Artillery ammunition. Ammunition Ammunition markings
For fragmentation and smoke shells, the bodies of which are made of steel cast iron, above the lower centering thickening. or a continuous black annular stripe is applied to the leading belt. Thus, a steel cast iron smoke projectile will have two black stripes - one on the head and the other above the lower centering bulge. All other shells are easily recognized by their appearance and do not have a distinctive color,
On cartridge cases of unitary loading shots assembled with a reduced charge, a solid black ring stripe is applied above the marking. The same stripe applied to the cartridge case for a shot of separate cartridge loading indicates that the cartridge case contains a special charge intended for firing an armor-piercing tracer projectile.
A distinctive color is applied to fuses and tubes if there are several samples that are similar in appearance, but different in their effect on the target or purpose.
The distinctive coloring on capsule bushings is applied only after they have been restored. After the first restoration, one white stripe 5 wide is applied along the chord of the bottom cut of the capsule bushings. mm, and after the secondary - two white parallel stripes 5 wide mm each.
All artillery weapons, including ammunition, are divided into ten sections (types).
Department numbers have a two-digit number and begin with the number 5. If there is a different number at the beginning of the department number, this means that this item is not under the jurisdiction of the GRAU.
Shots, shells, mines, fuses, tubes and their capping are assigned to the 53rd department.
Charges, cartridges, ignition means, auxiliary elements of shots and their capping - to the 54th department.
Small arms ammunition and hand grenades - to the 57th department. Each item is assigned a short symbol - index.
In ammunition, indices are assigned to artillery rounds, their elements and closures.
Indexes can be full or abbreviated.
Full index consists of two numbers in front, one - three letters in the middle, and three numbers to the right of the letters.
For example, 53-UOF-412. The first two digits indicate the weapons department to which the sample belongs, the letters indicate the type of sample (in most cases, they are the initial letters of the name of the image), the last three digits indicate the sample number.
If a shot or its element (projectile, charge) is adopted for firing from a specific weapon (mortar), then it is assigned the same number as the weapon. If the shot element is intended for firing from different guns of the same caliber, then a zero is placed instead of the last digit of the index. For example: 53-G-530.
In the case when a new model of ammunition is adopted for service, similar in purpose and name to an existing model for a given weapon, but having features that affect ballistics or operational properties, one to three letters are placed at the end of the index.
For example, a 100-mm field gun mod. 1944 had an armor-piercing tracer pointed-head projectile index 53-BR-412. A 100-mm armor-piercing tracer projectile with a blunt point and a ballistic tip is being adopted. Unlike the first, it is assigned the index 53-BR-412B. Later, the same gun was equipped with an armor-piercing tracer projectile with improved armor penetration (a projectile with armor-piercing and ballistic tips), which was assigned the index 53-BR-412D.
The meanings of the letters included in the ammunition indices are given in the table.
| No. of weapons departments | Letter designations | Name of items | ||||
| U V F O OF OR OZR BR BP BC G D Z S A PBR | Unitary cartridge Separately loaded shot High-explosive grenade Fragmentation grenade High-explosive fragmentation grenade Fragmentation-tracer projectile Fragmentation incendiary-tracer projectile Armor-piercing tracer projectile Cumulative rotating projectile Cumulative non-rotating projectile Concrete-piercing projectile Smoke projectile Incendiary projectile Illumination projectile Propaganda projectile Practical armor-piercing tracer projectile | |||||
| A B F ZhN ZhD ZhK Z | Charge in a bag for filling into a cartridge Charge in a cap for inserting into a cartridge Charge in a cartridge Charge in a cartridge of nitroglycerin powder Charge in a cartridge of nitrodiglycol powder Charge in a cartridge of nitroxylite powder Charge in a cartridge for a shot of separate cartridge loading | |||||
Abbreviated index differs from full in that it does not have a first two-digit number. For example, BR-412D; UOF-412U.
The markings on shots, shells, mines, cartridges and closures are marked with an abbreviated index, and the markings on caps and ammunition cases, as well as in technical documents - the full index.
In 1955, GRAU introduced a new indexation, according to which new types of weapons, ammunition and property are assigned shorter indices that encode the caliber and type of weapon and ammunition.
According to this indexation, the full product index includes:
Conventional number of the weapons department;
The serial number of the product within this category.
The weapons department is indicated by one number, starting from zero, the product category - by letters of the Russian alphabet, the serial number - as the next number of the product entry in the “key sheet”.
For example, consider the full index 3БК6. In this index, the number 3 denotes the weapons department; BC - cumulative non-rotating projectile; 6 - projectile sample number. Or 2A7, where 2 is the weapons department; A- item category (artillery system); 7 - serial number of the sample in the “key sheet”.
The abbreviated index of these products does not have a first digit, for example BK6 and A7. The abbreviated index is used when designating products in technical documentation and in official correspondence; in the latter case, the name of the product is given before the abbreviated index, for example “A7 gun”. If the product has been modernized, then the letter M and a number indicating the model (modernization) number are placed at the end of the index.
Question No. 3 “Marking of ammunition and closures”
Marking is called inscriptions and symbols painted on ammunition and its closure.
Markings are applied to shells, mines, cartridges, caps and their closures with special black paint. Practical equipment painted black is marked with white paint.
Marking of shells. Markings are applied to the head and cylindrical parts of the projectile. On the head part there is information about the equipment of the projectile. These include: Explosive Code 6 , with which the projectile is loaded, equipment plant number 1, batch 2 and equipment year 3 . Abbreviated name (index) on the cylindrical part 8, projectile caliber 4 and ballistic (weight) marks 5. On armor-piercing tracer projectiles, in addition to the above data, the mark of the bottom fuse is applied under the explosive code 9, by which the projectile is brought into its final equipped form.
Codes are used to abbreviate explosive, smoke-producing and toxic substances.
The most common explosives used to fill projectiles have the following codes:
TNT - T;
TNT with a smoke-reinforcing bomb - TDU;
TNT with dinitronaphthalene - TD-50, TD-58;
TNT with hexogen - TG-50;
TNT, hexogen, aluminum, golovax - TGAG-5;
Ammotol - A-40, A-50, A-60, A-80, A-90 (the figure shows the percentage of ammonium nitrate);
Ammotol with TNT plug - AT-40, AT-50, etc.;
Phlegmatized hexogen -A-IX-1;
Phlegmatized hexogen with aluminum powder - A-IX-2.
On smoke shells, instead of the explosive code, the code of the smoke-forming substance is placed 7.
The weight (ballistic) sign applied to the projectile shows the deviation of the weight of this projectile from the table weight. If the equipment has a table weight or a deviation from it upward or downward of no more than 1/3%, then the letter H is written, which means the weight is normal. If the weight of the projectile deviates from the table by more than 1/3%, then this is reflected by the “plus” or “minus” signs. For each sign a weight fluctuation is given within 2/3% of the table.
Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation
Federal Agency for Education State
educational institution of higher professional education
"Komsomolsk-on-Amur State Technical University"
Tutorial
TD-50, TD-58
A-40, A-50, A-90 (figure - % ammonium nitrate content)
Indexes of some projectiles
Table 2.
Mass deviation signs marked on the projectile
Table 3.
Mass deviation signs | Weight deviation from the table, % |
Easier by more than Easier from toEasier from toEasier from toEasier from toLighter or heavier to Harder from toHarder from toHarder from toHarder from toHeavier by more than |
The markings on the sleeves are applied with black paint on the side surface and indicate:
1. “Reduced” - name of the charge.
3. 122-D30 - caliber and gun index.
4. 4/1 2/0-0 - brand of gunpowder; batch number, year of manufacture of gunpowder and code of the gunpowder factory.
5. 1-0-00 - batch number, year of assembly, you assembled the shot.
Gunpowder is assigned a symbol called a gunpowder grade. The brand of gunpowder is indicated by a fraction, the numerator of which shows the thickness of the burning arch of grain in tenths of a millimeter, and the denominator is the number of channels in the grain.
For example: 9/7 - thickness of the burning vault 0.9 mm, seven-channel.
After the numbers come the quality indicators of gunpowder:
1. SV - fresh.
2. Per - rework.
3. Fl - phlegmatized.
4. TR - tubular.
2.1. Approximate markings on shells
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Fig.2. Cumulative projectile BK6 (BK6M)
122 - projectile caliber;
H - sign of mass deviation;
Fig.3. BK13 cumulative projectile
00 - equipment factory code;
0-00 - batch number and year of equipping the projectile;
122 - projectile caliber;
H - sign of mass deviation;
A-IX-I - explosive code;
Fig.4. High-explosive fragmentation projectile OF-462
00 - equipment factory code;
0-00 - batch number and year of equipping the projectile;
122 - projectile caliber;
“+” - sign of mass deviation;
T - equipment code;
Notes: 1. Projectiles with an iron-ceramic leading belt have the letter Zh, for example OF-462Zh.
2. The OF-24 high-explosive fragmentation projectile differs from the OF-462 projectile in the presence of an adapter sleeve and the type of explosive.
3. The OF-56 high-explosive fragmentation projectile differs from the OF-462 projectile in the design of the body (solid body) and the type of explosive (high-power).
Fig.5. Lighting projectile S-463
00 - equipment factory code;
0-00 - batch number and year of equipping the projectile;
122 - projectile caliber;
“+” - sign of mass deviation;
102-B - lighting composition code;
Notes: 1. Projectiles with an iron-ceramic leading belt have the index S-463ZH.
Fig.6. C4 illumination projectile
00 - equipment factory code;
0-00 - batch number and year of equipping the projectile;
122 - projectile caliber;
“+” - sign of mass deviation;
P - code of the lighting composition;
Note: 1. Projectiles with an iron-ceramic leading belt have the index S4Zh.
Fig.7. Smoke shell D4
00 - equipment factory code;
0-00 - batch number and year of equipping the projectile;
122 - projectile caliber;
“+” - sign of mass deviation;
R-4 - smoke-forming substance code;
Fig.8. Propaganda projectile A1
0 - warehouse number;
0 - batch number;
0-0-0-00 - number of leaflets,
date of equipping the projectile;
122 - projectile caliber;
H - sign of mass deviation;
AGIT - equipment code;
Notes: 1. The projectile body is painted red.
2. The T-7 tube on the safety and ballistic caps has a black ring stripe.
2.2. Approximate markings on sleeves
Fig.9. Special charge
1 - sleeve;
2 - reinforced cover;
3 - cardboard cylinder;
4 - normal cover;
5 - package of gunpowder (9/7+12/1 TR);
6 - igniter;
7 - flame arrester (VTX-10);
8 - capsule sleeve;
9 - braid ring;
10 - lubricant PP-95/5;
9/7 and 12/1 TR - grades of gunpowder;
VTX-10 - brand of flame arrester;
arrow and number of the base that produced
shot assembly.
Fig. 10. Full charge
1 - sleeve;
2 - reinforced cover;
3 - normal cover;
4 - decoupler;
5 - package of gunpowder (12/7+12/1 TR);
6 - igniter;
7 - flame arrester (VTX-10);
8 - capsule sleeve;
9 - braid ring;
10 - lubricant PP-95/5;
122-D30 - gun caliber and index;
12/7 and 12/1 TR - grades of gunpowder;
2/0-0 - batch number, year of manufacture
gunpowder code and gunpowder factory code;
1-0-00 - batch number, year of assembly
arrow and number of the base that produced
shot assembly.
Fig. 11. Reduced alternating charge
1 - sleeve;
2 - reinforced cover;
3 - normal cover;
4 - decoupler;
5 - equilibrium beams (9/7);
6 - nonequilibrium beam (9/7);
7 - main package (4/1);
8 - igniter;
9 - flame arrester (VTX-10);
10 - capsule sleeve;
11 - braid ring;
12 - lubricant PP-95/5;
122-D30 - gun caliber and index;
4/1 and 9/7 - grades of gunpowder;
2/0-0 - batch number, year of manufacture
gunpowder code and gunpowder factory code;
1-0-00 - batch number, year of assembly
arrow and number of the base that produced
shot assembly.
3. Capping ammunition
Capping boxes are designed for storing and transporting ammunition and shot elements.
Complete sets of shots are placed in sealing boxes for shots of separate cartridge loading. To ensure tight packing of shot elements, each box has a set of wooden inserts and fittings. The boxes are closed with a lid attached to the box frame with metal hinges and gramophone-type locks. The boxes are painted with protective paint, over which markings are applied about the combat purpose of the shot and the production data of its elements. All loose closures and inserts for them, as well as cartridge cases of combat charges, are subject to mandatory return for reuse.
Fuses are stored and transported in hermetically sealed galvanized iron boxes placed in wooden boxes.
3.1. Approximate markings on the closure
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Fig. 13. Marking on the side of the box
The markings on the side of the box indicate:
1. OF-462Zh - projectile index.
2. 0-0-0 - factory code, batch number and year of equipping the projectile.
3. T - explosive code.
The markings on the box lid indicate:
1. A triangle with a number inside is a danger sign and a load discharge.
4. Handling of ammunition during transportation
Transportation of ammunition can be carried out by rail, water, road, air, horse-drawn and pack transport.
Transportation of ammunition by road in the military is the main type of transportation.
Cars, trailers and other vehicles should be loaded with ammunition in such a way that they do not exceed the load capacity established for them.
Ammunition is transported only in standard and working order.
Boxes with ammunition may be placed in the body both across the vehicle and along it, in the direction of travel, taking into account more complete use of the vehicle's carrying capacity.
Boxes with ammunition in all cases are placed with the lids up and carefully secured to protect them from shocks, shifts, impacts and falls.
It is prohibited to place ammunition boxes higher than the sides, more than half the height of the top row box.
For the transportation of ammunition, technically sound vehicles (with working silencers) are allocated, which are provided with fire extinguishers and a felt mat.
Vehicles with ammunition are equipped with red flags on the left side to indicate the danger of the cargo.
Car drivers must be thoroughly briefed on the rules for transporting ammunition before leaving for a trip.
When transporting ammunition by road, it is prohibited:
1. Exceed the set speed.
2. Refuel loaded cars or transfer gasoline from the tanks of one car to the tanks of another.
3. Warm up the car engine with an open flame.
4. Transport ammunition together with flammable liquids.
5. Drive vehicles into areas, under sheds, and into ammunition storage areas.
6. Stop vehicles with ammunition in populated areas.
7. Stop for rest and rest closer than 50 m from the road.
8. Smoking on vehicles loaded with ammunition or within 25 m of them.
9. Lighting an open fire within 100 m of vehicles with ammunition.
10. Transport ammunition in vehicles that are not equipped with fire extinguishing equipment.
5. Handling ammunition at the OP
Ammunition is supplied to the firing position in a fully loaded form (except for rocket artillery shells), high-precision rounds - only in capped form. The senior battery officer receives ammunition, organizes its unloading by gun crews and fills out a table of the availability and consumption of ammunition.
Ammunition is unloaded in compliance with safety requirements.
Prohibited:
1. throw boxes of ammunition;
2. drag, turn;
3. place them on the side wall;
4. carry on your back and shoulders.
Each box of ammunition is unloaded and transported to the stowage site with the lid up and at least two gun numbers.
At the firing position, ammunition is stored in dry niches of gun trenches and cellars, laid on pads. Niches and cellars must be equipped so that the ammunition contained in them is protected from the shock wave of a nuclear explosion, from bullets and shrapnel, and covered with local materials from rain, snow, sand, dust and sunlight.
The consumable stock of ammunition in a closed firing position is laid out and stored in the niches of the gun trench in the amount of 0.25 - 0.5 bq (for high-power guns - in the amount of 0.15 - 0.3 bq).
Charges for high-power guns are stored in hermetically sealed containers.
At an open firing position, the designated amount of ammunition is laid out in niches and on the platforms of gun trenches.
If there is time, the cellars are connected to the gun trenches by communication passages.
Spent ammunition is replenished from the cellars.
In niches and on the platforms of gun trenches, ammunition is stored in stacks, capped with the lids up, with open locks, freed from the upper fittings and spacer bars, or laid out from the cap. In the latter case, the ammunition is placed on poles (linings) or on a bedding made of local materials and covered on top with a tarpaulin or other materials that protect them from rain, dust and sunlight.
In cellars, ammunition is stored in sealed containers with closed locks. The maximum height of the ammunition stack should be 0.5 m less than the depth of the cellar or niche of the gun trench.
Store ammunition in crew shelters prohibited .
The senior battery officer is responsible for the correct and safe placement and storage of ammunition at the firing position and compliance with all safety requirements when firing.
When handling ammunition at a firing position, it is prohibited:
1. Disassemble ammunition.
2. Place shells, mines, charges in cartridge cases and unitary shots vertically.
3. Impact fuses and ignition means, as well as striking ammunition against each other.
4. Carry by hand more than one uncapped shot or projectile (mine) of 82 mm caliber or more.
5. Carry uncapped, fully loaded shells (mines) of 152 mm caliber or more without supporting devices.
6. Carry ammunition in a faulty closure.
The following shots are not allowed to fire:
1. Having elements prohibited for combat use.
2. Not listed in the Firing Table for this gun.
3. Without markings and with erased markings.
The following shells (mines) are not allowed to fire:
1. With a fuse delivered to the firing position without mounting or safety caps (caps).
2. With the fuse head bushing unscrewed (at least partially).
3. With unscrewed fuses and tubes.
4. With fuses (having a traveling mount), delivered to the firing position with the installation of combat action.
5. With fuses affected by solid rust on the outer surface of the body.
6. With traces of impacts and soot on the body and fuse.
7. With screwed fuses, dropped from a height of 1 m, as well as shells dropped from any height onto the bow.
8. Finally equipped, exposed to an explosion, fire, bombing or artillery shelling.
9. With cracks on the body, with cavities on the centering thickenings.
10. Having an explosive leak through the threaded connections in the projectile.
11. With wobbly stabilizers, as well as with bent or broken stabilizer feathers, with bent ballistic tips (for armor-piercing projectiles).
The following ammunition is not allowed to fire:
1. With cartridges that have bruises that prevent loading, as well as those with cracks on the bottom or on the body (cases with cracks on the muzzle that do not violate the tightness of the combat charge are allowed).
2. In cartridge cases and unitary cartridges with unscrewed primer bushings.
3. With drop-out reinforced lids and showing signs of dampness of gunpowder and caps.
4. Soaked and also with torn caps.
5. Unitary cartridges with a skewed projectile that prevents loading, as well as with a rotating projectile in the case.
The specified ammunition, except for shells and cartridges with unscrewed fuses and primer bushings, is set aside for shipment to an artillery weapons depot.
When preparing ammunition you must:
1. Remove grease from projectiles and cartridge cases.
2. Remove rust from projectile bodies.
3. Tighten the head fuses or tubes, as well as the primer bushings, if they are partially unscrewed (tighten the primer bushing only with a standard key from the spare parts).
4. Remove nicks on the leading flanges of the projectiles and on the flanges of the cartridge cases.
Prepare specific samples of ammunition in accordance with the technical description and operating instructions.
First remove the grease from the projectiles with scrapers, and then with a rag or tow, slightly moistened with white spirit (gasoline, solvent).
When preparing mines, pay special attention to removing grease from stabilizers and fire transfer holes.
When removing grease from shells and cleaning them from rust, do not violate the markings on shells, mines and cartridges.
For cleaning, ammunition is removed from the cap and placed on poles, pads or an empty cap one box high.
To eliminate minor malfunctions (tightening fuses, removing nicks), as well as to replace primer bushings (ignition charges), a place is allocated at the firing position (no closer than 50 m from gun or mortar trenches and ammunition magazines) in a specially prepared trench or behind natural cover .
Handling ammunition during firing.
1. When loading shells, do not drop them or hit the head part on the barrel breech or carriage.
2. It is allowed to unscrew the safety caps from the tubes and fuses, the installation caps from the impact fuses, install the fuses, open the hermetic sealing of the warheads and assemble the charges immediately before firing.
3. If, when removing the installation or safety caps, damage to the membrane is discovered, then shells with such fuses are not allowed to be fired.
4. It is prohibited to make any combinations of packages and additional bundles of gunpowder that are not provided for in the Shooting Tables. After making up an alternating charge, be sure to put the normal cap into the sleeve and add it until the charge beams are pressed.
5. It is prohibited to fire with a reinforced cover, except for the charges provided for in the Artillery System Firing Tables.
7. Ignition charges for mines must be sent into the stabilizer tube until the cartridge case stops at the cut of the stabilizer tube. The packaging of additional mortar round bundles must be in good working order.
8. Faulty shells are stored and sent to the warehouse on the instructions of the head of the missile and artillery weapons service.
9. Unused additional bundles of charges must be placed in a serviceable iron or wooden box at a distance of 10 - 20 m from the gun.
Handling ammunition after shooting.
1. It is prohibited to transport loaded guns (except for combat vehicles),
2. Separately loaded guns that remain loaded after firing are unloaded only by firing. Other guns, as well as mortars, are allowed to be unloaded by removing the shot from the barrel while observing safety precautions.
3. At the end of firing, fuses and tubes of shells prepared for loading must be installed at the factory settings, and the removed caps must be put on. To ensure tightness, the threads of the safety caps must be lubricated before screwing on.
4. The removed additional bundles and reinforced covers of the prepared charges are placed in the sleeve, and the joints between the reinforced cover and the walls of the sleeve are covered with the lubricant remaining on the cover.
5. Shots for which the safety caps (caps) have been removed from the tubes and fuses or the caps of the charges have been opened must be expended first the next time the fire is opened.
6. The remaining bundles of gunpowder, spent cartridges, safety caps and empty caps with a full set of fittings after completing the charges are handed over to the missile and artillery weapons service.
7. For spent brass cartridges, after finishing firing, it is necessary to clean the inner surface of powder deposits using local materials (sand, water, rags, etc.), and then wipe dry. The shells, cleaned of carbon deposits, are lubricated over the entire surface inside and outside with a thin layer of lubricant, placed in empty boxes and secured with liners.
8. After finishing firing, steel cartridges are not washed with water, but after wiping with a rag, they are lubricated with any lubricant.
6. Bringing ammunition to its final loaded state
Incompletely loaded artillery rounds are brought into their final loaded form by screwing the fuses into the shells before they are released for firing.
Bringing the shots (shells) to their final loaded form with cored fuses is carried out in a dugout, cabin or ditch with a depth of at least 1.5 m and a base area of 1.5 x 1.5 m.
When screwing in and punching fuses, there should be no more than one projectile in the cabin, dugout or ditch.
Before screwing in the fuse, the blank plug is unscrewed from the shell point, while the clamping screw (where available) is loosened. Then the thread of the goggle is wiped with a dry cloth to remove excess lubricant.
Pay special attention to removing grease, dust and sand from the explosive cut.
After removing the lubricant, the fuse intended for it is screwed into the shell end, and the threaded threads of the fuse are pre-lubricated with projectile lubricant or gun lubricant. When screwing in the fuse, do not allow lubricant to come into contact with the explosive cut.
The fuse is screwed in with a special key until the fuse is pressed tightly against the head end of the projectile. In this case, hitting the key is not allowed.
The screwed fuse in the shell of the projectile is secured with a clamping screw included in the projectile. In steel shells that do not have clamping screws, the fuses are secured by punching into the joint at four opposite points equidistant around the circumference of the joint. Punching should be done only by pressure using hand-held PKV-U devices or mechanical machines.
In steel cast iron shells, the fuses are not cored, but are screwed into varnish No. 67.
Fuses intended for loading projectiles are preliminarily inspected. Fuzes without installed marks, with cracks and dents on the body (mechanical damage), with clogged threads, dented safety caps and damaged membranes are not allowed for equipment.
7. Installation of fuses and tubes
Installation of fuses and tubes is carried out using service keys from the gun spare parts kit immediately before firing after a command received from the battery command post or the senior artillery commander (chief) by the crew number - the installer.
Table of fuses settings for 122 mm G D-30
Table 4.
Brand of explosion body (tube) | Required projectile action | Shooting setup | Field (factory) installation |
||
Cap | |||||
Cumulative | The cap is on |
||||
Cumulative | |||||
Cumulative | The cap is on |
||||
Cumulative | |||||
Shrapnel High explosive Ricochet or high-explosive with deceleration. Smoke (when firing a D4 projectile). | “Adult Osk.” “Adult Fugue.” “Adult Deputy.” “Adult Osk.” | The cap is screwed on, the tap is on “O”. |
|||
Air gap. | “Fuse 00” (number of divisions). | Ring on “UD”. |
|||
Illumination when firing the S-463Zh (S-463) projectile. Propaganda when firing an A1 projectile (A1D, A1ZhD). | “Tube 00” (number of divisions). | The safety cap has been removed. Ring for the commanded number of divisions. | Ring for 165 parts. The safety cap is screwed on. |
||
Illumination when firing a S4Zh (S4) projectile. | “Tube 00” (number of divisions). | The safety cap has been removed. The ballistic cap is rotated by the commanded number of divisions. | The installation groove and the protrusion are aligned. The safety cap is screwed on. |
||
Air gap. | “Around with RV. Explosive number of divisions), low (high)”. “Around with RV. Fuze 80". | Accordingly communication with the team. |
On “H” or | Switch “N”, distance ring on “UD”, safety nitial number The pack is on. |
|
Air gap. | “Around with RV. Explosion number of divisions), low (high)". “Around with RV. Fuse on impact.” | Accordingly communication with the team. |
On “H” or | Switch to “H”, spacer ring to “8”, safety cap on. |
|
Air gap. | “Sh1 shell. Tube 00 (number of divisions)”. “Sh1 shell. Kar-flow.” | Accordingly communication with the team. | The distance ring is on “P”, the safety cap is on. |
8. Composition of charges
The composition of combat charges is carried out immediately before firing after a command received from the battery command post or the senior artillery commander (chief) with the crew number - charging.
Table of charges for 122 mm G D-30
Table 5.
Charge name | Charge composition | Compilation |
Special | One package | Remove the reinforced cover. |
Full | One package | Remove the reinforced cover (when firing cumulative projectiles). |
Decreased | Basic package + uneven But spring beam + three upper equilibrium beams. | |
First | Basic package + uneven But spring beam + two equilibrium beams. | Remove the top equilibrium bundle. |
Second | Basic package + uneven But spring beam + equilibrium beam. | Remove the top two equilibrium bundles. |
Third | Basic package + uneven But spring bun. | Take out three equilibrium bundles. |
Fourth | Basic package. | Take out three equilibrium beams and one nonequilibrium one. |
9. Measurement of charge temperature.
The charge temperature is measured with a battery thermometer in one of the central drawers of the stack every 1-2 hours.
To ensure the same temperature of the charges, boxes with shots or cartridges with charges laid out from boxes should be securely covered during the day to protect them from heating by the sun, and from cooling at night.
Charge covers for all guns must be of the same type.
To measure the temperature of the charges, remove the reinforced and normal caps from the cartridge case of one of the charges and insert a thermometer into the cartridge case between the gunpowder bundles, after which the lids are inserted into the cartridge case. The sleeve with the thermometer is placed in the middle between the other sleeves. Thermometers are placed in the charges, if possible, no later than an hour and a half before firing. The thermometer reading is taken no earlier than 10 minutes after placing the sleeve with the thermometer in the stack.
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL LIST
1. Ground artillery ammunition. Textbook. Part 1. - M.: Military Publishing House, 1970. - 120-124, 145-150, 168-229 p.
2. Firing tables for flat and mountain conditions of the 122 mm D-30 howitzer. TS RG No. 000. - M.: Military Publishing House, 1993. - 6-8, 246, 267-271, 274-285 p.
3. Addition No. 2 to TS RG No. 000. - M.: Military Publishing House, 1992. - 7, 106-109, 111 p.
4. Guide to the combat work of artillery fire units. - M.: Military Publishing House, 2002. - 124-132 p.
1. PAINTING OF AMMUNITION………………………………………………………......3
2. MARKING OF AMMUNITION……………………………………………………3
2.1. Approximate markings on shells……………………………..6
2.2. Approximate markings on cartridges……………………………..14
3. CAPING AMMUNITION………………………………………………………17
3.1. Approximate markings on the closure……………………………17
4. HANDLING AMMUNITION DURING TRANSPORTATION……18
5. HANDLING AMMUNITION AT THE OP……………………………19
6. BRINGING AMMUNITION TO FINALLY LOADED FORM………………………………………………………………………………………..24
7. INSTALLATION OF FUSES, PIPES…………………………….25
8. COMPOSITION OF CHARGES……………………………………………27
9. MEASUREMENT OF TEMPERATURE OF CHARGES……………………………...27
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL LIST…………………………………………………………….28
Educational edition
Valery Dmitrievich Parfenov,
lieutenant colonel, senior lecturer of the shooting and fire control cycle
ARTILLERY WEAPONS
MARKING, PAINTING AND CAPING OF AMMUNITION. HANDLING AMMUNITION AT THE FIRE POSITION AND DURING TRANSPORTATION. INSTALLATION OF FUSES, PIPES. COMPOSITION OF CHARGES. CHARGE TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT. BRINGING AMMUNITION TO FINALLY LOADED FORM.
To ensure the convenience and reliability of the operation of ammunition from the moment of its manufacture to the moment of combat use and to ensure the ability to obtain the necessary characteristics of the combat and technical properties of ammunition without accompanying documents, all ammunition during manufacture is subject to branding, painting and marking.
Branding consists of extruding, knocking out or etching conventional symbols on metal and plastic parts of ammunition, called brands and consisting of letters, numbers, geometric shapes and their combinations. On small ammunition, such as small caliber shells, fuzes, primer bushings and cases, marks can be the main identifying marks.
The coloring of ammunition is divided into protective and distinctive. In peacetime, protective painting is applied in wild gray color to shells with a caliber of 57 mm or more and green color to wooden closures of ammunition. Preservative painting can be applied to the centering thickenings and leading belts. Distinctive coloring is applied in the form of stripes of a specific color to projectiles, fuses, cartridge cases, ignition media and closures.
Marking consists of applying symbols and inscriptions with paint or varnish to shells, ammunition (caps and cartridges) and closures. The marking is done in a standard drawing font with a solid black line, and on the black color - white.
The marking contains all the basic service data necessary for the correct operation of ammunition in the military. Therefore, special attention should be paid to the preservation of markings in the troops.
In Fig. 4.5 shows the content and location of markings on projectiles. On small-caliber shells, weight marks are not indicated in the markings. On armor-piercing shells, the type of fuse is indicated under the equipment code. On solid projectiles, instead of equipment data, the manufacturer, batch number and year of manufacture of the projectile are indicated.
In Fig. 4.6 shows the content and location of markings on combat charges and in cartridge cases. If several combat charges or a variable combat charge are intended for a given type of gun, the corresponding inscriptions are applied on each combat charge and on individual packages (bundles): “Full”, “Reduced”
variable", "Special", "Charge No. 4", "Main package", "Upper beam", etc. On separately loaded cartridges
they put the combat charge index, and on the cartridge cases of unitary cartridges - the shot index. Under the primer sleeve in the sleeve there is a paper circle duplicating combat markings for row.
Markings are not applied to the cartridges of ignition charges and to the cartridges of additional mortar charges. It is replaced by labels with similar inscriptions, which are glued to the upper wad of the ignition charge and to the paper wrapper of additional charges.
Additional data about the warhead is applied to the body of the rocket: type of ignition medium, igniter index and ballistic index (Fig. 4.7).
On sealed boxes with shots, shells and combat charges, markings are applied on the side and end walls that characterize the contents. In addition to the usual information, the number of pieces and gross weight are indicated. The absence of fuse data means that the shots or shells are not fully loaded. I
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ammunition marking
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ok-darilerdi tanbalau- (Ammunition marking) (German markieren - belgіleu, tanba koyu) battleumen ok darі elementterine (projectile, aerial bomber, rocketalar, torpedalar, engineer minalar zhane t.b.) zhazular zhuyesi.… … Kazakh explanatory terminological dictionary on military affairs
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In modern times, a large number of different cartridges are used, which are similar in appearance. This has led to the use of markings to distinguish them. What are they? Where are they applied? And what does the cartridge marking mean? What could it be like? Here is a short list of issues that will be considered.
Introductory information
Now not only weapon cartridges have become widespread, but also construction and lathe cartridges. Separately, we can recall the blanks, which, although not used in military affairs, still deserve attention. In this case, the required information can be displayed in different ways. For example, using a brand, coloring or label. It should be noted that even though quite a bit of time has passed since the introduction of cartridge markings, it cannot be said with confidence that the same rules apply now as they did a century ago. Something appeared and was added to the system, other approaches, on the contrary, went out of use. There was production of a specific one, then they decided to close it. And there are a great many such situations.
The designations on the cartridges originate from the marks of craftsmen who put their marks on various goods (weapons, jewelry and pottery, and so on). Currently, marks have two main functions: advertising and technical information.
What data can be obtained from the labeling?
Mainly:
- Service marks. As a rule, this is a marking on the bottom of the cartridge. It allows you to find out about the place of manufacture (country, enterprise), type (name) and caliber. The time of creation, material, purpose, model and type of weapon for which it is intended can also be placed.
- Coloring of elements. Can be applied to bullets, primers, and these parts of cartridge cases. Talks about the type of cartridge, some features of its design or purpose.
- Labels. They contain the same data as on the stamps. In addition, there may be certain information about the elements of cartridges, ballistic characteristics, etc. Often, due to the need for a large area to communicate all the necessary information, they are applied to wooden boxes, moisture-proof bags, cardboard boxes, paper bags, metal boxes.
The marks left are symbols, which are presented in the form of numbers, pictures and letters embossed on the surface of the cartridges. They can be service or control. The first allows you to obtain data about the manufacturer, production date, time of creation, certain design features, purpose and some other information characteristic of a certain period of time or inherent in a particular country in general.
The control terminal indicates that the cartridge meets the established quality requirements, and the responsible person (or commission) is convinced of this. But they are usually placed only on powerful ammunition, such as shells from artillery guns.
Depending on the type and purpose, the label may contain certain information. For example, on military cartridges only advertising is often placed, whereas on hunting and sporting cartridges advertising is not uncommon. This is done thanks to various visual forms (decorative elements, font types, etc.), content (memorable and catchy names, proper names). In such cases, everything is usually done in order to emphasize the quality of the product and their popularity.
Why is this being done?
But the main purpose of the mark, coloring of elements and labels is that they together form a system of symbols, which contain the information necessary to distinguish between the types and purposes of cartridges. Although there may be additional properties. For example, the coloring of cartridges is used to provide a distinctive feature of one type that is easily perceived, or to quickly communicate the purpose of cartridges. At the same time, it is also a means of protection against corrosion processes.
In the domestic tradition, the color of the bullet head (its tip) is used. This decision has been made since the times of the Russian Empire. For example, an armor-piercing incendiary bullet is painted red and black. Green is selected for tracer cartridges. Ordinary cartridges do not have a distinctive color. This is observed in a number of foreign armies.
Sometimes you can see the color of the primer at the junction of the bullets with the barrel of the cartridge case. In this case, it is used not only to obtain a distinctive feature, but also for tightness. True, this approach causes certain inconveniences when creating cartridges and visually determining the nomenclature. What information can be gleaned by examining bullets? In short, the main information is:
- For Soviet (Russian) ones: year of manufacture and designation of the manufacturing plant.
- Australian, Canadian, English: type (brand) and name of the creator company.
- French: time (quarter and year), designation of the metal supplier for the sleeve.
- German: the manufacturer, material, batch number, and also when it was produced are indicated.
- Italian: for private enterprises only the year of manufacture and the name of the company that created the product. For government officials: manufacturer, time of manufacture, inspector’s initials.
- Japanese: year of creation (according to the local calendar) and quarter, abbreviated name of the company.
Information is usually applied by indentation. Although sometimes you can find convex relief.
Specifics of blank cartridges
As you can see, the time is not always indicated. In such cases, you can navigate the cartridges by the name of the company (comparing with the date of work) or by the version of the accepted mark. Also, sometimes stamps can indicate additional information, such as case material, purpose, capsule design, as well as other information such as: manufactured according to a military order, issued to the customer, patent, and so on. In domestic bullets of the period 1949-1954, a letter designation was used to indicate the time period. You can also find additional icons in the form of two diametrically located five-pointed stars. It is not uncommon to have additional letters and numbers. As an example, for the ShKAS aviation machine gun, an additional Sh was provided at the end of the bottom. Armor-piercing incendiary ones were designated B-32. White color was used for standard cartridges.
By the way, what does the marking look like? There is no single solution. But, for example, in machine-gun cartridges of 14.5 and 12.7 caliber, a sealant additionally tinted green was used around the circumference of the junction of the cartridge case with the cap and the primer. But the lack of a unified approach creates certain problems. Nowadays, the most common products are red and green. But still, in order to avoid negative consequences, you need to find out about this when purchasing a weapon.
Suddenly a cartridge was found
For most people, getting their hands on ammunition is not an easy task. And those who do have access to them usually also have professional training: police officers, athletes, hunters, game wardens, military personnel. Therefore, a situation where there is a supply, but it cannot be classified, is unlikely for them. After all, they basically give out what is already well known.
But there have been numerous military conflicts on our territory. From many you can only find rusty iron and nothing more. But the Great Patriotic War has left its mark to this day. And finding bullets from that period is not a problem now. Of course, according to current legislation, the police must be informed about them and handed over to the sappers who arrive. But it’s interesting - what was found?
If we talk about the markings of World War II cartridges used by the Soviet Union, then first of all it is necessary to note 7.62x54. The 1891 model was blunt-pointed, while in 1908 a pointed one was introduced. That is, they can be distinguished by shape. In addition, you can also find a 7.62x25 TT cartridge. This sample was also used in such legendary weapons as PPSh, PPD, PPS. Tracer bullets are separately marked in green.
But not only domestic representatives come across. The markings of German cartridges from the Second World War may also be relevant. For example, 7.92x57. Their sleeves are distinguished by brass, bimetallic or steel varnishing. Moreover, there are both blunt-pointed and pointed ones.
Other bullets can be found on the territory of the Soviet Union, although problematic. These are mainly visitors and perform an auxiliary role. But if you move to other fronts, you will find different cartridges from the Second World War. The markings of French 8x50R bullets are distinguished by an annular groove at the bottom. Importantly, it is the first French smokeless rifle cartridge, developed in 1886. But the most relevant is still the marking of German cartridges of the Second World War, as well as Soviet models. Especially many of them can be found in places of major battles.
What other antiquities can be mentioned?
In our conditions, we cannot ignore Mauser cartridges. Markings for standard 6.5x55 samples are not much different from those used at that time. Namely, the non-segmented location of the marks. Usually four elements were used, although bullets with two are also found. If we talk about the Soviet Union, then the heredity from the times of the Russian Empire is very clearly visible. Thus, the markings of the cartridges have hardly changed. Except that heavy bullets and ammunition with a steel core have ceased to be detected. This is not surprising, because when they first began to be introduced, they were a valuable rarity with a number of outstanding properties. Separately, it is worth mentioning the 7.62, model 1943, which replaced the 1908 cartridge. And this is not surprising, because over three and a half decades, science and processing methods have been able to move forward, opening up opportunities for creating new products.
The marking of cartridges of this type during the Second World War (and after) was carried out mainly for incendiary, tracer, slow-burning and By the way, since a large number of them were manufactured, and there were no major conflicts, they can often be found in warehouses. In general, they are so good that only their individual modifications, produced in relatively small batches, were updated and changed.
Is there anything more modern?
For such a request, there is a marking for 5.45 cartridges. Speaking about them (and more specifically, about the 1974 model), there are bullets with a steel core, increased penetration, tracer, with a reduced flight speed, armor-piercing and blank. The first two types do not have any specific coloring. Although about those that have increased penetration, it should be noted that they are not stopped by 16 millimeters of third steel. Bullets with reduced flight speed are used in weapons equipped with a silent firing device. Armor-piercing can penetrate 5 millimeters of high-quality protection. The difference between blanks is that they have a plastic tip that breaks down in the bore of the weapon. In addition, you can also consider the work of pistol bullets. For example, among 9 mm bullets, a bullet with a steel core should be distinguished. But there are no color differences. The same can be said about the 5.45 cartridge used in PSM pistols.
What can you say by looking at the packaging?
As mentioned above, information can be gleaned from more than just looking at the ammunition. Sometimes just looking at the packaging is enough. In this case, colored distinctive stripes, signs and inscriptions in black are of interest. Much depends on what capacity you have to work with. Thus, wooden boxes are marked on the lid and on one of the side walls. On moisture-proof bags, information is located on the longitudinal sides. If there is a metal box, then information can be gleaned from the lid. For marking, stencil painting, typographic stamping or using a special machine is used. If we are talking about a box, then the weight (gross, in kg) should be indicated on the lid. In addition, there is also a transport sign that indicates the category of cargo. But this is only for Soviet products.
Since 1990, it was decided to instead indicate a conventional hazard number with a warning sign. As an alternative, a classification code is used in accordance with GOST 19433-88. At the same time, the marking of live ammunition has its own distinctive features. So, on the wall you can find symbols of the following type: “RIFLE”, “PISTOL”, “SNIPER”, “REV. 43". In addition, the batch number, the last two digits of the year of manufacture, the manufacturer's reference number are applied, the gunpowder, the number of cartridges and seals are marked, as well as a distinctive sign, stripe or inscription that allows you to characterize the type of cartridge.
If the box contains waterproof bags of ammunition, then an informative inscription about this must be placed on the wall. To indicate the caliber, a numerical value in millimeters is used. But without dimension. In addition, a symbol of the type of ammunition and cartridge case is also applied (indicates the material from which it is made). For standard cartridges, it is possible to replace the group code with the abbreviation “OB”. If we are talking about a batch of gunpowder, then its brand, number and year of manufacture are indicated along with the manufacturer’s designation. This is very convenient, because the markings on cartridge cases and substances are difficult to access: you need to open the box, unpack it and look. Whereas seconds can count.
Observed changes
If you take a sample of ammunition manufactured in the Soviet Union and a modern cartridge, you will notice that they differ even in cases where there is only one manufacturer. This is due to the fact that the adopted internal designation is not always clear to buyers abroad, such as Americans. Often changes lead to the fact that it becomes difficult to classify ammunition. For example, marking hunting cartridges of 5.6 caliber with one Latin letter V (denotes “East”) is quite problematic. But it is used for training, and also in sports. Due to its low price, it has become quite widespread. And this is where additional elements come to the rescue. So, if there are belts, then the more of them, the better the quality of the ammunition. And it is more intended for use in small game hunting. If they are not there, then its main purpose is sports shooting and training. Although changes are not always visible. So, if there is an inscription in English, then this is probably an export batch. Although it is not difficult to find “fresh” ammunition with a designation in Cyrillic.
About mounting cartridges
At the very beginning of the article it was also said that they are not only weapons-grade. There are also mounting (aka construction) cartridges. And, as you might guess, markings have also been developed for them. Why? The fact is that powder construction pistols are designed for a certain explosion energy. It provides impact driving of dowels into metal or concrete surfaces. But if the wrong product is selected, this can lead to damage to the device and even injury to a person. To avoid this, it was decided that marking of construction cartridges was needed. What is it like?
In short, they are classified by color, height and diameter, number and packaging method. How does this affect the product? The charge power in joules depends on the color. In this case, marking is carried out on the conical tip of the cartridge. There are also short and long cartridges with different diameters. For example, there are calibers 5.6x16, 6.8x11, 6.8x18. The cartridge number indicates the mass of the powder charge. And the way they are packaged tells you what pistols they are intended for. For example, repeating and automatic can only work with cartridges in a belt. When describing their design, it should be noted that they have a standard design. That is, all cartridges consist of the following parts: steel sleeve, primer, wad, crimping.
Let's look at this in more detail. The steel case contains a charge of smokeless powder. If the series is K, then all the space is filled. The letter D indicates that it is only in the bottom part. A wad is compressed gunpowder that holds the striking compound in the cartridge case. And crimping is carried out from above. In this case, color marking of cartridges is carried out.
About lathe chucks
They are special devices that are used to secure tools or parts to the spindle axis. Typically used as part of a lathe's headstock to clamp workpieces. But it can also be installed in rotary tables. There are self-centering chucks, as well as products with independent jaws.
If we talk about labeling, then everything is quite simple with products from the times of the Soviet Union. After all, there was a single system in place back then. Each cartridge had a code consisting of eight numbers and a letter, which indicated the accuracy class of the product. Using a special table, thanks to the markings, it was possible to find out the number of jaws, chuck diameter, accuracy class and some other parameters. Now this is not so clear. A large number of different manufacturers and different countries of origin have created a situation where trying to give universal labeling to modern designs is unsuccessful. If you are interested in what and how, then you need to look for it from a specific manufacturer who created the device.
Conclusion
The article examined the marking of cartridges of the Great Patriotic War and modern ammunition. Of course, only basic information was discussed here, because there can always be a batch of some cartridges that deviate from the accepted rule. But, nevertheless, if you come across markings of rifle cartridges for military or civilian hunting, then the information that will most likely help you find the necessary data is provided in sufficient volume.
And finally, it is necessary to touch upon security issues. You should always remember that you will be working with highly dangerous objects. It doesn’t matter whether you’re holding a mounting cartridge in your hands, a pistol or a rifle, you must always follow safety precautions. Otherwise, you will have to pay with your health or even your life.
When holding cartridges in your hands, you need to handle them carefully. Do not bring it to a heat source, do not throw it anyhow. Although the likelihood of a negative incident occurring is low, it can happen to anyone. Whenever working with dangerous objects, you must remember that safety rules were written in the blood of those who neglected them. And to preserve your own health and life, you don’t need to tempt fate. Especially when you have such dangerous things in your hands as cartridges containing explosive substances and posing a threat in themselves.
