Morphology is an adjective. Constant and inconstant signs of an adjective
An adjective is an independent significant part speech.
1. Grammatical meaning- “sign of an object.”
Adjectives include words that answer the questions: which?, whose?
- 2. Morphological characteristics:
- · constants - rank by value, for qualitative ones: full/short form and degrees of comparison,
- · changeable - case, number, singular - gender.
- 3. Syntactic role in a sentence: in full forms qualitative adjectives, as well as relative and possessive adjectives- definition, for short forms of qualitative adjectives - part of the compound nominal predicate.
Morphological features of adjectives
An adjective, like other parts of speech, has a set of morphological features. Some of them are permanent (or unchangeable). Others, on the contrary, are impermanent (or changeable). So, for example, the adjective sweet is a qualitative adjective, full form, positive degree of comparison. In a sentence, this word can be in different cases and numbers, and in the singular - in different kinds. In the illustration, dotted lines lead to changeable features. The ability to be in full or short form, in a positive - comparative - superlative degree, is considered by linguists to be permanent characteristics. Different constant signs are expressed differently. For example:
sweeter - comparative adjective sweet expressed by the suffix -sche- and the absence of an ending, less sweet - the comparative degree of the adjective sweet is expressed by the combination less + sweet, sweet - short form of the adjective in singular. m.r. has a null ending, while the full form sweet has the ending -й.
Each part of speech is characterized by certain features peculiar only to it. This allows you to group Russian words depending on their grammatical properties. They are being studied special section Russian language - morphology, which takes into account, among other things, the inconstant and constant morphological features of an adjective, noun, verb, etc. Knowledge of the features of nominative and service units speech helps to accurately perform morphological analysis and correctly construct phrases and sentences.
In the Russian language there is a clear analysis scheme. For each independent part of speech, it includes the definition of a generalized grammatical meaning (including a question), morphological features (constant and non-constant), and syntactic function in a sentence.
What is an adjective
This is a significant part of speech, which is often used in descriptive texts. Adjectives denote permanent characteristics of objects and answer the questions: which one? whose? They enter into semantic connections with nouns and, when forming phrases, agree with them in number, gender, case ( inconsistent symptoms). This part of speech can denote a property of an object without its relationship ( young age ) or through the relation ( winter day, cow's milk) to other objects and phenomena. Depending on the meaning, three categories are distinguished - this is a constant feature - of the adjective. In a sentence, the words of a given part of speech perform the function of a definition or predicate.
Positive (no rating)
As the table shows, the simple form is formed by suffixes ( -e, -ee, -she, -aysh-, -eysh), and compound - special words added to full form (more, less, most) or simple comparative degree ( everyone). Another method is suppletive, i.e. from another base: good - best (comrade).
Words used in the simple comparative degree do not change.
Signs of relative adjectives
It should be noted right away that this group of words does not possess any of the above qualities. The sign they denote is necessarily correlated with another object or event. This is manifested in the possibility of replacing the phrase [noun + adjective] with a synonymous [noun + noun]. For example, wooden fence = fence made of wood. The relation of one subject to another for relative adjectives can be as follows:
- by time: last year's meeting;
- local: church hymn;
- according to the material: metal rod;
- by purpose: mantel clock.
Relative ones also include compound adjectives, the first part of which is a numeral: two-story building, three-year-old child.
Constant morphological features of the relative adjective are also manifested in the fact that they have only a full form.
Education
The derived basis for relative adjectives are nouns, verbs, adverbs, and the method of formation is suffixal ( -n-, -an-, -yan-, -in-, -enn-, -onn-, -l-). For example, hazy look, clay bowl, lecture time, skimming.
Constant signs of a possessive adjective
This group expresses the belonging of an object to someone: a person, an animal. First of all, they can be identified by the question: whose? They, like relative ones, do not have a degree of comparison, full and short forms. These are the main constant features of an adjective of this category.
A special feature of possessive adjectives is their morphemic composition. They are formed from nouns using suffixes -ov-, -ev-, -in-, -ii-: father's office, mother's coat, fox ears. If qualitative and relative adjectives have -th is the ending ( blue-it-eat), then in possessive words there is a suffix visible when recording the transcription (sound composition) of the word. For example: fox[l, is, -y, -eva].
Transition of adjectives from one category to another
The meaning and grammatical features of an adjective are often conditional. They can acquire a figurative meaning and move from one category to another. Thus, a relative adjective often acts as a qualitative adjective, especially in works of art(additional means of expression). This can be seen in the example of phrases with adjectives Iron door- relative, will- high quality.
Reverse processes are not so frequent. A qualitative adjective usually changes rank if it is part of a term: light industry.
Possessive adjectives also have a similar property. Moreover, this most often applies to words associated with animals. For example, word combinations HARE with different nouns: Nora(possessive), a cap(relative - from what?), cowardice(quality).
Adjective- This is an independent part of speech that answers questions about what. which. which. which. whose. whose. whose. whose. and denotes the attribute of an object.
Permanent:
category by meaning: qualitative, relative, possessive adjectives;
degree of comparison: comparative and superlative (for qualitative adjectives);
full or short form (for qualitative adjectives).
Non-permanent:
genus;
number;
case
Initial form- full form of the adjective in the nominative singular case male.
Adjectives in meaning can be qualitative, relative, possessive.
widely part of speechQualitative adjectives call the signs indicating the qualities of an object:
in size (small);
by age (young);
by color (bright);
by weight (light);
By appearance(Cute);
parse the word howls according to its composition By internal qualities(lazy), etc.
Qualitative adjectives can have:
degree of comparison (angry - angrier - the most evil);
short form (angry - evil - evil);
synonyms, antonyms (angry, kind);
can form adverbs starting with -o. -e. evil (looked); complex adjectives by repetition: angry-despicable; abstract nouns: anger.
Relative adjectives They call signs that express the relationship of one object to another:
part of speech deliberately local ( Ukrainian language- language of Ukrainians);
by material (crystal glass - glass made of crystal);
by time (last year's meeting - last year's meeting);
according to the intended purpose (washing powder - washing powder), etc.
They do not have degrees of comparison, short form, synonyms, antonyms, etc.
joyful to parse the word according to its compositionPossessive adjectives they call the attribute of an object by its belonging to a person or animal: fathers (tool), grandfathers (order), bear (den), husband (briefcase); answer whose questions. whose. whose. whose.
They have the suffixes -ov - (-ev -), -in - (-yn -), -iy -:
Full adjectives
have endings:
;
change by case, gender and number:
beautiful, beautiful, beautiful, beautiful, beautiful;
in a sentence they serve as a definition:
part of speech two The tourists made a difficult and long climb to the top.
Short adjectives
have endings: 
;
vary by gender and number: beautiful - beautiful - beautiful - beautiful;
acts as a predicate in a sentence:
Climbing to the top.
Highlight comparative And superlative degree of comparison. The comparative degree of comparison is divided into simple and compound. Adjectives of simple degree of comparison consist of one word and have the suffixes -ee (-ey), -e, -she (). other basics (good is better, bad is worse, small is less). Compound degree adjectives consist of two words: more, less and an adjective in full form (more convenient, less interesting).
The superlative degree of comparison is also divided into simple and compound. Adjectives of simple degree of comparison consist of one word and have the suffixes -aysh-, -eysh - (,
), other basics (good is the best, bad is the worst, small is the smaller). Compound degree adjectives consist of two words: most, most, least and the adjective in full form (most noticeable, most correct, least noticeable).
moment morphemic parsing
In the case of a hard declension, the stem ends in a hard consonant: 
In the case of soft declension, the stem ends in a soft consonant: 
analysis of the word hockey In the case of mixed declension, the stem ends in r, k, x:
1. Part of speech. General value(sign of an object).
Initial form (full form I. p. unit h. male r.).
2. Constant morphological characteristics:
quality;
relative;
possessive.
Variable morphological characteristics:
degree of comparison (for a qualitative adjective);
hundredth adjective or numeral number;
artificial morpheme parsing full or short form (for a qualitative adjective);
case (in full form);
gender (singular).
3. Syntactic role.
The morning air is calm, transparent and fresh.
Morning (air) - adj.
1. Air (what?) morning (denotation of an object). N. f. - morning.
2. Post. - relative; non-post - I. p. unit. h. husband R.
3. .
Quiet (air) - adj.
1. The air is (what?) quiet (denoting a sign of an object). N. f. - quiet.
2. Post. - quality; non-post - in times. f. units h. husband R.
3. . ?
§1. general characteristics adjective
An adjective is an independent significant part of speech.
1. Grammatical meaning- “sign of an object.”
Adjectives include words that answer the questions: which?, whose?
2. Morphological characteristics:
- constants - rank by value, for qualitative ones: full/short form and degree of comparison,
- changeable - case, number, singular - gender.
3. Syntactic role in a sentence: for full forms of qualitative adjectives, as well as for relative and possessive adjectives - a definition, for short forms of qualitative adjectives - part of a compound nominal predicate.
§2. Morphological features of adjectives
An adjective, like other parts of speech, has a set of morphological features. Some of them are permanent (or unchangeable). Others, on the contrary, are impermanent (or changeable). So, for example, the adjective sweet is a qualitative adjective, full form, positive degree of comparison. In a sentence, this word can be in different cases and numbers, and in the singular - in different genders. In the illustration, dotted lines lead to changeable features. The ability to be in full or short form, in a positive - comparative - superlative degree, is considered by linguists to be permanent characteristics. Different permanent signs are expressed differently. For example:
sweeter - comparative degree of adjective sweet expressed by the suffix -sche- and the absence of an ending,
less sweet - the comparative degree of the adjective sweet is expressed by the combination less + sweet,
sweet - short form of the adjective in singular. m.r. has a null ending, while the full form sweet has the ending -й.
Inconstant features: case, number, gender (singular) are expressed by endings: sweet, sweet, sweet, sweet, etc.
§3. Classes of adjectives by meaning
Depending on the nature of the meaning, adjectives are divided into:
- qualitative: big, small, good, bad, cheerful, sad,
- relative: golden, tomorrow, forest, spring,
- possessive: fox, wolf, father's, mother's, fathers.
Qualitative adjectives
Qualitative adjectives denote characteristics that can be expressed to a greater or lesser extent. Answer the question: Which?
They have:
- full and short forms: good - good, cheerful - cheerful
- degrees of comparison: small - less - smallest and smallest.
Most quality adjectives are non-derivative words. The stems of qualitative adjectives are producing stems from which adverbs are easily formed: bad ← bad, sad ← sad.
The meanings of qualitative adjectives are such that most of them enter into a relationship
- synonyms: large, large, huge, huge
- antonymies: big - small.
Relative adjectives
Relative adjectives are related in meaning to the words from which they are derived. That is why they are so named. Relative adjectives are always derived words: golden←gold, tomorrow←tomorrow, forest←forest, spring←spring. Features expressed by relative adjectives do not have different degrees intensity. These adjectives do not have degrees of comparison, as well as full and short forms. Answer the question: Which?
Possessive adjectives
These adjectives express the idea of belonging. Unlike qualitative and relative adjectives, they answer the question: Whose? Possessive adjectives do not have degrees of comparison, as well as full and short forms.
Suffixes of possessive adjectives: lisiy - -ii- [ii’], mamin - -in-, sinitsin - [yn], fathers - -ov-, Sergeev -ev-.
Possessive adjectives have a special set of endings. Even from the above examples it is clear that in the initial form (im.p., singular, m.r.) they have a zero ending, while other adjectives have endings -
-y, -y, -oh.
Forms im.p. and v.p. possessive adjectives and plural, like nouns, and the rest - like adjectives:
Singular
Name w.r. - a: mother’s, fox, m.r. - : , mother’s, fox, m.r. - oh, e: mom’s, fox.
Rod.p. w.r. - oh, her: mom’s, fox’s, m.r. and w.r. - wow, his: mom’s, fox’s.
Daten.p. w.r. - oh, her: mom’s, fox’s, m.r. and w.r. - oh, him: mother’s, fox’s.
Vin.p. w.r. - u, yu: mother’s, fox, m.r. and Wed R. - as im.p. or r.p.
Tv.p. w.r. - oh, her: mom’s, fox’s, m.r. and w.r. - ym, them: mother’s, fox’s.
P.p. w.r. - oh, her: mom’s, fox’s, m.r. and w.r. - oh, I eat: my mother’s, fox’s.
Plural
Name - s, and: mother’s, foxes.
Rod.p. - oh, them: mother’s, fox’s.
Daten.p. - ym, them: mother’s, fox’s.
Vin.p. - as im.p. or v.p.
Tv.p. - s, them: mother’s, fox’s.
P.p. - oh, them: mother’s, fox’s.
Adjectives can move from one category to another. Such transitions are determined by the peculiarities of the context and are associated, as a rule, with the use of adjectives in figurative meanings. Examples:
- fox nora is a possessive adjective, and fox cunning is relative (does not belong to a fox, but like a fox)
- bitter medicine is a qualitative adjective, and bitter truth is relative (correlates with bitterness)
- light bag is a qualitative adjective, and light life - relative (correlates with ease)
§4. Full and short forms of qualitative adjectives
Qualitative adjectives have both forms: full and short.
In full form they bow, i.e. vary by number, by gender (in singular) and by case. Full adjectives in a sentence can be a modifier or part of a compound nominal predicate.
Late at night they left the house.
Late - qualitative adjective, positive. degree, complete, in the form of singular parts, zh.r., tv.p.
In short form, adjectives are not inflected. They do not change by case. Short adjectives vary in number and gender (singular). Short forms of adjectives in a sentence are usually part of a compound nominal predicate.
The girl is sick.
Sick - qualitative adjective, positive. degree, short form, units, w.r. IN modern language in the role of definitions, short adjectives come in stable lexical combinations, for example: a beautiful maiden, in broad daylight.
Do not be surprised:
Some qualitative adjectives in modern language have only short forms, for example: glad, must, much.
Relative and possessive adjectives have only the full form. Please note: possessive adjectives with the suffix -in- in im.p. the form of v.p. coinciding with it. ending - as in short forms.
§5. Degrees of comparison
Qualitative adjectives have degrees of comparison. This is how language expresses the fact that signs can have a greater or lesser degree. Tea can be sweet to a greater or lesser extent, right? And language conveys this content.
Degrees of comparison thus convey the idea of comparison. They do this systematically. There are three degrees: positive, comparative, superlative.
- Positive - this means that the trait is expressed without assessing the degree: tall, cheerful, warm.
- The comparative determines a greater or lesser degree: higher, more cheerful, warmer, taller, more cheerful, warmer, less tall, less cheerful, less warm.
- The superlative expresses the greatest or least degree: the highest, the most cheerful, the warmest, the highest, the most cheerful, the warmest.
From the examples it is clear that the degrees of comparison are expressed in different ways. In the comparative and superlative degrees, the meaning is conveyed either using suffixes: higher, more cheerful, highest, most cheerful, or using words: more, less, most. Therefore, comparative and superlative comparisons can be expressed:
- simple forms: higher, highest,
- compound forms: taller, less tall, highest.
Among simple shapes in the Russian language, as in other languages, for example, in English, there are forms formed from another stem.
- good, bad - positive degree
- better, worse - comparative degree
- best, worst - superlative
Words in simple and complex comparative and superlative degrees change differently:
- Comparative degree (simple): above, below - does not change.
- Comparative degree (complex): lower, lower, lower - the adjective itself changes, change is possible by cases, numbers, and in the singular - by gender.
- Superlative degree (simple): highest, highest, highest - changes according to cases, numbers, and in the singular - according to gender, i.e. as in a positive degree.
- Superlative degree (complex): the highest, the highest, the highest - both words change according to cases, numbers, and in the singular - according to gender, i.e. as in a positive degree.
Adjectives in simple comparative form in a sentence are part of the predicate:
Anna and Ivan are brother and sister. Anna is older than Ivan. She used to be taller, but now Ivan is taller.
Other forms of comparison can be used both as a definition and as a predicate:
I approached the older guys.
The guys were more mature than I thought.
I turned to the oldest guys.
These guys are the oldest of those who study in the circle.
Test of strength
Check your understanding of this chapter.
Final test
Is an adjective an independent part of speech?
What adjectives can express characteristics that are expressed to a greater or lesser extent?
- Quality
- Relative
- Possessives
Which adjectives are characterized by lexical relations of synonymy and antonymy?
- For quality
- For relative
- For possessives
Are relative adjectives derivatives?
Which full adjectives have a special set of endings?
- In quality
- In relative
- In possessive
Do adjectives change by case in their full form?
What forms of adjectives are characterized by the syntactic role of definition?
- For full
- For short
Do all adjectives change by case?
- Not all
Do all adjectives change according to gender?
- Not all
Do superlative adjectives change according to case?
Can comparatives or superlatives be expressed in one word?
Can adjectives change from one category of meaning to another?
Right answers:
- Quality
- For quality
- In possessive
- For full
- Not all
- Not all
In contact with
Constant signs
True, we will talk about only one thing - about the category. Only it is constant for this part of speech. Let's figure out what a discharge is.
According to their meaning, adjectives are usually divided into three groups. Each of them has special grammatical characteristics. Groups of such adjectives are called categorization.
- High quality.
This type, based on its name, separates adjectives denoting any quality. For example, beautiful (appearance), kind (character trait), green (color), round (shape). This group is the largest and is easily distinguished from others. Only qualitative adjectives can change according to degrees of comparison (small - less - smallest). Another hallmark is that they can have a short form, which other categories cannot (good - good).
- Relative.
This group of adjectives denotes a characteristic expressing different relationships to the subject: to the place (swimming), to the time of year (winter), to the materials (stone, cotton), to the number (double).
This category, unlike qualitative ones, does not have a short form and is not compared by degrees.
- Possessive.
They have an important difference: such adjectives are the only ones that answer the question “whose?” This applies to both people (mother’s, sister’s) and animals (bear, wolf).
Inconstant signs of an adjective
But there are many more of them. The following will be common to all categories:
- Genus. As you know, there are three of them in the Russian language: masculine, neuter and feminine. Each of the adjectives will have all three forms, for example, yellow - yellow - yellow (qualitative); wooden – wooden – wooden (relative); hare – hare – hare (possessive).
- Number. All categories have singular (smart) and plural (rich).
- Case. Adjectives are easily changed by case. Only possessives have a special type of declension.
For qualitative adjectives, such attributes of the adjective as degree of comparison, as well as a short form, are added.
Participle and adjective: how not to confuse?
Many people still have difficulty distinguishing these parts of speech. And all because they have one general question"Which?" and other similar features. Let us find out in detail what are the signs of an adjective in a participle.
In addition to the issue that unites them, they have general type declination. Since outwardly they are practically indistinguishable and have a common appearance (smart - adjective, thinking - participle), then they will change equally in cases, numbers and all three genders. That is, we conclude that the participle has adopted all the inconstant features of the adjective.
In addition, both parts of speech are distinguished by the presence of a short form: dark - dark (adjective), made - made (participle). Short forms, like full ones, vary not only by gender, but also by number.
If we consider not only the signs of the adjective and participle, but also their syntactic function, then we can say with confidence that their roles in sentences are very similar. In their full form, both parts of speech will be definitions, and their short forms will act as a predicate or be part of it.
Conclusion
Knowing what features an adjective has, everyone can easily perform a morphological analysis of this part of speech. It will be very easy if you know a few simple rules described in our article.
We should also not forget that the adjective is similar in appearance to the participle. In order not to confuse them, remember that the latter is formed from a verb. And the adjective most often takes its origins from nouns.
