Experts told in which regions of Russia the most dangerous drinking water. The best mineral water in the world

One of the most important factors in a clean environment is the availability of clean drinking water for everyone. The Environmental Performance Index (ECI) provides a diverse ranking of countries around the world, referring to their environmental performance.

10 countries with the best tap water:

10. New Zealand ... Tap water in this country is perceived as the cleanest and safest in the world.

9. Germany ... At wastewater treatment plants, the country follows high-level standards.

8. Sweden ... There are 2 wastewater treatment plants in Stockholm that supply clean tap water to 1.3 million residents of the city.

7. England ... The main reason for the high level of tap water is that it is supplied by the water supply company. Water regulation in the country is based on the European Drinking Water Directive and on the notification to the World Health Organization.

6. Italy ... The country's tap water is of excellent quality and is sometimes comparable to bottled water. The state conducts tests to analyze the quality of tap water for several indicators: acidity, the presence of solids at 180 degrees, fluorides, sodium, chlorides and nitrites. These data confirm that the quality of tap water is maintained at a high level.

5. Austria ... In this country, tap water comes from groundwater and spring waters. To protect these water resources, the Austrian Water Act was created. The supply of high quality drinking water is compulsory under Austrian law.

4. France ... The country is using various means to attract the private sector to maintain the sanitation of piped water and its water supply. The state supports private businesses to deal with water treatment (various discounts and lease agreements).

3. Luxembourg . There are about 71 springs here, but only 38 of them are used to obtain drinking water. The water is processed in advanced water treatment plants using ultrafiltration systems.

2. Norway ... This country has special programs that investigate the protection of groundwater and other water systems in Norway. Regular checks are also carried out to confirm the quality of the drinking water.

1. Switzerland ... The water department of this country takes various measures to provide drinking water without pollution to water resources and the environment. Tap water is of the same quality as bottled mineral water.

Ecology of life: Most people try to spend their holidays where it is warm, where there is no cold and snow. There is nothing more refreshing than swimming in clear cool water, be it the sea, lake or river. Luckily for us, we live on a beautiful planet with amazing crystal clear bodies of water. So why not take a trip to one of the clearest waters?

Most people try to spend their holidays where it is warm, where there is no cold and snow. There is nothing more refreshing than swimming in clear cool water, be it the sea, lake or river. Luckily for us, we live on a beautiful planet with amazing crystal clear bodies of water. So why not take a trip to one of the clearest waters?

Linapakan Island

The province of Palawan is famous for some of the most wonderful beaches not only in the Philippines, but throughout the world. Palawan is made up of many small islands, one of which is Linapakan. This island has a beautiful beach with clear water and white sand, untouched nature and approximately 14,000 inhabitants.

Clean sea in the Maldives

There's a reason why the Maldives has become one of the most romantic destinations in the world - it's their beaches. Located in the Indian Ocean, a group of islands offers guests the cleanest waters and the most colorful, diverse ecosystems on the planet. Not surprisingly, tourism is the main source of income in the Maldives. In recent years, the number of resorts has increased significantly, so everyone who wants to experience a piece of paradise will find a place for themselves here. The clear sea and many resorts in the Maldives will gladly welcome all guests.

Lake Peyto waters

You will not find warm beaches here, as Peyto Lake is located in the Rocky Mountains of Canada - some of the most impressive in the world. Peyto Lake is fed by glacial melt water and is located in Banff National Park, which is best visited in summer. During the warmer months, glacial mountain streams flow into the Peyto, giving the lake its distinctive turquoise color. Because of its beauty, this place is especially popular with photographers and tourists.

Cleanliness of Crater Lake

Almost all of the crater lakes are of the purest clear water, and the lake in Crater National Park is no exception. The lake was formed when the Mazama volcano collapsed thousands of years ago. The deepest lake in the United States, Crater Lake is also known as the "old man" because of a huge tree that has stood vertically in the middle of the lake for over 100 years.

Holbox Island

Known as the party and vacation spot for Hollywood stars, Holbox Island in Mexico boasts the cleanest sea in the world (at least the locals are sure of it). Isla Holbox is located in the Yucatan Peninsula and is a popular kiteboarding destination due to its ideal conditions: shallow waters, wide sea space, and favorable winds.

Sea at Caios Cochinos

For tourists looking to escape the commercialized attractions, Cayos Cochinos in Honduras is a great vacation destination. A group of islands in the Caribbean Sea is virtually untouched by man and devoid of roads. There are hiking trails that connect one beach to another. The waters in this area are distinguished by the purest marine life and flora, making Kayos Kachinos ideal for swimming and diving.

The purest waters of Rio Azul

One of the proofs of how clean the water in Rio Azul is, is its second name - "blue river". The water here is so clean that you can drink it. This is due to the fact that the river located in Argentina receives its perfectly clear water from glaciers and snowy plains in the Andes. Safe to drink, Rio Azul's water is crystal clear and blue.

Colombian Playa Blanca

Playa Blanca, which means "white beach", really lives up to its name. It is a very clean, remote beach located 45 minutes by boat from Cartagena. Here, you can wander through the powdery white sand and swim in its crystal clear waters in complete seclusion. You will never for a second doubt that the trip was worth it. In addition, you can taste fresh ceviche here, which is sold right on the beach.

Sea in Bodrum

Turkey is very rich in history, and the port city of Bodrum stands out in this regard. The legendary Mausoleum in Halicarnassus was once built here - one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Bodrum is also famous for its amazingly clear waters. Many divers say that the water is so clear that the boats on it seem to be floating in the air!

Italian Sardinia

A beautiful Mediterranean island off the west coast of Italy, Sardinia is known for its breathtaking beaches and stunning mountain and sea views. A visit to Sardinia allows you to kill two birds with one stone. You can comprehend history by looking at the ancient sights of Sardinia, or you can swim in the perfectly clear sea. The islands have remained untouched by commercial tourism and are considered a jewel of the Mediterranean.

The waters of the Verzasca river

In southern Switzerland flows the 30-kilometer mountain river Verzasca, which flows into the famous Lake Maggiore. In addition to crystal clear turquoise waters and exotic rocks, the river also has a very strong and dangerous current. Despite all the factors, it is a renowned snorkeling spot and the valley is often used for bungee jumping.

The purest source of Pupu

The beauty of New Zealand cannot be any films or photographs, even if it is The Lord of the Rings. The beauty of the country is best appreciated physically by traveling here. One of the most beautiful places in the country is the Pupu Spring, located on the South Island of the country. The source is believed by the Maori to have spiritually healing powers. This is most likely due to the absolute purity of the water and its powerful streams, releasing 14,000 liters per second!

The beauty of Wineglass Bay

Australia's gold coast is world renowned for its beautiful beaches and great surfing conditions. But many don't know about Wineglass Bay, located in Tasmania's Freycinet National Park. The bay has a crescent shape, white sand beaches and clear sea water. All this is complemented by a picturesque backdrop of pink and gray granite peaks. Read more about Wineglass Bay in a separate article on LifeGlobe.

Pure waters of Belo Sur Mer

The coastal city of Belo Sur Mer is located on the shores of the Indian Ocean in Madagascar. The waters here are among the cleanest in the world. 80 kilometers from the coast is the chain of the Virgin Islands, where the water is even cleaner, and the beaches are completely deserted. Scuba diving is the most exciting activity of these islands, which are filled with amazing marine life. Here you can meet the brightest and rarest representatives of the underwater world.

Egyptian Marsa Matruh

Egypt is known for its Red Sea, pyramids and deserts, but not very many people know that there is also a Mediterranean resort with some of the cleanest waters in the world. Marsa Matruh, located west of the ancient city of Alexandria, has very beautiful beaches with clear waters and soft white sand. Its relatively calm sea is the result of the protection of the island by a number of mountain formations, making Marsa Matruh a calm and serene destination for beach lovers.

The fashion for treatment with mineral waters was introduced by Peter I, who, having visited foreign resorts, ordered to find analogues in Russia. It turned out that Russia is rich in its healing waters.

1. Kislovodsk

Kislovodsk is a famous resort city, where Lermontov, Tolstoy, Pushkin used to stay. Legend has it that the first spring appeared in the valley when the traveler decided to repay the hospitable host who gave him the last water that was found in his house.
For the first time, the sources of Kislovodsk were investigated at the end of the 18th century. Already in 1812, the first bathhouse for 3 baths was built, and in 1822 a luxurious restaurant was erected with a colonnade and a staircase that led to the source.
The Kislovodsk deposit is represented by low-mineralized carbonic waters or Kislovodsk narzans. This water can be used both for drinking and for taking a bath.

2. Pyatigorsk

The healing properties of Pyatigorsk waters have been known since antiquity, but the first written mention dates back only to 1334. The official history of Pyatigorsk as a resort city begins in 1803. Then the Rescript of Alexander I "On the recognition of the state significance of the Caucasian Mineral Waters and the need for their arrangement" was signed.
Local legends say that the mineral waters are the blood of the beautiful Mashuka, who fell in a duel between Tsar Elbrus and Prince Beshtau.
The Pyatigorsk deposit is very rich, carbonic, siliceous waters are used for medicinal drinking, and carbonic-hydrogen sulfide siliceous waters are used for external treatment. The total reserves of mineral waters of the Pyatigorsk deposit are 3000 m3 / day, including radon waters.

3. Essentuki

Essentuki is another nationwide resort town. The mineral waters found here in 1811 at first did not interest the doctors, and only in 1823 the history of the city-health resort began.
In 1951, Essentuki mineral waters became a trade mark that is still in demand today.
The origin of the name Essentuki is still not known exactly. Local residents associate it with a legend about the recovery of the son of a mountain prince. After bathing in the spring, the boy became healthy, and his head was covered with curls. The enthusiastic mother named the source "Essentyuk" or living hair.
Essentuki resort specializes in the treatment of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, liver and metabolism. Local carbonic chloride-bicarbonate sodium waters are suitable both for drinking and for bathing and irrigation.

4. Zheleznovodsk

The history of Zheleznovodsk began in the 19th century, when the famous physician F.P. Gaaz discovered 2 mineral springs on the slope of Mount Zheleznaya. In 1820 Pushkin visited here, and a few years later the small town turned into a health resort. In the 1850s, the first omnibus with passengers and mail arrived in the city. To date, about 20 sanatoriums have been opened in the city, which are visited by more than 80 thousand people a year.
The waters of Zheleznovodsk are unique. These are the only high temperature calcium waters in Russia. They are mainly used for drinking cures and for external treatments. Since 1866, sulphide silt mud of Lake Tambukan and Lysogorsk lakes has also been used for treatment.

5. Staraya Russa

The resort of Staraya Russa is located in the Novgorod region. Its unique feature is the huge volumes of underground mineral waters, which made it possible not only to provide the entire resort with medicinal waters, but also to fill the pool, as well as to arrange a 10-meter fountain in the center of the resort park. Staraya Russa is dominated by bromine chloride sodium waters, ideal for external use. The resort also provides mud treatment, the reserves of which are extremely small. The main indications for treatment are diseases of the organs of movement, nervous system, digestive organs and gynecological.

6. Sestroretsk

Sestroretsk is located in the south of the Karelian Isthmus. For the first time, a settlement on this site was mentioned in the Swedish chronicles of 1643. The city was founded on this place only in 1714.
Mineral waters and therapeutic muds of these places were discovered much later. In 1900, the Sestroretsk resort was opened, which specialized in the treatment of diseases of the circulatory system, digestion, movement and nervous system.
The mineral waters of the resort are mainly sodium chloride, they are used for drinking and bathing. Sestroretsk's "Gitty Clays" are used for lotions and baths. Climatotherapy is also practiced at the resort.

7. Resort Marcial Vody

Marcial waters, balneological and mud resort, is located in the Republic of Karelia. It was founded by Peter I in 1719, when a spring with healing water was discovered in the Konchezero region. The tsar loved to visit the resort, according to his instructions, a wooden palace was built near the spring, and the settlement itself received its first name - Palaces. The resort was renamed into Marcial Waters in 1965.
The waters of the resort are unique, and they contain a record amount of iron (up to 100 mg / dm3). A visit to the Marcial Waters is recommended for people with blood diseases, anemia, diseases of the circulatory system, movement, and nervous system.

8. Undory

The mineral source of the village of Undory was found relatively recently - in 1987. Its waters are the only analogue of the famous mineral water "Naftusya" in Russia (the Ukrainian resort of Truskavets). The water of the Undor spring is slightly mineralized, with a high content of organic matter. It is especially useful in the treatment of the genitourinary system, diseases of the endocrine system, eating disorders and metabolic disorders.
The Volzhanka mineral water plant is located near the village.

9. Resort Sergievskiy Mineralnye Vody

The resort Sergievskie Mineralnye Vody is located in the Samara region. Local waters are low-mineralized hydrocarbonate-sulphate magnesium-calcium waters with an average concentration of hydrogen sulfide. There are no analogues in Russia.
The first sanatorium on the Sernovodsk Upland was founded in 1833, although for the first time they started talking about the medicinal properties of these waters back in 1717.
The resort successfully treats diseases of the organs of movement, nervous system, circulatory system, skin, gynecological diseases and injuries of the spine. The resort's water reserves significantly exceed the annual consumption, therefore Sergievski Mineralnye Vody has a huge potential for development.

10. Belokurikha

Belokurikha is a federal resort town located in the Altai Territory. It treats diseases of the circulatory system, nervous system, musculoskeletal system, digestive system, endocrine and genitourinary systems. The hydro-mineral base of the resort is thermal radon waters, low-mineralized, but with a high content of silicic acid.
Belokurikha became a resort village in the 1920s; by the 1930s, an infrastructure for full-fledged treatment and recreation was created on the territory of the town. Members of the government and such famous writers as Paustovsky rested in Belokurikha.
Today, in Belokurikha, they treat not only with waters. Mud therapy, climate therapy is practiced here, and since 2010 a ski resort has been opened in Belokurikha.

11. Lake Shira

Lake Shira is located in the Republic of Khakassia. The lake water is salty and highly mineralized. It is used for bathing and other water procedures, and the mud of the lake is also used for treatment.
For the first time they started talking about Lake Shira in the 19th century. Research on the medicinal properties of water proceeded slowly, until by the beginning of the 20th century several resorts arose on the shore of the lake.
The steppe climate, curative mud, mineral drinking and salt waters make Lake Shira a unique complex of Southern Siberia. Here they treat diseases of the digestive system, endocrine system, respiratory system, diseases of the genitourinary system, diseases of the musculoskeletal system, and the nervous system.

12. Talaya resort

Talaya is the only Russian thermal resort located in the Arctic Circle. The first mention of the village and the healing water dates back to 1868.
The main attraction of the Talaya resort is a silicon thermal mineral spring, the water of which is used to treat diseases of the circulatory system, musculoskeletal system, nervous system, diseases of the genitourinary system, skin diseases. Water from this source is bottled and carbonated without losing its medicinal qualities.

13. Sinegorsk resort

Sinegorsk is the main resort in the Sakhalin region, where mineral waters are used for treatment (Sinegorsk carbonic arsenous mineral water). Mud therapy is applied no less effectively, for which the therapeutic sulphide mud from the Variable Bay is used.
For the first time, the healing properties of water were discovered by the Japanese in the last century, they also equipped the first captages.
Sinegorsk springs are used for dosed drinking treatment of anemia, diseases of the digestive system, metabolism, endocrine system, as well as for external balneotherapy in the treatment of diseases of the nervous system, musculoskeletal system and skin diseases.

14. Matsesta resort

Matsesta resort is the largest balneological resort in Russia, located near the city of Sochi. The resort was founded in 1902 on the healing hydrogen sulphide springs.
Historians suggest that the word "matsesta" originated from the Adyghe "mesIost", translated as "burning water". Later, a legend appeared about the beautiful Matsesta, who went underground, not tolerating the slander of her sister. In that place, a generation later, a life-giving source came.
The water of the Matsesta resort helps to heal wounds, cure colds, bone diseases and improve blood flow.

15. Moscow groundwater basin

The Moscow groundwater basin feeds more than a dozen hydrotherapy centers throughout Moscow and the Moscow region. The first of them was opened in 1803 by the knight marshal A.P. Nashchokin in his own estate Rai-Semenovskoye near Serpukhov.
Low-mineralized waters occur at a depth of 335 to 520 m, predominantly sulphate and sulphate-chloride sodium in composition, but at greater depths there are sodium chloride brines of high concentration, often with a high bromine content.
In the middle of the 20th century, the mineral water of the "Moscow Sea" could be tasted in the center of Moscow - in the drinking gallery of the Research Institute of Balneology. She helped with gout, kidney and digestive system diseases.
Today, the mineral water of the Moscow basin feeds health resorts and sanatoriums in Moscow, Moscow region, as well as Vladimir, Ivanovsk, Novgorod, Ryazan, Yaroslavl regions.

16. Lake Elton

Lake Elton is a salt lake in the Volgograd region. Its mineralization is 1.5 times stronger than that of the Dead Sea. The sanatorium on the shore of Lake Elton (from the Mongolian "Altyn-Nor" - the gold mine) was built in 1910.
Despite the fact that the main base of the sanatorium is the silt sulphide mud and brine of the lake, next to the sanatorium there is a chloride-sulphate sodium spring, the chemical composition of which is similar to that of Essentuki-17.
The sanatorium treats diseases of the peripheral nervous system, organs of movement and support, digestion and gynecology.

17. Resort Khakusy

Khakusy is a resort on the northeastern shore of Lake Baikal. It was founded only in 1953, although the hot springs that make up its base have been known for a very long time. This is evidenced by the name of the place - the name "Khakusy" comes from the Evenk word meaning "heat", "hot".
The waters in the springs are slightly mineralized and are similar in composition to the sources of Pyatigorsk. Mineral water is suitable for both baths and internal use. The main indications for treatment are skin diseases, chronic gynecological diseases, diseases of the endocrine system, joints and musculoskeletal system.
The hydropathic establishment in Khakusy is small - it is designed for only 50 places.

The Ust-Kachka resort is unique - there are three types of mineral waters at once. Hydrogen sulfide water treats joint diseases, nervous, gynecological and skin diseases. Iodine-bromine water soothes the nervous system and cures insomnia. Drinking medical-table water "Ust-Kachkinskaya" is used for the treatment of the digestive system, endocrine system, metabolic disorders, diseases of the genitourinary system.

20. Goryachy Klyuch resort

Goryachy Klyuch is one of the oldest balneological resorts in the Caucasus. The settlement was founded in 1864, and before that the Adyg settlement Psyfab (from Adyghe - "hot water") was located in its place.
The resort offers several types of mineral waters. Thermal sulfide chloride-hydrocarbonate sodium waters (60 ° C) are used for baths, they treat diseases of the musculoskeletal system, peripheral nervous system and gynecological diseases. Psekup mineral waters are drunk to treat diseases of the digestive system. In terms of properties, they are close to Essentuki, but, unlike them, they do not contain carbon dioxide, but hydrogen sulfide.

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Thanks to the active life of mankind, there is not so much truly clean water left on the planet. But still, the corners of virgin nature have been preserved, where the water is in a special way transparent and clean. As a rule, these are places where a small number of people or countries live, where government services closely monitor the ecology and cleanliness of water bodies. So where is the cleanest water on the planet?

French Polynesia (Bora Bora)

This island is located in the Pacific Ocean at a distance of 240 km from Tahiti and belongs to France, which became its owner as a result of marine exploration and conquest. Bora Bora is especially popular among those who are professionally engaged in diving, because thanks to the crystal clear water, the entire underwater world is at a glance.

Turtles, sharks and stingrays feel great in such water and their population only increases every year. Here you can meet the rarest species of marine life and, under the supervision of an instructor, observe their life, plunging into the warm ocean. Polynesians rightly believe they have the cleanest water in the world.

Lake Tahoe

This lake is located on the border of two American states - California and Nevada. This reservoir is rightfully considered one of the oldest on the planet, the age of Lake Tahoe is more than 2 million years. Due to the fact that more than 40 rivers flow into the lake, and only one flows out, the percentage of clean water is very high.

The US government has designated the lake as a national park, so it is protected by a special agency. There is a highway around the lake, but driving directly to the reservoir is prohibited and violators will face a huge fine. Lake Tahoe is an example of how a civilized country treats the purity of water and tries to preserve the lake in its original form for their descendants.

Germany, lake Königssee

This lake is considered the cleanest body of water in Germany, it arose as a result of melting glaciers and also has the status of a National Park. Located in a picturesque corner of Bavaria, this lake attracts hundreds of travelers and tourists from all over the world every year. The lake is surrounded by beautiful alpine mountains and once you get there you feel cut off from the whole outside world. To keep the lake clean, the government has banned diesel ships and boats from moving around the lake. Thanks to the numerous underwater springs and the lakes flowing into the Königssee, the water here is constantly renewed and looks emerald.

Rio Sucuri River Brazil

The waters of this river attract divers from all over the world. The river is so clean that sometimes it seems that it does not exist at all, and the fish swim right through the air. Due to the fact that the river is located far from the usual tourist routes, it has managed to preserve its original and unique flavor. Snorkeling is also the highlight of tourist holidays on the banks of this river. Every year the flow of eco-tourists who want to take a leisurely walk along the river and admire the original underwater gardens is growing. To see all the inhabitants, you don't even need to take optical instruments. This river really has the cleanest water in the world.

Crater Lake, USA

The history of this reservoir, located in Oregon, began many millennia ago. The lake appeared in the crater of a volcano after its eruption. The incredible blue water is due to the great depth of the lake, it is considered one of the most beautiful places in the entire United States. Despite the centuries-old history, the first mention of Kreiter was recorded only in the 19th century. This is due to the inaccessible location of this lake. Already at the beginning of the 20th century, US President Theodore Roosevelt, together with Congress, adopted a law according to which the lake and the surrounding area became a National Treasure.

Despite the fact that the lake is under snow for most of the year, it almost never freezes. The location in the crater and warm air currents from the Pacific Ocean prevent the water from freezing, and the average temperature does not drop below 12 degrees Celsius.

There are fewer and fewer places like this with crystal clear water on our planet every year. An unreasonable and careless attitude to such gifts of nature can lead to the fact that they will completely disappear from the face of the earth and our descendants will never be able to see such wonderful lakes, rivers and oceans.

With summer approaching, we increasingly dream of plunging into cool and clear water. True, not always accessible beaches please with impeccable cleanliness. However, there are places on Earth where the water is truly transparent and practically untouched by civilization.

In today's top ten, we have collected the cleanest bodies of water in the world... Yes, not all of them are suitable for swimming, but enjoying the contemplation of the bottom through a 40-meter column of water is a special pleasure.

This crater lake is famous for its clear water and deep blue color. The lake was formed over 7,700 years ago. One of the attractions of Kreiter is a huge log that has been floating vertically across the entire surface for more than a hundred years.

9. Buck Buck beach (Borneo island)

The water here is so clear that you can see every blade of grass among the algae that cover the huge boulders. This beach is unpopular with tourists because entering the water is very inconvenient. This circumstance made it possible to keep the water crystal clear.

8. Lake Mashu (Japan)

The body of water in Akan National Park is considered one of the cleanest in the world. The lake is located at the foot of the mountain of the same name. The transparency of the water here is amazing - it reaches more than meters. So that tourists can appreciate the local beauty, several observation platforms are equipped for them above the water.

7. Flooded Redstone Cave (Australia)

This place is very popular with tourists, who spend hours looking at the smallest pebbles at the bottom of a rather deep lake. The transparency of the water is somewhat reduced by slight ripples arising from the nearby waterfall.

6. Lake Peyto (Canada)

The purest lake, located in Banff National Park, was formed as a result of the melting of a glacier at an altitude of 1860 meters. One of the "highlights" of the lake is the tropical turquoise color of the water.

5. Lake Baikal (Russia)

boasts unusually clear water. In some places you can see the bottom, located at a depth of more than meters. The waters of Lake Baikal are especially pure in the spring.

4. Lake of Five Colors (China)

An extraordinary lake is located in Sichuan province. The bottom of the lake is covered with trunks of fallen trees, which can be seen in every detail, thanks to the crystal clear water. The lake is fed by underground springs, the heat of which does not allow it to freeze even in severe winters.

3. Lake Jenny (Wyoming, USA)

The reservoir was formed about thousands of years ago during the melting of glaciers. By the way, the lake got its name from an Indian girl who married the British pioneer Richard Lee.

2. Rio Sucuri (Brazil)

This river is so clean and transparent that it creates the illusion that fish floating in the water are fluttering in the air. Together with the shores overgrown with lush greenery, the Sukuri River creates a very picturesque landscape that attracts tourists. One of the most popular activities on Sukuri is snorkelling.

1. Lake Königssee (Germany)

This one of the cleanest bodies of water in the world formed as a result of the melting of glaciers. To travel on the lake, only boats with electric motors, rowing boats and pedal catamarans are allowed. In the very middle of the lake, you can hear an unusually clear and clear echo, which is facilitated by the surrounding mountains.