Time is seasonal. Changing clocks to seasonal time: pros and cons

Status and powers of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation

In accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the executive power of the Russian Federation is exercised by the Government of the Russian Federation.

According to the Federal Constitutional Law "On the Government of the Russian Federation" of December 17, 1997, the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation is appointed by the President of the Russian Federation from among the citizens of the Russian Federation who do not have citizenship of a foreign state, in the manner prescribed by the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

The Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation heads the Government of the Russian Federation, determines, in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal constitutional laws, federal laws and decrees of the President of the Russian Federation, the main areas of activity of the Government of the Russian Federation and organizes its work.

Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation:

Represents the Government of the Russian Federation in the Russian Federation and outside the territory of the Russian Federation;
... determines, in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal constitutional laws, federal laws and decrees of the President of the Russian Federation, the main areas of activity of the Government of the Russian Federation and organizes its work;
... presides over meetings of the Government of the Russian Federation with a casting vote;
... signs acts of the Government of the Russian Federation;
... submits to the President of the Russian Federation proposals on the structure of federal executive bodies, on the appointment and dismissal of the Deputy Chairmen of the Government of the Russian Federation and federal ministers, on the imposition of disciplinary sanctions on them and on their encouragement;
... distributes responsibilities between members of the Government of the Russian Federation.

The Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation regularly informs the President of the Russian Federation about the work of the Government of the Russian Federation.

In all cases when the President of the Russian Federation is unable to fulfill his duties, they are temporarily performed by the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation. The Acting President of the Russian Federation does not have the right to dissolve the State Duma, call a referendum, or make proposals on amendments and revision of the provisions of the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

The Prime Minister of the Russian Federation is a member of:

Council of Heads of Government of the Commonwealth of Independent States.

The Council of Heads of Government of the Commonwealth is the statutory body of the CIS. He coordinates the cooperation of executive authorities in the economic, social and other spheres of common interests.

The Council of Heads of Government of the Commonwealth resolves issues:

1.implementation of instructions of the Council of Heads of State given to the Council of Heads of Government;
2. implementation of the provisions fixed in the Agreement on the Establishment of the Economic Union, as well as the practical functioning of the free trade zone;
3. adoption of joint programs for the development of industry, agriculture and other sectors of the economy and their financing;
4. development of transport systems, communications, energy systems;
5. cooperation in matters of tariff, credit and financial and tax policy;
6. development of mechanisms aimed at the formation of scientific and technological space;
7. Creation of bodies of the Commonwealth within the framework of its competence;
8. appointing (approving) the heads of the Commonwealth bodies within its competence;
9. financial support for the activities of the Commonwealth bodies;
10. cooperation in social policy issues;
11. control over the activities of the CIS bodies;
12. delegation of their powers to the Council of Foreign Ministers and the Economic Council of the CIS, except for the powers delegated to it by the Council of Heads of State of the Commonwealth of Independent States.

The Council of Heads of Government meets twice a year, extraordinary meetings may be convened at the initiative of the government of one of the member states.

Supreme State Council of the Union State of Russia and Belarus

The Supreme State Council is the supreme body of the Union State. It includes heads of state, heads of government, heads of the chambers of parliaments of the Republic of Belarus and the Russian Federation. The Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Union State, the Chairmen of the Chambers of the Parliament of the Union State, the President of the Court of the Union State also participate in the meetings of the Supreme State Council.

The main tasks of the Supreme State Council:

1.determines the most important issues of the development of the Union State;
2. forms, within the limits of its competence, the bodies of the Union State, including management bodies of a sectoral and functional nature;
3. appoints elections to the House of Representatives of the Parliament of the Union State;
4. approves the budget of the Union State, adopted by the Parliament of the Union State, and annual reports on its implementation;
5. approves the international treaties of the Union State, ratified by the Parliament;
6. approves the state symbols of the Union State;
7. determines the location of the bodies of the Union State;
8. hears the annual report of the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Union State on the implementation of the adopted decisions.

The Supreme State Council also performs other functions assigned to its jurisdiction by the Treaty on the Establishment of the Union State or transferred for its consideration by the member states. The Supreme State Council, within the limits of its powers, issues decrees, decisions and directives. Acts of the Supreme State Council are adopted on the basis of the unanimity of the member states. An act is not adopted if one of the participating states has voted against its adoption. Voting at meetings of the Supreme State Council on behalf of the participating state is carried out by the head of state or a person authorized by him.

Council of Heads of Government of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO).

The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) brings together Russia, China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. Formed on the basis of the Agreement on Confidence Building in the Military Field in the Border Area and the Agreement on the Mutual Reduction of Armed Forces in the Border Area, concluded between Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan on the one hand, and China on the other, dated 1996 and 1997, respectively.

The declaration on the establishment of the SCO was signed at a meeting of the heads of six states in Shanghai on June 15, 2001. At the summit in St. Petersburg on June 7, 2002, the SCO Charter was adopted (entered into force on September 19, 2003) - the basic statutory document fixing goals, principles , structure and main directions of the Organization's activity.

The Council of Heads of Government (Prime Ministers) of the SCO Member States (SCO SCO) adopts the budget of the Organization, considers and decides on the main issues related to specific, especially economic, spheres of development of interaction within the Organization.

Interstate Council of the Eurasian Economic Community (EurAsEC).

The Eurasian Economic Community (EurAsEC) is an international economic organization endowed with functions related to the formation of common external customs borders of its member countries (Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan), the development of a common foreign economic policy, tariffs, prices and other components the functioning of the common market.

The agreement on the establishment of the Eurasian Economic Community was signed on October 10, 2000 in the capital of Kazakhstan, Astana, by the presidents of Belarus - Alexander Lukashenko, Kazakhstan - Nursultan Nazarbayev, Kyrgyzstan - Askar Akayev, Russia - Vladimir Putin, Tajikistan - Emomali Rakhmonov.

The Interstate Council is the supreme body of the Eurasian Economic Community. It is composed of the heads of state and government of the Community countries.

The Interstate Council considers the fundamental issues of the Community related to the common interests of the member states, determines the strategy, directions and prospects for the development of integration and makes decisions aimed at realizing the goals and objectives of the EurAsEC.

The Interstate Council meets at the level of heads of state at least once a year, at the level of heads of government - at least twice a year.

In addition to the main duties and functions of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation stipulated in the Federal Constitutional Law "On the Government of the Russian Federation", Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin heads the following coordination and advisory bodies under the Government of the Russian Federation:

The Government Commission for the Control of Foreign Investments in the Russian Federation;
... Council for Competitiveness and Entrepreneurship under the Government of the Russian Federation;
... The Government Commission on Budgetary Projects for the next financial year and planning period;
... State Border Commission.

Also, the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin is:

First Deputy Chairman of the Council under the President of the Russian Federation for the Implementation of National Projects and Demographic Policy (appointed by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of July 10, 2008).

Chairman of the Supervisory Board of the Bank for Development and Foreign Economic Affairs (Vnesheconombank).

Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Union State of Russia and Belarus

Instructions

As the main task of the Government of the Russian Federation, legislation establishes the implementation of the adopted laws and control over their observance. The legal status of the Government and its members is disclosed by such normative legal acts as the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the Federal Law "On the Government of the Russian Federation" - the same laws should guide it in exercising its powers.

According to the Constitution of Russia, the Government has the following composition: the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation, his deputies and ministers of federal ministries. The prerogative of appointing the Chairman belongs to the President of the Russian Federation - this is his exclusive right. True, for this he needs the approval of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation. Article 111 of the country's basic law states: the President of the Russian Federation must propose a suitable candidate for this post to the State Duma within the first two weeks after he takes up his duties. In the event of the resignation of the Government or its dissolution, the deadline for proposing a new Chairman is the same. The State Duma has a week to accept or reject his candidacy. If the State Duma rejects the candidacy three times, the President has the right to dissolve its composition.

After the Prime Minister takes office, he must, within a week, propose to the President the most suitable, in his opinion, candidates for ministers of federal ministries. The President decides on their appointment or obliges the Chairman to nominate new ones. Ministers can leave their posts on their own, by order of the Prime Minister or the President of the Russian Federation. Elected in this way, the cabinet of ministers in the Russian Federation retains its powers during one presidential term - after its end, a new government is formed in the same manner.

To understand how decisions are made in power structures, you need to know the principle of their formation. This also applies to the Russian government. Having studied its composition and the principle of selection of personnel, you will be able to better understand the political system of the country as a whole.

Instructions

The government of the Russian Federation consists of a chairman coordinating the activities of a state body, his deputies on various issues, as well as federal ministers and heads of federal agencies.

The head of this state body, otherwise known as the prime minister, is appointed by the joint efforts of the president and the State Duma. First, the head of state submits a candidate for discussion by parliamentarians. A potential head of government must meet a number of conditions, such as not having foreign citizenship. Then, when the candidate receives a majority of the Duma votes, he can take the desired post. If the State Duma rejects three presidential contenders, the latter has the right to dissolve parliament. In this case, early elections to the Duma are called.

Deputy Prime Ministers, or Deputy Prime Ministers, are first selected by the Prime Minister and then must be approved by the Head of State. There can be a maximum of eight.

1. The Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation is appointed by the President of the Russian Federation with the consent of the State Duma.

2. A proposal for the candidacy of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation shall be submitted no later than two weeks after the newly elected President of the Russian Federation assumes office or after the resignation of the Government of the Russian Federation, or within a week from the date of rejection of the candidacy by the State Duma.

3. The State Duma shall consider the candidacy of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation nominated by the President of the Russian Federation within a week from the date of submission of the proposal for the candidacy.

4. After three times rejection of the nominated candidates for the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation by the State Duma, the President of the Russian Federation appoints the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation, dissolves the State Duma and calls new elections.

Commentary on Article 111 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation

1. This article defines the procedure for appointing the Chairman of the Government, with which the formation of the highest executive body of state power of the Russian Federation begins.

The considered part of the commented article correlates with paragraph "a" of Art. 83 and item "a" part 1 of Art. 103 of the Constitution.

The procedures for appointing the head of government reveal elements of a mixed form of government that combines the features of a presidential and parliamentary republic: the Prime Minister is appointed by the President, but with the consent of the State Duma. The competence of the State Duma in this matter is the expression of consent or disagreement by voting. Consent is given by a majority vote of the constitutional number of deputies of the given chamber of parliament (at least 226).

The State Duma has no right to nominate its own candidate for this post. The Federation Council does not participate in the formation of the Government. There are certain reasons for this. In presidential-parliamentary republics, when appointing the head of government, as a rule, the party composition of the parliament is taken into account. In the Russian parliament, it is the State Duma that reflects political (party) diversity by virtue of the order of its formation.

The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation in the Decree of 11.12.1998 N 28-P "In the case of the interpretation of the provisions of part 4 of Article 111 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation" * (1033) emphasized that the need to obtain the consent of the State Duma for the appointment of the candidate for Prime Minister proposed by the President of the Russian Federation is due to the fundamental provisions , which underlie the organization of power in a democratic rule-of-law state: in the conditions of the division of state power in the Russian Federation into legislative, executive and judicial (Article 10 of the Constitution), do not allow their confrontation, which is inconsistent with the fact that the only source from which they flow, and the bearer of the sovereignty they embody is the multinational people of the Russian Federation. The procedures for appointing the Prime Minister reflect the coordinated functioning and interaction of public authorities, which implies a search for agreement between them in order to eliminate the emerging contradictions regarding the candidacy for this position, which is possible on the basis of the forms of interaction provided for by the Constitution or not contradicting it, which develop in the process of exercising the powers of the head state and parliamentary practice.

In this regard, various kinds of political agreements with the President are possible, stating that when he appoints members of the Government, it will ensure the representation of political parties that have passed to parliament. Let us remind you that this scenario was followed by the formation of the Government headed by E.M. Primakov. This situation is most likely possible in conditions when the President and the majority in the State Duma differ in their political positions, but it is obvious that in any case this does not imply the formation of a Government that is in opposition to the President.

2. Since the formation of the Government is the exclusive prerogative of the President, the Constitution, in order to prevent the dragging out of this process, establishes not only the cases that oblige the President to begin the procedures for the formation of this authority, but also the timing of actions.

The introduction by the President of the candidacy of the Prime Minister to the State Duma should take place:

1) no later than two weeks after the inauguration of the newly elected President;

2) not later than two weeks after the resignation of the Government, if any;

3) within a week from the date of the rejection of the candidate for this post by the State Duma.

3. For the same purpose, the timely appointment of the Chairman of the Government, the Constitution obliges the State Duma to consider the candidacy presented by the President within a week. The procedure for considering this candidate is established by the Rules of Procedure of the State Duma and begins with the immediate notification of the deputies of the State Duma of the fact that a proposal has been made on the candidacy of the Chairman of the Government. This is followed by: the adoption of a preliminary, then the final decision on a specific day for the consideration of the issue in the State Duma, the official presentation by the President or his plenipotentiary in the State Duma of the candidacy of the Chairman of the Government, the presentation by the latter of the program of the main activities of the future Government and his answers to the questions of the deputies. The final stage is the voting procedure when deciding whether to give consent to the President for the appointment of the Prime Minister. The decision of the State Duma to give consent to the appointment of the Chairman of the Government is taken at the discretion of the State Duma by secret ballot by submitting ballots or using the electronic vote counting system or by open voting * (1034).

In case of rejection of the candidacy, the discussion and approval of the new candidate takes place in the same manner and within the same time frame.

4. The constitutional and legal way of resolving the conflict between the President and the State Duma in the event of three times rejection of the candidates submitted by the President for the post of Prime Minister consists in dissolving the State Duma and calling new elections to this chamber of the Federal Assembly and is aimed at ensuring the timely formation of the Government (see Resolution of the Constitutional Court RF dated 11.11.1999 N 15-P * (1035)).

The general formulation of constitutional norms does not give an unambiguous answer to the question: should the President each time present a new candidate for the Chairman of the Government if the consent of the State Duma is not obtained?

In this regard, in the spring of 1998, a controversial situation arose, when the President proposed three times the same candidate (S.V. Kirienko) for the post of the Chairman of the Government * (1036). The State Duma proceeded from that interpretation of constitutional provisions, in which the President must each time present a new candidate for this position * (1037).

The resulting uncertainty in the understanding of constitutional norms was removed by the Constitutional Court by Decision of 11.12.1998 N 28-P. In accordance with it, in the literal sense of Part 4 of Art. 111 of the Constitution, a threefold rejection of the nominated candidates for the Prime Minister may mean a threefold rejection of the candidacy for the post, and a threefold rejection of the nominated persons proposed for the post.

According to the legal position of the Constitutional Court, largely based on the teleological (target) interpretation of constitutional provisions * (1038), the constitutional legislator in this norm pursued the goal in conditions of the division of state power to prevent the confrontation of its branches, providing for ways to overcome possible disagreements that do not allow delaying the process formation of the Government and blocking its activities. Considering also that the President is the head of state and is empowered to determine the directions of the Government's activities and control it, it is the President who plays the leading role in forming the Government and choosing the candidacy of its Chairman. This stipulates the right of the President to choose any option for presenting the candidacy of the Chairman of the Government to the State Duma: to present each time a new candidate for the post of Chairman of the Government or the same one twice or three times.

The position justified by the Constitutional Court allows the development of political practice in a different direction, not excluding the possibility of the formation of a constitutional custom based on any one variant of interaction between the head of state and the State Duma from those allowed by the Constitution and adequate to the goals of the stable functioning of the constitutional system, taking into account the historical context: approval of the proposed nominations for the Prime Minister at the first nomination, nominating the same candidate three times, as well as applying conciliation procedures after rejecting a candidate twice.

In the scientific literature the opinion * (1039) was expressed that after the elections of the new State Duma it is necessary to obtain the consent of its new composition for this appointment, however, the election of a new composition of the State Duma does not entail automatic resignation or resignation of the Government. The decision of the State Duma to give or not to give its consent to the appointment of the Chairman of the Government as part of the appointment procedure may entail legal consequences only before the President makes this decision. The new legislature of the State Duma can express its attitude to this fact in a different form provided for by the Constitution - to initiate an issue of confidence in the Government (part 3 of article 117).

Mouse-like rodents are known to humans primarily by the fact that they use the territory of settlements for their life, including various buildings and economic facilities, thereby causing damage to property and economic activities, especially in rural areas. However, these modest-looking animals conceal another serious danger - they are a reservoir, source and carrier of infectious diseases that are dangerous to humans.

In order to control the circulation of pathogens of natural focal infections in the Kursk region, studies of murine rodents and other objects of the external environment have been carried out for a number of years. Positive results of laboratory tests annually confirm the presence in the Kursk region of natural foci of such infections as hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), intestinal yersiniosis, pseudotuberculosis, tularemia, leptospirosis, listeriosis.

The focality of the region's territory is also confirmed by the registration of cases of the disease of chickens with these infections. So, in 2015, 18 cases of HFRS were registered, 7 cases of intestinal yersiniosis, 2 cases of pseudotuberculosis. For 9 months of this year - 9 cases of HFRS and 7 cases of intestinal yersiniosis.

A person is at risk of infection through contact with the secretions of rodents and contaminated objects of the external environment (water, soil, etc.), household items, food, as well as through direct contact with animals.

So, the pathogen leptospirosis can penetrate into our body through damaged mucous membranes and skin while swimming in reservoirs with stagnant water, when drinking raw water from open reservoirs, as well as when drinking insufficiently thermally processed milk and meat from sick animals.

Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome a person becomes infected by inhaling dried secretions of rodents that have risen into the air in the form of dust. Transmission of the pathogen is also possible through damaged skin and mucous membranes in contact with rodents or objects of the external environment contaminated with their secretions (brushwood, straw, hay, etc.). Infection is also possible when eating foods contaminated with rodents and not subjected to heat treatment.

In the latter case, in this way you can also get infected yersiniosis and pseudotuberculosis... The risk of contracting these diseases increases many times over when eating vegetables and fruits that were stored in cellars or vegetable stores, in the presence of rodents, and were not thoroughly cleaned and washed before cooking without heat treatment.

The risk of infection with dangerous natural focal infectious diseases especially increases during periods of high abundance and seasonal migration of rodents (autumn), when animals, in search of favorable conditions for wintering, can travel distances from 3 to 5 kilometers and settle in close proximity to humans.

The main measures to prevent diseases, the reservoir of which are rodents, should be aimed, first of all, at eliminating possible human contacts with them.

To this end, the Rospotrebnadzor Administration for the Kursk Region annually sends proposals to the heads of municipalities to carry out deratization measures on the territory of settlements, forest park zones (parks, squares), cemeteries, health institutions (including recreation centers), agricultural facilities, places of mass recreation and residence of the population.

To reduce the risk of natural focal infections to the population of the region, the Department of Rospotrebnadzor in the Kursk region recommends:

Provide rodent-proof housing, outbuildings, storage areas for vegetables using fine metal nets or gratings;

Systematically (at least 2 times a year) carry out deratization measures on the territory of garden and summer cottages and in buildings using the means permitted in the territory of the Russian Federation for use in everyday life, in strict accordance with the instructions for use and in compliance with the rules of personal and public security;

Avoid the formation of landfills for household waste, food waste, dead wood, dead wood, which serve as habitats, breeding and food supply for rodents;

Use personal protective equipment when working with dust generation - mask or respirator, mittens or gloves, overalls, footwear;

Products should be stored in containers inaccessible to rodents and products damaged by animals should not be consumed;

You should not use water from uncomfortable spring sources;

In case of damage to the skin, all abrasions and scratches should be immediately washed with running water and soap and treated with an antiseptic.

Dear Citizens! Take care of your health and remember that diseases are easier to prevent than to cure.