Poplar m damage radius. Topol-M – maintains nuclear parity
10/13/2016 at 18:10 · Pavlofox · 42 240
The fastest rockets in the world
Presented to the attention of readers fastest rockets in the world throughout the history of creation.
10. R-12U | Speed 3.8 km/s
The fastest medium-range ballistic missile with a maximum speed of 3.8 km per second opens the ranking of the fastest missiles in the world. The R-12U was a modified version of the R-12. The rocket differed from the prototype in the absence of an intermediate bottom in the oxidizer tank and some minor design changes - there are no wind loads in the shaft, which made it possible to lighten the tanks and dry compartments of the rocket and eliminate the need for stabilizers. Since 1976, the R-12 and R-12U missiles began to be removed from service and replaced with Pioneer mobile ground systems. They were withdrawn from service in June 1989, and between May 21, 1990, 149 missiles were destroyed at the Lesnaya base in Belarus.
9. SM-65 Atlas | Speed 5.8 km/s
One of the fastest American launch vehicles with a maximum speed of 5.8 km per second. It is the first developed intercontinental ballistic missile adopted by the United States. Developed as part of the MX-1593 program since 1951. It formed the basis of the US Air Force's nuclear arsenal from 1959-1964, but was then quickly withdrawn from service due to the advent of the more advanced Minuteman missile. It served as the basis for the creation of the Atlas family of space launch vehicles, which have been in operation since 1959 to this day.
8. UGM-133A Trident II | Speed 6 km/s
UGM-133 A Trident II- American three-stage ballistic missile, one of the fastest in the world. Its maximum speed is 6 km per second. “Trident-2” has been developed since 1977 in parallel with the lighter “Trident-1”. Adopted into service in 1990. Launch weight - 59 tons. Max. throw weight - 2.8 tons with a launch range of 7800 km. The maximum flight range with a reduced number of warheads is 11,300 km.
7. RSM 56 Mace | Speed 6 km/s
One of the fastest solid-propellant ballistic missiles in the world, in service with Russia. It has a minimum damage radius of 8000 km and an approximate speed of 6 km/s. The rocket has been developed since 1998 by the Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering, which developed it in 1989-1997. ground-based missile "Topol-M". To date, 24 test launches of the Bulava have been carried out, fifteen of them were considered successful (during the first launch, a mass-dimensional prototype of the rocket was launched), two (the seventh and eighth) were partially successful. The last test launch of the rocket took place on September 27, 2016.
6. Minuteman LGM-30G | Speed 6.7 km/s
Minuteman LGM-30 G- one of the fastest land-based intercontinental ballistic missiles in the world. Its speed is 6.7 km per second. The LGM-30G Minuteman III has an estimated flight range of 6,000 kilometers to 10,000 kilometers, depending on the type of warhead. Minuteman 3 has been in US service from 1970 to the present day. It is the only silo-based missile in the United States. The first launch of the rocket took place in February 1961, modifications II and III were launched in 1964 and 1968, respectively. The rocket weighs about 34,473 kilograms and is equipped with three solid propellant engines. It is planned that the missile will be in service until 2020.
5. 53T6 “Cupid” | Speed 7 km/s
The fastest anti-missile missile in the world, designed to destroy highly maneuverable targets and high-altitude hypersonic missiles. Tests of the 53T6 series of the Amur complex began in 1989. Its speed is 5 km per second. The rocket is a 12-meter pointed cone with no protruding parts. Its body is made of high-strength steel using composite winding. The design of the rocket allows it to withstand large overloads. The interceptor launches with 100-fold acceleration and is capable of intercepting targets flying at speeds of up to 7 km per second.
4. “Satan” SS-18 (R-36M) | Speed 7.3 km/s
The most powerful and fastest nuclear missile in the world with a speed of 7.3 km per second. It is intended, first of all, to destroy the most fortified command posts, ballistic missile silos and air bases. The nuclear explosives of one missile can destroy a large city, a very large part of the United States. Hit accuracy is about 200-250 meters. The missile is housed in the world's strongest silos. The SS-18 carries 16 platforms, one of which is loaded with decoys. When entering a high orbit, all “Satan” heads go “in a cloud” of false targets and are practically not identified by radars.”
3. DongFeng 5A | Speed 7.9 km/s
The intercontinental ballistic missile (DF-5A) with a maximum speed of 7.9 km per second opens the top three fastest in the world. The Chinese DF-5 ICBM entered service in 1981. It can carry a huge 5 MT warhead and has a range of over 12,000 km. The DF-5 has a deflection of approximately 1 km, which means that the missile has one purpose - to destroy cities. The warhead's size, deflection and the fact that it only takes an hour to fully prepare for launch all mean that the DF-5 is a punitive weapon, designed to punish any would-be attackers. The 5A version has increased range, improved 300m deflection and the ability to carry multiple warheads.
2. R-7 | Speed 7.9 km/s
R-7- Soviet, the first intercontinental ballistic missile, one of the fastest in the world. Its top speed is 7.9 km per second. The development and production of the first copies of the rocket was carried out in 1956-1957 by the OKB-1 enterprise near Moscow. After successful launches, it was used in 1957 to launch the world's first artificial Earth satellites. Since then, launch vehicles of the R-7 family have been actively used to launch spacecraft for various purposes, and since 1961, these launch vehicles have been widely used in manned astronautics. Based on the R-7, a whole family of launch vehicles was created. From 1957 to 2000, more than 1,800 launch vehicles based on the R-7 were launched, of which more than 97% were successful.
1. RT-2PM2 “Topol-M” | Speed 7.9 km/s
RT-2PM2 "Topol-M" (15Zh65)- the fastest intercontinental ballistic missile in the world with a maximum speed of 7.9 km per second. Maximum range - 11,000 km. Carries one thermonuclear warhead with a power of 550 kt. The silo-based version was put into service in 2000. The launch method is mortar. The rocket's sustaining solid-propellant engine allows it to gain speed much faster than previous types of rockets of a similar class created in Russia and the Soviet Union. This makes it much more difficult for missile defense systems to intercept it during the active phase of the flight.
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Strategic Missile Forces: mobile ground-based missile system "Topol" with ICBM 15Zh58
RT-2PM "Topol" (GRAU complex/missile index - 15P158/15Zh58, according to the START treaty - RS-12M, according to NATO classification - SS-25 Sickle, translated - Serp) - Soviet/Russian mobile ground-based strategic missile system with three-stage solid-fuel intercontinental ballistic missile RT-2PM.
APU 15U168 of the 15P158 “Topol” complex / Photo: tvzvezda.ru, Konstantin Semenov
Development history
The development of the Topol strategic mobile complex (RS-12M) with a three-stage intercontinental ballistic missile suitable for placement on a self-propelled vehicle chassis (based on the 15Zh58 ICBM on solid mixed fuel weighing 45 tons with a monoblock nuclear warhead weighing 1 ton) was started on July 19, 1977 years at the Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering under the leadership of chief designer Alexander Nadiradze in 1975. After the death of A. Nadiradze (he was director and chief designer of MIT 1961 - 1987, died in 1977), work was continued under the leadership of Boris Lagutin (general designer of MIT 1987 - 1993). The mobile launcher on a wheeled chassis was developed by the Titan Central Design Bureau at the Volgograd Barikady plant.
Alexander Nadiradze / Photo: liveinternet.ru
Boris Lagutin / Photo: liveinternet.ru
Resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 668-212 on the development of the Topol missile system was issued on July 19, 1977. The first flight test of the rocket took place on October 27, 1982 at the Kapustin Yar test site and ended unsuccessfully. The second (according to other sources, the first) launch was carried out on February 8, 1983 at the Plesetsk training ground by the combat crew of the 6th Research University and was successful. The first three test launches were carried out from a silo launcher of the RT-2P missile, converted specifically for this work.
Launch of the 15Zh58 / RS-12M Topol ICBM from the Plesetsk training ground / Photo: pressa-rvsn.livejournal.com
On August 10, 1983, the fourth launch of the RS-12M rocket was carried out, it became the first carried out from a self-propelled launcher 15U128. In total, at the stage of joint flight tests of the complex from February 1983 to December 23, 1987, 16 missile launches were carried out. The missile system was put into service on December 1, 1988.
From November 1984 to September 1994, during the period of serial production of elements of the complex and placing missile regiments on combat duty, 32 control and serial launches were carried out (in defense of the party). During the period of operation of the PGRK in the Strategic Missile Forces from April 1988 to November 2005, 33 combat training launches of the RT-2PM missile were carried out.
The RS-12M is a mobile ground-based intercontinental strategic missile, which significantly increases its survivability in combat conditions.
One of the most successful modern Russian complexes was considered to be the Topol mobile ground-based missile system (SS-25 “Sickle” according to NATO classification) with the RS-12M missile. It became the first mobile complex equipped with an intercontinental-range missile, put into service after almost two decades of unsuccessful attempts made by various design organizations.
Rocket 15Zh58 (RT-2PM)
The 15Zh58 rocket is designed according to a design with three sustainer stages. To ensure high energy-mass perfection and increase the firing range, a new, more advanced mixed fuel of increased density, with a specific impulse increased by several units compared to the fillers of previously created engines, was used in all sustainer stages.
Layout diagram of the 15Zh58 rocket: 1 - warhead; 2- transition compartment; 3 - stage III sustainer solid propellant rocket engine; 4 - connecting compartment of stage II; 5 - second stage sustainer solid propellant rocket engine; 6 - connecting compartment of stage I; 7 - first stage sustainer solid propellant rocket engine; 8 - tail section of the first stage / Image: rvsn.ruzhany.info
Rocket 15Zh58 of the 15P158 “Topol” complex / Photo: rvsn.ruzhany.info
All three stages are equipped with solid propellant rocket engines with one fixed nozzle. On the outer surface of the tail section of the first stage there were folding rotary lattice aerodynamic rudders (4 pieces), used for flight control together with gas-jet rudders and 4 lattice aerodynamic stabilizers.
The spent first stage of the Topol ICBM after launch from the Plesetsk test site - the lattice aerodynamic rudders are clearly visible / Photo: www.edu.severodvinsk.ru
Nozzle block of the first stage of the 15Zh58 rocket of the 15P158 “Topol” complex / Photo: www.edu.severodvinsk.ru
The second stage structurally consists of a connecting compartment and a sustainer solid propellant rocket engine. The third stage has almost the same design, but it additionally includes a transition compartment to which the head part is attached.
The first stage of the 15Zh58 rocket of the 15P158 “Topol” complex / Photo: rvsn.ruzhany.info
The second stage of the 15Zh58 rocket of the 15P158 “Topol” complex / Photo: rvsn.ruzhany.info
The third stage of the 15Zh58 rocket of the 15P158 “Topol” complex / Photo: rvsn.ruzhany.info
The bodies of the upper stages were made for the first time using the method of continuous winding of organoplastic according to the “cocoon” pattern. The third stage was equipped with a transition compartment for attaching the warhead.
Launch stage of the 15Zh58 missile warhead of the 15P158 “Topol” complex / Photo: rvsn.ruzhany.info
Controlling the firing range was a complex technical task and was carried out by cutting off the third-stage propulsion engine, using a thrust cut-off unit, with eight reversible bells and “windows” cut through by DUZs (DUZ - detonating extended charge) in the organoplastic power structure of the body. The thrust cut-off unit was located on the front bottom of the upper stage body.
An autonomous, inertial control system was developed at NPO Automation and Instrumentation under the leadership of Vladimir Lapygin. The aiming system was developed under the leadership of the chief designer of the Kyiv Arsenal plant, Seraphim Parnyakov.
Vladimir Lapygin / Photo: faceruss.ru
Seraphim Parnyakov / Photo: space.com.ua
The inertial control system has its own digital computer, which made it possible to achieve high shooting accuracy. The control system provides missile flight control, routine maintenance on the missile and launcher, pre-launch preparation and launch of the missile. All pre-launch preparation and launch operations, as well as preparatory and routine work, are fully automated.
In the foreground is a mock-up of an ICBM warhead / Photo: militaryrussia.ru
The warhead is monoblock, nuclear, weighing about 1 ton. The warhead includes a propulsion system and a control system that provides a circular probable deviation (CPD) of 400 m (as our sources say; in the West, the accuracy is estimated at 150-200 m). “Topol” is equipped with a set of means to overcome the missile defense of a potential enemy. The nuclear warhead was created at the All-Union Research Institute of Experimental Physics under the leadership of chief designer Samvel Kocharyants.
Samvel Kocharyants / Photo: atomic-energy.ru
According to Western sources, the missile was tested at least once with four individually targetable warheads, but this option was not further developed.
The rocket's flight is controlled by rotary gas-jet and lattice aerodynamic rudders. New nozzle devices for solid fuel engines have been created. To ensure secrecy, camouflage, decoy systems, and camouflage means have been developed. Just like the previous mobile complexes of the Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering. The 15Zh58 rocket is produced in Votkinsk. The 15Zh58 (RT-2PM) rocket spends its entire service life in a sealed transport and launch container 22 m long and 2 m in diameter.
TPK with 15Zh58 missile / Photo: rvsn.ruzhany.info
Initially, the warranty period for the rocket's operation was set at 10 years. Later the warranty period was extended to 15 years.
Launcher and equipment
During operation, the missile is located in a transport and launch container installed on a mobile launcher. It is mounted on the basis of a seven-axle chassis of a MAZ heavy-duty vehicle. The rocket is launched from a vertical position using a powder pressure accumulator (PAA) placed in a transport and launch container (TPC).
The launcher was developed at the Volgograd Central Design Bureau "Titan" under the leadership of Viktor Shurygin.
Victor Shurygin / Photo: topwar.ru
The seven-axle MAZ-7912 (15U128.1) was used as the chassis of the mobile complex launcher, later - the MAZ-7917 (15U168) with a 14x12 wheel arrangement (Barricades plant in Volgograd).
SPU 15U128.1 on a MAZ-7912 chassis with TPK - Topol complex (official photo from documents under SALT agreements) / Photo: www.fas.org
Serial APU 15U128.1 on the MAZ-7912 chassis, complex 15P158.1 / Photo: military.tomsk.ru/forum
APU 15U168 on a MAZ-7917 chassis with TPK - Topol complex (official photo from documents under SALT agreements / Photo: www.fas.org
SPU 15U168 of the 15P158 "Topol" complex. On the starboard side of the SPU, some required structural elements are missing. Exhibition "Patriot", Kubinka, 2015 / Photo: Vitaly Kuzmin
This car from the Minsk Automobile Plant is equipped with a 710 hp diesel engine. Yaroslavl Motor Plant. The vehicle contained a sealed transport and launch container with a diameter of 2 m and a length of 22 m. The mass of the launcher with the missile was about 100 tons. Despite this, the Topol complex had good mobility and maneuverability.
Solid propellant engine charges were developed at the Lyubertsy NPO Soyuz under the leadership of Boris Zhukov (later the association was headed by Zinovy Pak).
Boris Zhukov / Photo: liveinternet.ru
Zinovy Pak / Photo: minpromtorg.gov.ru
Composite materials and the container were developed and manufactured at the Central Research Institute of Special Engineering under the leadership of Viktor Protasov. The steering hydraulic drives of the rocket and the hydraulic drives of the self-propelled launcher were developed at the Moscow Central Research Institute of Automation and Hydraulics.
Viktor Protasov / Photo: liveinternet.ru
Some sources reported that the launch could have been carried out from any point on the patrol route, but according to more precise information: “Upon receiving an order to launch via ASBU, the APU crew is obliged to occupy the nearest route point suitable for launch and deploy the APU.” In the field (i.e., at field infantry fighting stations and infantry fighting vehicles, Topol regiments are on combat duty, as a rule, for 1.5 months in winter and the same amount in summer).
The RS-12M could also be launched directly from the 15U135 Krona special unit, in which the Topols are on combat duty on stationary BSPs. For this purpose, the hangar roof is made retractable.
Unit 15U135 "Krona" (official photo from documents under SALT agreements) / Photo: www.fas.org
Combat readiness (time to prepare for launch) from the moment the order was received until the missile was launched was brought to two minutes.
SPU exit from structure 15U135 (Krona) / Photo: rvsn.ruzhany.info
To ensure the possibility of launching, the launcher is hung on jacks and leveled. These operations enter deployment mode. The container with the rocket is then raised to a vertical position. To do this, in the “Start” mode, the powder pressure accumulator (PAA), located on the APU itself, is activated. It is needed in order for the hydraulic system to work to lift the boom from the TPK to the vertical. In other words, this is an ordinary gas generator. On the Pioneer, the boom was raised (i.e., the hydraulic pump engine was running) driven by the chassis propulsion engine, which led to the need to have a system for maintaining the HD in a “hot state,” duplicating the HD starting system with air cylinders, etc. But This scheme somewhat reduced reliability.
Missile division, on combat duty / Photo: rvsn.ruzhany.info
The type of launch is artillery: after installing the TPK in a vertical position and shooting off its upper protective cap, the first TPK PAD is triggered first - to extend the movable bottom of the TPK in order to “rest” on the ground for greater stability, and then the second PAD pushes the rocket to a height of several meters , after which the first stage propulsion engine is started.
The APU is controlled by PKP "Zenit" (divisional link) and "Granit" (regimental link).
A mobile regimental command post (PKP RP) was developed for the Topol complex. PKP RP units were placed on the MAZ-543 chassis.
Combat duty support vehicle (MOBD) of the Topol complex on the MAZ-543M chassis / Photo: www.fas.org
Composition of PKP RP:
- Unit 15B168 - combat control vehicle
- Unit 15B179 - communication machine 1
- Unit 15B75 - communication machine 2
One MOBD included the functions of 4 units of the Pioneer complex: MDES, canteen, dormitory, MDSO). Those. had diesel units, a utility compartment, a control unit. () The Topol RK APUs were equipped with a modernized RBU system, which made it possible to receive launch commands via the Perimeter system in 3 ranges.
Testing and deployment
In February 1983, the Topol PGRK entered testing. The first flight test of the missile was carried out at the 53rd NIIP MO (now the 1st GIK MO) Plesetsk on February 8, 1983. This and two subsequent launches were made from converted silos of stationary RT-2P missiles. One of the launches was unsuccessful. The series of tests continued until December 23, 1987. In total, more than 70 launches of this missile were carried out.
The head of a silo of type 15P765 / 15P765M at the Plesetsk training ground, footage of the launch of the Topol ICBM / Photo: militaryrussia.ru
In 1984, the construction of stationary structures and the equipment of combat patrol routes for Topol mobile missile systems began in the positional areas of the RT-2P and UR-100 ICBMs being removed from duty and located in the OS silos. Later, the positioning areas of medium-range complexes removed from service under the INF Treaty were arranged.
The development of the elements of the complex proceeded in stages, and apparently the greatest difficulties were associated with the combat control system. After the successful completion of the first series of tests, completed by mid-1985 (15 test launches took place during April 1985), on July 23, 1985, the RT-2PM entered service and was put on combat duty in the Yoshkar-Ola area first regiment of the PGRK. At the same time, development of the combat control system obviously continued.
Test launches of the Topol rocket / Photo: rvsn.ruzhany.info
Serial production of missiles has been located at the plant in Votkinsk (Udmurtia) since 1985, and the mobile launcher was manufactured at the Volgograd plant "Barricades".
In parallel, in 1986, on the basis of the second and third stages of the 15Zh58 rocket, a medium-range mobile soil complex “Speed” was developed with a maximum firing range greater than that of the front-line “Temp-S” complex and shorter than that of the “Pioneer” complex. Such a range, with powerful combat equipment, made it possible to squeeze into the launch weight of the missile, which ensured acceptable total weight and dimensions of the self-propelled launcher. Acceptable for “riding” around the territory of Eastern European countries. Thus, the question of flight time for London, Rome, Bonn was removed.
The first regiment, equipped with a mobile regimental command post, was put on combat duty only on April 28, 1987 (in the area of Nizhny Tagil).
Part of the Topol PGRK was deployed in newly created position areas. After the signing of the INF Treaty in 1987, some position areas of the dismantled Pioneer medium-range PGRK began to be re-equipped for the deployment of the Topol complexes.
Test launches of missiles, as already mentioned, ended on December 23, 1987, but the full testing of the mobile complex, and not just the missile, ended only in December 1988, so the final decision on the adoption of the Topol complex for service dates back to December 1, 1988 g., i.e. more than three years after the start of trial operation.
On May 27, 1988, the first missile regiment with a modernized mobile regimental command post (near Irkutsk) was put on combat duty.
Example of the location of structures at the starting position / Image: rvsn.ruzhany.info
At the time of signing the START I Treaty in 1991, the USSR had 288 Topol missile systems. After the signing of START-1, the deployment of these systems continued. () The first missile regiment with the Topol missile system was put on combat duty on July 23, 1985 (according to other sources on July 20), even before the completion of joint flight tests in the 14th missile division (Yoshkar-Ola) (commander - Colonel Dremov V . V.), and until the end of 1985 - another missile regiment.
On May 27, 1988, the first regiment entered the database, the divisions of which included an improved mobile command post (PKP) equipped with a new automated control system.
| Development of the RT-2PM group. Number of launchers on combat duty | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| 1984 | 1985 | 1986 | 1987 | 1988 | 1989 | 1990 | 1991 | 1992 | 1993 | 1994 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 |
| RT-2PM | 18 | 72 | 81 | 99 | 162 | 234 | 306 | 333 | 351 | 369 | 360 | 360 | 360 | 360 | 360 | 360 | 360 | 360 | 345 | 333 | 315 | 291 | 254 | 243 | 213 | 180 | 171 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Total ICBMs | 1398 | 1398 | 1398 | 1390 | 1398 | 1398 | 1398 | 1333 | 1305 | 1129 | 975 | 870 | 832 | 748 | 756 |
|
||||||||||||||||
| % of RKSN (including RSD) | 0,94 | 3,76 | 4,23 | 5,37 | 9,34 | 14,63 | 21,21 | 24,98 | 26,89 | 32,68 | 36,92 | 41,38 | 43,27 | 48,13 | 47,62 |
|
||||||||||||||||
The Topol missile divisions were deployed near the cities of Barnaul, Verkhnyaya Salda (Nizhny Tagil), Vypolzovo (Bologoe), Yoshkar-Ola, Teykovo, Yurya, Novosibirsk, Kansk, Irkutsk, as well as near the village of Drovyanaya in the Chita region. Nine regiments (81 launchers) were deployed in missile divisions on the territory of Belarus - near the cities of Lida, Mozyr and Postavy.
As of the end of 1996, the Strategic Missile Forces had 360 Topol PGRKs.
Each year, one control launch of the Topol rocket is carried out from the Plesetsk test site. The high reliability of the complex is evidenced by the fact that during its testing and operation, about fifty control and test launches of missiles were carried out. All of them went without a hitch. On November 29, 2005, a mobile-based combat training launch of the RS-12M Topol ICBM was carried out from the Plesetsk cosmodrome in the direction of the Kura training ground in Kamchatka. A training missile warhead hit a simulated target at a training ground on the Kamchatka Peninsula with specified accuracy. The main purpose of the launch is to check the reliability of the equipment. The missile remained on combat duty for 20 years. This is the first time in the practice of not only domestic, but also global rocket science - a solid-fuel rocket that has been in operation for so many years has been successfully launched. Based on the Topol PGRK with the 15Zh58 missile, the following were created:
1. Complex "Perimeter-RC", missile "Sirena"- a complex with a command missile - a missile system to ensure the delivery of information about the need for a retaliatory strike in the conditions of the cessation of normal communications. The regiment of the Perimeter-RTs ICBM, created on the basis of the 15Zh58 Topol ICBM, took up combat duty in December 1990 in the 8th Missile Division of the Strategic Missile Forces (Yurya, regiment commander - Colonel S.I. Arzamastsev). In December 2011, the commander of the Strategic Missile Forces, Lieutenant General Sergei Karakaev, stated that the Perimeter system exists and is on combat duty. The command missile of the Perimeter-RC complex was tested with five ICBM launches from the Plesetsk test site from August 8 to December 25, 1990.
2. rocket 15Zh58E "Topol-E"- experimental launch vehicle for testing new types of combat equipment for ICBMs, tentative name 15Zh58E.
Launch of the Topol-E ICBM, Kapustin Yar training ground, site 107, 2009 / Photo: militaryphotos.net.
Projections of the Topol and Topol-E missiles (15Zh58 and 15Zh58E) - SS-25 SICKLE / Image: militaryrussia.ru
3. "Start-1" - satellite launch vehicle. The development of the launch vehicle began in 1989. The first launch was made on March 25, 1993. The design is a 5-stage launch vehicle. Payload mass for low orbit - 500 kg
Launch vehicle "Start-1" in the workshop of the Votkinsk Machine-Building Plant / Photo: www.iz-article.ru
Reduction
According to the START-2 treaty, 360 units of the Topol missile system were reduced by 2007.
After the collapse of the USSR, some of the Topols remained on the territory of Belarus. On August 13, 1993, the withdrawal of the Topol Strategic Missile Forces group from Belarus began, and on November 27, 1996 it was completed.
As of July 2006, 243 Topol missile systems were still on combat duty (Teykovo, Yoshkar-Ola, Yurya, Nizhny Tagil, Novosibirsk, Kansk, Irkutsk, Barnaul, Vypolzovo.
An interesting fact is that the Topol complex is the first Soviet strategic missile system, the name of which was declassified in the Soviet press in an article refuting accusations from the American side that Russia was allegedly testing a new missile system in violation of the current arms reduction treaty .
Tactical and technical indicators
| Performance characteristics complex "Topol" |
|
| Preparation time for launch, min | 2 |
| Thermonuclear charge power, Mt | 0,55 |
| Firing accuracy (CAO), m | 900/200* |
| Area of combat patrol area, km 2 | 125000 |
| Launcher | 7-axle chassis MAZ-7310 |
| Guaranteed shelf life of the missile in the TPK, years | 10
(extended to 15) |
| Launcher type | mobile, group launcher with mortar launch |
|
Intercontinental ballistic missile 15Zh58 (RT-2PM) |
|
| Firing range, km | 10500 |
| Number of steps | 3 + dilution stage combat blocks. |
| Engine | Solid propellant rocket engine |
| Start type | ground from TPK due to PAD |
| Length: | |
| - full, m | 21,5 |
| - without HF, m | 18,5 |
| - first stage, m | 8,1 |
| - second stage, m | 4,6 |
| - third stage, m | 3,9 |
| - head part, m | 2,1 |
| Diameter: | |
| - first stage housing, m | 1,8 |
| - second stage housing, m | 1,55 |
| - third stage housing, m | 1,34 |
| - TPK (transport and launch container), m | 2,0 |
| Launch weight, t | 45,1 |
| Mass of the loaded first stage of the rocket, t | 27,8 |
| Head part | monobloc detachable |
| Head mass, kg | 1000 |
| Control system | autonomous, inertial with on-board computer |
|
Autonomous launcher (APU) |
|
| Number of missiles on launcher | 1 |
| Base - wheeled | MAZ-7912, MAZ-7917 |
| Wheel formula | 14x12 |
| Weight: | |
| - launcher without TPK, t | 52,94 |
| Overall dimensions (without TPK/with TPK): | |
| - length, m | 19,520/22,303 |
| - width, m | 3,850/4,5 |
| - height, m | 3,0/4,5 |
| Engine | diesel V-58-7 (12V) |
| Power, hp | 710 |
| Fuel capacity, l | 825 |
| Speed, km/h | 40 |
| Cruising range, km | 400 |
| Time to transfer to combat position, minutes. | 2 |
|
Combat duty support vehicle (MOBD) |
|
| Weight, kg | 43500 |
| dimensions: | |
| - length, m | 15,935 |
| - width, m | 3,23 |
| - height, m | 4,415 |
| Power, hp | 525 |
| Cruising range, km | |
| Type | garage with sliding roof |
| Purpose | for storing one SPU |
| Built, units | 408 |
| Dimensions: | |
| - length, m | 30,4 |
| - width, m | 8,1 |
| - height, m | 7,2 |
|
Composition of connections and parts |
|
| Missile division | 3-5 missile regiments (CP and 9 SPU in each). |
| Regimental command post | stationary and mobile "Barrier" or "Granite" (based on MAZ-543M). |
| Division composition: | |
| - preparation and start-up group, pcs. | 3 |
| - combat control and communications group | |
What's next...
At the end of the 1980s, on a competitive basis, the development of a universal dual-based ICBM began - silo-based and on a mobile installation. At MIT, which traditionally dealt with soil complexes, they began to develop a mobile complex, and at the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau in Ukraine (Dnepropetrovsk) - a mine complex. But in 1991, all work was completely transferred to the Moscow Institute of Heat Engineering. The design was headed by Boris Lagutin, and after his retirement in 1997, academician Yuri Solomonov, appointed general designer of MIT.
But that is another story...
DATA FOR 2019 (standard update, v.2)
R&D "Universal" / R&D "Topol-M", rocket 15Zh55 / 15Zh65 - SS-X-27 SICKLE-BComplex RS-12M1 "Topol-M" / 15P155 (PGRK), missile RT-2PM1 / 15Zh55 - SS-27 SICKLE-B / STALIN
Complex RS-12M2 "Topol-M" / 15P165 (silo), missile RT-2PM2 / 15Zh65 - SS-27 SICKLE-B / STALIN
Intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) / mobile ground-based missile system (MGRS). The complex and the rocket were developed by the Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering (MIT), the main designers were Boris Nikolaevich Lagutin and Yuri Semenovich Solomonov (in different years).
In 1987, simultaneously at the NPO Mashinostroeniya (Reutov, project ""), at the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau (Dnepropetrovsk) and at the Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering, work began on the development of promising ICBMs with the ability to overcome the multi-echelon missile defense system of the alleged enemy with a universal basing - with launch options from silos and in the form of a PGRK ( ).
Work at the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau was carried out under the Universal research project - a solid-fuel ICBM was being developed in the PGRK and silo versions. At MIT, work was carried out on the Topol-M research project - the development of ICBMs to replace the Topol ICBMs with two types of deployment - PGRK and silos. In August 1988, Yu.S. Solomonov (MIT) held negotiations with the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau, as a result of which, by the end of 1988, the two design bureaus jointly developed a technical proposal for a single rocket within the framework of the Universal research project ( ist. - Strategic missiles).
Full-scale development of the RT-2PM2 / 15Zh65 missile was started jointly by MIT and Yuzhnoye Design Bureau by decision of the USSR Military-Industrial Complex No. 323 of 09.09.1989 on the topic of the Universal research project. The design was planned to be completed by the end of 1991 in two versions - a missile with a platform for breeding unguided warheads with a solid propellant rocket engine and without a complex of means of overcoming (KSP) missile defense - developed by MIT (mobile missile system, PGRK), a similar missile with a platform for breeding warheads with a monopropellant liquid engine and with a missile defense system - developer - Yuzhnoye Design Bureau (Dnepropetrovsk, silo missile system 15P065). Due to a number of production reasons, the missiles differed in the design of the TPK and therefore had some differences and received different indices - 15Zh55 for the PGRK and 15Zh65 for the silos ( ist. - Strategic missiles).
The development of the 1st stage, a version of the AP launch platform and the rocket's head fairing was led by the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau, the development of the 2nd and 3rd stages, the instrument compartment, its version of the AP launch platform and the unguided warhead was led by MIT. The 1st stage engine, nose fairing and the second version of the launch platform with a monopropellant engine were developed by Yuzhnoye Design Bureau ( ist. - Rockets and spacecraft, Strategic missiles). At the end of 1989, a joint preliminary design of the rocket and the silo version of the missile system was released. In the first half of 1990, a preliminary design of the PGRK was released ( ist. - Strategic missiles).
The first flight sample of the 1L version of the missile from the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau was assembled and prepared for testing at the test site in Plesetsk in December 1991. The dispatch of the missile from the factory to the test site was canceled by the decision of the Commander-in-Chief of the USSR Strategic Missile Forces. In 1991, MIT began forming adjusted developer cooperation with an emphasis on Russian enterprises ( ist. - Strategic missiles). In 1992, after the general designer of the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau S.N. Konyukhov addressed the President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, a meeting was convened to discuss the continuation of the joint development of ICBMs. No decision was made, and in April 1992, Yuzhnoye Design Bureau’s participation in the development of the rocket was terminated ( ). In 1992, an addition to the preliminary design of the Topol-M ICBM was released, taking into account changes in the cooperation of developers - the engine of the 1st stage of the rocket was now being developed by NPO Iskra (Perm). The main option for basing the silo version was the option using the launch position and silo launchers of the UR-100NUTHKh complexes with 15A35 missiles after modernization of the launch equipment (developed by the Vympel Design Bureau, Moscow). Also, an addition to the preliminary design provided for the use of silo launchers for R-36MUTTH and R-36M2 missiles in the event of a complete reduction of these missiles under the START-2 treaty, which could occur ( ist. - Strategic missiles).
By decree of Boris Yeltsin of February 27, 1993, MIT became the lead enterprise for the development of Topol-M. It was decided to develop a unified missile with only one variant of combat equipment - with a solid fuel combat stage propulsion system. After that, developments on the RT-2PM2 variant with a missile defense system and a monopropellant engine of the breeding platform were transferred from the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau to the Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering. A sample of the 1L rocket was transferred to Russia on January 15, 1995 ( ist. - Rockets and spacecraft...).
Tests. To test the stationary version of the RT-2PM2 missile of the Topol-M complex, in 1992 the re-equipment of silo launchers began at sites 163/1, 172 and Yuzhnaya of the Plesetsk test site. Tests of the RT-2PM2 took place from December 20, 1994 (first launch) to February 2000 (ten launches).
APU 15U175 of the RS-12M2 "Topol-M" complex with an ICBM TPK during a parade rehearsal in Moscow, 04/26/2011 (photo - Vitaly Kuzmin, http://vitalykuzmin.net/).
Launches of the RS-12M1 / RS-12M2 Topol-M ICBM:
| №pp | date | Polygon | PU type | Rocket | Description |
| 01 | 12/20/1994 (12:50) | Plesetsk | silo | 2L? 15Zh65 | Successful first launch from a silo at the Kura training ground (Kamchatka). A silo was used converted from a silo launcher for the UT-100NUTTKh ICBM ( ist. - Strategic missiles). |
| 02 | 09/05/1995 (11:50) | Plesetsk | silo | 1L? 15Zh65 | |
| 03 | 07/25/1996 | Plesetsk | silo | 15Zh65 | Successful launch from a silo at the Kura training ground (Kamchatka) |
| 04 | 07/08/1997 (16:25) | Plesetsk | silo | 15Zh65 | Successful launch from a silo at the Kura training ground (Kamchatka) |
| 05 | 10/22/1998 (15:53) | Plesetsk | silo | 15Zh65 | Unsuccessful launch at the Kura training ground (Kamchatka). The missile veered off course and was destroyed. |
| 06 | 08.12.1998 (14:25) | Plesetsk | silo | 15Zh65 | Successful launch from a silo at the Kura training ground (Kamchatka) |
| 07 | 01/03/1999 (18:20) | Plesetsk | silo | 15Zh65 | Successful launch from a silo at the Kura training ground (Kamchatka) |
| 08 | 09/03/1999 (15:44) | Plesetsk | silo | 15Zh65 | Successful launch from a silo at the Kura training ground (Kamchatka) |
| 09 | 12/14/1999 (12:05) | Plesetsk | silo | 15Zh65 | Successful launch from a silo at the Kura training ground (Kamchatka) |
| 10 | 02/09/2000 (13:59) | Plesetsk | silo | 15Zh65 | Successful launch from a silo at the Kura training ground (Kamchatka). The first launch on command from the Strategic Missile Forces control center. Launch from silo 15P765-18 with silo elements of missile 15A18M ( ist. - Strategic missiles). The last launch of the test program for the silo version of the Topol-M ICBM. |
| 11 | 09.26.2000 (15:00) | Plesetsk | silo | Successful launch from a silo at the Kura training ground (Kamchatka). |
|
| 12 | 09.27.2000 (13:50) | Plesetsk | PGRK | 15Zh55 | Successful first launch from the PGRK (according to other data, the first launch of the PGRK was 20.09). 1st launch of the PGRK test program. |
| 13 | 06.06.2002 (15:20) | Plesetsk | PGRK | 15Zh55 | Successful launch at the Kura test site (Kamchatka). 2nd launch of the PGRK test program. |
| 14 | 04/20/2004 (21:30) | Plesetsk | PGRK | 15Zh55 | Successful launch to maximum range in the Pacific Ocean. 3rd launch of the PGRK test program. |
| 15 | 12/24/2004 (12:39) | Plesetsk | PGRK | 15Zh55 | Successful launch at the Kura test site (Kamchatka). The last - fourth - launch within the framework of the PGRK test program. |
| 16 | 01.11.2014 (09:20) | Plesetsk | silo | ||
| 17 | 01/16/2017 | Plesetsk | silo | Successful test launch at the Kura test site (Kamchatka). | |
| 18 | 17.10.2018 | Plesetsk | silo | According to Western data, an emergency launch at the Kura test site (Kamchatka). () - no launch confirmation from other sources | |
| 19 | 30.09.2019 | Plesetsk | silo | Successful test launch at the Kura test site (Kamchatka). |
Launch of a 15Zh65 "Topol-M" missile from a silo, Plesetsk training ground, 2000 or earlier (Strategic ground-based missile systems. M., "Military Parade", 2007).
Launch of the Topol-M rocket, Plesetsk (http://militaryphotos.net).
The fourth launch within the framework of the Topol-M PGRK test program, Plesetsk, December 24, 2004 (photo - Alexander Babenko, http://itar-tass.com).
Serial production of RT-2PM2 missiles began at the Votkinsk Machine-Building Plant in 1997 after the first four successful launches - simultaneously with the placement of the complex on experimental combat duty ( ist. - Strategic missiles).
The deployment of the 15Zh65 ICBM with the 15P165 complex in a silo version in experimental combat duty mode began with the deployment of the first two missiles in the 104th missile regiment of the 60th division of the Strategic Missile Forces in Tatishchevo on December 24, 1997. However, at the beginning of 1998 in the analytical The note “The state of the defense industry and ways to overcome the crisis” () reported that the Topol-M priority program was being implemented with a delay of several years. the first regiment with Topol-M missiles in silos (10 missiles) went on combat duty on December 30, 1998 ( ist. - Strategic missiles).
The stationary-based 15Zh65 ICBM was adopted by the Russian Strategic Missile Forces after the signing of the Act on Adoption for Armament on April 28, 2000 by Decree of the President of Russia, which was signed on July 13, 2000.
In 2011, a decision was made to stop purchasing 15Zh65 ICBMs for the Strategic Missile Forces. The deployment of Topol-M missiles in silos was completed in 2012. A total of 60 silos were deployed - 10 regiments as part of the 60th division of the Strategic Missile Forces in Tatishchevo.
Testing and acceptance into service of the version with PGRK. To test the mobile version of the RT-2PM1 missile of the Topol-M complex, sites 167 and 169 of the Plesetsk test site were used. A total of four launches were carried out during flight tests from September 2000 to December 2004. Testing of the 15Zh55 ICBM with the 15P155 PGRK began in Plesetsk with a launch on September 27, 2000.
On November 21, 2005, two missile divisions and a mobile command post of the 321st missile regiment of the 54th missile division (Teykovo) were decommissioned. In November 2006, one missile division of the 321st missile regiment was equipped with 3 automatic launchers and a mobile command post of the Topol-M complex, and on December 10, 2006, this division of the 321st regiment of the Teikov missile division took up combat duty.
The PGKR with the Topol-M ICBM was put into service in December 2006.(). The deployment of the Topol-M missiles as part of the PGRK was completed in 2009 - at the same time it was announced that the production of the Topol-M PGRK would be discontinued in favor of the PGRK with ICBMs. A total of 18 PGRKs have been deployed.
Starting equipment:
The launch of the rocket according to the 1989 project was initially planned from the TPK. For the PGRK it was planned to use a TPK made of fiberglass (MIT project). For the variant of the complex with launch from a silo (version of the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau), it was planned to manufacture a TPK from metal, with a number of ground equipment systems mounted on it. For this reason, the missiles differed slightly and received different indices during development ( ist. - Strategic missiles).
Silo 15P765 type OS- complex 15P065 / 15P165 - the first two installations on experimental combat duty - complex 15P065-35 (converted ICBM silos UR-100NUTTH / 15A35). The silo launchers of the complex are combined into regimental sets of 10 silo launchers with a command post 15B222. In the silo version, the missile can use modified silo launchers from the UR-100NUTTH and R-36M missiles ().
Several types of silos are known:
- silo 15P765-35 - silo using the MBR 15A35 shaft
- silo 15P765-18 - silo using the MBR 15A18M shaft;
- silo 15P765-60 - silo using the MBR shaft 15Zh60;
Work on converting silo launchers of old missiles into silo launchers 15P765 was carried out by the Vympel Experimental Design Bureau under the leadership of Dmitry Dragun. The re-equipment was carried out by removing elements of the 15P735 launcher necessary for the gas-dynamic launch of 15A35 missiles, using an improved shock-absorbing system and filling the freed volume with special grades of heavy reinforced concrete ().
It was decided to convert one of the two silos for the 15A35 ICBM at the Plesetsk test site, which were previously used for testing the RT-23 ICBM, using a silo head and a protective device for the 15A18M ICBM silo. components for the conversion were delivered from the Orenburg Rocket Army. This is how the 15P765-18 silo was equipped and the 15Zh65 missile was launched from it in 2000.
Launch of the 15Zh65 ICBM from the OS 15P765-18 PU prototype, Plesetsk training ground, 02/09/2000 (photo retouched in the source, Ground-Based Strategic Missile Systems. M., "Military Parade", 2007).
Launch of the 15Zh65 ICBM from the OS 15P765-18 PU prototype, Plesetsk test site, probably 02/09/2000 (without retouching).
Silo launcher type 15P765-35 for the Topol-M ICBM, Plesetsk test site, 1990-2000. (http://www.arms-expo.ru).
The head of a silo launcher type 15P765 / 15P765M at the Plesetsk training ground, footage of the launch of the Topol-M ICBM on November 1, 2014 (Strategic Missile Forces of the Russian Armed Forces).
PGKR 15P155- autonomous launcher 15U175 on an eight-axle chassis MZKT-79221 with a 15Zh55 missile in a fiberglass TPK.
APU 15U175 ICBM "Topol-M" with TPK ICBM "Yars" at one of the rehearsals of the parade on Red Square, April 2011 (http://russianarms.mybb.ru).
TTX APU 15U175 "Topol-M" on the MZKT-79221 (MAZ-7922) chassis:
Launch type - mortar using PAD
The wheel formula is 16 x 16, the first three and last three axles are steered.
Engine - diesel YaMZ-847.10 with a power of 800 hp, 4-stroke, 12-cylinder, turbocharged
Length - approx. 22.7 m
Width - approx. 3.4 m
Height - approx. 3.3 m
Ground clearance - 475 mm
Turning radius - 18 m
Brod - 1.1 m
Tires with adjustable pressure 1600x600-685 model VI-178A / AU
Curb weight - 40000 kg
Load capacity - 80000 kg
Tank volume - 825 l
Maximum speed - 45 km/h
Power reserve - 500 km
Photo report from the MZKT assembly line. Chassis MZKT-79221 for the Russian Strategic Missile Forces. Minsk, Belarus, 2010 ().
Chassis MZKT-79221 before the parade in honor of the Independence Day of the Republic of Belarus in Minsk, publication 07/01/2013 (http://www.vpk.gov.by via http://autocatalogue.livejournal.com).
APU 15U175 of the RT-2PM2 / RS-12M2 "Topol-M" complex with an ICBM TPK during a parade rehearsal in Moscow, 04/26/2011 (photo - Vitaly Kuzmin, http://vitalykuzmin.net/).
APU of the RT-2PM2 / RS-12M2 "Topol-M" complex with an ICBM TPK during a parade rehearsal in Moscow, 05/03/2011 (photo - Andrey Kryuchenko, http://a-andreich.livejournal.com).
PGRK "Topol-M" uses and can be used from the 15U182 "Krona" combat duty unit - a protected box with a tearable roof to house the 15U175 APU. Serially produced by JSC "85 Repair Plant" ().
Combat duty unit 15U182 "Krona" (http://russianarms.mybb.ru).
APU PGRK "Topol-M" with a raised TPK after the launch of an ICBM 15Zh55 from a "Krona" type shelter, launch 09/27/2000, Plesetsk (Strategic ground-based missile systems. M., "Military Parade", 2007).
Rocket RT-2PM1/15Zh55 and RT-2PM2/15Zh65:
Design three-stage with sequential connection of stages. The storage and use of ICBMs is carried out using TPK. The design of the rocket was developed taking into account the possibility of overcoming dust and soil formations after a nuclear explosion - clouds of crushed stone and suspensions at an altitude of 10-20 km. The rocket body is made without protruding parts with a durable head fairing. The design design also makes the high-energy third stage of the rocket as light as possible ( ist. - Strategic missiles).
Launch of the Topol-M complex rocket (http://ok.ya1.ru).
Launch of a 15Zh65 rocket from a silo, Plesetsk test site, 2000 or earlier (Strategic ground-based missile systems. M., "Military Parade", 2007).
Rocket composition:
- PAD
- 1st stage
- 2nd stage
- 3rd stage
- the stage of launching the warhead - in the original design of the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau - a monopropellant liquid engine using Pronit fuel.
- a combat unit with means to overcome missile defense (up to 20 decoys - - not confirmed).
The rocket stages are made by winding fiberglass of the “cocoon” type. The missile is not equipped with aerodynamic control and stabilization aids.
The missile has maximum resistance to the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion (PFYA) due to ():
- the use of a newly developed protective coating applied to the outer surface of the rocket body and providing comprehensive protection against nuclear attack;
- application of a control system developed on an element base with increased durability and reliability;
- applying a special coating with a high content of rare earth elements to the body of the sealed instrument compartment, which housed the control system equipment;
- the use of shielding and special methods for laying the onboard cable network of the rocket;
- introduction of a special program maneuver for a missile when passing through a cloud of a ground-based nuclear explosion, etc.
Control system and guidance- autonomous inertial control system using an on-board computer. The developer of the control system is the Scientific and Production Center for Automation and Instrumentation named after Academician N.A. Pilyugin (Moscow), the chief designers are V. Lapygin and Yu. Trunov. The active part of the trajectory has been shortened. To reduce the speed spread at the end of the 3rd stage, a maneuver is probably used to turn the rocket in the direction of zero range increment until the 3rd stage fuel is completely exhausted. The rocket's instrument compartment is sealed. The missile can perform a program maneuver at launch to pass through the nuclear explosion cloud of attacking ballistic missiles.
Automatic gyrocompass (AGK) of the APU 15U175 aiming system of the RT-2PM2 / RS-12M2 "Topol-M" complex with the Yars ICBM TPK during the parade in Moscow, 05/09/2012 (photo from the Boaz Guttman archive, http:// www.flickr.com).
Engines:
Stage 1 - solid propellant rocket engine using mixed fuel. Engine development - NPO "Iskra" (Perm), chief designer of the nozzle block - Sokolovsky M.I. Possibly fuel type T-9BK-8E or similar developed by NPO Soyuz (Dzerzhinsk). The 15S51 fiberglass body is an integral part of the propulsion system of the first stage of the rocket and, as of 2011, is mass-produced by Avangard OJSC (Safronovo,). Engine nozzle - controlled ( ist. - Strategic missiles).
Nozzle - rotary controlled (NPO "Iskra", Perm)
Engine thrust - approx. 100 t / 90780 kg (according to other data)
Engine operating time - 60 sec
Stage 2 - solid propellant rocket engine, probably with a sliding nozzle. Probably developed by MIT. Possibly Start type fuel or similar NPO Soyuz (Dzerzhinsk).
Engine thrust - approx. 50 t
Engine operating time - 64 sec
Stage 3 - solid propellant rocket engine with mixed fuel, probably with a sliding nozzle. Probably developed by MIT. Possibly AP-65 fuel or similar fuel from NPO Soyuz (Dzerzhinsk).
Nozzle - rotating, controlled, partially recessed with folding nozzle tip
Engine thrust - approx. 25 t
Engine operating time - 56 sec
The nozzle blocks of all stages are made of carbon-carbon material, the nozzle liners are based on a three-dimensionally reinforced oriented carbon-carbon matrix ().
There is a possibility that in order to reduce the time of the active part of the trajectory (AUT), the expansion of the nozzle nozzles of the 2nd and 3rd stages occurs in a “hot” mode by the products of the operation of the stage engines. A similar technology was developed in the 1980s by the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau (Dnepropetrovsk) for the Krechet aviation missile system and other systems.
Warhead breeding platform:
MIT version - with solid propellant rocket engine. There was information in the media about the use of a “unique engine with variable thrust.” Development of a fuel charge - NPO "Soyuz" (Dzerzhinsk).
Option of Yuzhnoye Design Bureau rocket 15Zh65 - monopropellant engine or solid propellant rocket engine or several low-thrust liquid rocket engines.
Such a remote control provides two modes of operation of the main engine of the stage with deep throttling (30 times) of the high-thrust engine chamber, which reduces the gas-dynamic effect on the detachable warheads. The formation of orders of warheads is carried out by a low-thrust engine according to a “pulling” scheme.
Fuel type - PRONIT
High thrust engine thrust - 300 kg (empty)
Thrust of the thruster - 3/6 kg (empty)
Performance characteristics of the missile:
Length - 22.55 m ( ist. - Strategic missiles) / 22.7 m (according to other data)
Length of the 1st stage - 8.04 m
Length of the 2nd stage - 6 m
Length of the 3rd stage - 3.1 m
Length without warhead - 17.5 m
Diameter of the 1st stage - 1.81 m ( ist. - Strategic missiles) / 1.86 m ()
Diameter of the 2nd stage - 1.61 m ()
Diameter of the 3rd stage - 1.58 m ()
TPK diameter without protruding parts:
- 15P065 - 1.95 m
- 15P165 - 2.05 m
Launch weight - 46.5 t ( ist. - Strategic missiles) / 47.1 t / 47.2 t ()
Weight of the 1st stage - 26 t / 28.6 t (according to other data)
Weight of the 1st stage structure - 3 t
Weight of the 2nd stage - 13 t
Weight of the 1st stage structure - 1.5 t
Weight of the 3rd stage - 6 t
Weight of the 1st stage structure - 1 t
Head mass - 1200 kg ()
Range:
- maximum:
- more than 11000 km
- 11500 km ()
KVO - 350 m / 200 m ()
Warranty period - 15-20 years (according to various sources)
Warhead types- monoblock thermonuclear warhead with a power of up to 1 Mt - developer - VNIIEF (Sarov), chief designer - G. Dmitriev.
The warhead is high-speed with a high level of resistance to the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion ().
The missile is equipped with a complex of means for overcoming missile defense (KSP ABM). According to unconfirmed data, the missile defense system includes active and passive decoys and means of distorting the characteristics of the warhead ().
Installation of the warhead on the 15Zh65 "Topol-M" missile, Plesetsk training ground, 2000 or earlier (Strategic ground-based missile systems. M., "Military Parade", 2007).
Modifications:
- R&D complex "Universal" - a rocket project developed by the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau (Dnepropetrovsk).
The Topol-M complex is a rocket project developed by MIT.
The "Universal" complex, missiles 15Zh55 (PGRK) and 15Zh65 (ShPU 15P065) - a preliminary design of joint development by the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau and MIT.
Complex RS-12M1 "Topol-M" 15P165 (silo launcher), missile RT-2PM1 / 15Zh65 - SS-27 SICKLE-B - a variant of the ICBM complex with silo launcher developed by MIT.
- option 15P765-35 - with silos using 15A35 ICBM silos
- option 15P765-18 - with silos using 15A18M ICBM silos
- option 15P765-60 - with silos using 15Zh60 ICBM shafts
Complex RS-12M2 "Topol-M" 15P155 (PGRK), missile RT-2PM2 / 15Zh55 - SS-27 SICKLE-B - a variant of the ICBM complex with PGRK developed by MIT.
The complex is a variant of the silo-based and mobile ground-based ICBM complex with MIRVs.
Status: Russia
1997 December 24 - in the 60th Taman Missile Division (Tatishchevo) in the 104th Missile Regiment, the first Topol-M missile was installed in a silo that had been modified after the release of the UR-100N missile, which had served its useful life, to continue testing. The missile is installed without a nuclear warhead. The first missile regiment armed with 15Zh65 missiles began testing combat duty only a year later (10 silos).
1998 December 30 - The 104th Missile Regiment of the 60th Missile Division, consisting of 10 silos of 15Zh65 missiles, began experimental combat duty as part of the Russian Strategic Missile Forces.
1999 December 10 - the second missile regiment of the 60th missile division took up combat duty with Topol-M missiles.
December 26, 2000 - the third missile regiment of the 60th missile division took up combat duty with Topol-M missiles - the regiment was re-equipped with the 15P060 complex.
December 21, 2003 - the fourth missile regiment of the 60th missile division began combat duty with Topol-M missiles.
December 9, 2005 - the fifth missile regiment of the 60th missile division began combat duty with Topol-M missiles.
Number of RS-12M2 "Topol-M" ICBMs in the RSVN:
Sources:
Wikipedia is a free encyclopedia. Website http://ru.wikipedia.org, 2013
Milekhin Yu.M. Contribution of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise FCDT "Soyuz" to the creation of solid-fuel missile systems. // National defense. No. 6 / 2011
JSC NPO Iskra. Website http://www.npoiskra.ru/, 2010.
Pashnev M.A. "Topol-M": history of creation and prospects. http://rbase.new-factoria.ru, 05/11/2010
Rocket and space technology developed by NPO Iskra. Presentation. 2008
Rockets and spacecraft of the Yuzhnoye design bureau. Dnepropetrovsk, State Clinical Hospital "Yuzhnoye", 2000
Ground-based strategic missile systems. M., "Military Parade", 2007
On August 6th, 1945, the first nuclear weapon was used against the Japanese city of Hiroshima. Three days later, the city of Nagasaki was subjected to a second strike, and currently the last in human history. They tried to justify these bombings on the grounds that they ended the war with Japan and prevented further losses of millions of lives. In total, the two bombs killed approximately 240,000 people and ushered in a new atomic age. From 1945 until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the world endured the Cold War and the constant anticipation of a possible nuclear strike between the United States and the Soviet Union. During this time, the parties built thousands of nuclear weapons, from small bombs and cruise missiles, to large intercontinental ballistic warheads (ICBMs) and Seaborne Ballistic Missiles (SLBMs). Britain, France and China have added their own nuclear arsenals to this stockpile. Today, the fear of nuclear annihilation is much less than in the 1970s, but several countries still possess large arsenals of these destructive weapons.
Despite agreements aimed at limiting the number of missiles, nuclear powers continue to develop and improve their stockpiles and delivery methods. Advances in the development of missile defense systems have led some countries to increase the development of new and more effective missiles. There is a threat of a new arms race between the world's superpowers. This list contains the ten most destructive nuclear missile systems currently in service in the world. Accuracy, range, number of warheads, warhead yield and mobility are the factors that make these systems so destructive and dangerous. This list is presented in no particular order because these nuclear missiles do not always share the same mission or purpose. One missile may be designed to destroy a city, while another type may be designed to destroy enemy missile silos. Additionally, this list does not include missiles currently being tested or not officially deployed. Thus, India's Agni-V and China's JL-2 missile systems, which are being tested step by step and ready for use this year, are not included. Israel's Jericho III is also not included, since little is known about this missile at all. It is important to keep in mind when reading this list that the size of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombs were equivalent to 16 kilotons (x1000) and 21 kilotons TNT respectively.
M51, France
After the United States and Russia, France deploys the third largest nuclear arsenal in the world. In addition to nuclear bombs and cruise missiles, France relies on its SLBMs as its primary nuclear deterrent. The M51 missile is the most advanced component. It entered service in 2010 and is currently installed on the Triomphant class of submarines. The missile has a range of approximately 10,000 km and is capable of carrying 6 to 10 warheads per 100 kt. The circular excursion probable (CEP) of the missile is noted to be between 150 and 200 meters. This means that the warhead has a 50% chance of striking within 150-200 meters of the target. The M51 is equipped with a variety of systems that make attempts to intercept warheads much more difficult. 
DF-31/31A, China
The Dong Feng 31 is a road-mobile and bunker-series intercontinental ICBM system deployed by China since 2006. The original model of this missile carried a large 1 megaton warhead and had a range of 8,000 km. The probable deflection of the missile is 300 m. The improved 31 A has three 150 kt warheads and is capable of covering a distance of 11,000 km, with a probable deflection of 150 m. An additional fact is that these missiles can be moved and launched from a mobile launch vehicle, which makes them even more dangerous. 
Topol-M, Russia
Known as the SS-27 by NATO, the Topol-M was introduced into Russian service in 1997. The ICBM is based in bunkers, but several Topols are also mobile. The missile is currently armed with a single 800 kt warhead, but can be equipped with a maximum of six warheads and decoys. With a maximum speed of 7.3 km per second, a relatively flat flight path and a probable deflection of approximately 200 m, the Topol-M is a very effective nuclear missile that is difficult to stop in flight. The difficulty of tracking mobile units makes it a more effective weapon system worthy of this list. 
RS-24 Yars, Russia
The Bush Administration's plans to develop a missile defense network in Eastern Europe have angered leaders in the Kremlin. Despite the claim that the shock shield was not intended against Russia, Russian leaders viewed it as a threat to their own security and decided to develop a new ballistic missile. The result was the development of the RS-24 Yars. This missile is closely related to the Topol-M, but delivers four warheads of 150-300 kilotons and has a deflection of 50 m. Sharing many of the features of the Topol, the Yars can also change direction in flight and carries decoys, making interception by missile defense systems extremely difficult . 
LGM-30G Minuteman III, USA
It is the only land-based ICBM deployed by the United States. First deployed in 1970, the LGM-30G Minuteman III was to be replaced by the MX Peacekeeper. That program was canceled and the Pentagon instead spent $7 billion updating and modernizing the existing 450 LGM-30G Active Systems over the past decade. With a speed of almost 8 km/s and a deflection of less than 200 m (the exact number is highly classified), the old Minuteman remains a formidable nuclear weapon. This missile initially delivered three small warheads. Today, a single warhead of 300-475 kt is used. 
RSM 56 Bulava, Russia
The RSM 56 Bulava naval ballistic missile is in Russian service. In terms of naval missiles, the Soviet Union and Russia were somewhat behind the United States in operational efficiency and capability. To correct this shortcoming, the Bulava was created, a more recent addition to the Russian submarine arsenal. The missile was developed for the new Borei-class submarine. After numerous failures during the testing phase, Russia accepted the missile into service in 2013. The Bulava is currently equipped with six 150 kt warheads, although reports say it can carry as many as 10. Like most modern ballistic missiles, the RSM 56 carries multiple decoys to increase survivability in the face of missile defense. The range is approximately 8,000 km when fully loaded, with an estimated deviation of 300-350 meters. 
R-29RMU2 Liner, Russia
The newest development in Russian weaponry, the Liner has been in service since 2014. The missile is effectively an updated version of the previous Russian SLBM (Sineva R-29RMU2), designed to make up for the problems and some shortcomings of the Bulava. The liner has a range of 11,000 km and can carry a maximum of twelve warheads of 100 kt each. Warhead payload can be reduced and replaced with decoys to improve survivability. The warhead's deflection is kept secret, but is likely similar to the 350 meters of the Mace. 
UGM-133 Trident II, USA
The current SLBM of the US and British submarine forces is the Trident II. The missile has been in service since 1990 and has been updated and modernized since then. Fully equipped, Trident can carry 14 warheads on board. This number was later reduced, and the missile currently delivers 4-5 475 kt warheads. The maximum range depends on the warhead load and varies between 7,800 and 11,000 km. The US Navy required a deviation probability of no more than 120 meters in order for the missile to be accepted for service. Numerous reports and military journals often state that the Trident's deflection actually exceeded this requirement by a fairly significant factor. 
DF-5/5A, China
Compared to other missiles on this list, the Chinese DF-5/5A can be considered a gray workhorse. The rocket does not stand out either in appearance or in complexity, but at the same time it is capable of completing any given task. The DF-5 entered service in 1981 as a message to any potential enemies that China was not planning preemptive strikes but would punish anyone who attacked it. This ICBM can carry a huge 5 mt warhead and has a range of over 12,000 km. The DF-5 has a deflection of approximately 1 km, which means that the missile has one purpose - to destroy cities. The warhead's size, deflection and the fact that it only takes an hour to fully prepare for launch all mean that the DF-5 is a punitive weapon, designed to punish any would-be attackers. The 5A version has increased range, improved 300m deflection and the ability to carry multiple warheads. 
R-36M2 "Voevoda"
R-36M2 “Voevoda” is a missile that in the West is called nothing less than Satan, and there are good reasons for this. First deployed in 1974, the Dnepropetrovsk-developed R-36 has undergone many changes since then, including the relocation of the warhead. The latest modification of this missile, the R-36M2 can carry ten 750 kt warheads and has a range of approximately 11,000 km. With a maximum speed of almost 8 km/s and a probable deflection of 220 m, Satan is a weapon that has caused great concern to US military planners. There would have been much more concern if Soviet planners had been given the green light to deploy one version of this missile, which would have had 38 250 kt warheads. Russia plans to retire all of these missiles by 2019. 
In continuation, visit a selection of the most powerful weapons in history, which contains not only missiles.
Also in the section:
RT-2PM "Topol" (GRAU index - 15Zh58, START code - RS-12M, NATO classification - SS-25 "Sickle") - a strategic mobile complex with a three-stage solid-fuel intercontinental ballistic missile RT-2PM. The first complex with an intercontinental missile on a vehicle chassis put into service.
The development of the Topol 15Zh58 (RS-12M) strategic mobile complex with a three-stage intercontinental ballistic missile suitable for placement on a self-propelled vehicle chassis (based on the RT-2P solid-fuel ICBM) was started at the Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering under the leadership of Alexander Nadiradze in 1975. The government decree on the development of the complex was issued on July 19, 1977. After the death of A. Nadiradze, work was continued under the leadership of Boris Lagutin. The mobile Topol was supposed to be a response to increasing the accuracy of American ICBMs. It was necessary to create a complex with increased survivability, achieved not by building reliable shelters, but by creating vague ideas among the enemy about the location of the cancer You
By the end of autumn 1983, a pilot series of new missiles, designated RT-2PM, was built. On December 23, 1983, flight development tests began at the Plesetsk training ground. During the entire period of their implementation, only one launch was unsuccessful. In general, the rocket showed high reliability. Combat units of the entire DBK were also tested there. In December 1984, the main series of tests was completed. However, there was a delay in the development of some elements of the complex that are not directly related to the rocket. The entire test program was successfully completed in December 1988.
The decision to begin mass production of the complexes was made in December 1984. Serial production began in 1985.
In 1984, the construction of stationary structures and the equipment of combat patrol routes for Topol mobile missile systems began. The construction objects were located in the position areas of the RT-2P and UR-100 intercontinental ballistic missiles being removed from duty and located in the OS silos. Later, the arrangement of position areas of the Pioneer medium-range complexes, which were removed from service under the INF Treaty, began.
In order to gain experience in operating the new complex in military units, in 1985 it was decided to deploy the first missile regiment in Yoshkar-Ola, without waiting for the full completion of the joint testing program. On July 23, 1985, the first regiment of mobile Topols took up combat duty near Yoshkar-Ola at the site of the deployment of RT-2P missiles. Later, the Topols entered service with the division stationed near Teykovo, which was previously armed with the UR-100 (8K84) ICBM.
On April 28, 1987, a missile regiment armed with Topol complexes with a Barrier mobile command post took up combat duty near Nizhny Tagil. PKP "Barrier" has a multiple protected redundant radio command system. The mobile launcher of the Barrier PKP carries a combat control missile. After the missile is launched, its transmitter gives the command to launch the ICBM
On December 1, 1988, the new missile system was officially adopted by the USSR Strategic Missile Forces. In the same year, the full-scale deployment of missile regiments with the Topol complex began and the simultaneous removal of obsolete ICBMs from combat duty. On May 27, 1988, the first regiment of the Topol ICBM with an improved Granit PKP and an automated control system began combat duty near Irkutsk.
By mid-1991, 288 missiles of this type were deployed. In 1999, the Strategic Missile Forces were armed with 360 launchers of the Topol missile systems. They were on duty in ten position areas. Four to five regiments are based in each district. Each regiment is armed with nine autonomous launchers and a mobile command post.
The Topol missile divisions were deployed near the cities of Barnaul, Verkhnyaya Salda (Nizhny Tagil), Vypolzovo (Bologoe), Yoshkar-Ola, Teykovo, Yurya, Novosibirsk, Kansk, Irkutsk, as well as near the village of Drovyanaya in the Chita region. Nine regiments (81 launchers) were deployed in missile divisions on the territory of Belarus - near the cities of Lida, Mozyr and Postavy. After the collapse of the USSR, some of the Topols remained outside Russia, on the territory of Belarus. On August 13, 1993, the withdrawal of the Topol Strategic Missile Forces group from Belarus began and was completed on November 27, 1996.
Compound
The RT-2PM missile is designed according to a design with three sustainer and combat stages. To ensure high energy-mass perfection and increase the firing range, a new high-density fuel with a specific impulse increased by several units was used in all sustainer stages compared to the fillers of previously created engines, and the housings of the upper stages were for the first time made of continuous winding from organoplastic according to the “cocoon” pattern ". The most difficult technical task turned out to be the placement on the front bottom of the body of the upper stage of the thrust cut-off unit with eight reversible bells and “windows”, cut through by detonating elongated charge (DUS) in an organoplastic power structure.
The first stage of the rocket consists of a sustainer solid propellant rocket engine and a tail section, on the outer surface of which aerodynamic rudders and stabilizers are located. The main engine has one fixed nozzle. The second stage structurally consists of a connecting compartment and a main solid propellant rocket engine. The third stage has almost the same design, but it additionally includes a transition compartment to which the head part is attached.
An autonomous, inertial control system was developed at NPO Automation and Instrumentation under the leadership of Vladimir Lapygin. The aiming system was developed under the leadership of the chief designer of the Kyiv Arsenal plant, Seraphim Parnyakov. The inertial control system has its own digital computer, which made it possible to achieve high shooting accuracy. According to domestic sources, the circular probable deviation (CPD) when firing at the maximum range is 400m, according to Western sources - 150-200m. The control system provides missile flight control, routine maintenance on the missile and launcher, pre-launch preparation and launch of the missile without turning the launcher. All pre-launch preparation and launch operations are fully automated.
"Topol" is equipped with a set of means to overcome missile defense. The rocket's flight is controlled by rotary gas-jet and lattice aerodynamic rudders. New nozzle devices for solid fuel engines have been created. To ensure secrecy, camouflage, decoy systems, and camouflage means have been developed. Like previous mobile complexes of the Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering, Topol can be launched both from a combat patrol route and while parked in garage shelters with a retractable roof. To do this, the launcher is hung on jacks. Combat readiness from the moment the order was received until the missile was launched was brought to two minutes. Mobile and stationary command posts were developed for the new complexes. The mobile command post for combat control of the Topol ICBM is located on the basis of a four-axle MAZ-543M vehicle. To control the fire, mobile command posts "Barrier" and "Granit" were also used, equipped with a missile, with a transmitter instead of a combat load, which, after launching the missile, duplicated the start command for the launchers located in positional areas.
During operation, the missile is located in a transport and launch container installed on a mobile launcher. It is mounted on the basis of a seven-axle chassis of a MAZ heavy-duty vehicle. The rocket is launched from a vertical position using a powder pressure accumulator placed in a transport and launch container.
The launcher was developed at the Volgograd Central Design Bureau "Titan" under the leadership of Valerian Sobolev and Viktor Shurygin. The launcher is mounted on the chassis of a seven-axle tractor MAZ-7912 (later MAZ-7917 with a 14x12 wheel arrangement. This vehicle from the 80s is equipped with a 710 hp diesel engine) from the Minsk Automobile Plant with an engine from the Yaroslavl Motor Plant. Chief designer of the rocket carrier Vladimir Tsvyalev. Solid propellant engine charges were developed at the Lyubertsy NPO Soyuz under the leadership of Boris Zhukov (later the association was headed by Zinovy Pak). Composite materials and the container were developed and manufactured at the Central Research Institute of Special Engineering under the leadership of Viktor Protasov. The steering hydraulic drives of the rocket and the hydraulic drives of the self-propelled launcher were developed at the Moscow Central Research Institute of Automation and Hydraulics. The nuclear warhead was created at the All-Union Research Institute of Experimental Physics under the leadership of chief designer Samvel Kocharyants.
Initially, the warranty period for the rocket's operation was set at 10 years. Later the warranty period was extended to 15 years. The mobile command post for combat control of the Topol ICBM was located on the chassis of a four-axle MAZ-543M vehicle. To control the fire, mobile command posts "Barrier" and "Granit" were also used, equipped with a missile, with a transmitter instead of a combat load, which, after launching the missile, duplicated the start command for the launchers located in positional areas.
