In what year did Krupskaya die? Krupskaya Nadezhda short biography

Nadya Krupskaya was born on February 26 (new style) 1869 in St. Petersburg into a poor noble family. Father Konstantin Ignatievich, after graduating from the Cadet Corps, received the position of head of the district in the Polish Groets, and mother Elizaveta Vasilievna worked as a governess. Her father died when Nadya Krupskaya was 14 years old, since her father was considered “unreliable” due to his connection with the populists, the family received a small pension for him. Nadezhda lived with her mother Elizaveta Vasilievna.

Krupskaya studied in St. Petersburg at the private gymnasium of Princess Obolenskaya, was friends with A. Tyrkova-Williams, future wife P.B.Struve. Graduated from high school with gold medal, was fond of , was a “sweatshirt”. After graduating from the eighth pedagogical class. Krupskaya received a diploma as a home tutor and successfully teaches, preparing students of Princess Obolenskaya’s gymnasium for exams. Then she studied at the Bestuzhev courses.
In the fall of 1890, Nadya abandoned the prestigious women's Bestuzhev courses. She studies the books of Marx and Engels and teaches classes in social democratic circles. I memorized German specifically for studying Marxism.

Nadezhda Krupskaya meets Vladimir Ulyanov

In January 1894, a young revolutionary comes to St. Petersburg. Behind the back of the modest twenty-four-year-old provincial, however, there were many experiences: sudden death father, the execution of his elder brother Alexander, the death of his beloved sister Olga from a serious illness. He went through surveillance, arrest, and easy exile to his mother’s estate.

In St. Petersburg, Ulyanov establishes legal and illegal connections with the city’s Marxists, the leaders of some Social Democratic circles, and makes new acquaintances. In February, a meeting of a group of city Marxists took place at the apartment of engineer Klasson. Vladimir meets two activists - Apollinaria Yakubova and Nadezhda Krupskaya.

After this, Ulyanov often meets with his friends, both together and separately. On Sundays he usually paid visits to the Krupsky family.

“Before his marriage in July 1898 in Shushenskoye to Nadezhda Krupskaya, only one noticeable “courtship” of Vladimir Ulyanov is known,” says historian Dmitry Volkogonov. - He was seriously attracted to Krupskaya’s friend, Apollinaria Yakubova, also a socialist and teacher.
Ulyanov, no longer very young (he was then over twenty-six), wooed Yakubova, but was met with a polite but firm refusal. Judging by a number of indirect signs, the unsuccessful matchmaking did not become a noticeable drama for the future leader of the Russian Jacobins..."

Vladimir Ilyich immediately impressed Nadezhda Krupskaya with his leadership abilities. The girl tried to interest the future leader - firstly, with Marxist conversations, which Ulyanov adored, and secondly, with her mother’s cooking. Elizaveta Vasilievna, seeing him at home, was happy. She considered her daughter unattractive and did not predict happiness for her in her personal life. One can imagine how happy she was for her Nadenka when she saw a pleasant person in her house. young man from a good family!

On the other hand, having become Ulyanov’s bride, Nadya did not cause much delight among his family: they found that she had a very “herring look.” This statement meant, first of all, that Krupskaya’s eyes were bulging, like a fish’s - one of the signs of Graves’ disease discovered later, because of which, it is assumed, Nadezhda Konstantinovna could not have children. Vladimir Ulyanov himself treated Nadyusha’s “herring” with humor, assigning the bride the appropriate party nicknames: Fish And Lamprey.

Already in prison, he invited Nadenka to become his wife. “Well, a wife is a wife,” she replied.

Having been exiled for three years in Ufa for your revolutionary activity, Nadya decided that serving exile with Ulyanov would be more fun. Therefore, she asked to be sent to Shushenskoye, Minusinsk district, where the groom was already located, and, having obtained permission from the police officials, she and her mother followed her chosen one.

Nadezhda Krupskaya and Vladimir Ulyanov in Shushenskoye

The first thing that the future mother-in-law said to Lenin when they met was: “How you were blown away!” In Shushenskoye, Ilyich ate well and led a healthy lifestyle: he hunted regularly, ate his favorite sour cream and other peasant delicacies. The future leader lived in the hut of the peasant Zyryanov, but after the arrival of his bride he began to look for other housing - with a room for his mother-in-law.

Arriving in Shushenskoye, Elizaveta Vasilievna insisted that the marriage be concluded without delay, and “in full Orthodox form.” Ulyanov, who was already twenty-eight, and Krupskaya, one year older than him, obeyed. A long red tape began to obtain a marriage license: without this, Nadya and her mother could not live with Ilyich. But permission for a wedding was not given without a residence permit, which, in turn, was impossible without marriage... Lenin sent complaints to Minusinsk and Krasnoyarsk about the arbitrariness of the authorities, and finally, by the summer of 1898, Krupskaya was allowed to become his wife. The wedding took place in the Peter and Paul Church, the bride wore a white blouse and a black skirt, and the groom wore an ordinary, very shabby brown suit. Lenin made his next suit only in Europe...

Vladimir invited Krzhizhanovsky, Starkov, and other exiled friends to the wedding. On July 10, 1898, a modest wedding took place, at which ordinary peasants from Shushenskoye were witnesses. At the wedding they had fun and sang so loudly that the owners of the hut came in to ask to calm down...

“We were newlyweds,” Nadezhda Konstantinovna recalled about life in Shushenskoye, “and this brightened up the exile. The fact that I don’t write about this in my memoirs does not mean at all that there was no poetry or young passion in our lives...”

Ilyich turned out to be a caring husband. In the very first days after the wedding, he hired a fifteen-year-old girl-assistant for Nadya: Krupskaya never learned how to operate a Russian stove and grip. And the culinary skills of the young wife even took away the appetite of close people. When Elizaveta Vasilievna died in 1915, the couple had to eat in cheap canteens until their return to Russia. Nadezhda Konstantinovna admitted: after the death of her mother, “our family life became even more student-like.”

Nadezhda Konstantinovna immediately becomes “at home”, indispensable when selecting material and copying individual fragments. Ulyanov reads some chapters of his manuscripts to his wife, but there are always few critical comments from her.

For a young woman, family is always connected not only with her husband, but also with children. It was destined that this marriage would be childless. The couple never publicly, even with close people, shared their pain about this. True, Vladimir Ilyich, in one of his letters to his mother, when they had already left Shushenskoye, spoke quite transparently about his wife’s illness (she was not with him in Pskov at that time). “Nadya,” Ulyanov wrote, “must be lying down: the doctor found (as she wrote about a week ago) that her illness (a woman’s) requires persistent treatment, that she should lie down for 2-6 weeks. I sent her more money (I received 100 rubles from Vodovozova), because treatment will require considerable expenses...” Later, already abroad, Krupskaya fell ill with Graves' disease and had to undergo surgery. In a letter to his mother, Ulyanov reported that Nadya “was very bad - extreme fever and delirium, so I was pretty scared...”.

Some of Lenin's entourage hinted that Vladimir Ilyich often gets abused by his wife. G. I. Petrovsky, one of his associates, recalled: “I had to observe how Nadezhda Konstantinovna, during a discussion on various issues, did not agree with the opinion of Vladimir Ilyich. It was very interesting. It was very difficult to object to Vladimir Ilyich, since everything was thought out and logical for him. But Nadezhda Konstantinovna noticed “errors” in his speech, excessive enthusiasm for something... When Nadezhda Konstantinovna made her comments, Vladimir Ilyich chuckled and scratched the back of his head. His whole appearance said that sometimes he gets it too.”

Nadezhda Krupskaya and Vladimir Ulyanov abroad

Once abroad, Krupskaya quickly adopted the gentle walking regime that Ulyanov adhered to. From Geneva, Vladimir Ilyich writes: “... I still lead a summer lifestyle, walking, swimming and lazing around”; from Finland: “It’s a wonderful holiday here, swimming, walking, solitude, idleness. Desertion and idleness are best for me...” From France: “We are going on vacation to Brittany, probably this Saturday...”

The Ulyanovs spent a decade and a half abroad. They did not have a permanent source of income. Before the start of the war, Nadezhda Krupskaya received an inheritance from her aunt, who died in Novocherkassk; in addition, Anna, Elizarov and Maria continued to occasionally send money to Vladimir...

At the end of December 1909, the couple, after much hesitation, moved to Paris, where Ulyanov was destined to meet. A lovely Frenchwoman, the charming wife of the rich man Armand, a lonely exile, a fiery revolutionary, a true Bolshevik, a faithful student of Lenin, mother of many children. Judging by the correspondence between Vladimir and Inessa (a significant part of which has been preserved), we can conclude that the relationship between these people was illuminated by bright feelings.

As I told you A. Kollontai, “in general, Krupskaya was aware . She knew that Lenin was very attached to Inessa, and more than once expressed her intention to leave. Lenin held her back."

Nadezhda Konstantinovna believed that the most difficult years of emigration had to be spent in Paris. But she did not create scenes of jealousy and was able to establish outwardly even, even friendly relations with the beautiful Frenchwoman. She answered Krupskaya in the same way...

The couple maintained a warm relationship with each other. Nadezhda Konstantinovna is worried about her husband: “From the very beginning of the congress, Ilyich’s nerves were tense to the extreme. The Belgian worker with whom we settled in Brussels was very upset that Vladimir Ilyich did not eat the wonderful radishes and Dutch cheese that she served him in the morning, and even then he had no time for food. In London, he reached the point where he stopped sleeping completely and was terribly worried.”

Vladimir values ​​his wife and comrade-in-arms: “Ilyich spoke flatteringly about my investigative abilities... I became his zealous reporter. Usually, when we lived in Russia, I could move much more freely than Vladimir Ilyich, talk with much more big amount roles. Based on two or three questions he posed, I already knew what he wanted to know, and I looked with all my might,” Krupskaya wrote many years after her husband’s death.

Most likely, without his faithful girlfriend, Vladimir Ilyich would never have achieved all his stunning successes.

The long-awaited often comes unexpectedly. “One day, when Ilyich was already getting ready to go to the library after dinner, and I had finished putting away the dishes, Bronsky came with the words: “You don’t know anything?!” There is a revolution in Russia!” We went to the lake, where all the newspapers were hung on the shore under a canopy... There really was a revolution in Russia.”

Return of Nadezhda Krupskaya and Vladimir Ulyanov to Russia

They returned in February 1917 to Russia, which they lived in thoughts about every day and which they had not visited for many years. In a sealed carriage Vladimir Ulyanov, Nadezhda Krupskaya and traveled in the same compartment.

In Russia, Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya meets with her husband in fits and starts, but keeps him informed of all matters. And he, seeing her abilities, burdens Krupskaya more and more with affairs.

In the autumn of 1917, events rapidly escalate. On the afternoon of October 24, Nadezhda Konstantinovna is found in the Vyborg District Duma and given a note. She opens it. Lenin writes to the Bolshevik Central Committee: “Delay in an uprising is like death.”

Krupskaya understands that the time has come. She runs to Smolny. From that moment on, she was inseparable from Lenin, but the euphoria of happiness and success passed quickly. Cruel everyday life ate away the joy.

In the summer of 1918, Krupskaya settled in the Kremlin in a modest small apartment specially equipped for her and Lenin. She didn't mind.

And then there was the Civil War. The fight against counter-revolution. Diseases of Nadezhda Konstantinovna. Shot by a Socialist-Revolutionary at Lenin. Death ...

The sudden illness of her husband frightened Nadezhda Konstantinovna. No matter what they said, the spouses were attached to each other. Elizaveta Drabkina recalls the story of her friend, Kremlin course cadet Vanya Troitsky, how once, when he was on duty late at night near Lenin’s apartment in the Kremlin, Vladimir Ilyich asked him if he heard the steps of Nadezhda Konstantinovna down the stairs, who had been delayed at some meeting , knock on the door and call him. Vanya listened to the silence of the night. Everything was quiet. But suddenly the apartment door opened and Vladimir Ilyich quickly came out.

“There’s no one,” said Vanya.
Vladimir Ilyich made a sign to him.

“He’s coming,” he whispered conspiratorially and ran down the stairs to meet Nadezhda Konstantinovna: she walked, walking quietly, but he still heard.”

Illness of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin

Lenin showed deterioration in health and pronounced signs of illness in early spring 1922. All symptoms pointed to ordinary mental fatigue: severe headaches, memory loss, insomnia, irritability, increased sensitivity to noise. However, doctors disagreed on the diagnosis. The German professor Klemperer considered the main cause of headaches to be poisoning of the body with lead bullets, which were not removed from the leader’s body after being wounded in 1918. In April 1922, he underwent surgery under local anesthesia and one of the bullets in the neck was finally removed. But Ilyich’s health did not improve. And so Lenin was struck down by the first attack of illness. Krupskaya, by duty and right of wife, is on duty at Vladimir Ilyich’s bedside. They bend over the sick person best doctors and render a verdict: complete peace. But Lenin’s misgivings did not leave him, and he made a terrible promise from Stalin: to give him potassium cyanide in the event that a blow suddenly befalls. Vladimir Ilyich feared paralysis, which doomed him to complete, humiliating helplessness, more than anything else.

The Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) entrusts its Secretary General, Comrade, with responsibility for compliance with the regime established by doctors.

On December 21, 1922, Lenin asked, and Krupskaya wrote a letter under his dictation regarding the monopoly of foreign trade.

Having learned about this, Stalin did not regret the phone call rude words for Nadezhda Konstantinovna. And in conclusion he said: she violated the doctors’ ban, and he will transfer the case about her to the Central Control Commission of the Party.

Krupskaya's quarrel with Stalin occurred a few days after the onset of Lenin's illness, in December 1922. Lenin learned about the quarrel only on March 5, 1923 and dictated a letter to Stalin to his secretary: “You had the rudeness to call my wife to the telephone and scold her. Although she expressed her consent to forget what she said, nevertheless this fact became known through her to Zinoviev and Kamenev. I do not intend to forget so easily what was done against me, and there is no need to say that I consider what was done against my wife to have been done against me. Therefore, I ask you to weigh whether you agree to take back what was said and apologize or whether you prefer to break off relations between us.”

After the dictation, Lenin was very excited. Both the secretaries and Dr. Kozhevnikov noticed this.

The next morning, he asked the secretary to re-read the letter, hand it over personally to Stalin and receive an answer. Soon after she left, his condition deteriorated sharply. The temperature has risen. Paralysis spread to the left side. Ilyich had already lost his speech forever, although until the end of his days he understood everything that was happening to him.

These days, Nadezhda Konstantinovna, apparently, nevertheless made an attempt to stop her husband’s suffering. From Stalin’s secret note dated March 17, members of the Politburo know that she “arch-conspiratorially” asked to give Lenin poison, saying that she tried to do it herself, but she did not have enough strength. Stalin again promised to “show humanism” and again did not keep his word...

Vladimir Ilyich lived for almost another whole year. Breathed. Krupskaya did not leave his side.

January 21, 1924 at 6:50 pm Ulyanov Vladimir Ilyich, 54 years old, died.

People didn’t see a single tear in Krupskaya’s eyes during the funeral days. Nadezhda Konstantinovna spoke at the memorial service, addressing the people and the party: “Don’t build monuments to him, palaces named after him, magnificent celebrations in his memory - he attached such little importance to all this during his life, he was so burdened by it. Remember that much has not yet been arranged in our country...”

The life of Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya without Vladimir Ilyich Lenin

Krupskaya survived her husband by fifteen years. A long-standing illness tormented and exhausted her. She didn't give up. I worked every day, wrote reviews, gave instructions, taught how to live. I wrote a book of memories. The People's Commissariat for Education, where she worked, surrounded her with love and reverence, appreciating Krupskaya's natural spiritual kindness, which coexisted quite peacefully with her strong ideas.

Nadezhda Konstantinovna outlived her husband by fifteen years, full of squabbles and intrigues. When the leader of the world proletariat died, Stalin entered into a fierce struggle with his widow, not intending to share power with anyone. Nadezhda Konstantinovna begged to bury her husband, but instead his body was turned into a mummy...

“In the summer of 1930, before the 16th Party Congress, district party conferences were held in Moscow,” historian Roy Medvedev writes in his book “They Surrounded Stalin.” - At the Bauman conference, V.I. Lenin’s widow, N.K. Krupskaya, spoke and criticized the methods of Stalinist collectivization, saying that this collectivization had nothing to do with Lenin’s cooperative plan. Krupskaya accused the Party Central Committee of ignorance of the mood of the peasantry and refusal to consult with the people. “There is no need to blame the local authorities,” said Nadezhda Konstantinovna, “for the mistakes that were made by the Central Committee itself.”

When Krupskaya was still making her speech, the leaders of the district committee let Kaganovich know about this, and he immediately went to the conference. Having risen to the podium after Krupskaya, Kaganovich subjected her speech to rude criticism. Rejecting her criticism on the merits, he also stated that she, as a member of the Central Committee, did not have the right to bring her critical remarks to the podium of the district party conference. “Let N.K. Krupskaya not think,” said Kaganovich, “that if she was Lenin’s wife, then she has a monopoly on Leninism.”

In 1938, the writer Marietta Shahinyan approached Krupskaya about reviewing and supporting her novel about Lenin, “Ticket to History.” Nadezhda Konstantinovna responded to her with a detailed letter, which caused Stalin’s terrible indignation. A scandal broke out and became the subject of discussion by the Party Central Committee.

“To condemn the behavior of Krupskaya, who, having received the manuscript of Shaginyan’s novel, not only did not prevent the birth of the novel, but, on the contrary, encouraged Shaginyan in every possible way, gave positive reviews about the manuscript and advised Shaginyan on various aspects of the life of the Ulyanovs and thereby bore full responsibility for this book. Consider Krupskaya’s behavior all the more unacceptable and tactless because Comrade Krupskaya did all this without the knowledge and consent of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, thereby turning the all-party matter of compiling works about Lenin into a private and family matter and acting as a monopolist and interpreter of public and personal life and work of Lenin and his family, which the Central Committee never gave anyone the right to do..."

The mystery of the death of Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya

Her death was mysterious. It came on the eve of the XVIII Party Congress, at which Nadezhda Konstantinovna was going to speak. On the afternoon of February 24, 1939, friends visited her in Arkhangelskoye to celebrate her hostess’s approaching seventieth birthday. The table was set, Stalin sent a cake. Everyone ate it together. Nadezhda Konstantinovna seemed very animated... In the evening she suddenly felt ill. They called a doctor, but for some reason he arrived after more than three hours. The diagnosis was made immediately: “acute appendicitis-peritonitis-thrombosis.” For some reason the necessary urgent operation was not performed. Three days later, Krupskaya died in terrible agony at the age of seventy.

Stalin personally carried the urn with Krupskaya’s ashes.

N.A. Konstantinov, E.N. Medynsky, M.F. Shabaeva, “History of Pedagogy” “Enlightenment”, Moscow, 1982 OCR Detskiysad.Ru return to book table of contents... Life and pedagogical activity of N.K. Krupskaya. A huge contribution to the construction of the Soviet school and to the development of Soviet pedagogical theory was made by Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya (1869-1939) - the wife, friend and ally of V. I. Lenin, outstanding figure Communist Party, organizer of Soviet education, leading Marxist educator. The practical activities and pedagogical works of N.K. Krupskaya embodied the Leninist program of educating a new person - an active builder of socialism and communism. N.K. Krupskaya was born in St. Petersburg in 1869 into a revolutionary democratic family. Her father Konstantin Ignatievich Krupsky was a man of progressive views. He served as a second lieutenant in units tsarist army , located in Poland, and during the Polish uprising of 1863 provided assistance to the rebels. For his anti-government views and actions, he was considered unreliable and dismissed from service, first from the military and then from the civilian one. N. K. Krupskaya’s interest in teaching arose in her family, under the influence of the Narodnaya Volya members who gathered at her father’s place and carried out “going to the people.” Progressive teachers at the gymnasium further contributed to the development of this interest. At the gymnasium, she realized that teaching was her calling and that as a teacher she would be useful to her people. However, after graduating from high school, Krupskaya, as the daughter of a politically unreliable person, could not get a job as a teacher. In 1889, N.K. Krupskaya entered the historical and philological department of the Higher Women's Courses (Bestuzhevsky) in St. Petersburg. At the same time, she became close to a circle of revolutionary-minded students. In this Marxist circle, she first heard about the activities of the International and became acquainted with the works of K. Marx and F. Engels that appeared in Russia. Marxism becomes a guiding star in the life of N.K. Krupskaya: “Marxism gave me the greatest happiness that a person could wish for: knowledge of where to go, calm confidence in the final outcome of the matter with which I connected my life. The path was not always easy, but there was never any doubt that it was the right one.” In order to devote herself entirely to the study of Marxism and revolutionary work, N.K. Krupskaya left the course and began to engage in revolutionary propaganda among the workers of the capital. In the fall of 1891, she became a teacher at an evening and Sunday school in the village. Smolensky on the Shlisselburg tract (on the outskirts of St. Petersburg), where she was active in political and pedagogical activities among workers until 1896, when she was arrested. In the fall of 1893, V.I. Lenin arrived in St. Petersburg. In February 1894, at a meeting of St. Petersburg Marxists, Nadezhda Konstantinovna met with Vladimir Ilyich Lenin. “We met Ilyich as already established revolutionary Marxists, and this left a mark on our life and work together,” recalled N.K. Krupskaya. In the fall of 1894, Krupskaya organized a circle of workers - school students, with whom Vladimir Ilyich taught classes. Other circles where V.I. Lenin promoted Marxism included some of Krupskaya’s students. In 1895, Marxist circles in St. Petersburg united into a single political organization, the Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class, in whose work N. K. Krupskaya took an active part. In December 1895, V.I. Lenin and other leaders of the “Union of Struggle” were arrested and imprisoned, and a year later Nadezhda Konstantinovna was also arrested. At the end of 1897, N.K. Krupskaya had difficulty obtaining permission to serve exile in the village of Shushenskoye, where Vladimir Ilyich Lenin had already been exiled. During the years of exile, N.K. Krupskaya was V.I. Lenin’s closest assistant in his enormous theoretical activity. In 1899, N.K. Krupskaya wrote her first book, “The Woman Worker,” in which she revealed with exceptional clarity the horrific living conditions of working women in Russia and, from a Marxist perspective, highlighted the issues of raising proletarian children. This was the first Marxist book about the situation of working women in Russia. After the end of her exile, N.K. Krupskaya went abroad, where Vladimir Ilyich was already living at that time, and took an active part in the creation of the Communist Party and the preparation of the future revolution. Having returned to Russia with V.I. Lenin in 1905, Nadezhda Konstantinovna, on behalf of the Central Committee of the Bolshevik Party, carried out enormous party work, which she then continued abroad, where she emigrated again with V.I. Lenin in 1907. At the same time, N.K. Krupskaya worked on solving pedagogical problems, thoroughly studied large foreign and Russian pedagogical literature, visited schools, and received extensive information about the situation of public education in Russia. Speaking in the press on issues of education and upbringing, Nadezhda Konstantinovna revealed the class and class essence of the school Tsarist Russia , the bourgeois-landowner ideological orientation of education in it and outlined the paths for the development of a new school, a school that should be created after the victory of the proletarian revolution. A number of articles by N. K. Krupskaya, published in the magazine “Free Education”, published in Russia, date back to this time: “Should boys be taught “women’s business”?”, “On the question of a free school”, “Suicides among students and free labor school". The revolutionary movement in Russia, led by the Bolshevik Party, expanded and strengthened, and a revolution was brewing in the country. “It was necessary to prepare for the moment,” wrote N.K. Krupskaya, “when power would pass into the hands of the working class, it was necessary to prepare the front of education. This work became urgent: when the war broke out, it was necessary to get to work in earnest.” Under these conditions, on the advice of Lenin, Nadezhda Konstantinovna decided to write a general work that would show the development of democratic pedagogical ideas and reveal the exploitative nature of the modern bourgeois school. In 1915, she wrote a book, published in 1917, entitled “Public Education and Democracy.” Vladimir Ilyich, sending the manuscript of this book to A. M. Gorky, highly appreciated its significance. This was the first Marxist book that gave the history of the ideas of labor education, outlined the teachings of Marx and Engels on polytechnic education, and provided critical coverage of the state of school and pedagogy in capitalist countries. Both this and a number of other works by N.K. Krupskaya, written before the Great October Revolution, were of great importance for developing the foundations of a new, socialist pedagogy. Having returned with V.I. Lenin to Russia after the February Revolution of 1917, N.K. Krupskaya, at the direction of the party, took an active part in organizing public education - in the Vyborg district of Petrograd, and published a number of articles on issues of public education in the Bolshevik press. During the days of the Great October Revolution, N.K. Krupskaya worked at the headquarters of the revolution - Smolny and in the Vyborg Party Committee. After the victory of Soviet power, Nadezhda Konstantinovna became a member of the board of the People's Commissariat for Education, and from 1929 - Deputy People's Commissar of Education of the RSFSR. She headed the extracurricular department of the People's Commissariat for Education, and in 1920, when the Main Political and Educational Committee (Glavpolitprosvet) was organized - the body that directed all political and educational work in the country, Nadezhda Konstantinovna was put at the head of this committee. At the same time (since 1921) she headed the scientific and pedagogical section of the State Academic Council (GUS), and took direct part in the development of curricula, programs and a number of important pedagogical documents. Nadezhda Konstantinovna’s role in the construction of the Soviet school was significant. She supervised a number of pedagogical magazines, wrote articles and books on pedagogical problems, gave lectures at the Academy of Communist Education, maintained close contact with teachers and students, and carried on extensive correspondence with educators, Komsomol members and pioneers. N.K. Krupskaya continued to develop pedagogical theory in depth. In her works she widely covered the most important problems of communist education, polytechnic training, didactics, and consistently fought for the implementation of the Marxist-Leninist teaching on upbringing and education. N.K. Krupskaya was a member of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), a deputy and member of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, an honorary academician, and a Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences. Her whole life was devoted to the struggle for the cause of the party, for the happiness of the working people, for communism. N.K. Krupskaya about raising a new person. In her articles and speeches, N.K. Krupskaya defended and propagated the program of struggle for a new, socialist school, which was put forward by the party, explained in them the Leninist principles of the connection of the school with politics, the unity of the labor school, its secularism, and developed issues of patriotic and international education. She clearly formulated the fundamental difference between the socialist Soviet school and the bourgeois one. In the article “On the Question of the Goals of School” (1923), she wrote: “The goals of the bourgeois state lead to the suppression of the personality of the vast majority of children, to the darkening of their consciousness, these goals run counter to the interests of the younger generation; The goals that the working class sets for the school lead to the flourishing of the personality of each child, to broadening his horizons, to deepening his consciousness, to enriching his experiences; the goals follow the interests of the younger generation. This is the difference between the goals of the bourgeoisie and the goals of the proletariat.” N.K. Krupskaya pointed out that the education of the younger generation plays a big role in the construction of socialism. According to her, “a necessary prerequisite for socialism is a person capable of realizing socialism.” Nadezhda Konstantinovna emphasized that only a school that is closely connected with the surrounding life, with the interests of the child, opening up to him various areas of application of his powers, creates conditions for the development of the human personality. In the Soviet school, the education of a collectivist must be combined with the education of a comprehensively developed, internally disciplined person, capable of feeling deeply, thinking clearly, and acting in an organized manner. N.K. Krupskaya on the education of communist morality. Nadezhda Konstantinovna spent a lot of time working on the problem of communist morality. For the Soviet school and pedagogy, she said, the key is to educate Soviet children with a communist worldview, Bolshevik sense of purpose and high moral qualities. In order to correctly resolve the question of what communist education should be like, one must first of all, according to N.K. Krupskaya, be aware of what kind of person a communist should be, that he should know what to strive for, how to act. The primary focus should be on instilling in our children communist morality, ardent love for the Motherland, and the ability to fight for the triumph of communism. We are obliged to educate the student in such a way that he learns to understand “in which direction the restructuring of the entire social system is going.” In a number of her works, Krupskaya dwelt in detail on the development of a communist attitude towards public property and labor. Of great interest in this regard is Nadezhda Konstantinovna’s letter to the pioneers ““Mine” and “Ours”” (1932). She paid special attention to the education of collectivism, considering one of the most important tasks of the Soviet school to instill in students the skills of a collectivist social activist. The school, pioneer organization and Komsomol have common goals to instill communist morality in the younger generation, to develop collectivism in them. First of all, it is necessary to establish collective work for children, which gives them the opportunity to recognize themselves as part of the whole, part of the team. It is necessary to help the child, Krupskaya explained, to realize his thoughts and feelings, to make this knowledge of himself a means of knowing others, a means of closer rapprochement with the team, in order to grow together with others and move together towards a new, happy, interesting and fulfilling life. Under this condition personality traits members of the team will not only not be erased, but, on the contrary, will develop in the interests of the entire team. Nadezhda Konstantinovna gives advice to the teacher on how to work in the classroom in order to unite the team in order to cultivate the best traits of a Soviet person. Krupskaya always emphasized that it is necessary in the Soviet country to be able to educate a true internationalist who loves his people and the working people of all countries of the world. She strongly supported the initiative of children of different nationalities and helped them make friends with each other. She recommended that schools and pioneer organizations establish connections with proletarian children abroad and strengthen international friendship. Krupskaya constantly taught that a student of the Soviet school, as a result of mastering the basics of science, should be a materialist-atheist, have a good understanding of the true nature of religion and be able to expose anti-scientific positions and fight prejudices. A huge role in liberation from religious views and superstitions, she said, is played by the sciences of nature and society, fiction, properly organized aesthetic education, good films, and various extracurricular activities. Nadezhda Konstantinovna attached great importance to aesthetic education in the formation of a child’s personality, explained that art organizes children and serves as a means of bringing them closer to the collective. She wanted art to become an integral part of life, so that children would know the art of other peoples. Noting that in schools “aesthetic education is often neglected in our country,” she insisted that singing and drawing be taught in every school. N. K. Krupskaya on the content of education. Krupskaya believed that the teaching of every subject and the entire content of educational work in school should be subordinated to the tasks of communist education. “We must give the Marxist concept of the environment without saying any big words,” we must “create a program in which the word Marxism may not be used, but which, in essence, would show the connection of phenomena in their present form.” Nadezhda Konstantinovna especially persistently emphasized that simplification is unacceptable when communicating the basic tenets of Marxism to children. Soviet schoolchildren must connect their knowledge with the practice of socialist construction; the communist worldview must determine their actions and behavior. Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya paid great attention to issues of education in Soviet schools. In order to successfully instill a communist worldview in children, teachers need deep knowledge; it is necessary that every teacher in his activities be guided by materialist dialectics. Each academic subject should be studied at school in connection with other subjects and with specific life. Without this, our studies, she said, will not give students a materialistic worldview, will not give them the ability to comprehend the life around them, will not teach them to think logically and apply knowledge in life. Believing that the knowledge acquired by students should be effective, Nadezhda Konstantinovna wrote: “We must take from science everything that is important and significant, vital, take it and immediately apply it to life, put it into circulation.” In the first years of the construction of the Soviet school, when the scientific and pedagogical section of the State University of Education was deciding on the new content and nature of school programs, N.K. Krupskaya believed that a comprehensive education system would help establish a dialectical connection between individual academic subjects. Subsequently, recognizing the fallacy of the complex construction of the program, she, with the self-criticism characteristic of a communist, pointed out that comprehensive programs led to the establishment of “some terribly artificial, unnatural connections.” She explained this mistake by the lack of Marxist preparedness of the People's Commissariat for Education. Welcoming the resolution of the Party Central Committee “On the initial and high school"(1931) and other resolutions of the Central Committee on the school, Krupskaya called on the Soviet teachers to consistently and energetically fight for their successful implementation. Every branch of science, she emphasized, must be put at the service of socialist construction. It is from this point of view that every teacher should approach teaching his discipline. He must be able to reveal to students the connection between theory and practice. Only this approach makes it possible to establish a dialectical connection between individual objects and subordinate them to a common goal. Krupskaya believed that it was necessary to approach the methodology itself dialectically. The methodology, she wrote, is organically connected with the goals that the school faces. If the goal of the school is to educate obedient slaves of capital, then the methodology will be appropriate, and science will be used for these tasks. On the contrary, if the goal of the school is to educate conscious builders of socialism, then the methodology will be completely different, and all the achievements of science will be used for this lofty goal. A number of articles by Krupskaya on the teaching of individual subjects at school (history, geography, mathematics, natural science, literature, etc.) are still of great theoretical and practical importance. They contain specific advice and instructions on how to conduct classes in individual subjects, achieving maximum activity and awareness of students. N.K. Krupskaya about polytechnic education and labor education. Nadezhda Konstantinovna believed that, while educating a Soviet citizen, we should never forget that we live in a republic of labor, we cannot let white-handed girls out of our schools, we should not underestimate the educational role of labor. She rightly demanded that children youth gained respect for physical labor. The country of socialism, she said, does not need barchat. Skillful hands are needed in everyday life and at any work. Nadezhda Konstantinovna closely connected the issues of labor education with polytechnic training. Carefully studying the works of the founders of Marxism, guided by the program adopted by the VIII Party Congress, Krupskaya sought to develop, in relation to specific historical conditions, the main provisions for the implementation of polytechnicism in the Soviet school. She rightly pointed out that the polytechnicization of schools should be carried out on the basis of general education, and emphasized that V.I. Lenin was not only concerned about preparing the “workforce,” but about educating conscious builders of a new society. Reconstruction of everything National economy, Krupskaya wrote, awakens among the masses, including children, an interest in technology, and this creates favorable conditions for polytechnic training. It is necessary that this interest be maintained from a very early age. “We need to captivate students with the romance of modern technology.” It would be a mistake to think that the content of polytechnic education is reduced only to the acquisition of a certain amount of skills, or multi-craft skills, or only to the study of modern, and, moreover, the highest forms of technology. Polytechnicism is a whole system based on the study of technology in its various forms. This includes the study of living nature and technology of materials, and the study of tools of production, their mechanisms, the study of energy, the study of the geographical basis of economic relations, the influence of methods of extraction and processing on social forms of labor and the influence of the latter on the entire social structure. “Polytechnics,” emphasized P.K. Krupskaya, “is not some special subject of teaching, it should permeate all disciplines, affect the selection of material in physics, chemistry, natural science, and social science.” There is a need for mutual connection between these disciplines and their connection with practical activities and especially with labor training. N.K. Krupskaya assigned a large role to the productive work of students. She pointed out that work in school workshops for grades V-VII should be pedagogically thought out from the point of view of polytechnics; handicrafts should not be allowed; students in grades VIII-X must be included in labor industrial enterprises, collective farms and state farms. This will give them an idea of ​​modern technology, expand their polytechnic horizons, and help foster a communist attitude towards work. Nadezhda Konstantinovna was very alarmed by the fact that in the second half of the 30s, attention to the issues of polytechnicization of schools was weakened, and a great underestimation of polytechnics in teaching was evident. She contacted the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) about this problem; emphasizing the enormous role that polytechnic education is called upon to play in the country of socialism under construction, N.K. Krupskaya proposed to immediately begin implementing a number of measures to ensure the proper organization of labor and polytechnic education in schools. N.K. Krupskaya about the Soviet teacher. Guided by the instructions of the Communist Party and V.I. Lenin about the teacher, N.K. Krupskaya wrote that the teaching profession in our country is not only honorable, but it is one of the “most exciting” professions. Although Krupskaya, busy with major government work, could not continue her practical teaching activities, she retained a huge interest in school and teaching until the end of her days. Nadezhda Konstantinovna paid exceptional attention to the preparation of Soviet teachers and their ideological education. In her works, she noted the special role of the rural teacher as a conductor of party policy in the village. She took an active part in the struggle that was waged in the first years of Soviet power to attract teachers to participate in the construction of the Soviet school, maintained close ties with teachers throughout her life, provided teachers with all kinds of assistance, caring about their training and material well-being. Constantly keeping in mind the great goals set for the Soviet school by the Communist Party, Nadezhda Konstantinovna called on teachers and students to work tirelessly on themselves, to truly learn Marxism-Leninism and to follow the path indicated by Lenin. N.K. Krupskaya about the pioneer movement. From the first days of the creation of the pioneer organization, Krupskaya took an active part in its life. She helped in every possible way in the fight against the bourgeois children's movement (boy scouts), which had a certain spread among young people in the first years of the revolution, and sought to connect the activities of the new, proletarian organization with the school. The children's communist movement, wrote N.K. Krupskaya back in 1922, will help “raise children not as passive contemplatives of the construction of socialism, but as active builders of it.” She believed that the pioneer organization should be a school of collectivism, a school of common activity for the benefit of the socialist Motherland. In the article “The School and the Pioneer Movement” (1924), she clarified the complex issues of the relationship between the school and the pioneer movement. It is unthinkable, Krupskaya wrote, that a pioneer movement without a school could not be an active Soviet schoolchild and not be a pioneer. Krupskaya argued that the main task of the pioneer organization was the struggle for knowledge (at that time the main attention was paid to social activity). “In the struggle for knowledge,” she wrote, “pioneers must play a major role and must play this role precisely as an organization. They must be infected with enthusiasm for mastering knowledge, and they must not withdraw into themselves, but try to involve all the children in this matter and become the head of the entire children’s movement for learning.” N.K. Krupskaya paid a lot of attention to the methods of work of pioneer detachments. She believed that the pioneers should be the instigators of the socially useful work of the school, and gave a number of tips for its development. She emphasized that children should be involved in socially useful work, which, of course, should correspond to the age of the children and their interests. She resolutely opposed the boring, cliché forms of pioneer work, ensuring that it was ideologically rich, colorful, and satisfying children’s diverse interests. “Less drumming and more in-depth work” - this is the main demand made by N.K. Krupskaya to the counselors. Krupskaya helped the pioneers in every possible way. Her enormous work in preparing and holding the First All-Union Rally of Pioneers (1929) is known. She received many letters from pioneers, to which she invariably answered herself. “Letters to Pioneers,” collected in a separate book, is an outstanding work of Soviet pedagogy. In these letters, Krupskaya teaches the pioneers collectivism, a socialist attitude towards labor and public property. She reveals to them the essence of Soviet patriotism, which should permeate all the deeds of the pioneers. N.K. Krupskaya about self-government of schoolchildren. In Krupskaya’s pedagogical heritage, student self-government is always seen as an integral part of the labor polytechnic school. Student self-government in the Soviet school was first legalized by the “Regulations on the Unified Labor School” and the “Declaration on the Basic Principles of the Unified Labor School,” which defined the right of schools and students to develop and strengthen student self-government, social activity and initiative of schoolchildren. N.K. Krupskaya is credited with developing the problem of student self-government in the Soviet school. In a number of her works “On the issue of school courts” (1911), “On school self-government” (1915), in a speech at a conference of proletarian cultural and educational organizations on September 20, 1918, in the articles “Public Education” (1923), “School self-government and organization of labor" (1923), "Children's self-government at school" (1930) and others provide a clear description of the fundamental difference in solving the problem of self-government in bourgeois and proletarian schools. Nadezhda Konstantinovna pointed out that in the bourgeois school, self-government contributes to the education of an individualist, a convinced defender of the bourgeois system, it has a pronounced anti-collectivist character and is a form of manifestation of the class rule of the bourgeoisie. The task of self-government in a Soviet school, as defined by N.K. Krupskaya, is to educate a collectivist social activist, an active participant in the entire life of the school, preparing to become a citizen of the Soviet state, an active participant in communist construction. School self-government of students, Nadezhda Konstantinovna said, should become one of the means that helps teach children to collectively build a new life. In the article “Tasks of the 1st stage school” (1922), Nadezhda Konstantinovna talks about the determining role of student self-government as a principle of organizing a children’s team and considers instilling in children the habit of learning, living and working collectively to be one of the most important tasks of the school. In a number of speeches, Nadezhda Konstantinovna expresses the idea of ​​the need for special preparation of children to perform organizational functions, so that schoolchildren, by actively participating in managing the affairs of their team, develop organizational abilities and acquire organizational skills and abilities. She outlines the following stages of organizational work: the first stage - discussion of the goal, setting the main tasks in the work of the team, taking into account the real needs of its life; the second stage is the distribution of responsibilities among its participants, taking into account the abilities and capabilities of each; the third stage - accounting and control of the work performed; the fourth stage is summing up. Nadezhda Konstantinovna considered children's self-government as one of the means of the entire system of educational work and used this example to show an example of a specific analysis of children's activities and their educational results. The most important are Nadezhda Konstantinovna’s instructions on the correct relationship between the Komsomol and Pioneer organizations with children’s self-government bodies, on the role of the Pioneers and the Komsomol in self-government. She constantly supported the need for the leadership role of the Komsomol and the pioneer organization in the work of self-government and pedagogical leadership in the development of amateur performances of schoolchildren. N.K. Krupskaya explained that children's self-government in the school community is a “governing body,” and the pioneer organization “is a political organization of teenagers,” acting on the basis of its charter, which cannot be opposed or identified. The foundations of children's self-government, developed by N.K. Krupskaya, became the starting point for their further development in the theoretical and practical activities of the outstanding Soviet teacher A.S. Makarenko. N.K. Krupskaya about the connection between school and family. Nadezhda Konstantinovna was one of the first Soviet teachers to promote the idea of ​​a close relationship between family and school. Education in a Soviet school, she pointed out, cannot be carried out in isolation from the family. In a speech at the All-Union Conference of Women's Youth (1935), Krupskaya said: “Maternal instinct gives a woman a lot of joy. There is nothing wrong with this instinct. We consider the maternal instinct to be a great driving force, but, on the other hand, we, of course, will never limit a woman to raising children only. We will not separate her from wider public life.” Her instructions demanded that Soviet women learn to raise children in the communist spirit. Krupskaya has always stood for the broad involvement of women in social life. This participation in no way distracts a woman from her mother’s responsibilities; on the contrary, it is the mother who is a social activist and can give children a real, “our, Soviet education.” A mother is a “natural educator”; her influence on children, especially toddlers, is enormous. The school is obliged to help parents (and mothers in the first place) correctly direct the upbringing of children, “for you can raise a daughter to be a slave, you can raise her to be a petty-bourgeois individualist, not interested in the fast-paced life around her, standing aloof from this life and only endlessly delving into her own experiences, and you can educate a girl into a collectivist, an active builder of socialism, a person who draws joy from friendly work, in the struggle for great goals, a real communist.” Complex issues of education can be resolved only with close contact between parents and the school, and only under this condition will the school and family be able to overcome the difficulties encountered in the practice of education. N.K. Krupskaya about preschool education. In her first work, “Woman Worker” (1899), Nadezhda Konstantinovna writes about the difficult situation of the working mother in pre-revolutionary Russia. In a capitalist society, a mother who is busy at work cannot devote the necessary time to raising her child. “So, we see,” she emphasizes, “that in most cases, a woman worker is made completely unable to raise her children wisely.” Only in a socialist society can the public education of children, which is designed to ensure their comprehensive development, be widely organized, starting from preschool age. In 1917, Nadezhda Konstantinovna put forward a program for organizing a wide network of nurseries, kindergartens and playgrounds for the children of working people. She took an active part in all the enormous work of organizing and deploying a network of Soviet preschool institutions. With her numerous articles on issues of preschool education, she aroused a keen interest in it among the broad masses of the population, and their creative activity in this matter. Nadezhda Konstantinovna sharply criticized bourgeois preschool education and revealed its true class essence. According to her, “people’s” kindergartens, where children of working people were brought up, fully contributed to “the upbringing of the younger generation in the direction dictated by the power of the landowners and capitalists of their country.” She also opposes the theory of “free education,” which found some application in Soviet preschool institutions. Nadezhda Konstantinovna put forward a number of proposals for a new organization of preschool institutions, for night groups in kindergartens, for playgrounds on boulevards and parks, for the organization of children's rooms in workers' clubs, etc. She gave many practical instructions about the content and methodology of communist education of preschool children, about the physical, mental, moral, labor, aesthetic education of a preschool child. The pedagogical works of N.K. Krupskaya express great love for the child, great concern for the children of workers, and the desire to educate Soviet children from early childhood as future citizens of the great socialist Motherland. N.K. Krupskaya as a historian of pedagogy. Krupskaya took a critical approach to the study of the classical pedagogical heritage of the past. In the book “Public Education and Democracy”, for the first time in pedagogical literature, from a Marxist position, she illuminated the history of the ideas of labor education, and for the first time gave an exposition of the teachings of Marx and Engels on polytechnicism. Of great interest are the individual chapters of this work dedicated to Rousseau, Pestalozzi, and Owen. Nadezhda Konstantinovna highly valued the pedagogical heritage of Russian classical pedagogy. She called on Soviet teachers to enrich their knowledge by studying the works of great Russian teachers. N.K. Krupskaya especially singled out the work of K.D. Ushinsky. She pointed out that “acquaintance with his works, so simple and clear, their analysis will give the teacher the opportunity to orient himself in what we need to take from Ushinsky, will give the opportunity to consciously relate to various trends in modern pedagogy.” Krupskaya also highly appreciated the pedagogical creativity of L. N. Tolstoy, believing that “Tolstoy’s pedagogical articles are an inexhaustible treasury of thoughts and spiritual pleasure.” She noted that by critically perceiving the pedagogical thoughts of Ushinsky and Tolstoy, we can find in them much that is valuable for the Soviet school. Nadezhda Konstantinovna was one of the first Soviet teachers who revealed the reactionary essence of German bourgeois pedagogy. In her work “Public Education and Democracy,” she established that the famous German educator Kerschensteiner, who was considered progressive, was “far from any democracy.” He bows to the bourgeois state, looks after its interests most of all, and aligns his pedagogical activities with it. In the article “The Road to Talent” (1916), she emphasized that in modern Germany “Kerschensteiners, Försters and Natorps come, take possession of the child’s soul and firmly plant in him admiration for the existing German state.” This school, Nadezhda Konstantinovna further wrote, is the basis for the propaganda of extreme chauvinism and misanthropy. All creative work of children is directed towards the military. In her work “The Spirit of the Times” in the German Folk School” (1916), N.K. Krupskaya, contrasting the goals of the advanced bourgeois pedagogy of the past with the goals of the “state” pedagogy of imperialist Germany, believes that the “folk” school in Germany is diametrically opposed to the best ideas of the past, its goals others: raising a soldier. “The student is only a means to achieve state goals. For the sake of these goals, certain feelings and skills are cultivated in him, certain views are instilled in him. .. Teachers are a means to achieve these goals.” Nadezhda Konstantinovna wrote this long before the seizure of power by fascism, but she gave a correct forecast of the further development of reaction in the field of pedagogy in imperialist Germany - an even greater disregard for the rights of the child and man, an even greater transformation of the school into a weapon of rabid reaction. Critically examining the contemporary US school, N.K. Krupskaya clearly understood its class character and contrasted the reactionary pedagogical “theories” of American imperialism with the progressive views of the American bourgeois-democratic educator of the mid-19th century, Horace Mann, who fought for a public school common to whites and blacks. The statements of N.K. Krupskaya on the problems of the history of pedagogy are of great importance in our time. Her articles explaining V.I. Lenin’s views on education and school are very valuable. With her socio-political and pedagogical activities, her works on education, N.K. Krupskaya played an outstanding role in the development of the Soviet school and pedagogical science. She was one of the organizers of the Soviet system public education and cultural construction in our country.

Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya (after her husband Ulyanov), (February 14 (26), 1869, St. Petersburg - February 27, 1939, Moscow) - Russian revolutionary, Soviet party, public and cultural figure. Honorary Member USSR Academy of Sciences (02/01/1931). Wife of Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Lenin).

Elizaveta Vasilyevna Krupskaya, nee Tistrova, was very worried that her only daughter She’s not at all pretty and doesn’t look like her handsome father. The former governess, who successfully married Lieutenant Konstantin Ignatievich, was afraid that Nadenka would not be able to find someone who would covet her exceptional mental capacity and will forgive the mediocre appearance.
However, marriage with Krupsky can only be considered a relative success. Having met during his service in Kielce (Poland), the young people fell in love at first sight. There was nothing surprising in this: orphans from impoverished noble families, raised at public expense, she was in the Pavlovsk Military Orphan Institute for Noble Maidens, he was in the Konstantinovsky Cadet Corps, they were similar in their views on life, in their attitude towards the world , in their aspirations and had common system values.
The girl Tistrova was distinguished by her cheerful disposition, playfulness and homeliness. Krupsky, with his intelligence and literary abilities, was considered the life of the party. In general, many members of this family were noted for their literary abilities. Here is an excerpt from a petition written by Krupsky to his superiors, in which he insists on his transfer from rebellious Poland. He, a member of the First International, was disgusted by the service obliging him to suppress the national liberation uprising: “From the age of nine, the service separated me from everyone close to my heart, and together with my dear native land, leaving in my soul sweet memories of the happy years of childhood, the picturesque places of my native nest !. About everything that is so dear to everyone! From such circumstances of life, some kind of unbearable melancholy crushes my soul - my whole body, and the desire to serve in my native land day by day takes a stronger hold of my feelings, paralyzing my thoughts. Not an official note, but a poem! Elizaveta Vasilievna published the book “Children's Day” in 1874. She devoted 12 quatrains with pictures to discussions about the benefits of work, without once mentioning God.

He managed to escape from Poland by entering the St. Petersburg Military Law Academy. Here, on February 26, 1869, the Krupskys’ daughter Nadezhda was born. After graduating from the academy, Krupsky received the position of head of the district in Grojec (Poland). The family lived in prosperity for three years. But all this time the landowners-latifundists were denouncing the administrator, known for his revolutionary-democratic views. And the matter ended sadly - resignation, trial, ban on living in the capital. An appeal was filed, the consideration of which lasted until 1880. All this time, Nadenka was considered the daughter of a defendant, and this greatly complicated her life: her father could not find a job, and her mother wrote in the sources of payment for her daughter’s education, shameful for that time, “from E.V. Krupskaya’s own funds.” And although Konstantin Ignatievich was acquitted, emotional stress led to a sharp deterioration in his health, weakened by tuberculosis. And the daughter, who was strongly attached to her father, fell ill with signs of a nervous breakdown. This is how her thyroid gland made itself known for the first time.
Having moved to St. Petersburg, the parents sent their daughter to the most advanced for those times educational institution for girls - the Obolenskaya gymnasium, where brilliant representatives of the Russian intellectual elite physicist Kovalevsky, mathematicians Litvinova and Bilibin, collector of Russian folklore Smirnov. And here she was the best student.
The family lived a difficult life - due to the deplorable state of health, the father practically did not work. Friends who were participants in the revolutionary democratic movement helped. Nadya grew up listening to their conversations about the great future of Russia, free from the oppression of tsarism.
On February 26, 1883, Krupsky died. On the birthday of his daughter, who loved him so much.
To make ends meet, Elizaveta Vasilyevna rented a large apartment and rented out rooms to telephone operators, seamstresses, students, and paramedics. They lived on the difference. 14-year-old Nadya gave mathematics lessons. In 1887, she graduated from the 8th pedagogical class and received a diploma as a “home tutor.”
A prosperous life did not suit the young girl; she dreamed of continuing her father’s work in the struggle for universal happiness and equality. I even wrote a letter to Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy. At this mirror of the future revolution, Nadenka asked about what she should do with herself next, how to benefit the fatherland. I received the answer not from Himself, but from Tatyana Lvovna (interestingly, in just ten years she herself will play the same role at the torch of the future revolution) - the volume of “The Count of Monte Cristo”. What did the writer’s daughter want to say by this, into what abysses should she send her young soul thirsty for social achievement? Nadezhda Konstantinovna approached the matter in detail: she checked the original text with the abridged and simplified Sytin edition for the people, corrected it, removed illogicalities and sent the result of her efforts back to Tolstoy. However, there was no answer.
In 1889 she entered the Bestuzhev courses. She joined the Marxist circle of Mikhail Brusnev.
In spring and summer, mother and daughter Krupsky rented a hut in the Pskov region. They lived on what the peasants gave for the fact that Nadenka worked with their children during field work.
Returning to St. Petersburg, she left her lucrative position as a gymnasium teacher and went to teach for free at a school for working youth behind the Nevskaya Zastava.
At the end of February 1894, at engineer Robert Eduardovich Klasson’s Maslenitsa pancakes, St. Petersburg workers met with the famous Marxist nicknamed “The Old Man,” the author of the sensational brochure “What are “Friends of the People”” in their circles, Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov. Teacher Nadya was also here. It was these girls who served as conductors of revolutionary ideas from the heated heads of commoners to the souls and hearts of workers who attended charity classes.

Ulyanov and Nadezhda began dating. He asked in detail about the life of the working people, their way of life and morals. One day, in order to answer some of the questions, Nadenka dressed up as a weaver and with a friend staged a spy raid into a workers’ dormitory. The oldest member of the “Union for the Liberation of Workers,” in which Ulyanov and Krupskaya were members, Mikhail Silvin, assessed the role of Nadezhda Konstantinovna this way: “She maintained and renewed connections, was the core of our organization.” Ilyich greatly appreciated the information she provided.
When he got sick, the girl looked after him. Her friends cooked, washed, cleaned for the young leader, while she sat by his bed, read aloud, and told the latest news.
Three years have passed. Mom was worried in vain. Having been rejected from the gate when courting Nadya's friend, also a socialist and teacher, Apollinaria Yakubova, Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, in a letter from prison, asked for the hand of his faithful comrade Nadya. “A wife, a wife! “- the revolutionary girl happily agreed.

Before the wedding, Nadya was arrested. There were almost no materials for it, but one of the student workers pawned the entire team. Krupskaya received three years of exile in Ufa.
Her mother petitioned for her release, writing in her petition: “My daughter is generally in poor health, very nervous, and has suffered from catarrh of the stomach and anemia since childhood.” The prison doctor also confirmed the deplorable state of the convict’s body, finding it “extremely unsatisfactory.” But this had no consequences.
Ilyich and Krupskaya sent a petition asking them to serve their exile together in Shushenskoye. To get money for the long journey, Elizaveta Vasilievna sold the plot next to her husband’s grave at the Novodevichy cemetery.
The groom found the appearance of the arriving bride “unsatisfactory,” which he wrote to his sister about. Nadenka’s mother was also worried about her unhealthy “paleness.” The girl reassured: “Well, mom, I match the northern nature, there are no bright colors in me.”
At the insistence of the mother-in-law, the wedding took place not according to revolutionary, but according to church canons on July 10, 1898.

Krupskaya recalled life in Shushenskoye as one of the happiest periods in her life. The mother, who took on all the household chores (and diligently performed them until death), hired a 15-year-old au pair. The funds received by the two exiles and the pension of the widow of the collegiate assessor were quite enough for comfortable existence: books and beloved Volodya were ordered from the capitals mineral water(which, by the way, he received in prison). Nadenka worked in the morning - she corresponded with her comrades who remained in freedom, read newspapers, and prepared excerpts for her husband’s articles. She edited his translation of “The Theory and Practice of English Tradeunianism” by Sidney and Beatrice Webb (translation commissioned, from the publisher, paid). During the day we walked a lot, Ilyich taught his wife to do gymnastics, went boating, cycling, and swam. We went hunting, picked mushrooms and berries. From evening until late at night, my husband sat at his desk.
Throughout their life together, he treated her with the same warmth, tenderness and care as his suddenly deceased beloved sister Olga. There is a lot of evidence of this, especially in Lenin’s correspondence with his relatives. The parents of Ilyich and Krupskaya, who adhered to Narodnaya Volya views, were supporters of the same educational system. It’s not surprising that their children so quickly found a common language and understood each other from half a glance to half a word throughout their entire life together. Nadezhda was very friendly with Ilyich’s mother, before last days was the best friend of his sister Maria.
Neither of them were people without passions. There is evidence that in her youth, Krupskaya accepted the advances of a member of her revolutionary circle, the worker Babushkin, and in exile she became interested in the handsome revolutionary Viktor Konstantinovich Kurnatovsky. But when Lenin was reported about this, and even sister Anna wrote an indignant letter about this, he brushed it off: “This is not the time, Annushka, to engage in all sorts of gossip. We are now faced with grandiose tasks of a revolutionary nature, and you come to me with some kind of womanish talk.”

Ilyich himself once became seriously interested in the beautiful Inessa Armand, the daughter of a French opera singer and the wife of a very rich man. A beauty, she was the complete opposite of Nadezhda Konstantinovna. It happened in Lanjumeau, at a school for revolutionary workers. It was beautiful passionate romance. Krupskaya offered Lenin a divorce. But he refused, rejected Armand and returned to his revolutionary girlfriend. Do not forget that the beauty had five children from two marriages, and Krupskaya had a mother with a pension as the widow of a collegiate assessor.
There are rumors that the fruit of love between Armand and Lenin, the boy Andrei, was secretly raised and lived his life in the Baltic states. The beauty's relatives even deny the fact of the affair, but letters have been preserved indicating the opposite. After the breakup, from Paris, Inessa wrote to Lenin: “We broke up, we broke up, dear, you and I! And it hurts so much. I know, I feel, you will never come here! Looking at well-known places, I was clearly aware, as never before, of what a big place you still occupied here in Paris in my life, that almost all activities here in Paris were connected with a thousand threads with the thought of you. I wasn’t in love with you at all then, but even then I loved you very much. Even now I would do without kisses, just to see you, sometimes talking to you would be a joy - and it could not hurt anyone. Why was I deprived of this? You're asking if I'm angry that you handled the breakup. No, I think you didn’t do it for yourself...”
Only one thing is known for sure: supporting Vladimir Ilyich, who was losing consciousness in grief, at the coffin of Inessa, who died in Beslan from cholera (Lenin, knowing her problems with tuberculosis, recommended going to the Caucasus. So she went), Nadezhda Konstantinovna vowed to take care of her young children. And she kept her oath: for some time the younger girls grew up in Gorki. Later they were sent abroad. Until her last day, Krupskaya was in intimate correspondence with them. She especially loved the youngest, Inessa, and called her son “granddaughter.”

In Shushenskoye, Krupskaya, at the insistence of Ilyich, wrote her first brochure: “Woman Worker.” Here are the lines from it: “A working woman or a peasant woman has almost no opportunity to raise her children, leaving them to fend for themselves all day long.” People's wolf Vera Zasulich highly praised this work, telling Ilyich that it was written “with both paws.” The book was published without the author's signature. And in 1906 it was declared anti-state and publicly destroyed.
Nadezhda Konstantinovna believed: the problem is not to free women from the need to work on an equal basis with men, but to create a system in which maternal, family education is replaced by public education. To this she devoted a significant part of her pedagogical works, which by the end of her life amounted to 11 weighty volumes, and her efforts: after the revolution, as Deputy People's Commissar of Education Lunacharsky, it was she who laid the foundations of the Soviet system of children's educational institutions: nurseries, gardens, camps, boarding schools , schools, work colleges. She also took a direct part in the creation of youth—pioneer and Komsomol—organizations. For the latter, by the way, I wrote the charter.

After exile, Lenin emigrated to Austria. Nadezhda Konstantinovna and her mother went to Ufa to serve out their sentence. Here she again ended up in the hospital, where the doctor diagnosed “a disease of the endocrine system.”
The first Social Democratic newspaper Iskra began publication. It was published abroad, but money for this was collected in Russia. Notes made in Ilyich’s hand have been preserved: “427 marks 88 pfenings received from Russia (from Ufa).” This money was collected through the efforts of his wife, treasurer of the local Social Democratic organization Krupskaya.
Living in Ufa, Nadezhda Konstantinovna prepared for life in exile. Attended courses French(3 times a week for an hour, 6 rubles per month). For comparison, her own lessons to students were paid much more: for 6 hours she charged 62 rubles.
The couple united in 1901 in London. The first period of emigration lasted until 1905, the second - from 1907 to 1917.
They lived in Geneva, Lausanne, Vienna, Munich, Longjumeau, and Paris. We also spent some time in remote Russian territories – in Finland and Poland. All this time, Krupskaya played the role of an entire secretariat: she corresponded with compatriots, prepared and held congresses and conferences, edited printed publications, acted as a translator and her husband’s personal assistant. She gave lectures to French hatmakers about the role of women in the revolution. Years later, speaking at an evening dedicated to Ilyich’s 50th birthday, the famous revolutionary Olminsky assessed Krupskaya’s performance as follows: “. She did all the menial work, so to speak, she left the cleanest work to him, and all the secret communications, encryption, transport, relations with Russia, she did everything herself. And therefore, when we say that Lenin is a great organizer, I add that Lenin, with the help of Nadezhda Konstantinovna, is a great organizer.”
The couple usually spent their summers in European mountain resorts: the Alps, the Tatras. This was required by Krupskaya’s poor health: she was tormented by attacks of arrhythmia. In 1912, the situation worsened, and the question of an operation arose. The funds made it possible to do this with the best European specialist - Dr. Kocher Berne. For a while the disease subsided.
In 1915, Krupskaya’s mother died, and the family faced an acute financial issue. Long years It was her pension that served as the main source of livelihood. I had to look for lessons and translations. But in her letters, Krupskaya refutes rumors both about fattening at government expense and about a hungry existence: “We didn’t know the need when you don’t know what to buy bread with.”

The Bolsheviks learned about the revolution that would bring them to power from the morning Parisian newspapers. The return to Russia was triumphant, but the holiday did not last long. And although a few months later the party took the leadership of the country into its own hands, all subsequent years were complicated not only by wars, famine and devastation, but also by intra-factional struggle.
The main problem for Krupskaya during these years was Ilyich’s health. Beginning in 1918, doctors periodically forbade him to work altogether - the general overwork of his weak body became increasingly worse and affected his intellectual abilities. And then ridiculous notes from him flew to the authorities. 1919: “Inform the Scientific and Food Institute that in 3 months they must provide accurate and complete data on the practical success of producing sugar from sawdust.” 1921, to Lunacharsky: “I advise you to put all theaters in a coffin.” Taking care of her husband, and herself tormented by attacks of chronic illnesses, Nadezhda Konstantinovna foresaw the end and last minute life of a beloved comrade held his hand in hers.
After Lenin's death, she devoted herself entirely to government work. The productivity of this elderly, unhealthy woman is amazing: in 1934 she wrote 90 articles, held 90 speeches and 178 meetings, viewed 225 letters and responded to them. One month was lost due to hospitalization, one - due to restorative rest. The year 1939 came - the year of her 70th birthday. At the next party congress, she was preparing to speak out condemning the punitive policies of Stalinism.
She celebrated her birthday in Arkhangelskoye. Stalin sent a cake - it was known that after Ilyich’s death, Nadezhda Konstantinovna stopped playing sports, did not take too much care of her appearance and often spoiled herself with cakes. There is a version that the cake was poisoned. But it is refuted by the fact that the old Bolsheviks in Arkhangelsk ate it together with the birthday girl.
At night she became ill - her appendicitis worsened. They called the doctors, but the NKVD arrived. Only a few hours later, Krupskaya was examined by specialists and urgently hospitalized. Appendicitis was complicated by peritonitis, inflammation of the peritoneum. General health and age were not allowed surgical intervention. On the night of February 26-27, a fateful date for her fate, Nadezhda Konstantinovna died.
The urn with ashes was carried personally by Comrade Stalin to the burial place - the Kremlin wall.

Krupskaya Nadezhda Konstantinovna

Assistant to the revolutionary, political figure, founder of the Bolshevik Party Vladimir Ilyich Lenin

Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya (b. 1869-1939) - wife, friend and comrade-in-arms of V.I. Lenin, an outstanding figure of the Communist Party, organizer of Soviet education, a major Marxist teacher. She made a huge contribution to the construction of the Soviet school and to the development of Soviet pedagogical theory. In practical activities and in pedagogical works N.K. Krupskaya is embodied Lenin's program educating a new person - an active builder of socialism and communism.

Nadezhda Krupskaya was born on February 26 (new style) 1869 in St. Petersburg into a poor noble family.

Father Konstantin Ignatievich, after graduating from the Cadet Corps, received the position of head of the district in the Polish Groets, and mother Elizaveta Vasilievna worked as a governess. His father died when Nadya Krupskaya was 14 years old, since her father was considered “unreliable” due to his connection with the populists, the family received a small pension for him.

Krupskaya studied in St. Petersburg at the private gymnasium of Princess Obolenskaya, and was friends with A. Tyrkova-Williams, the future wife of P. B. Struve. She graduated from high school with a gold medal, was fond of L.N. Tolstoy, and was a “sweatshirt.” After graduating from the eighth pedagogical class, Krupskaya received a diploma as a home tutor and successfully teaches, preparing students of Princess Obolenskaya’s gymnasium for exams.

Then she studied at the Bestuzhev courses. In the fall of 1890, Nadya abandoned the prestigious women's Bestuzhev courses. She studies the books of Marx and Engels and teaches classes in social democratic circles. I memorized German specifically for studying Marxism.

In January 1894, the young revolutionary Vladimir Ulyanov arrived in St. Petersburg.

Behind the back of the modest, twenty-four-year-old provincial, however, there were many experiences: the sudden death of his father, the execution of his older brother Alexander, the death of his beloved sister Olga from a serious illness. He went through surveillance, arrest, and easy exile to his mother’s estate.

In February 1894, at a meeting of St. Petersburg Marxists, among others, Vladimir met activists Apollinaria Yakubova and Nadezhda Krupskaya, and began to court both of them, but on Sundays he usually paid visits to the Krupsky family.

According to the version widespread under the Soviet regime, Vladimir Ilyich married the ugly Nadezhda Konstantinovna in order to completely devote his life to the fight for the rights of the proletarians. And he was not mistaken: it was difficult to find a woman more devoted to the cause of the revolution than Krupskaya. By the time she met Lenin, Nadezhda already had affairs with like-minded people in the struggle, but the leader of the world proletariat was not very worried about this.

Lenin began to often visit the St. Petersburg house of the Krupskys, where everything exuded comfort. He liked that Nadya silently listened to his speeches with admiration, and her mother Elizaveta Vasilievna cooked deliciously.

Vladimir Ilyich immediately impressed Nadezhda Krupskaya with his leadership abilities. The girl tried to interest the future leader - firstly, with Marxist conversations, which Ulyanov adored, and secondly, with her mother’s cooking. Elizaveta Vasilievna, seeing him at home, was happy. She considered her daughter unattractive and did not predict happiness for her in her personal life. One can imagine how happy she was for her Nadenka when she saw a pleasant young man from a good family in her house! On the other hand, having become Ulyanov’s bride, Nadya did not cause much delight among his family: they found that she had a very “herring look.” This statement meant, first of all, that Krupskaya’s eyes were bulging, like a fish’s - one of the signs of Graves’ disease discovered later, because of which, it is assumed, Nadezhda Konstantinovna could not have children. Vladimir Ulyanov himself treated Nadyusha’s “herring” with humor, assigning the bride the appropriate party nicknames: Fish and Lamprey.

In 1895 V.I. Lenin and other leaders of the Union of Struggle were arrested and imprisoned, and a year later Nadezhda Konstantinovna was also arrested. Already in prison, he invited Nadenka to become his wife.

“Well, a wife is a wife,” she replied. Having been exiled to Ufa for three years for her revolutionary activities, Nadya decided that serving her exile with Ulyanov would be more fun. Therefore, she asked to be sent to Shushenskoye, Minusinsk district, where the groom was already located, and, having obtained permission from the police officials, she and her mother followed her chosen one.

The first thing that the future mother-in-law said to Lenin when they met was: “You’ve been blown away!” Indeed, Ilyich ate well in Shushenskoye and led a healthy lifestyle: he hunted regularly, ate his favorite sour cream and other peasant delicacies. The future leader lived in the hut of the peasant Zyryanov, but after the arrival of his bride he began to look for other housing - with a room for his mother-in-law. Vladimir Ilyich and Nadezhda Konstantinovna did not want to enter into a church marriage - they were for “free” love, Elizaveta Vasilievna insisted on the wedding, and “in full Orthodox form.”

Ulyanov, who was already twenty-eight, and Krupskaya, one year older than him, obeyed. A long bureaucratic red tape began with a marriage license: without this, Nadya and her mother could not live with Ilyich. But permission for a wedding was not given without a residence permit, which, in turn, was impossible without marriage. Lenin sent complaints to Minusinsk and Krasnoyarsk about the arbitrariness of the authorities, and finally, by the summer of 1898, Krupskaya was allowed to become his wife. The last word in this matter it was up to the Yenisei governor-general, who decided that if Krupskaya wanted to live with Lenin in exile, then she should have legal basis, and only marriage can be considered as such.

The wedding took place in the local Peter and Paul Church, the bride wore a white blouse and a black skirt, and the groom wore an ordinary, very shabby brown suit. Lenin made his next suit only in Europe. Interesting story came out with wedding rings. In one of his last pre-wedding letters, Vladimir Ilyich asked the bride to purchase and bring a box of jewelry tools to Shushinskoye. The fact is that along with Lenin, the Baltic worker Enberg languished in exile with his wife and numerous young offspring. The problem of feeding his family forced Ernberg to learn a profession
jeweler in order to somehow make ends meet. Having received so much from the bride and groom necessary tool, he immediately thanked the newlyweds by melting two copper coins and making wedding rings from them. The witnesses were local peasants Zavertkin and Ermolaev - on the groom's side, and Zhuravlev - on the bride's side, and the guests were political exiles. The modest wedding “banquet” with tea was so fun, and the singing was so loud that the owners of the hut, surprised to find no alcohol on the table, nevertheless asked to be quieter. “We were newlyweds,” Nadezhda Konstantinovna recalled about life in Shushenskoye, “and this brightened up the exile. “The fact that I don’t write about this in my memoirs does not mean at all that there was no poetry or young passion in our lives.”

Vladimir Ilyich turned out to be a caring husband. In the very first days after the wedding, he hired a fifteen-year-old girl-assistant for Nadya: Krupskaya never learned how to operate a Russian stove and grip. And the culinary skills of the young wife even took away the appetite of close people. When mother-in-law Elizaveta Vasilievna died in 1915, the couple had to eat in cheap canteens until their return to Russia. Nadezhda Konstantinovna admitted: after the death of her mother, “our family life became even more student-like.”

During his exile, Krupskaya was Lenin's only assistant in his enormous theoretical work. However, some from Lenin’s entourage hinted that Vladimir Ilyich often gets it from his wife. This is how Lenin had an assistant, G.I. Petrovsky, one of his comrades, recalled: “I had to observe how Nadezhda Konstantinovna, during a discussion on various issues, did not agree with the opinion of Vladimir Ilyich. It was very interesting. It was very difficult to object to Vladimir Ilyich, since everything was thought out and logical for him. But Nadezhda Konstantinovna noticed “errors” in his speech, excessive enthusiasm for something. When Nadezhda Konstantinovna made her comments, Vladimir Ilyich chuckled and scratched the back of his head. His whole appearance said that sometimes he gets it too.”

In 1899, N.K. Krupskaya wrote her first book, “Woman Worker.” In it, she exceptionally clearly revealed the living conditions of working women in Russia and, from a Marxist position, highlighted the issues of raising proletarian children.

This was the first book about the situation of working women in Russia, based on Marxist positions. After the end of her exile, N.K. Krupskaya went abroad, where Vladimir Ilyich was already living at that time, and took an active part in the work of creating the Communist Party and preparing the future revolution.

Returning from V.I. Lenin in 1905 to Russia, Nadezhda Konstantinovna, on behalf of the Central Committee of the Bolshevik Party, carried out enormous party work, which she then continued abroad, where she emigrated again with V.I. Lenin in 1907.

At the end of 1909, the couple, after much hesitation, moved to Paris, where Ulyanov was destined to meet Inessa Armand. There was a joke among revolutionaries about the beautiful Armand: she should be included in a textbook on diamat as an example of the unity of form and content. A lovely Frenchwoman, the charming wife of the rich man Armande, a lonely exile, a fiery revolutionary, a true Bolshevik, a faithful student of Lenin, a mother of many children. Judging by the correspondence between Vladimir and Inessa (a significant part of which has been preserved), we can conclude that the relationship between these people was illuminated not only by bright feelings, but by something more. As A. Kollontai said, “in general, Krupskaya was in the know. She knew that Lenin was very attached to Inessa, and more than once expressed her intention to leave. But Lenin kept her.” Nadezhda Konstantinovna believed that the most difficult years of emigration had to be spent in Paris. But she did not create scenes of jealousy and was able to establish outwardly even, even friendly relations with the beautiful Frenchwoman. She answered Krupskaya in the same way. The couple maintained a warm relationship with each other. Nadezhda Konstantinovna is worried about her husband: “From the very beginning of the congress, Ilyich’s nerves were tense to the extreme. The Belgian worker with whom we settled in Brussels was very upset that Vladimir Ilyich did not eat the wonderful radishes and Dutch cheese that she served him in the morning, and even then he had no time for food. In London, he reached the point where he stopped sleeping completely and was terribly worried.”

They returned in February 1917 to Russia, which they lived in thoughts about every day and which they had not visited for many years.

In a sealed carriage, Vladimir Ulyanov, Nadezhda Krupskaya and Inessa Armand were traveling in the same compartment. In Russia, Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya meets with her husband in fits and starts, but keeps him informed of all matters. And he, seeing her abilities, burdens Krupskaya more and more with affairs.

In the autumn of 1917, events rapidly escalate. On the afternoon of October 24, Nadezhda Konstantinovna is found in the Vyborg District Duma and given a note. She opens it. Lenin writes to the Bolshevik Central Committee: “Delay in an uprising is like death.” Krupskaya understands that the time has come. She runs to Smolny. From that moment on, she was inseparable from Lenin, but the euphoria of happiness and success passed quickly. Cruel everyday life ate away the joy.

In the summer of 1918, Krupskaya settled in the Kremlin in a modest small apartment specially equipped for her and Lenin. And then there was the Civil War. The fight against counter-revolution. Diseases of Nadezhda Konstantinovna. Shot by Socialist-Revolutionary Fani Kaplan at Lenin. Death from typhus of Inessa Armand, which was a harbinger of a serious brain disease in Lenin. The disease progressed so quickly that Krupskaya not only forgot all the old grievances against her husband, but also carried out his will: in 1922, the children of Inessa Armand were brought to Gorki from France.

However, they were not allowed to see the leader. Lenin began to experience deteriorating health and pronounced signs of illness in the spring of 1922. At first, the symptoms pointed to ordinary mental fatigue: severe headaches, memory loss, insomnia, irritability, increased sensitivity to noise. However, doctors disagreed on the diagnosis. The German professor Klemperer considered the main cause of headaches to be poisoning of the body with lead bullets, which were not removed from the leader’s body after being wounded in 1918.

In April 1922, he underwent surgery under local anesthesia and one of the bullets in the neck was finally removed. But Ilyich’s health did not improve. And so Lenin was struck down by the first attack of illness. Krupskaya, by duty and right of wife, is on duty at Vladimir Ilyich’s bedside. The best doctors bend over the patient and pronounce a verdict: complete rest. But bad feelings did not leave Lenin, and he made a terrible promise from Stalin: to give him potassium cyanide in the event that he suddenly suffered a stroke.

Vladimir Ilyich feared paralysis, which doomed him to complete, humiliating helplessness, more than anything else. The Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) entrusts its Secretary General, Comrade Stalin, with responsibility for observing the regime established by doctors.

In December 1922, Lenin asked, and Krupskaya wrote under his dictation, a letter to Trotsky regarding the monopoly of foreign trade. Having learned about this, Stalin did not spare swear words for Nadezhda Konstantinovna on the phone. And in conclusion he said: she violated the doctors’ ban, and he will transfer the case about her to the Central Control Commission of the Party. Krupskaya's quarrel with Stalin occurred a few days after the onset of Lenin's illness, in December 1922.

Lenin found out about this only on March 5, 1923, and dictated to his secretary a letter to Stalin, similar to an ultimatum: “You were rude to call my wife to the telephone and scold her. Although she expressed her consent to forget what she said, nevertheless this fact became known through her to Zinoviev and Kamenev. I do not intend to forget so easily what was done against me, and there is no need to say that I consider what was done against my wife to have been done against me. Therefore, I ask you to weigh whether you agree to take back what was said and apologize or whether you prefer to break off relations between us.”

After the dictation, Lenin was very excited. Both the secretaries and Dr. Kozhevnikov noticed this. The next morning, he asked the secretary to re-read the letter, hand it over personally to Stalin and receive an answer. Soon after she left, his condition deteriorated sharply. The temperature has risen. Paralysis spread to the left side. Ilyich had already lost his speech forever, although until the end of his days he understood almost everything that was happening to him. These days, Nadezhda Konstantinovna, apparently, nevertheless made an attempt to stop her husband’s suffering. From Stalin’s secret note dated March 17, members of the Politburo know that she “arch-conspiratorially” asked to give Lenin poison, saying that she tried to do it herself, but she did not have enough strength. Stalin again promised to “show humanism” and again did not keep his word. Vladimir Ilyich lived for almost another whole year. Breathed. Krupskaya did not leave his side.

On January 21, 1924 at 6:50 pm Ulyanov Vladimir Ilyich, 54 years old, died. People didn’t see a single tear in Krupskaya’s eyes during the funeral days. Nadezhda Konstantinovna spoke at the memorial service, addressing the people and the party: “Don’t build monuments to him, palaces named after him, magnificent celebrations in his memory - he attached such little importance to all this during his life, he was so burdened by it. Remember that much has not yet been settled in our country.”

The last noble gesture of Krupskaya, who recognized the great love of Lenin and Armand, was her proposal in February 1924 to bury the remains of her husband along with the ashes of Inessa Armand. Stalin rejected the offer. Instead, his body was turned into a mummy and placed in a likeness Egyptian pyramid on the main square of the country.

Krupskaya survived her husband by fifteen years. A long-standing illness tormented and exhausted her. But she didn't give up. I worked every day, wrote reviews, gave instructions, taught how to live. I wrote a book of memories. The People's Commissariat for Education, where she worked, surrounded her with love and reverence, appreciating Krupskaya's natural spiritual kindness, which coexisted quite peacefully with harsh ideas. Nadezhda Konstantinovna outlived her husband by fifteen years, full of squabbles and intrigues. When the leader of the world proletariat died, Stalin entered into a fierce struggle with his widow, not intending to share power with anyone.

“Let her not think that if she was Lenin’s wife, then she has a monopoly on Leninism,” said loyal Stalinist L. Kaganovich in the summer of 1930 at a regional party conference.

In 1938, writer Marietta Shaginyan approached Krupskaya about reviewing and supporting her novel about Lenin, Ticket to History. Nadezhda Konstantinovna responded to her with a detailed letter, which caused Stalin’s terrible indignation. A scandal broke out and became the subject of discussion by the Party Central Committee.

As a result, it was decided to “condemn the behavior of Krupskaya, who, having received the manuscript of Shaginyan’s novel, not only did not prevent the birth of the novel, but, on the contrary, encouraged Shaginyan in every possible way, gave positive feedback about the manuscript and advised Shaginyan on various aspects of the life of the Ulyanovs and thereby was fully responsible for this book.

Consider Krupskaya’s behavior all the more unacceptable and tactless because Comrade Krupskaya did all this without the knowledge and consent of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, thereby turning the all-party matter of compiling works about Lenin into a private and family matter and acting as a monopolist and interpreter of public and personal life and work of Lenin and his family, which the Central Committee never gave anyone the right to do.”

Her death was mysterious. It came on the eve of the XVIII Party Congress, at which Nadezhda Konstantinovna was going to speak. On the afternoon of February 24, 1939, friends visited her in Arkhangelskoye to celebrate her hostess’s approaching seventieth birthday. The table was set, Stalin sent a cake. Everyone ate it together. Nadezhda Konstantinovna seemed very animated. In the evening she suddenly felt ill. They called a doctor, but for some reason he arrived after more than three hours.

The diagnosis was made immediately: “acute appendicitis-peritonitis-thrombosis.” For some reason the necessary urgent operation was not performed. Three days later, Krupskaya died in terrible agony at the age of seventy. However, Stalin personally carried the urn with Krupskaya’s ashes to the Kremlin wall, where she was buried.

Biography:

Krupskaya (Ulyanova) Nadezhda Konstantinovna, participant in the revolutionary movement, Soviet statesman and party leader, one of the founders of the Soviet public education system, Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences (1936), honorary member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1931).

Member of the Communist Party since 1898. Born into the family of a democratically minded officer. Being a listener of the Highest
women's courses in St. Petersburg, from 1890 she was a member of Marxist student circles. In 1891-96 she taught at an evening and Sunday school behind the Nevskaya Zastava, conducted revolutionary propaganda among the workers. In 1894 she met with V.I. Lenin.

In 1895 she participated in the organization and work of the St. Petersburg “Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class.”

In August 1896 she was arrested. In 1898 she was sentenced to exile for 3 years in the Ufa province, which, at her request, was replaced by the village. Shushenskoye, Yenisei province, where Lenin served his exile; here K. became his wife. In 1900 she ended her period of exile in Ufa; She taught classes in a workers’ circle and trained future Iskra correspondents. After liberation, she came (1901) to Lenin in Munich; worked as secretary of the editorial office of the newspaper Iskra, from December 1904 - the newspaper Vpered, from May 1905 secretary of the Foreign Bureau of the Central Committee of the RSDLP. In November 1905, she returned to Russia with Lenin; first in St. Petersburg, and from the end of 1906 in Kuokkala (Finland) she worked as secretary of the party Central Committee.

At the end of 1907, Lenin and K. emigrated again; in Geneva, K. was secretary of the newspaper Proletary, then the newspaper Social Democrat.

In 1911 he became a teacher at the party school in Longjumeau. From 1912 in Krakow, she helped Lenin maintain connections with Pravda and the Bolshevik faction of the 4th State Duma. At the end of 1913 - beginning of 1914, she participated in organizing the publication of the legal Bolshevik magazine “Rabotnitsa”. Delegate to the 2nd-4th congresses of the RSDLP, participant in party conferences [including the 6th (Prague)] and responsible party meetings (including the Meeting of 22 Bolsheviks) held until 1917.

On April 3 (16), 1917, she returned to Russia with Lenin. Delegate to the 7th April Conference and 6th Congress of the RSDLP (b). Participated in the creation of socialist youth unions. She took an active part in the October Revolution of 1917; through K. Lenin transmitted leadership letters to the Central Committee and the St. Petersburg Party Committee, to the Military Revolutionary Committee; being a member of the Vyborg district committee of the RSDLP (b), she worked in it during the days of the October armed uprising. According to M.N. Pokrovsky, before the October Revolution of 1917, K., being Lenin’s closest collaborator, “... did the same thing that real good “deputies” do now,” - she relieved Lenin of all current work, saving his time for such big things like “What should I do?” (Memoirs of N.K. Krupskaya, 1966, p. 16).

After the establishment of Soviet power, K. was a member of the board of the People's Commissariat of Education of the RSFSR; together with A.V. Lunacharsky and M.N. Pokrovsky, she prepared the first decrees on public education, one of the organizers of political and educational work.

In 1918 elected full member of the Socialist Academy social sciences. In 1919, on the ship "Red Star" she took part in a propaganda campaign through the Volga region regions that had just been liberated from the White Guards. Since November 1920, Chairman of the Glavpolitprosvet under the People's Commissariat for Education. Since 1921, chairman of the scientific and methodological section of the State Academic Council (GUS) of the People's Commissariat for Education.

She taught at the Academy of Communist Education. She was the organizer of a number of voluntary societies: “Down with Illiteracy”, “Friend of Children”, chairman of the Society of Marxist Teachers. Since 1929, Deputy People's Commissar of Education of the RSFSR.

She made a major contribution to the development of the most important problems of Marxist pedagogy - determining the goals and objectives of communist education; connection between the school and the practice of socialist construction; labor and polytechnic education; determination of the content of education; issues of age-related pedagogy; foundations of organizational forms of the children's communist movement, education of collectivism, etc. Great importance K. attached importance to the fight against child homelessness and neglect, the work of orphanages, preschool education. She edited the magazine "People's Education", "People's Teacher", "On the Way to new school”, “About our children”, “Help for self-education”, “Red Librarian”, “School for Adults”, “Communist Education”, “Izba-Reading Room”, etc. Delegate of the 7-17th Party Congresses. From 1924 a member of the Central Control Commission, from 1927 a member of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks).

Member of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Central Executive Committee of the USSR of all convocations, deputy and member of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of the 1st convocation. Participant in all congresses of the Komsomol (except for the 3rd). Active figure in the international communist movement, delegate to the 2nd, 4th, 6th, 7th congresses of the Comintern. K. is a prominent publicist and speaker.

She spoke at numerous party, Komsomol, trade union congresses and conferences, meetings of workers, peasants, and teachers. Author of many works about Lenin and the party, on issues of public education and communist education. K.'s memories of Lenin are a most valuable historical source, covering the life and work of Lenin and many important events in the history of the Communist Party.

She was awarded the Order of Lenin and the Order of the Red Banner of Labor. She was buried on Red Square near the Kremlin wall.

Main works:

Memories of Lenin (1957)

About Lenin. Collection of articles (1965)

Lenin and the Party (1963)

Pedagogical works (1957-1963)

Krupskaya Nadezhda Konstantinovna
Born: February 14 (26), 1869
Died: February 27, 1939 (age 70)

Biography

Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya is a Russian revolutionary, Soviet state party, public and cultural figure. Honorary member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (02/01/1931). Wife of Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Lenin).

She was born into a poor noble family. Father - Lieutenant Konstantin Ignatievich Krupsky (1838-1883), participated in the Committee of Russian Officers, supported participants in the Polish Uprising of 1863, mother - Elizaveta Vasilievna Tistrova (1843-1915), governess.

In 1887 she graduated with a gold medal from the private women's gymnasium of Prince. A. A. Obolenskaya in St. Petersburg.

In 1889, Krupskaya entered the Bestuzhev courses in St. Petersburg, but studied there for only a year. In 1890, as a student at the Higher Women's Courses, she joined a student Marxist circle and from 1891 to 1896 she taught at the St. Petersburg Sunday evening school for adults behind the Nevskaya Zastava on the Shlisselburg tract, doing propaganda work.

In 1894 she met the young Marxist Vladimir Ulyanov (Lenin). Together with him she participated in the organization and activities of the Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class. In 1896, she was arrested and, after a seven-month imprisonment, exiled to the Ufa province, but served exile in Siberia, in the village of Shushenskoye, where on July 10 (22), 1898, she entered into a church marriage with Ulyanov (Lenin). In 1898 she joined the RSDLP. She was known under a number of party pseudonyms (Sablina, Lenina, N.K., Artamonova, Onegina, Ryba, Lamprey, Rybkina, Sharko, Katya, Frey, Galileo).

Gleb Krzhizhanovsky recalled: “Vladimir Ilyich could find a more beautiful woman, so my Zina was beautiful, but we didn’t have anyone smarter than Nadezhda Konstantinovna, more dedicated to her work than her...”

In 1901 she emigrated to Germany and was secretary of the newspaper Iskra. Participated in the preparation and holding of the RSDLP congress in London. In 1905, together with Lenin, she returned to Russia and was secretary of the Central Committee. After the defeat of the revolution of 1905-1907, she went into second emigration. She worked as a teacher at a party school in Longjumeau near Paris. As Lenin's secretary, she helped establish contacts with party organizations in Russia and took an active part in the work of the Bolshevik press.

Helen Rappaport’s book “The Conspirator” talks about the details of the life of Lenin and Krupskaya in exile during the Parisian period - in particular, about the relationship with Inessa Armand: “There is a misconception that Lenin and Nadya lived very comfortably in exile, that they were sort of bourgeois that the party cared about them. This is actually not true. They lived in a terrible, poor apartment with a minimum of furniture, because by nature both were very thrifty, although both received salaries from the party and made additional money by transfers. And Lenin also wrote a huge number of articles for political publications.”

After the October Revolution

In April 1917, she returned to Russia with Lenin and was Lenin’s assistant in the preparation and conduct of the October Revolution.

She was involved in organizing the proletarian youth movement, stood at the origins of the Socialist Union of Working Youth, the Komsomol and the Pioneer organization. Since 1917 she was a member State Commission on education. In 1919, as part of the brigade of the Central Committee of the RCP (b), she came to Perm. In 1920, she was the chairman of the Main Political Education under the People's Education Committee; initiated the creation of the “Friend of Children” society. In the discussion about the use of scouting methods in the education of Soviet children, she believed that the pioneer organization should be scouting in form and communist in content. Krupskaya’s article “RKSM and Boy Scoutism” was devoted to this issue. Together with the German communist Edwin Goernle, she developed issues of proletarian, communist education of children.

Since 1924 - member of the Central Control Commission of the party, since 1927 - member of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. In 1928, she visited Perm again with M.I. Ulyanova. Since 1929, Deputy People's Commissar of Education of the RSFSR. Krupskaya became one of the creators of the Soviet public education system, formulating the main task of the new education: “The school should not only teach, it should be the center of communist education.” How the ideologist of communist education criticized pedagogical system, developed by A. S. Makarenko (after her speech at the Komsomol congress in May 1928 with sharp criticism of A. S. Makarenko, the latter was soon removed from the leadership of the Gorky colony) [source not specified 1191 days]. She was an activist in Soviet censorship and anti-religious propaganda. [source not specified 1191 days]

At the XIV Party Congress, Krupskaya supported the “new opposition” of G. E. Zinoviev and L. B. Kamenev in their struggle against Stalin, but later recognized this position as erroneous, spoke at the Plenums of the Party Central Committee and voted for putting N. I. Bukharin on trial[ source not specified 1191 days], for the exclusion from the party of L. D. Trotsky, G. E. Zinoviev, L. B. Kamenev. Krupskaya interceded on behalf of the repressed, but mostly to no avail.

Krupskaya is the author of numerous works about V.I. Lenin, works on communist education, pedagogy and the history of the Bolshevik Party. Member of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. Krupskaya actively corresponded with pioneers and Soviet children. She initiated the opening of many museums in the USSR, including the Belinsky and Lermontov museums in the Penza region. In the 1930s, Krupskaya tried to resist the establishment of the administrative-command system, the strengthening class struggle, spoke out against the persecution of children by “enemies of the people,” but was practically removed from the work of the People’s Commissariat for Education and took up issues of library work.

Until the end of her life she appeared in print, remaining a member of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Central Executive Committee of the USSR. In 1937, she was elected as a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of the 1st convocation. She was awarded academic degree Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences. After his death in 1939, the body was cremated, and the ashes were placed in an urn in the Kremlin wall on Red Square in Moscow.

According to V. Pokhlebkin, a professor of history and a famous culinary expert, N.K. Krupskaya did not have culinary talents. In his article in the magazine “Ogonyok” “What Lenin ate”, Pokhlebkin directly connected periods of higher efficiency of V.I. Ulyanov with the occurrence of circumstances when food was prepared for him not by his wife, but by other women. This includes Siberian exile (when, among other things, foods rich in vitamins and other things such as red fish appear on the menu) and life in a Swiss boarding house. And as a “typical” dish from his wife, Pokhlebkin gave an example of “fried eggs from four eggs” repeated for several days in a row and asked the question - is this, in particular, the occurrence of severe cerebral atherosclerosis in V. I. Ulyanov? N.K. Krupskaya played a very unseemly role in the fate of K.I. Chukovsky. In February 1928, Pravda published an article by Krupskaya “About Chukovsky’s Crocodile”: Such chatter is disrespect for the child. First, he is lured with carrots - cheerful, innocent rhymes and comical images, and along the way they are given some kind of dregs to swallow, which will not pass without a trace for him. I think we don’t need to give “Krokodil” to our guys...

The speech of Lenin's widow meant at that time a virtual ban on the profession. After some time, Chukovsky (his daughter also fell ill with tuberculosis) published a letter in Literaturnaya Gazeta in which he renounced fairy tales. Indeed, after this he would not write a single fairy tale until 1942.

Family

Grandfather - Ignatius Andreevich Krupsky (1794-1848).
Father - Konstantin Ignatievich Krupsky (1838-1883), lieutenant, participated in the 1863 uprising on the territory of the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
Grandfather - Vasily Ivanovich Tistrov (1799-1870), mining engineer, ore explorer, manager of the Barnaul silver smelting plant, Suzunsky copper smelting plant, Tomsk ironworks, first bailiff of the Barnaul local history museum.
Mother - Elizaveta Vasilievna Tistrova (1843-1915), governess
Husband - Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Lenin) (1870-1924).

Addresses in St. Petersburg - Petrograd

Spring - summer 1895 - apartment building, Znamenskaya street, 12;