Anti-aircraft missile system beech technical characteristics. Buk launcher: photo, firing range

During World War II, the main enemy of tanks on the battlefield was enemy artillery or armored vehicles, but soon the situation changed dramatically and enemy aircraft increasingly became one of the main enemies of tanks. The threat from the air has especially increased with the appearance of combat helicopters over the battlefield. These vehicles have become real “tank hunters”. In October 1973, eighteen Israeli Air Force Cobra helicopters destroyed ninety Egyptian tanks in one mission without losing a single helicopter.

It became clear that the air defense forces must not only cover populated areas and fixed objects as before, but also cover their troops on the march. The Soviet military very quickly came to understand this fact. Work on the creation of MANPADS was intensified, and at the end of the 50s, the development of the Kub self-propelled anti-aircraft missile system began in the USSR. Its main task was to protect ground troops, including tank formations, from enemy aircraft and helicopters operating at medium and low altitudes. The complex was put into service in 1967. But already at the beginning of 1972, a resolution was adopted ordering the development of a new self-propelled air defense system to begin, which was to replace the Kub anti-aircraft missile system. Thus began the creation of the Buk, one of the most effective air defense systems in the world.

History of the creation of the Buk air defense system

The main developer of the new air defense system was the Tikhomirov Research Institute of Instrument Engineering (this organization was involved in the creation of the “Cube”). At the same time, work began on the development of the Uragan anti-aircraft complex for the needs of the Navy using a single missile.

The developers had to invest in a very short time frame, so the commissioning of the complex was divided into two stages. Initially, all efforts were devoted to creating a new 9M38 anti-aircraft missile (SAM) and a self-propelled firing system (SFA). They became part of the batteries of the “Cube” complex and significantly increased its combat power. It was in this form that the 2K12M4 “Kub-M4” air defense system was adopted by the USSR Ground Forces in 1978.

The new modernized “Cube” had much better technical characteristics: the number of target channels increased (from 5 to 10), the range and height of destruction of air targets increased, and now the complex could destroy faster targets.

The second stage of creating a new air defense system involved the creation of an integral complex consisting of a 9A310 self-propelled launcher armed with new M938 anti-aircraft missiles, a 9S18 target detection station, a 9S470 command post and a 9A39 charging unit. In 1977, testing of the new air defense system began, which continued until 1979. The tests were successful, and the complex was put into service. It received the designation "Buk-1".

The new anti-aircraft missile system was intended to combat air targets at low and medium altitudes (25-18,000 meters) and at a range of 3 to 25 kilometers. The probability of hitting the target was 0.6. All elements of the complex are placed on unified tracked vehicles with increased cross-country ability.

Almost immediately after the 9K37 air defense system was put into service, work began on its modernization in 1979. They were completed in 1982, in the same year they successfully conducted tests and the modernized Buk-M1 air defense system was put into service. The new anti-aircraft missile system has had a number of basic characteristics significantly improved. The affected area was significantly increased, the probability of hitting cruise missiles and helicopters increased, and it became possible to recognize targets. In addition, the Buk-M1 has become much less vulnerable to anti-radar missiles.

The next stage of modernization of the Buk air defense system occurred in the early 90s of the last century. The anti-aircraft complex was equipped with a new 9M317 anti-aircraft missile, which had much more “advanced” characteristics compared to its predecessor (although the complex can also be armed with the standard 9M38M1 missile for the Buk). This missile hit air targets at an altitude of up to 25 kilometers and at a range of up to 50. The new anti-aircraft missile system was designated 9K37M1-2 “Buk-M1-2”. Work on the air defense system took place from 1993 to 1996. In 1998, the Buk-M1-2 was adopted by the Russian army. Also, the Buk-M1-2 complex provides for the introduction of a new component - a special vehicle with a radar used to illuminate targets and guide missiles. In this case, the radar antenna is located on a telescopic lift, which raises it to a height of 22 meters. This additional element significantly increases the effectiveness of the air defense system, especially against low-flying, high-speed targets (cruise missiles).

Since the mid-80s, work has been in full swing on another modification of the Buk complex, which was supposed to be able to fire at 24 air targets and have a much larger destruction radius (up to 50 kilometers). This modification was called 9K317 Buk-M2. This modification was also planned to be equipped with the 9M317 missile. In the 90s, tests of the new complex were carried out, however, due to the difficult situation in the country and in the Russian economy, it never went into production. Only fifteen years later, the Buk-M2 was finalized and began to be delivered to the troops only in 2008.

Currently, work is underway on the next modification of the legendary air defense system - 9K317M Buk-M3. It will be able to track and engage up to 36 targets simultaneously. They plan to equip the complex with a new missile with a radar guidance system. The complex will be able to operate successfully in conditions of strong electronic countermeasures. The new anti-aircraft missile system is planned to be put into service in 2015.

Description of the Buk anti-aircraft missile system

The Buk-M1 air defense system is designed to destroy army, tactical and strategic aviation aircraft, fire support helicopters, cruise missiles and unmanned aerial vehicles. This complex is capable of effectively resisting massive raids by enemy aircraft and reliably covering troops or military-industrial facilities. This complex can successfully operate under electronic jamming conditions and in any weather conditions. The Buk-M1 air defense system has a circular radius of destruction of targets.

One Buk battery consists of six self-propelled firing systems, three charging vehicles, a target acquisition station and a command post. The GM-569 tracked chassis is used as the base for all vehicles of the complex. It provides the Buks with high maneuverability, maneuverability and speed of deployment of the complex. All systems of the complex have an autonomous power supply.

The command post (CP) of the Buk complex is designed to control the operation of the complex. Can operate in conditions where the enemy actively uses electronic interference. The command post can process information about 46 air targets; it provides reception and processing of data from six fire control systems and a target detection station, as well as from other air defense units. The command post identifies air targets, determines the most dangerous of them and assigns a task to each SDA.

The target acquisition station (TDS) is a 9S18 “Dome” radar operating in the centimeter range, capable of detecting air targets at an altitude of up to 20 and a range of up to 120 kilometers. The station has a high level of noise immunity.

The Buk-M1 self-propelled firing system (SOU) is equipped with four missiles and a 9S35 centimeter-range radar. The self-propelled gun is designed to search, track and destroy air targets. The installation contains a digital computer complex, communication and navigation equipment, a television-optical sight, and an autonomous life support system. The SOU can operate autonomously, without being tied to a command post or target detection station. True, in this case the affected area is reduced to 6-7 degrees in angle and 120 degrees in azimuth. The SOU can perform its functions in conditions of radio-electronic interference.

The charging installation of the Buk complex can store, transport and load eight missiles.

The complex is armed with a 9M38 anti-aircraft solid-fuel single-stage missile. It has a radar guidance system with a semi-active operating principle and a high-explosive fragmentation warhead. At the initial stage of the flight, correction is carried out by radio signals, and at the final stage - due to homing.

To destroy air targets, a warhead weighing 70 kilograms is used, which is detonated using a proximity fuse 17 meters from the target. The damaging elements of a missile are the shock wave and fragments. The length of the rocket is 5.5 meters, its largest diameter is 860 mm, and the total weight is 685 kilograms. The rocket is equipped with a solid propellant engine operating in two modes, with a total operating time of 15 seconds.

Specifications

At the moment, more than ten countries are armed with the Buk air defense system of various modifications. Negotiations are currently underway with several other countries. There are several export versions of the complex. Further work is being carried out to modernize it.

In the seventies, the Buk family of air defense systems were recognized as one of the most effective air defense systems. Today, the Russian army has several modifications of similar military equipment in service. The article contains information about the tactical and technical characteristics and structure of the Buk-M2 anti-aircraft missile system.

History of creation

On January 13, 1972, the Council of Ministers of the USSR adopted a resolution to begin design work on the creation of new promising Buk anti-aircraft systems. Soviet gunsmiths were given the task of creating a new military complex to replace the already used 2K12 “Cube”. In 1979, after successful tests, this air defense system (GRAU index -9K37) was adopted by the Soviet army. Design work on its modernization began immediately. The result of such activities was the creation in 1982 of a new military complex - Buk-M1. Unlike the basic version, it had an increased affected area. In addition, the upgraded complex could recognize three classes of targets: airplanes, helicopters and ballistic missiles. This military system became the first air defense system supplied to foreign customers. Finland received several units of such equipment. The air defense system entered service with the Soviet army in 1983. From 1993 to 1996, intensive modifications were carried out on the 9K37 project. The designers created a transitional modification of the Buk-M1-2.

Work to increase the range and height of hitting targets did not stop there. It was planned to create a system that would have improved characteristics. As a result of the modernization, a new military complex was designed, known as the Buk-M2 (a photo of the installation is presented in the article). In the USA, this air defense system is classified as “Grizzly-17”.

Getting to know the system

"Buk-M2" is a self-propelled, highly mobile and multifunctional anti-aircraft missile system designed for medium-range destruction. The air defense missile system was designed under the leadership of the famous designer of the Instrument Engineering Research Institute E. Pigin. Unlike the previous modification, a new universal missile 9M317 was developed for the Buk-M2 anti-aircraft missile system.

The purpose of the military installation

The mission of the Buk-M2 air defense system is as follows:

• Protect ground facilities and troops from enemy air strikes, including cruise missiles.
• Strike at air targets located at low and medium altitudes (from 30 to 18 thousand meters).

Design, characteristics

According to military experts, the most formidable air defense missile system, the 9M317 missile, was developed for the Buk-M2. It is designed for a range of up to 50 thousand meters. Length - 5.5 m. The mass of the rocket is 715 kg. Movement speed - 1230 m/s. The wingspan is 86 cm. During the explosion of an anti-aircraft guided missile, objects within a radius of 17 m are damaged. The 9M317 is equipped with an inertial-corrected control system, for which a new semi-active Doppler radar seeker 9E420 was created. The equipment is equipped with a rod warhead weighing 70 kg and a dual-mode solid propellant rocket engine.

Judging by the reviews of military experts, the missile, upon completion of complete assembly, is provided with a high level of reliability. Its operational life is at least ten years. During this time, missiles are not checked.

The installation is stored and transported to the place of its combat use in special fiberglass containers. 9M317 are effective at any time of the year. The rocket is not susceptible to precipitation, humidity and temperature.

What targets do 9M317 missiles hit?

The Buk-M2 complexes, equipped with 9M317, hit the following enemy aviation targets:

• Modern and advanced maneuvering aircraft. Chance of defeat: 95%.
• Helicopters providing fire support. Probability of destroying hovering helicopters: up to 40%.
• Hovering, tactical ballistic, cruise and aircraft missiles. Optimal altitude: 20 km. The probability of destroying tactical missiles is 70%, and cruise missiles: 80%.
• An anti-aircraft guided missile destroys aircraft bombs at an altitude of up to 20 km.
• Enemy surface and ground radio-contrast targets.

The designers managed to expand the combat capabilities of the 9M317 by creating a new operating mode for it. If it is necessary to destroy any surface or ground targets in the missiles, the remote fuses are switched off.

About combat installations 9A317

In addition to anti-aircraft guided missiles, the Buk-M2 is equipped with self-propelled and towed firing systems. For self-propelled guns (SOU) 9A317, tracked chassis GM-569 are provided. These settings are used for detection, identification, auto-tracking and target type recognition. In addition, with the help of the SOU, the flight mission is practiced, radio-correcting commands are transmitted to the missile, and the firing result is evaluated. 9A317 can attack an object both as part of an air defense system and independently.

The SDA is a phased array antenna with electronic beam scanning. The target detection range is 20 km. The firing installation is capable of detecting up to 10 objects and firing simultaneously at 4 of them. An optical-electronic system and CCD-matrix television channels have been developed for the SOU. The installation is reliably protected from radio frequency interference and operates around the clock, which has a positive effect on the “survivability” of the air defense system. The SOU weighs 35 tons. Comes with four missiles. The crew consists of 4 people.

About the launch-loading installation 9A316

The Buk-M2 ROM is used as a transport-loading vehicle and launcher. 9A316 carries out pre-launch preparation and launch of anti-aircraft guided missiles.

This ROM is installed on the GM-577 tracked chassis. Wheeled semi-trailers with tractors are provided for towing. The launch supports are equipped with four missiles. Transport supports also have the same number of missiles. ROMs are charged within 13 minutes. The installation weighs 38 tons. Combat crew of 4 people.

About the controls

The anti-aircraft missile system is equipped with:

• Command post 9S510. Transported using a tracked chassis or a wheeled semi-trailer using a tractor. The reaction time takes no more than 2 seconds. Weighs up to 30 tons. There are 6 people in the crew.
• Radar station (radar) 9С36, which detects targets and guides missiles in wooded areas. The station is equipped with an antenna that rises to a height of up to 22 meters. The antenna is a phased array that provides electronic scanning. The station is installed on tracked chassis or on wheeled semi-trailers with tractors. The radar detects a target at a distance of up to 120 km. The station is capable of simultaneously detecting up to 10 targets, identifying four priority ones. On tracked chassis the station weighs up to 36 tons, on wheeled ones - 30 tons. The crew has four people.

• Radar station 9S18M1-3, performing target detection. It is a phased waveguide-slot array. The station operates in several stages. First, the airspace is scanned by a beam in the vertical plane. Then the received data is transmitted to the command post using telecode lines. Detection range - 160 km. The review lasts for 6 seconds. Especially for automatic protection against active interference, the station is provided with instantaneous pulse adjustment and blocking of range intervals. The station weighs up to 30 tons. To transfer it from a combat position to a traveling position and vice versa, five minutes is enough. The crew includes three people.

Characteristics of Buk-M2

• The combat vehicle weighs 35.5 tons.
• Engine power is 710 hp. With.
• Cross-country speed - 45 km/h.
• The time to deploy the Buk-M2 is up to five minutes.
• Shooting is carried out at a speed of 4 seconds.
• Reaction time - up to 10 seconds.
• Crew - three people.
• Fire from the Buk-M2 complexes is carried out under the control of operators and autonomously.
• The air defense system is capable of simultaneously firing at 24 enemy aircraft targets.
• The anti-aircraft missile launcher hits approaching targets at a speed of 1100 m/s, and receding targets at 400 m/s.
• The complex has an operational life of up to 20 years.

Production

Due to its high performance, this air defense system was immediately approved by the expert commission and adopted by the Soviet army. However, as a result of the collapse of the Soviet Union and the beginning of a difficult economic situation in the country, mass production of the complexes was suspended. They began equipping the Russian air defense system with air defense missile systems only in 2008. The Russian army currently has 300 Buk-M2 units in service. Their location was the Alkino and Kapustin Yar military training grounds. The production of Buk-M2 anti-aircraft missile systems is carried out at the Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant. A number of complex works were carried out at the enterprise to reorganize technological processes and re-equip equipment. The plant was replenished with a workshop where antenna systems are manufactured. In addition, the training and retraining centers opened at the enterprise provide training for Russian and foreign specialists. A large amount of SAM data is produced for export. In 2011, 19 Buk-M2 units were delivered to the Syrian army. Venezuela owns two Russian complexes. The exact number of air defense systems in Iraq and Azerbaijan is unknown.

Finally

Today, in any military conflict, enemy aircraft attack primarily air defense systems. This can be successfully countered by being armed with the most modern anti-aircraft missile systems.

"Buk-M2", despite all the undeniable advantages of the installation, continues to be intensively refined and improved. The Buk family already includes modernized models M2E, M3 and M4.

The Buk-M2E anti-aircraft missile system is one of the best medium-range air defense systems in the world. At the shooting tests held at the Kapustin Yar training ground in September 2010, the Buk-M2E anti-aircraft missile system (SAM) demonstrated 100 percent effectiveness. They hit five targets with five shots. This was announced by the press secretary of the commander of the North Caucasian Military District, Lieutenant Colonel Andrei Bobrun. The firing was carried out by the anti-aircraft missile brigade, which was the first to receive the Buk-M2E air defense system into service in the Russian army.

The shooting once again confirmed the unique combat characteristics of the Buk-M2E air defense system. This is a multifunctional, mobile, multi-purpose medium-range anti-aircraft missile system. The main developer is the Research Institute of Instrument Engineering named after V.V. Tikhomirov, the main manufacturer is OJSC Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant (UMZ).

SAM "Buk-M2E" (in NATO classification - SA-17 "Grizzly") - a multi-purpose medium-range anti-aircraft missile system designed to destroy any aerodynamic targets, including maneuvering tactical and strategic aircraft, fire support helicopters, including hovering ones, a wide range of missile targets: tactical ballistic, anti-radar, cruise. The air defense system is also capable of attacking surface targets (destroyer and missile boat class). The Buk-M2E air defense system provides fire at ground-based radio-contrast targets both in a noise-free environment and in conditions of intense radio countermeasures.

According to specified requirements The Buk-M2E air defense system was modernized in the following areas:
— modern specialized digital computers (DSVMs) have been introduced into the complex’s combat assets, which, thanks to their high performance and memory capacity, provide not only the solution of combat missions, but also the functioning of training modes and training for crews of the complex’s assets;

— the teleoptical sighting device (TOV) has been replaced by a tele-thermal imaging system that provides detection, acquisition and automatic tracking of targets in passive mode both at night and in difficult weather conditions;

— the system for documenting the operation of the complex was replaced with an integrated (built-in) objective control system (ISOC) based on modern computer technologies;

— signal processing and display equipment, previously made on the element base of the 70s...80s, to increase the reliability of operation, was transferred to processor processing with information output to liquid crystal monitors;

— communication means have been replaced with modern digital radio stations, providing reception and transmission of both speech information and encoded target designation and target distribution data;

— operator workstations with indicators based on cathode ray tubes (CRT) have been replaced with automated workstations.

The basis of the Buk-M2E air defense system is the launch-loading installation(PZU 9A39), the main purpose of which is to transport, store and launch anti-aircraft guided missiles (SAM). The 9A39 vehicle is capable of launching 4 missiles located on the launcher, as well as loading it from fixed cradle on which 4 more missiles are placed.

In addition, the ROM is capable of charging and discharging a self-propelled firing system (SFA). The 9A39 launch-loading installation combines the functions of a transport-loading vehicle and a launcher. Charging ROMs with anti-aircraft guided missiles can be carried out from a transport vehicle. A full reload cycle with 8 missiles takes 26 minutes.

The PZU 9A39 launch-loading installation includes the following components:
- Starting device;
— Power supply units;
— Power servo drive;
— Telecode communication system;
— Topographical reference and orientation equipment;
— Digital computer;
- Tap.

MAIN CHARACTERISTICS:

Combat weight - 35.5 t
Crew - 3 people.
Armor type – bulletproof
Complex reaction time: 10-12 sec.
Probability of hitting a target with one missile: 0.9-0.95.

Mobility:
Engine power - 710 hp.
Highway speed - 65 km/h
Speed ​​over rough terrain - 35..45 km/h
Cruising range on the highway - 500 km
The climbability is 35 degrees.
Ditch to overcome - 1.5 m
Fordability – 1 m

The affected area of ​​the complex is:
— in range — from 3 to 45 km;
— in height — from 15 m to 25 km.

The anti-aircraft complex uses modern phased antenna arrays with an effective command method of phase control, allowing you to simultaneously track and hit up to 24 targets with a minimum time interval. The presence of an OLTC illumination and guidance radar in the air defense system with an antenna post rising to a height of 21 m ensures the destruction of targets flying at low and extremely low altitudes, in wooded and rough terrain.

Placing combat assets on high-speed self-propelled tracked chassis makes it possible to deploy and collapse air defense systems in no more than 5 minutes. It only takes 20 seconds to change positions with the equipment turned on. All this indicates the high mobility of the complex.

Modern hardware and software implementation of noise protection channels ensures reliable operation of the complex’s combat weapons in conditions of intense noise barrage interference with a power of up to 1000 W/MHz.

The possibility of 24-hour operation of the main combat weapon of the complex - the self-propelled gun in the mode of an optical-electronic system, implemented on the basis of sub-matrix thermal imaging and CCD-matrix television channels, significantly increases the noise immunity and survivability of the air defense system.

High efficiency of the complex has been repeatedly confirmed by repeated successful firing tests at the firing ranges of the Russian Federation and foreign customers in conditions as close as possible to combat. The Buk-M2E anti-aircraft missile system is one of the best medium-range air defense systems in the world. It is in increasing demand on the global arms market.

/Based on materials oborona.ru And www.confpubs.ru /

Today we will talk about such a type of weapon as the Buk missile systems. This article has nothing to do with politics, so we will consider the purely technical side of the issue. Let's try to figure out a little what this self-propelled army is and get acquainted with its tactical and technical characteristics, firing range, in short, with all its abilities. So, before us is a Buk installation.

The beginning of the story

First you need to decide on the purpose of this installation. It consists of destroying aerodynamic targets flying at medium and low altitudes at speeds of up to 830 m/sec, maneuvering with 12-unit overloads and at a range of up to 30 kilometers. In accordance with the well-known Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated January 13, 1972, its development began. A team of developers and manufacturers who had previously participated in the creation of the Kub air defense system was involved in this. At the same time, they appointed the development of the M-22 complex, called Uragan, for the Navy using a missile fully compatible with the Buk.

Developers

The developers were identified as: Research Institute of Instrument Engineering, as well as a research and design association called "Phazotron". Rastov A.A. was appointed chief designer of this complex. The launch-loading installation was created at the Start Machine-Building Design Bureau, where the head was A. I. Yaskin. The tracked chassis, unified for the complex’s vehicles, was developed by the Mytishchi Machine-Building Plant, which was headed by N. A. Astrov. The 9M38 missiles were assigned to be developed by the Sverdlovsk IKB “Novator”. The detection and, of course, target designation station "Dome" was created at the Research Institute of Measuring and Precision Instruments of the Ministry of Radio Industry. In order for the Buk installation to fully function, a set of maintenance and technical support tools on a vehicle chassis was developed. Completion of the preparatory phase was planned for the second quarter of 1975.

Change of plans

The resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the Central Committee of the CPSU of May 22, 1974, in view of the need to quickly strengthen air defense with the build-up of the Kub regiments that are part of these divisions, ordered the creation of the Buk complex in two stages. First of all, it was necessary to quickly develop a guided anti-aircraft missile and a self-propelled firing system of the complex, which could launch 9M38 missiles, as well as 3M9M3 of the already existing Kub-M3 complex. Then, on this base, they were supposed to create the Buk, a new generation missile system. And in September 1974, ensure its participation in joint tests. But, regardless of this, the previously set deadlines had to be fully respected.

Fire self-propelled gun 9A38

It was mounted on the GM-569 chassis, and in one installation it combined the functions of a self-propelled launcher and SURN, which were used in the Kub-M3. The created 9A38 installation provided high-quality search in a given sector, performed detection and subsequent acquisition of targets for automatic tracking. It also solved problems before the launch, launch and homing of the three missiles that were located on it, and the other three 3M9M3 guided missiles from the 2P25M3 launcher associated with it.

The firing installation could operate both from SURN and autonomously. Its weight is 34 tons. The Buk air defense system consisted of: radar 9s35; computing digital system; optical television viewer; starting devices with power servo drive; radar ground interrogator, which operates in the "Password" system; equipment with SPU and SURN; gas turbine generator; equipment for orientation, topographical reference and navigation; life support systems.

Functions of the 9S35 radar station

By the time described, significant progress had been made in the creation of quartz and electromechanical filters, ultra-high-frequency devices, and digital computers, which allowed the 9S35, part of the Buk complex, to combine the functions of illumination, detection and target tracking stations. It used two transmitters - pulsed and continuous radiation, and it itself operated in the centimeter wavelength range. One transmitter detected and tracked targets, the other illuminated targets and guided anti-aircraft missiles.

The antenna system searched in sectors; the received signals were processed by an electromechanical method by a central computer. The transition time for 9S35, part of the Buk air defense system, from standby mode to combat mode was less than twenty seconds. The speed of targets was determined with an accuracy of +10 to -20 m/s, which ensured their selection in a moving state. Possible errors: the root mean square when measuring angular coordinates was 0.5 d.u., the maximum range was 175 meters. The station was protected from all active, combined and passive interference.

Anti-aircraft missile 9M38

This missile, which is part of the Buk air defense system, uses a solid-fuel dual-mode engine. Due to the complexity of mining, they abandoned the use of direct-flow. In addition, it had high resistance in some, mainly passive, sections of the trajectory and was unstable in operation at a high angle of attack. For these reasons, the deadline for the creation of the Kub air defense system was missed. The rocket design was normal, standard, X-shaped, with a low aspect ratio wing. At first glance, its appearance resembled anti-aircraft missiles of the Tartar and Standard ship families made in the USA, which fully complied with the size restrictions for the USSR Navy.

The front part of the 9M38 housed the autopilot equipment, semi-active generator, warhead and power supply. The rocket had no parts that separated in flight, its length was 5.5 meters, its diameter was 400 millimeters, and its steering span was 860 millimeters. It was equipped with a homing head, which had a combined control system using proportional navigation. “Buk” - a missile system with such a missile - could hit targets flying at an altitude of 25 meters to 20,000 and a range from three and a half to 32 kilometers, its speed was 1000 m/sec. The missile weighed 685 kg, including a 70 kg warhead.

Tests of the Buk installation

The Buk installation passed state tests from August 1975 to the end of October the following year, 1976. They were led by Bimbash P.S., and they were carried out on the territory of the Emba training ground. As you can see, the Buk installation (photos of it are presented in the review) consisted of: SURN 1S91M3, firing installation 9A38, anti-aircraft guided missiles 3M9M3 and 9M38, self-propelled launchers 2P25M3, as well as maintenance vehicles. As a result, some amendments were made: the detection range of helicopters was 21-35 kilometers at low altitudes, and aircraft - 32-41 km.

The time from the moment of target detection was 24-27 seconds. Charging and discharging time is nine minutes. The destruction of the aircraft by the 9M38 missile was ensured: at a range of 3.5-20.5 km - at a flight altitude of more than 3000 meters, 5-15.5 km - at an altitude of 30 meters. in terms of heading it was 18.5 km, in height - from 30 m to 14.5 km. The probability of fire damage is 0.70-0.93 when launching one missile. In 1978, the Buk-1 (Kub-M4) installation was put into service.

Characteristics of the Buk, command post

We have now learned a lot of details about the weapons we are considering. It's time to group the most important things in one place. So, before us is the Buk complex. The characteristics of its combat weapons are as follows. 9S470 - a command post installed on the GM-579 - provided display, reception and processing of all data coming from the target designation and detection station, as well as six 9A310 - self-propelled fire units.

He ensured the selection of the necessary dangerous targets and their correct distribution in manual and automatic modes between self-propelled fire installations, assigned them responsible sectors and many other important activities. The Buk complex, thanks to the CP, works normally when using missiles against radar and interference. The command post can process 46 targets at an altitude of up to 20,000 m in a zone with a radius of 100,000 m. Up to six target indications were issued per station review cycle. 28 tons - the mass of the command post, taking into account six people.

Target designation and detection station "Dome"

We continue the conversation about what the Buk installation is. The characteristics of the “Dome” are the next stage of its consideration. This station has electronic beam scanning in elevation in a 30-40 degree sector with mechanical rotation of the antenna along a given azimuth. The purpose of the 9S18 is to detect and identify targets in the air at altitudes from 30 meters to 45.5 kilometers, at a range of up to 120 kilometers. Then information about the situation in the air is transmitted to the 9S470 control post. Depending on the installed sector and the presence of interference, the viewing speed is 5-18 seconds with a circular view and 2.5-4.5 seconds with a 30-degree sector view. The received information was transmitted via a telecode line during a review period of 4.5 seconds, in the amount of 75 marks. Protection against targeted, retaliatory, and asynchronous pulse interference was also developed.

Also, regardless of the presence of barrage noise interference, detection of a fighter located at an altitude of up to 5,000 meters was ensured. The “Dome,” part of the Buk anti-aircraft complex, in turn, consisted of a rotating device, an antenna post, an antenna tracking device, a receiving device, a transmitting device and other systems. The station went into combat position in five minutes from the traveling position, and from the standby position in 20 seconds.

Differences between 9A310 and 9A38 firing systems

The first installation differed from the second (“Buk-1”) in that it communicated via a telecode line not with the self-propelled launcher 2P25M3 and with SURN 1S91M3, but with the PZU 9A39 and the command post 9S470. Also, the 9A310 had four 9M38 guided anti-aircraft missiles on its launcher, rather than three. It was charged in 12 and a half minutes from the ROM and 16 minutes from the transport supply vehicle. Weight - 32.4 tons, including four crew members. The width of the self-propelled fire unit is 3.25 meters, length - 9.3 meters, height - 3.8 meters. Let's look further at what the Buk complex consists of. Photos will help us with this, as always.

9A39 - launch-loading installation

This ROM was installed on the GM-577 chassis. Its purpose was to store and transport eight guided anti-aircraft missiles, four of which were on fixed mounts, four on the launcher. It was also intended for launching four guided missiles, further self-loading them from the cradle, and subsequent self-loading with eight missiles from a transport support vehicle. Thus, the “Buk” is a missile system that combined the functions of the self-propelled launcher of the earlier “Kub” complex and the TZM in one ROM.

It included: a starting device with a servo power drive, supports, a crane, a digital computer, telecode communication equipment, navigation, topography references, energy supply and power supply units. The weight of the installation is 35.5 tons, including a crew of three people, dimensions: width - 3.316 meters, length - 9.96 meters, and height - 3.8 meters.

Capabilities of the Buk air defense system

This complex had higher combat, external and operational characteristics compared to the Kub-M4 and Kub-M3 complexes. Even if you just look at what the Buk launcher is, a photo of its weapons, then anyone will understand all its power, which provided:

Conclusion

Based on the results of modeling and testing, it was determined that the firing range of the Buk installation is from 3 to 25 kilometers at an altitude of up to 18 kilometers and a speed of up to 800 m/s. In this case, high-quality shelling of targets that were not maneuvering was ensured. The probability of defeat was 0.7-0.8 when firing one guided missile and the course parameter was up to 18 km. If the target maneuvers, then the probability of defeat is 0.6. The Buk complex was adopted by the air defense forces in 1980. Since then, it has been modernized several times to increase its combat capabilities and security.