Sometimes when the flame burned weaker and a circle. Polynomial structures of complex sentences

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Sprouts of the “anti-system”

1. The emergence of passive and then active opposition to power became inevitable. 2.Only in the 60s. A dissident movement arose, which included human rights, national liberation, religious organizations and movements.

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Prisoners

In 1965, writers A. Sinyavsky and Y. Daniel were arrested and sentenced to 7 years in camps and 5 years in exile for publishing their works abroad. In 1969, the first group for the protection of human rights in the USSR was created (N. Gorbanevskaya, S. Kovalev, L. Plusch, P. Yakir, etc.) The leader of this group was Academician A.D. Sakharov. In 1979-1980, almost all the leaders and active participants were arrested and exiled. In 1969, the “Union of Struggle for Democratic Rights”, which advocated the democratization of society, was discovered and destroyed.

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Julius Markovich Daniel Born into the family of the writer M. Daniel (Mark Naumovich Meerovich). A participant in the Great Patriotic War, he was wounded. He graduated from the philological faculty of the Moscow Regional Pedagogical Institute and worked as a teacher in the Kaluga region. Since 1957, he was published in the USSR as a translator of poetry. Since 1958, he published novels and short stories abroad (under the pseudonym Nikolai Arzhak), which were critical of Soviet power. In 1965 he was arrested and in 1966 sentenced for these publications to 5 years in the camps (together with his friend, Andrei Sinyavsky: “the Sinyavsky-Daniel trial”). After his release in 1970, he lived in Kaluga and published as a translator under the pseudonym Yuri Petrov. Then he returned to Moscow and lived with the family of his second wife and stepson. Buried at the Vagankovskoe cemetery

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Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov (May 21, 1921 - December 14, 1989) - Soviet physicist and public figure, Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences (1953), Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1953), dissident.

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Born on May 21, 1921 in Moscow. Sakharov's father, Dmitry Ivanovich Sakharov, is a teacher of physics at the Pedagogical Institute. Lenina, mother Ekaterina Alekseevna is a housewife. After graduating from high school in 1938, Sakharov entered the physics department of Moscow University. In 1941 he left for Ashgabat. He graduated from the physics department of Moscow State University with honors in 1942. In 1942, it was placed at the disposal of the People's Commissar of Armaments, from where it was sent to the cartridge factory in Ulyanovsk. In 1942, he made an invention to control armor-piercing cores and made a number of other proposals. In 1943-44, he did several scientific works on his own and sent them to the Physics Institute. Lebedev to Igor Evgenievich Tamm. At the beginning of 1945, he was called there to take postgraduate exams, and after passing he was enrolled in the institute’s graduate school. In 1947 he defended his Ph.D. thesis. In 1948 he was enrolled in a special group and until 1968 he worked in the development of thermonuclear weapons. At the same time, together with I.E. Tamm in 1950-51. did pioneering work on controlled thermonuclear reactions. Contributed to the conclusion of the Moscow Test Ban Treaty in three areas. Since the late 1950s, Sakharov has actively advocated stopping nuclear weapons testing. Since the late 1960s, he was one of the leaders of the human rights movement in the USSR. In 1968, he wrote a brochure “On Peaceful Coexistence, Progress and Intellectual Freedom,” which was published in many countries. In 1970 he became one of the three founding members of the Human Rights Committee. In 1971, he addressed the Soviet government with a “Memoir”. In 1974 he held a press conference at which he announced the Day of Political Prisoners in the USSR. In 1975 he wrote the book “About the Country and the World.” In the same year, Sakharov was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. In December 1979 and January 1980, he made a number of statements against the introduction of Soviet troops into Afghanistan. He was deprived of all government awards (three times Hero of Socialist Labor, laureate of the State and Lenin Prizes) and deported to the city of Gorky without trial. The articles “What the USA and the USSR must do to maintain peace” and, in 1983, “On the danger of thermonuclear war” were written there. In Gorky, Sakharov held three of the longest hunger strikes. In 1981, he stood a seventeen-day sentence (together with Elena Bonner) for the right to visit her husband abroad for L. Alekseeva, the daughter-in-law of the Sakharovs, whom the KGB held in Moscow as a hostage. In May 1984 - 26 days - in protest against the criminal prosecution of E. Bonner, accompanied by a violation of legal norms. In April-October 1985 - 178 days - for the right of E. Bonner to travel abroad for heart surgery. Sakharov was forcibly hospitalized and force-fed. A. Sakharov was released from Gorky exile only in December 1986 - after almost seven years of imprisonment. At the end of 1986, Sakharov and his wife returned to Moscow. After returning, he continued to work at the Physics Institute. Lebedeva. In November-December 1988, Sakharov's first trip abroad took place (meetings with R. Reagan, G. Bush, M. Thatcher, F. Mitterrand). Since 1989, Academician Sakharov has been a people's deputy of the USSR. December 14 at 15:00 - the last speech of Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov in the Kremlin at a meeting of the Interregional Deputy Group (II Congress of People's Deputies). Sakharov died on the evening of December 14, 1989.

^

§ 47. Social life in the mid-60s - mid-80s.

The concept of “developed socialism”. The change of course in October 1964 should inevitably entail a new ideological justification. Initially, the curtailment of Khrushchev's democratic initiatives was explained by the need to combat his subjectivism and voluntarism.

However, very soon a more detailed justification for the conservative domestic political course was required. This became the concept of “developed socialism” and the theory of the permanent intensification of the ideological struggle between the socialist and capitalist systems as they move towards communism.

In Brezhnev’s speech at the celebration of the 50th anniversary of the October Revolution (1967), the conclusion about building a “developed socialist society” in the USSR was first voiced, which over time took shape in a new holistic ideological concept of “developed socialism.” It was based on the very real fact of the creation of the foundations of an industrial society in the USSR. The authors of the concept expressed ideas of complete, albeit relative homogeneity of Soviet society, a final solution to the national question, and the absence of any real contradictions within society. Accordingly, its development was assumed to be conflict-free. This, in turn, led to the formation of a complacent and complacent perception of the surrounding reality among the leadership of the CPSU. Without undermining faith in communism, this concept transferred the task of its construction from a concrete historical plane (as required by the CPSU program) to a theoretical one, postponing its implementation for a long time. Moreover, the more difficult the situation in the economy and social sphere became, the louder the reports about labor successes and achievements sounded. It is not surprising that later the concept of “developed socialism” was called the “ideology of stagnation.”

The thesis about the intensification of the ideological struggle stemmed, essentially, from Stalin’s position about the intensification of the class struggle as we move towards socialism, which was justified in the 30s. the need for mass repression. Now the updated thesis was supposed to explain to the public the persecution of dissidents as a fight against “agents of influence” of the West, and to justify restrictions in spiritual life. These ideological innovations were reflected in the 1977 Constitution.

However, the real life of people resembled “developed socialism” less and less. The introduction of food rationing in the regions and the decline in living standards required “clarifications” in ideology. In 1982, Yu. V. Andropov put forward the idea of ​​“improving developed socialism” and announced that this would be a very long historical period.

^ Contradictions in the development of artistic culture. Initially, the Brezhnev leadership announced the continuation of the “golden mean” line in the field of artistic culture, developed under Khrushchev. This meant a rejection of two extremes - denigration, on the one hand, and varnishing reality, on the other. This position was also expressed in the Report XXIII Congress of the CPSU (1966). However, in speeches at the same congress of leaders of regional party organizations, there was a demand to “resolutely rebuff the attacks of falsifiers of history” (by them were meant critics of Stalinism). Accusing the party leadership of “insufficient party demands for the selection and publication of works of literature, art and cinema,” they called not to publish those works that “distort our reality, preach pessimism, skepticism and decadence, and tendentiously distort certain stages of the life of Soviet society.” As an example, A. Solzhenitsyn’s story “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich” was named.

At the direction of the propaganda department of the CPSU Central Committee, production themes began to flourish. In works devoted to these problems, everything ended well after the intervention of party leaders, and shortcomings were attributed to the machinations of enemies or the costs of education.

Since the mid-70s. The practice of government contracts for the production of films, writing scripts, novels and plays began to be actively introduced. In the party authorities, not only their number and topics were determined in advance (priority belonged to historical-revolutionary, military-patriotic and production problems), but also the performers of certain roles. This approach very soon led to stagnation in artistic culture.

In the second half of the 60s. Ideological control over the media and cultural institutions has significantly increased. The role of the censorship press has also increased significantly. Increasingly, the publication of artistic and journalistic works, the release of finished films, the performance of certain musical works, and the organization of art exhibitions were prohibited. Theatrical productions (even of the classical repertoire) were produced only with the approval of special commissions.

At the meetings of ideological workers, “Zhdanov’s” assessments of individual works and their authors were again heard, accused of “petty topics”, “naturalistic everyday life writing of petty passions”, “sensationalism”, “pseudo-innovation”, “imitation of bourgeois art”, etc.

The Iron Curtain came down again, depriving Soviet people of the opportunity to read books and watch films by some foreign authors. This was sometimes explained not even by the content of the works themselves, but by the political assessment of their authors, who spoke negatively about certain actions of the Soviet leadership.

Cultural figures who did not accept the “rules of the game” and expressed their own assessments, judgments, and doubts most often ended up outside the USSR or were deprived of the opportunity to work with full dedication. In the 70s - early 80s. Writers V. Aksenov, A. Solzhenitsyn, V. Maksimov, V. Nekrasov, V. Voinovich, poet I. Brodsky, film director A. Tarkovsky, theater director Yu. Lyubimov, cellist M. Rostropovich, opera singer G. Vishnevskaya found themselves in foreign lands , poet and performer A. Galich and others.

Representatives of “village” prose (F. Abramov, V. Astafiev, V. Belov, V. Rasputin, B. Mozhaev, V. Shukshin) objectively opposed the ideology of stagnation, showing in figurative form the consequences of complete collectivization for the fate of the Russian village. B. Vasiliev and Yu. Trifonov wrote about the problems of morality in Stalin and subsequent years.

Popular directors of those years G. Tovstonogov, A. Efros, M. Zakharov, O. Efremov, G. Volchek, T. Abuladze, A. German, A. Askoldov and others offered their views on the meaning of life and the role of the intellectual in it.

A specific feature of the culture of the 60s - 70s. There was the so-called tape revolution. Uncontrolled recordings of songs and satirical speeches became widespread. The recognized leaders here were V. Vysotsky, A. Galich, Y. Kim, Y. Vizbor, B. Okudzhava, M. Zhvanetsky and others. Concerts were always sold out

A. Raikin, who, with the help of satire, castigated the vices of society. All this testified to the presence and confrontation of two directions in Russian culture - the official-protective one, which carried out the social order of the authorities, and the democratic one, which prepared the preconditions for the spiritual renewal of society.

^ The sprouts of the “anti-system”. The emergence of passive and then active opposition to the authorities became inevitable. Already by the mid-60s. A dissident movement arose, which included human rights, national liberation, religious organizations and movements.

In 1965, writers A. Sinyavsky and K. were arrested and sentenced to 7 years in camps and 5 years in exile. Daniel for publishing his works abroad. In 1967, the poet Yu. Galanskov and publicist A. Ginzburg were arrested. In 1969, the first open public association in the USSR was created - the Initiative Group for the Defense of Human Rights in the USSR (N. Gorbanevekaya, S. Kovalev, L. Plyushch, P. Yakir, etc.). Academician A.D. Sakharov became the recognized spiritual leader of the human rights movement. In 1976, a group to promote the implementation of the Helsinki Agreements in the USSR was created in Moscow, headed by Yu. Orlov. (In 1977, he, like other leaders of similar groups in the USSR, was arrested.) At the end of 1979 - beginning of 1980, almost all the leaders and active participants not only of the human rights movement, but also of national and religious organizations were arrested and exiled.

For the first time in many years, dissent affected the army. In 1969, the underground Union for the Struggle for Democratic Rights, which advocated the democratization of society, was discovered and destroyed by officers of the Baltic Fleet.

In 1975, the political officer of the large anti-submarine ship "Storozhevoy" (also from the Baltic Fleet), captain 3rd rank B. Sablin, arrested the commander and took the ship to neutral waters to appeal to the country's leadership with a revolutionary appeal. It said: “Citizens, the Fatherland is in danger! It is undermined by embezzlement and demagoguery, window dressing and lies...” Warplanes scrambled into the air and stopped the Storozhevoy. Sablin was court-martialed and shot.

All this testified to the deepening contradictions between the government and society.

^ QUESTIONS AND ASSIGNMENTS:

1. What examples can you use to prove the increase in ideological pressure in literature and art in the mid-60s - early 80s? 2. What new forms of government influence on the creative intelligentsia appeared in these years? 3. How can one explain the increase in resistance to power structures on the part of various segments of the population in the mid-60s - early 80s?

1. The curtailment of democratic initiatives after the resignation of Y. S. Khrushchev was explained by the need to fight against:

1) new manifestations of the cult of personality

2) manifestations of the cult of personality and subjectivism

3) subjectivism and voluntarism

4) voluntarism and personnel leapfrog

5) personnel leapfrog and ill-conceived reforms

2. The conclusion about building a “developed socialist society” in the USSR was made in... the year:

1) 1967 2) 1968 3) 1969 4) 1970 5) 1971

3. The curtailment of N.S. Khrushchev’s democratic initiatives was first justified by the need to combat his subjectivism and voluntarism, and then:

1) the concept of “developed socialism”

2) the theory of permanent aggravation of the ideological struggle between the socialist and capitalist systems as they move towards communism

3) the scale and complexity of the tasks of building communism

4) all of the above are true

5) 1 and 2 are true

4. The concept of “developed socialism” was based on:

1) the real fact of creating the foundations of an industrial society

2) the idea of ​​complete, albeit relative homogeneity of Soviet society

3) thesis about the final solution to the national question

4) the provision about the absence of any real contradictions within society

5) all these factors

5. The ideology of stagnation is usually called:

1) the theory of permanent aggravation of the ideological struggle between socialism and capitalism

2) the concept of “developed socialism”

3) fight against dissidence

5) The program for building communism in the USSR

6. If the thesis about the intensification of the class struggle in the 30s served as a justification for repression, then the thesis in the 60s about the intensification of the ideological struggle served as a justification for:

1) arms race

2) strengthening the fight against dissidents as “agents of influence” of the West

3) restrictions and prohibitions in spiritual life

4) all of the above are true

5) only 2 and 3 are true

7. The decline in the population's living standards and the rationing system for distributing products required “clarifications” in ideology. The idea of ​​“improving developed socialism” was put forward by:

1) Yu. V. Andropov in 1982

2) K. U. Chernenko in 1984

3) M. S. Gorbachev in 1985

4) A. N. Yakovlev in 1986

5) L.I. Brezhnev in D980

8. Yu. V. Andropov was elected to the post of General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee in... the year:

1) 1967 2) 1972 3) 1980 4) 1982 5) 1984

9. The line of the “golden mean” in the field of artistic culture in practice meant a rejection of:

1) slander

2) varnishing reality

3) denigration on the one hand and varnishing reality on the other hand

4) glossing over reality and tendentious coverage of certain stages of the life of Soviet society

5) printing works that distorted Soviet reality

10. The delegates of the XXIII Congress of the CPSU called not to publish works that “distort our reality,” and cited as an example: \1) “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich” by A. Solzhenitsyn

2) “Terkin in the Other World” by A. Tvardovsky

3) “Enemies burned their home” by M. Isakovsky

4) “The Thaw” by I. Ehrenburg

11. At the direction of the propaganda department of the CPSU Central Committee in the 70s. The following topics began to flourish in literature:

1) military-historical 4) medical

2) youth 5) agricultural

3) production

12. Since the mid-70s. government orders began to be practiced by topic and quantity:

1) films 4) all of the above are true

2) scenarios 5) 1 and 2 are true

3) novels and plays

13. Among those who found themselves outside the USSR in the 70-80s. prominent cultural figures:

1) cellist M. Rostropovich and his wife, opera singer G. Vishnevskaya

2) film director A. Tarkovsky and theater director Yu. Lyubimov

3) poet and performer A. Galich

4) all specified

5) 1 and 2 are true

14. The ideology of neo-Stalinism and stagnation was objectively opposed by representatives of “village prose”:

1) F. Abramov and V. Astafiev

2) V. Belov and B. Mozhaev

3) V. Rasputin and V. Shukshin

4) 1 and 2 are true

5) 1, 2 and 3 are true

15. In the 60-70s. “Tape resolution” was the name given to uncontrollable recordings of songs and satirical speeches:

1) V. Vysotsky

2) V. Vysotsky, B. Okudzhava and A. Galich

3) A. Galich, Y. Kim and M. Zhvayetsky

4) all specified

5) 1 and 3 are true

16. Already by the mid-60s. dissidence arose that united movements:

1) human rights 3) religious

2) national- 4) 1 and 2 are correct

liberation 5) 1, 2 and 3 are true

17. The first open organization “Initiative Group for the Defense of Human Rights in the USSR” (S. Kovalev, N. Gorbanevskaya, etc.) was created in... the year: 1) 1967 2) 1968 3) 1969 4) 1970 5) 1972