Anti-corruption. International Development Cooperation: The Role of the World Bank What is International Cooperation?

Trade and wars between countries have accompanied the entire history of mankind, as soon as the first ancient states appeared. For a long time, the main forms of international cooperation were trade and military alliances. With the development of society and technology, and the strengthening of the division of labor, new types of cooperation began to appear, from economics, including trade, to culture and ecology.

Concept

International cooperation is the interaction of several participants in the field of mutual interests, efforts aimed at harmonizing positions and coordinating actions, finding solutions to generally recognized problems and smoothing out conflicts. Initially, these were relations between states, with more attention paid to political relationships. However, they must be non-violent in nature, therefore, for example, cooperation with the Qing Empire, which, as a result of the Opium Wars, was forced by Great Britain and France to allow the sale of opium and other goods to the Chinese, can hardly be classified as international cooperation of states, although some researchers classify this case as imposed cooperation.

More and more participants

With the development of social relations, international and public organizations have joined the participants in international life, which, according to some economists, are now the main subjects of international cooperation. There are world organizations covering most countries, for example, the UN, the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, regional ones - the EU, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, specialized ones - the International Geographical Union, the World Wholesale Markets Association. Global corporations now have greater economic and political power than most states. Agreements with countries, a group of countries on economic, humanitarian and environmental issues make them full-fledged subjects of international life. The state and society delegate many issues of international cooperation to lower levels to regions, industries, and individual enterprises.

When two or more

More than 190 countries around the world cooperate, exchange information, compete and trade with each other on both a bilateral and multilateral basis. Cooperation between countries is regulated by intergovernmental agreements administered by the ministries of foreign affairs. Intergovernmental commissions are responsible for the development and creation of conditions for other participants, which determine the directions and key parameters of cooperation. Public organizations (societies of friendship and cooperation and others), chambers of commerce and industry create a business, information and cultural environment for cooperation between business, public organizations and citizens.

The globalization of the division of labor and the market and the increasing complexity of the tasks at hand require the consolidation of the efforts of many states. Therefore, multilateral cooperation is becoming increasingly common. To organize international cooperation to solve complex, complex problems, various regional and specialized associations are being created. For example, interstate associations - the European Union, a non-governmental association - the international environmental organization Greenpeace. Coordination of work is carried out by specially created institutions - secretariats, commissions, coordinating committees. The largest such structure is the UN, which unites almost all countries of the world.

What result suits everyone?

Interaction between the main subjects of international cooperation is aimed at achieving results that are consolidated through the conclusion of international treaties, conventions, agreements regulating various aspects of relations; international, intergovernmental and non-governmental institutions are being organized, and regional and subregional integration entities are being created.

The main directions of modern international cooperation are political and economic integration in the form of:

• unions of states that retain complete independence;
• associations with the formation of supranational bodies and the delegation of part of sovereignty to common institutions;
• functional integration that makes it possible to work in a specialized area.

There are principles

The history of the development of international cooperation has made it possible to develop general principles that provide equal opportunities to countries with different political and economic situations. Of course, this does not mean that all states comply with them, but at least they declare them.

The basic principles of international cooperation are:

• sovereign equality of states implies that countries respect each other’s rights and exercise on their territory the full extent of legislative, legal and administrative power, of course, subject to generally accepted norms;
• non-interference: internal politics is a matter only for the states themselves, if they do not pose a threat to peace;
• equality and self-determination of peoples, peoples have the right to create their own or join another state for cultural and economic development;
• respect for human rights, discrimination on any grounds is not allowed.

The principles of compliance with international treaties, environmental safety and cooperation are also highlighted.

Main directions

The main type of cooperation is cooperation between states in the political sphere, which determines the conditions and parameters for other areas. Of course, all types of international cooperation are used to obtain competitive advantages and economic benefits, directly or indirectly. For example, political cooperation between European countries made it possible to create a single European space. International economic cooperation, which began with the sale of goods (coal and steel), has grown into a large complex of various types of relations in the field of exchange of services, investments, information, scientific and technical cooperation, and in other areas of the economy.

The increasing complexity of technologies and control systems in the military sphere is forcing more and more countries to participate in the international division of labor in this area. Military and military-technical international cooperation means joint alliances, joint ventures for the production of weapons and much more. Cooperation in ecology, culture, ideology, legal and humanitarian spheres is becoming increasingly important.

Let's start with politics

In order to develop at least some kind of relationship, first of all you need to at least not fight. Therefore, it is noted that the main goal of international cooperation is the prevention of war. Joint efforts of two or more states are aimed at developing mutually acceptable solutions that take into account the balance of interests. The main idea underlying international relations is that all parties are satisfied or dissatisfied with the result, implying either a positive result or a mutual compromise. Since initially international cooperation is the interaction of political units, the relations of states determine the degree and depth of all other types of cooperation. Countries, depending on their political sympathies or antipathies, formulate an agenda for economic cooperation. By introducing most favored nation treatment for some countries and sanctions for others.

Does it all come down to the economy?

True or not, economists believe that the goal of any cooperation is to gain competitive advantages either directly, such as free trade agreements, or indirectly by creating a positive image of the country. South Korea is actively promoting its popular culture to the global market, which increases interest in Korean goods and services. At the same time, numerous trade and economic organizations aim to provide equal rights for all participants in the global market and remove the barriers that countries use to protect their producers. In the economic sphere, international cooperation is global trade, investment, scientific and technical cooperation, cooperation in the field of commercial practices and many other activities.

Who writes the laws

International legal cooperation provides legal space for interaction between participants. Relations between states are regulated by agreements between them and international treaties to which they are parties. The legal system of international cooperation covers almost all areas of activity, including economic cooperation, transport, monetary relations, intellectual property, certification and standardization. Countries, when joining international agreements, delegate part of their sovereignty to the institutions responsible for their implementation. For example, many countries recognize the jurisdiction of the International Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg and unconditionally comply with its decisions.

Strength in the team

It is difficult even for countries to live alone. Large states strive to attract more and more countries into their orbit in order to benefit from their competitive advantages, small ones willingly allow this to happen, trying to survive. Collective integration envisages closer international cooperation in the fields of politics, economics, law and the military. So far, the most successful project of international integration is that countries are united by a single civil and economic space, a single currency, and supranational governing bodies operate. Collective integration can be realized in certain types of international cooperation, for example, military cooperation of the North Atlantic countries in the form of the NATO bloc has made it possible to ensure the security of these countries.

• International cooperation (English: international development) is voluntary assistance from a donor of one country (be it a state, local authorities or a public organization) to the population of another country. This population can receive assistance directly from the donor or through the mediation of his state, local authorities or local public organizations.

  A universal form of organizing joint or mutually agreed production with the participation of foreign partners of two or more countries, based on the distribution of production, commercial cooperation, mutual guarantee of risks, general protection of investments and industrial secrets.

  International cooperation covers very different areas of activity. Including:

  *improving healthcare

  *improving education

  * improvement of environmental conditions

  * reducing socio-economic inequality

  * anti-terrorism activities

  * improving communication quality.

Related concepts

The principle of forming an idea of ​​the Russian Federation as a country favorable for tourism is primarily associated with strengthening ties between states and the development of national tourism resources. The international cooperation develops in two forms: on a bilateral and multilateral basis. The Russian Federation has concluded bilateral agreements on cooperation in the field of tourism with many countries. For example, according to the Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the French Republic on cooperation in the field of tourism, the parties encourage the exchange of information in the field of tourism statistics, legal regulation, and tourism opportunities of states. Multilateral cooperation involves coordinating joint actions to develop international tourism between several countries.

As an example of support for the financial sector, one can also cite the international cooperation. For example, a consortium of 10 American and European banks decided in September 2008 to create a common fund of $70 billion to assist smaller financial institutions.

Related concepts (continued)

To overcome the environmental crisis, further development is necessary both on a bilateral and multilateral basis, including organizations of the UN system.

These Recommendations are recognized by the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank as an international standard in the field of combating money laundering and the financing of terrorism. The provisions of these documents, in fact, form the foundation international cooperation in the field of AML/CFT/FRA.

Interaction in international cooperation on military and border issues, including the implementation of international treaties concluded by the participating states on the reduction of armed forces and arms limitation;

With the development of a market economy, its structural transformations are intensively developing the service sector (transport, communications, trade and public catering, tourism, insurance, information and computing services, etc.), as evidenced by the growth of its share in GDP production, which is typical for all countries of the world. communities. Of particular importance for the Republic of Belarus is the development of the transport complex as an infrastructure link for the development of production, other types of services and effective entry into the international cooperation. Its share in the production of gross domestic product is about 7%, it includes 8.4 thousand organizations. The main volume of cargo transportation is accounted for by road transport, in second place is railway transport, and a small volume of cargo transportation is accounted for by inland water and air transport.

In Chapter VIII " The international cooperation“contains two articles pointing to Russia’s international treaties in the field of tourism as the legal basis for international cooperation (Article 18) and the legal status of the representative office of the federal executive body performing the functions of providing public services in the field of tourism outside the Russian Federation. Chapter VIII.I “State supervision in the field of tourism activities” is represented by Article 19.1, which regulates the procedure for state supervision in the field of tourism activities. Chapter IX “Final Provisions” includes three articles indicating: liability for violation of tourism legislation (Article 20); the moment the law comes into force (Article 21), the need to bring regulatory legal acts into compliance with this law (Article 22).

In making such a proposal, we proceeded from the fact that the separation of all transnational crimes into an independent section and chapter of the Criminal Code would adequately reflect their increased social (in this case, international) danger, would indicate the need for an adequate response to them with criminal policy measures, would be would be an important step towards the unification of criminal legislation, as well as a substantive prerequisite international cooperation in the fight against these crimes. Thus, Russia would be able to confirm “its commitment to the fundamental principle of international law - the principle of conscientious fulfillment of international obligations” and would continue to “further improve judicial activities related to the implementation of the provisions of international law at the domestic level,” as required by the Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation dated 10 October 2003 “On the application by courts of general jurisdiction of generally recognized principles and norms of international law and international treaties of the Russian Federation.”

On the other hand, these provisions are aimed at clarifying the Community’s competences in the field of international cooperation, which were of a subsidiary nature in relation to the foreign policy of the EU member states.

The Rosatom Corporation is a complex version of the compilation of the rights of an economic entity and a management entity that has state and administrative powers. It was created for the purpose of pursuing state policy, implementing legal regulation, providing public services and managing state property in the field of nuclear energy use. The list of goals of its activities also includes the development and safe operation of organizations of the nuclear power industry and nuclear weapons complexes of the Russian Federation, organizations operating ships of the nuclear icebreaker fleet (nuclear technical service ships, ships with nuclear power plants), ensuring nuclear and radiation safety, non-proliferation of nuclear materials and technologies, development of nuclear science, technology and professional education, implementation international cooperation in this area.

International public law. According to prof. K. A. Bekyashev, when defining public international law, most authors highlight such components as a set (system) of principles and norms; regulation of relations between states and other subjects of international law; regulation goals: solving pressing issues facing these entities. Thus, public international law is a set of norms that are a generally binding criterion for what is legally permitted and legally prohibited and through which governance is carried out. international cooperation in relevant areas or enforcement of compliance with international law.

International environmental protection sites
Objects of environmental protection are divided into national (domestic) and international (global).
National (intrastate) objects include land, water, subsoil, wild animals and other elements of the natural environment that are located on the territory of the state. States freely dispose of national objects, protect and manage them on the basis of their own laws in the interests of their people.
International environmental protection objects are objects that are either located within international spaces (Space, atmospheric air, the World Ocean and Antarctica) or move across the territory of different countries (migratory species of animals). These objects are not within the jurisdiction of states and are not anyone's national property. They are developed and protected on the basis of various treaties, conventions, and protocols.

There is another category of international natural environment objects, which are protected and managed by states, but are registered internationally. These are, firstly, natural objects of unique value and taken under international control (reserves, national parks, reserves, natural monuments); secondly, endangered and rare animal plants listed in the international Red Book and, thirdly, shared natural resources that are constantly or for a significant part of the year in the use of two or more states (the Danube River, the Baltic Sea, etc.).
One of the most important objects of international protection is space . No country in the world has any rights to outer space. Space is the heritage of all humanity. This and other principles are reflected in the international Treaties on the use of outer space. In them, the international community accepted: the inadmissibility of national appropriation of parts of outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies; inadmissibility of harmful effects on space and space pollution.
The conditions for rescuing the astronauts were also agreed upon.
To limit the military use of space, the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty and the Soviet-American Strategic Arms Limitation Agreements (START) were of great importance.
World Ocean is also subject to international protection. It contains a huge amount of minerals, biological resources, and energy. The transport significance of the ocean is also great. The development of the World Ocean should be carried out in the interests of all humanity.
Attempts to formalize national claims to marine resources and spaces have been made for a long time and 50- 70s last century caused the need for legal regulation of the development of the World Ocean. These issues were addressed at three international conferences and culminated in the signing of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (1973) by more than 120 countries. The UN Convention recognizes the sovereign right of coastal states to biological resources in 2000-mile coastal zones. The inviolability of the Principle of free navigation has been confirmed (with the exception of territorial waters, the external border of which is set at a 12-mile distance from the coast).
Antarctica rightly called the continent of peace and international cooperation.

Another important international environmental protection site atmospheric air. The efforts of the international community are aimed primarily at preventing and eliminating the transboundary transfer of air pollutants and protecting the ozone layer from destruction.
International relations in these matters are regulated by the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution, the Montreal (1987) and Vienna (1985) Ozone Layer Agreements, the Convention on the Transboundary Effects of Industrial Accidents (1992) and other agreed documents.
A special place among the international conventions and agreements on the protection of the air basin had the Moscow Treaty of 1963 on the prohibition of nuclear weapons tests in the atmosphere, outer space and under water, concluded between the USSR, the USA and England, and other agreements of the 70-90s. on the limitation, reduction and prohibition of tests of nuclear, bacteriological, chemical weapons in various environments and regions. In 1996, the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty was solemnly signed at the UN.
U Russia's participation in international environmental cooperation. Our country plays a significant role in solving global and regional environmental problems. As the legal successor of the USSR, the Russian Federation assumed the treaty obligations of the former USSR to prevent environmental disaster, preserve the biosphere and ensure the development of mankind.
The main directions of international cooperation in Russia in the field of environmental protection are as follows: 1) state initiatives; 2) international organizations; 3) international conventions and agreements; 4) bilateral cooperation.
State initiatives for international cooperation in the field of environmental protection have a long history. Only in recent years, our country has put forward a number of constructive proposals for international cooperation for the purpose of environmental safety, for example, on environmental cooperation in the Asia-Pacific region (Krasnoyarsk, September 1988), on the protection of the Baltic marine environment (Murmansk , October 1987), to coordinate environmental efforts under the auspices of the UN (43rd Session of the UN General Assembly, December 1988).
The Russian Federation continues to play an active role in international environmental cooperation. In particular, important proposals to the participants of the conference in Rio de Janeiro (1992) were contained in the message of the President of Russia. The decisions of the Conference were approved in Russia and reflected in the Concept of the Russian Federation's transition to a development model. Russia also pays great attention to organizing international partnerships to solve the problems of such a transition.
International environmental organizations operate in almost all countries of the world. The governing bodies are concentrated primarily in the UN. The key function of organizing environmental activities in the UN system is carried out by the above-mentioned UNEP UN Environment Program. Russia actively cooperates in the field of environmental protection with UNEP and other organizations on issues of developing a strategy for protection against pollution, creating a global monitoring system, combating desertification, etc.
The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), renamed in 1990 the World Conservation Union, is very active in solving global environmental problems. The USSR became a member state in 1991, and now the Russian Federation continues this membership. Currently, IUCN has become one of the leaders in the development of biodiversity issues. At the initiative of the IUCN, the International Red Book of Rare and Endangered Species of Plants and Animals (in five volumes) was published.
Russia also pays a lot of attention to work in other specialized UN organizations that have a comprehensive environmental nature, in particular: UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization), WHO (World Health Organization), FAO (UN body for Food and Agriculture farm). Russia's scientific ties with the IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency) are being strengthened. Russia actively promotes the implementation of the main programs of the United Nations World Meteorological Organization (WMO), in particular the World Climate Program. Through WMO channels, Russia receives information about the state of the World Ocean, atmosphere, Earth's ozone layer and environmental pollution.
Russia continues to develop and deepen environmental cooperation along international conventions (treaties) and agreements on a multilateral basis. Over 50 international documents signed by the Russian Federation, as well as the former USSR and accepted for execution, now regulate Russian environmental cooperation with other states.
Cooperation continues within the framework of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (1982) and other agreements and treaties on the protection of the World Ocean. Much work is being done to implement) the Conventions: on the conservation of living resources in the Baltic Sea (1973); on international trade in species of wild fauna and flora (1973); on the protection of the Black Sea (ratified in 1993); on wetland conservation
(1971) and many others. In July 1992, Russia became a member of the Convention on Biological Diversity.
Speaking about international treaties concluded by Russia on a multilateral basis, one cannot fail to mention international cooperation with the CIS countries - former union republics of the USSR. The main document here is the intergovernmental Agreement on cooperation in the field of ecology and environmental protection, signed in Moscow in February 1992 by representatives of ten countries. ... ‘
On the basis of intergovernmental agreements, bilateral cooperation is developing with all border countries, including the CIS states, as well as with the USA, Great Britain, France, China and other states.
The most fruitful developments at present are Russian-American cooperation (the problem of Lake Baikal, measures to regulate water quality, the organization of nature reserves, etc.), Russian-German ties (environmental problems in the regions, the Lake Baikal region, exchange of radiological information, etc.), as well as cooperation with Scandinavian countries (environmentally friendly technologies, construction of water treatment facilities, protected areas on the Karelian Isthmus). In recent years, in conditions of insufficient financial support, the solution to environmental problems has been facilitated by the implementation of several Environmental projects with the financial support of the World Bank, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the Global Environment Facility and other organizations.
Despite the successes achieved, to overcome the environmental crisis it is necessary to further develop and intensify international cooperation both on a bilateral and multilateral basis, including organizations of the UN system.

Considerable attention should be paid to the fact that international relations, like other social relations, are nothing more than the activities of their subjects affecting each other’s interests. This activity can be carried out in various fields - economic, political, military, etc. Hence - various forms of international relations - international economic, political, military, etc. relationship. Each of these forms is the subject of research by certain sciences, incl. economic theory, political science, etc. From the point of view of the implementation mechanism, the system of international relations includes two main forms: relations of cooperation and relations of conflict.

Cooperation and conflicts are in constant connection, interconnection and represent a unity of opposites, i.e. are mutually conditioning processes that can “change places”. In other words, the system of international cooperation includes conflict situations and, conversely, every conflict presupposes certain forms of cooperation of its participants.

International cooperation is a process of interaction between participants in international relations, in which the use of violence (including armed violence in the first place) is excluded and a joint search for the realization of common and national interests dominates.

It is important to understand that cooperation is not the absence of conflicts, but the ability to get rid of extreme (violent) ways of resolving issues.

The essence and role of cooperation in the system of international relations is clearly manifested in its results. Key results to date include the following:

1) conclusion of treaties and agreements in various areas of international relations;

2) formation of interstate, intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations;

3) formation of regional integration entities. .

Among integration formations, two forms are currently distinguished: political and economic.

Political integration is the creation of a single political community consisting of several political units (states).

In the development of political integration, there are three possible paths in which a certain form of political integration formations operates:

– cooperation within the framework of alliances between states that retain sovereignty and independence;

– a federation establishing a unified supranational political power;

– functional integration, which makes it possible to jointly act within the framework of common specialized institutions.

International objects of environmental protection Objects of environmental protection are divided into national (domestic) and international (global). National (intrastate) objects include land, water, subsoil, wild animals and other elements of the natural environment that are located on the territory of the state. States freely dispose of national objects, protect and manage them on the basis of their own laws in the interests of their people. International environmental protection objects are objects that are either located within international spaces (Space, atmospheric air, the World Ocean and Antarctica) or move across the territory of different countries (migratory species of animals). These objects are not within the jurisdiction of states and are not anyone's national property. They are developed and protected on the basis of various treaties, conventions, and protocols.

There is another category of international natural environment objects, which are protected and managed by states, but are registered internationally. These are, firstly, natural objects of unique value and taken under international control (reserves, national parks, reserves, natural monuments); secondly, endangered and rare animal plants listed in the international Red Book and, thirdly, shared natural resources that are constantly or for a significant part of the year in the use of two or more states (the Danube River, the Baltic Sea, etc.). One of the most important objects of international protection is space . No country in the world has any rights to outer space. Space is the heritage of all humanity. This and other principles are reflected in the international Treaties on the use of outer space. In them, the international community accepted: the inadmissibility of national appropriation of parts of outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies; inadmissibility of harmful effects on space and space pollution. The conditions for rescuing the astronauts were also agreed upon. To limit the military use of space, the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty and the Soviet-American Strategic Arms Limitation Agreements (START) were of great importance. World Ocean is also subject to international protection. It contains a huge amount of minerals, biological resources, and energy. The transport significance of the ocean is also great. The development of the World Ocean should be carried out in the interests of all humanity. Attempts to formalize national claims to marine resources and spaces have been made for a long time and 50- 70s last century caused the need for legal regulation of the development of the World Ocean. These issues were addressed at three international conferences and culminated in the signing of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (1973) by more than 120 countries. The UN Convention recognizes the sovereign right of coastal states to biological resources in 2000-mile coastal zones. The inviolability of the Principle of free navigation has been confirmed (with the exception of territorial waters, the external border of which is set at a 12-mile distance from the coast). Antarctica rightly called the continent of peace and international cooperation.

Another important international environmental protection site atmospheric air. The efforts of the international community are aimed primarily at preventing and eliminating the transboundary transfer of air pollutants and protecting the ozone layer from destruction. International relations in these matters are regulated by the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution, the Montreal (1987) and Vienna (1985) Ozone Layer Agreements, the Convention on the Transboundary Effects of Industrial Accidents (1992) and other agreed documents. A special place among the international conventions and agreements on the protection of the air basin had the Moscow Treaty of 1963 on the prohibition of nuclear weapons tests in the atmosphere, outer space and under water, concluded between the USSR, the USA and England, and other agreements of the 70-90s. on the limitation, reduction and prohibition of tests of nuclear, bacteriological, chemical weapons in various environments and regions. In 1996, the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty was solemnly signed at the UN. U Russia's participation in international environmental cooperation. Our country plays a significant role in solving global and regional environmental problems. As the legal successor of the USSR, the Russian Federation assumed the treaty obligations of the former USSR to prevent environmental disaster, preserve the biosphere and ensure the development of mankind. The main directions of international cooperation in Russia in the field of environmental protection are as follows: 1) state initiatives; 2) international organizations; 3) international conventions and agreements; 4) bilateral cooperation. State initiatives for international cooperation in the field of environmental protection have a long history. Only in recent years, our country has put forward a number of constructive proposals for international cooperation for the purpose of environmental safety, for example, on environmental cooperation in the Asia-Pacific region (Krasnoyarsk, September 1988), on the protection of the Baltic marine environment (Murmansk , October 1987), to coordinate environmental efforts under the auspices of the UN (43rd Session of the UN General Assembly, December 1988). The Russian Federation continues to play an active role in international environmental cooperation. In particular, important proposals to the participants of the conference in Rio de Janeiro (1992) were contained in the message of the President of Russia. The decisions of the Conference were approved in Russia and reflected in the Concept of the Russian Federation's transition to a development model. Russia also pays great attention to organizing international partnerships to solve the problems of such a transition. International environmental organizations operate in almost all countries of the world. The governing bodies are concentrated primarily in the UN. The key function of organizing environmental activities in the UN system is carried out by the above-mentioned UNEP UN Environment Program. Russia actively cooperates in the field of environmental protection with UNEP and other organizations on developing a strategy for protection against pollution, creating a global monitoring system, combating desertification, etc. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), renamed in 1990 about the World Conservation Union. The USSR became a member state in 1991, and now the Russian Federation continues this membership. Currently, IUCN has become one of the leaders in the development of biodiversity issues. At the initiative of the IUCN, the International Red Book of Rare and Endangered Species of Plants and Animals (in five volumes) was published. Russia also pays a lot of attention to work in other specialized UN organizations that have a comprehensive environmental nature, in particular: UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization), WHO (World Health Organization), FAO (UN body for Food and Agriculture farm). Russia's scientific ties with the IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency) are being strengthened. Russia actively promotes the implementation of the main programs of the United Nations World Meteorological Organization (WMO), in particular the World Climate Program. Through WMO channels, Russia receives information about the state of the World Ocean, atmosphere, Earth's ozone layer and environmental pollution. Russia continues to develop and deepen environmental cooperation along international conventions (treaties) and agreements on a multilateral basis. Over 50 international documents signed by the Russian Federation, as well as the former USSR and accepted for execution, now regulate Russian environmental cooperation with other states. Cooperation continues within the framework of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (1982) and other agreements and treaties on the protection of the World Ocean. Much work is being done to implement) the Conventions: on the conservation of living resources in the Baltic Sea (1973); on international trade in species of wild fauna and flora (1973); on the protection of the Black Sea (ratified in 1993); on Wetland Conservation (1971) and many others. In July 1992, Russia became a member of the Convention on Biological Diversity. Speaking about international treaties concluded by Russia on a multilateral basis, one cannot fail to mention international cooperation with the CIS countries - former union republics of the USSR. The main document here is the intergovernmental Agreement on cooperation in the field of ecology and environmental protection, signed in Moscow in February 1992 by representatives of ten countries. ... ‘On the basis of intergovernmental agreements, bilateral cooperation is developing with all border countries, including the CIS states, as well as with the USA, Great Britain, France, China and other states. The most fruitful developments at present are Russian-American cooperation (the problem of Lake Baikal, measures to regulate water quality, the organization of nature reserves, etc.), Russian-German ties (environmental problems in the regions, the Lake Baikal region, exchange of radiological information, etc.), as well as cooperation with Scandinavian countries (environmentally friendly technologies, construction of water treatment facilities, protected areas on the Karelian Isthmus). In recent years, in conditions of insufficient financial support, the solution to environmental problems has been facilitated by the implementation of several Environmental projects with the financial support of the World Bank, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the Global Environment Facility and other organizations. Despite the successes achieved, to overcome the environmental crisis it is necessary to further develop and intensify international cooperation both on a bilateral and multilateral basis, including organizations of the UN system.