) up to 33 (UR-100N UTTH; initial warranty period - 10 years) years. As of the beginning of 2011, the total share of Topol-M and RS-24 missiles in the troops will undoubtedly continue to increase, exceeding, according to estimates of foreign observers, by the end of 2010 the milestone of 20% of the number of all missiles in the Strategic Missile Forces - as due to a slight increase in the number of new missiles themselves, and due to a reduction in old ones.

The reasons for such a slow rearmament of the Strategic Missile Forces with modern missiles are said to be: chronic underfunding, the loss by the state of a number of effective levers of influence on military-industrial complex enterprises, the loss of some critical technologies (scandals arose repeatedly, during which information surfaced that a number of parts, primarily electronic, for these ICBMs are produced abroad, including in countries (former republics of the USSR) that are new members of the North Atlantic Alliance or friendly to it), a personnel pit. Despite a certain “renaissance” of the domestic military-industrial complex in recent years, it becomes clear that there will be no sharp and large-scale increase in the number of Topol-M ICBMs in the coming years - according to the State Program for the rearmament of the RF Armed Forces adopted in 2006, until 2015 in the Strategic Missile Forces About 70 Topol-M ICBMs will be put on combat duty, thus bringing the total number of such missiles to approximately 120. However, their “specific gravity” is planned to be somewhat increased by re-equipping the missiles with MIRVs, most likely after 2010.

However, taking into account the likely and planned reduction in the future after 2012, the number of warheads deployed on all Russian carriers (ICBMs, SLBMs and heavy tanks) to a “ceiling” of 1700-2200 pieces, which is consistent with bilateral Russian-American agreements, taking into account the mass removal by 2015, the vast majority of Soviet-made ICBMs will no longer be on duty (due to their “advanced age”; after that, until 2020 and somewhat further, a total of no more than 60-70 ICBMs R-36M2 “Voevoda” and UR- 100N UTTH), and also taking into account the planned equipping of the Topol-M MIRV ICBM (in the RS-24 version), it is quite possible that by the middle of the coming decade this ICBM will nevertheless become the basis of ground-based missile strategic nuclear forces, but this time it will be forced. It is planned that with a guaranteed service life of 15 years with the prospect of its extension to 20-25 years (example: the initial warranty service life of the RT-2PM Topol ICBM was 10 years, as a result of R&D, this period has now been extended to 23 years with the prospect of a further extension to 24 years) the Topol-M ICBMs will remain on combat duty until 2040.

MRK SN (strategic intercontinental missile system) "Topol-M" (SS-X-27, "Sickle" according to NATO classification) with the RS-12M2 missile (RT-2PM2, 15Zh65) is the result of further modernization of the Topol missile system ( SS-25). This complex was entirely created by Russian enterprises.

Work on the creation of a new missile system began in the mid-1980s. The resolution of the Military-Industrial Commission dated September 09, 1989 ordered the creation of two missile systems (mobile and stationary), as well as a universal three-stage solid-fuel intercontinental ballistic missile. This development work was given the name “Universal”, and the complex under development was given the designation RT-2PM2. The complex was jointly developed by the Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering and Yuzhnoye Design Bureau (Ukraine, Dnepropetrovsk).

The missile was supposed to be unified for both complexes, however, in the original design, a difference was assumed in the warhead breeding system. For a silo-based missile, the combat stage had to be equipped with a liquid jet engine using the promising PRONIT monopropellant. For the mobile complex, MIT developed a solid propellant propulsion system. There were also differences in the transport and launch container (TPC). In the mobile version, the TPK was supposed to be made of fiberglass, in the stationary version - from metal, with a number of ground equipment systems mounted on it. Therefore, the rocket for the mobile complex was assigned the index 15Zh55, for the stationary complex - 15Zh65.

In March 1992, it was decided to develop the Topol-M complex on the basis of Universal (Yuzhnoye Design Bureau stopped participating in work on this complex in April). On February 27, 1993, the President of the Russian Federation signed a corresponding decree (this date is considered the beginning of work on Topol-M). This decree appointed MIT as the lead enterprise for the development of Topol-M, and guaranteed funding for the work.

In fact, it was necessary to develop a universal missile based on the types of deployment. At the same time, in both silo and mobile versions, the missile had to have high combat capabilities, high fire accuracy and be capable of long-term combat duty in different degrees of readiness. In addition, it had to be highly resistant to damaging factors during flight and overcome the missile defense of a potential enemy.

APU of the RT-2PM2 / RS-12M2 "Topol-M" complex with the Yars ICBM TPK during a parade rehearsal in Moscow, 04/26/2011. Previously it was believed that this was the Yars APU (photo - Vitaly Kuzmin, http:/ /vitalykuzmin.net/)

The missile for the Topol-M MRK was created as a modernization of the RS-12M intercontinental ballistic missile. The conditions for modernization were determined by the START I Treaty. According to this document, a rocket can be considered new if it differs from its analogue in one of the following characteristics:
- number of steps;
- type of fuel for any stage;
- the starting mass differs by more than 10 percent;
- the length of the assembled rocket without the warhead (warhead), or the length of the first stage of the rocket differs by more than 10 percent;
- the diameter of the first stage differs by more than 5 percent;
- throw weight of more than 21 percent combined with a change in first stage length of 5 percent or more.

Due to these limitations, the tactical and technical characteristics of the Topol-M MRK missile could not undergo significant changes, and the main differences from its analogue (RT-2PM) lie in the flight characteristics and stability when penetrating enemy missile defenses. From the very beginning, the warhead was developed taking into account the possibility of rapid modernization in the event of the emergence of operational missile defense systems from a potential enemy. It is possible to install a warhead with multiple warheads with individual guidance.

The Topol-M missile system is unique in many ways and is approximately 1.5 times superior to the previous generation missile system in terms of combat readiness, survivability and maneuverability (in the mobile version), and effectiveness in hitting various targets, even in the face of enemy opposition. The energy capabilities of the rocket ensure an increase in throw weight, a significant decrease in the altitude of the active part of the flight path, as well as effective penetration of a promising missile defense system.

When developing the Topol-M MRK, the latest achievements of domestic rocketry and science were used. For the first time, a new experimental testing system was used during tests with high standard operating conditions of units and systems of the missile complex. This has dramatically reduced traditional testing volume and reduced costs without sacrificing reliability.

The complex is a monoblock three-stage solid-fuel rocket housed in a transport and launch container. The missile's lifespan in it is at least 15 years, with a total service life of at least 20 years. Among the features of the complex:
- the ability to use existing silo launchers without significant costs (only the system of attaching the container to the missile changes). Silo launchers are used, which are exempt from missiles being removed from service, and launchers in accordance with the START-2 treaty;
- increased, compared to Topol, firing accuracy, vulnerability of missiles during flight from the effects of air defense systems (including nuclear) and readiness for launch;
- the ability of missiles to maneuver during flight;
- immunity to electromagnetic pulses;
- compatibility with existing control, communication and support systems.

The 15Zh65 (RT-2PM2) rocket has 3 sustainer stages with powerful solid propellant power plants. The rocket's sustainer stages have a one-piece "cocoon" body made of composite material. The 15Zh65, unlike the Topol, does not have lattice stabilizers and rudders. Flight control is carried out by a central partially recessed rotary nozzle of the propulsion engines of the three stages of the rocket. The nozzles of the propulsion engines are made of carbon-carbon material. A three-dimensionally reinforced oriented carbon-carbon matrix is ​​used for the nozzle liners.

The launch weight of the rocket is more than 47 tons. The total length of the rocket is 22.7 meters, and without the head part the length is 17.5 meters. The maximum diameter of the rocket body (first stage) is 1.86 meters. The mass of the head part is 1.2 tons. The length of the first stage is 8.04 meters, the weight of the fully loaded stage is 28.6 tons, the operating time is 60 seconds. The thrust of the first stage solid rocket motor at sea level is 890 kN. The diameter of the second and third stages is 1.61 and 1.58 meters, respectively. The operating time of the stages is 64 and 56 seconds, respectively. Three solid-propellant propulsion engines ensure rapid acceleration, reducing the missile's vulnerability in the acceleration phase, and modern control systems and dozens of auxiliary engines provide maneuver in flight, making the trajectory difficult to predict for the enemy.

A monoblock thermonuclear detachable warhead with a thermonuclear 550-kiloton warhead, unlike strategic intercontinental ballistic missiles of another type, can be quickly replaced by a warhead with multiple independently targetable warheads with a capacity of 150 kilotons. In addition, the Topol-M missile can be equipped with a maneuvering warhead. The new nuclear warhead, according to media reports, can overcome the US missile defense system, which is confirmed by the results of tests of the complex (November 21, 2005) with a new warhead. The probability of overcoming American missile defense is currently 60-65 percent, in the future - more than 80.

It should be noted that when creating the ICBM warhead, the technologies and developments obtained during the creation of the warhead for the Topol were used to the maximum, which made it possible to reduce the cost and shorten the development time. The new warhead, despite such unification, is significantly more resistant to the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion and the action of weapons that are based on new physical principles, compared to its predecessor, has a lower specific gravity, and also has more advanced safety mechanisms during transportation, storage and while on combat duty. The warhead has an increased efficiency of fissile materials. This warhead was created without testing components and parts during full-scale explosions (a first for the domestic military industry).

The 15Zh65 missile is equipped with a complex of missile defense breakthrough systems (KSP ABM), which includes passive and active decoys, as well as means of distorting the characteristics of the warhead. False targets are indistinguishable from warheads in all ranges of electromagnetic radiation (laser, optical, radar, infrared). They make it possible to imitate the characteristics of BBs according to almost all selecting characteristics in all sections of the descending branch of their flight trajectory, are resistant to PFYA, etc. These decoys are the first that can withstand super-resolution radar stations. Means for distorting the characteristics of the warhead consist of a radio-absorbing coating, aerosol sources of infrared radiation, active radio interference generators, and so on.

The 15Zh65 missile can be operated as part of a stationary (15P065) or mobile (15P165) ballistic missile system. In this case, for the stationary version, silo missile launchers are used, which are removed from service or destroyed in accordance with START-2. A stationary group is created by converting silo launchers 15P735 and 15P718.

The 15P065 combat stationary silo missile system includes 10 15Zh65 missiles in 15P765-35 launchers, as well as one unified 15V222 high-security type CP (placed in the silo on a suspension using special shock absorption). Work on the conversion of silo 15P735 to accommodate Topol-M missiles was carried out under the leadership of Dmitry Dragun at the Vympel Design Bureau.

During combat duty, the 15Zh65 missile is housed in a metal TPK. The transport and launch container is unified for various types of silos and combines the functions of a transport and reloading machine and an installer. The transport and installation unit was developed at the Motor design bureau.

Mobile-based intercontinental ballistic missiles "Topol-M" are deployed as part of the 15P165 complex. The mobile-based missile is housed in a high-strength fiberglass transport and launch container on an MZKT-79221 (MAZ-7922) all-terrain chassis with eight axles from the Minsk Wheel Tractor Plant. Structurally, the TPK is practically no different from the mine version. The launcher and its adaptation to the tractor were carried out by the Titan Design Bureau. Serial production of launchers is carried out at the Volgograd production association "Barricades". The mass of the launcher is 120 tons, width - 3.4 meters, length - 22 meters. Six of the eight pairs of wheels are rotary (the first and last three axles), which provides exceptional maneuverability for such dimensions (the turning radius, for example, is only 18 meters) and cross-country ability. The ground pressure is half that of a conventional truck. The launcher engine is a 12-cylinder V-shaped 800-horsepower YaMZ-847 diesel engine with turbocharging. The depth of the ford is 1.1 meters. When creating 15P165 units and systems, several fundamentally new technologies were used. decisions. For example, the partial suspension system makes it possible to deploy the Topol-M launcher on soft soils. The maneuverability and maneuverability of the installation have been improved, increasing its survivability. "Topol-M" can launch missiles from any point in the positional area and has improved camouflage means against optical and other reconnaissance means.

The characteristics of the Topol-M missile system make it possible to significantly increase the readiness of strategic missile forces to carry out combat missions in various conditions, ensure secrecy, maneuverability and survivability of individual launchers, units and units, as well as autonomous operation and reliability of control during for a long time (without replenishment of material resources). Aiming accuracy has been almost doubled, the accuracy of determining geodetic data has been increased by one and a half times, and the launch preparation time has been halved.

The re-equipment of units of the strategic missile forces is carried out using the existing infrastructure. Stationary and mobile versions are fully compatible with existing communications and combat control systems.

Tactical and technical characteristics of the 15Zh65 rocket:
Maximum firing range – 11000 km;
Number of steps – 3;
Launch weight – 47.1 t (47.2 t);
Throwing weight – 1.2 t;
The length of the rocket without the warhead is 17.5 m (17.9 m);
Rocket length - 22.7 m;
Maximum case diameter – 1.86 m;
Warhead type – nuclear, monoblock;
Warhead equivalent – ​​0.55 Mt;
Circular probable deviation – 200 m;
The diameter of the TPK (without protruding parts) is 1.95 m (for 15P165 – 2.05 m).

Performance characteristics of MZKT-79221 (MAZ-7922):
Wheel formula – 16x16;
Turning radius – 18 m;
Ground clearance – 475 mm;
Loaded weight – 40 tons (without combat equipment);
Load capacity – 80 t;
Maximum speed – 45 km/h;
Power reserve – 500 km.

Prepared based on materials:
http://rbase.new-factoria.ru
http://www.arms-expo.ru
http://www.kap-yar.ru
http://army.lv
http://military-informer.narod.ru