home » Size tables » The meaning of the word homonyms in a large modern explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. Homonyms

The meaning of the word homonyms in a large modern explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. Homonyms

Dictionary of homonyms - a type of dictionary that describes identical-sounding words that do not have common semantic features that make it possible to consider the corresponding meanings as the meanings of one word (for example: braid - "hair", braid - "mowing implement" and braid - “shallow”).

Dictionaries of homonyms reflect the connections between formally identical and semantically different lexical units. These connections have a long tradition of description in explanatory dictionaries.

The first experience in Russian lexicography of representing the entire set of homonyms was “Dictionary of homonyms of the Russian language” by O. S. Akhmanova. It presents a detailed classification of homonyms. In connection with the identification of homonyms with a pronounced morphological structure, a pattern of homonymic relations in entire lexico-grammatical classes of words is noted. The dictionary records and describes homonyms formed as a result of the collapse of polysemy, and an attempt is made to distinguish between completed and unfinished processes of the collapse of polysemy. The dictionary entry contains indications of the type of homonyms, as well as grammatical, stylistic and other information that emphasizes the opposition of homonyms. In order to more clearly show the semantic incompatibility of homonyms, they are provided with translations into English, French and German.

A broader understanding of homonyms is presented in " Dictionary of homonyms of the Russian language » N.P. Kolesnikova. Homonyms are understood as words with different lexical and (or) grammatical meanings, but with the same (identical) spelling and (or) pronunciation. The dictionary includes two types of homonyms: 1) homonyms that have different lexical meanings and identical spelling and pronunciation (bow 1 And bow 2", chart 1 And graph 2)", 2) words that have different lexical, but the same grammatical meaning and the same spelling (with non-identical pronunciation): organ And organ, cotton And cotton, case And case The material is given, as the editor of the dictionary N. M. Shansky notes, “in a continuous array, without classification partitions and classification boundaries.”

“Explanatory dictionary of homonyms of the Russian language” T.F. Efremova, unlike existing dictionaries of homonyms in the Russian language, includes both the homonyms themselves and the units derived from them. The lexical composition of the dictionary reflects the commonly used vocabulary of the Russian language that developed by the end of the 20th - beginning of the 21st century, including terms from various fields of knowledge, as well as words of an archaic nature.

In the “Dictionary of Homonyms of the Russian Language” by A. P. Okuneva, a description is given of the semantic, accentological, orthoepic, grammatical and stylistic properties of homonym words. A special place is given to their etymology. Synonyms, antonyms, phraseological units, correlative in meaning with the individual meanings of homonym words, as well as illustrative material are given.

“Dictionary of homonym verbs of the Russian language” O.I. Litvinnikova, L.I. Golovina, M.A. Alekseenko includes homonym verbs extracted from the “Big Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language” edited by

S.A. Kuznetsov and “Dictionary of verbal homonyms of dialectal speech” compiled by M.A. Alekseenko and O.I. Litvinnikova. As the authors note, “the dictionary provides a systematic representation of homonym verbs of the Russian literary language and dialect speech in their correlation.”

“Dictionary of grammatical homonyms of the Russian language” O.M. Kim and N.E. Ostrovkina is devoted to one of the most difficult practical issues - the differentiation of grammatical homonyms - words that belong to different parts of speech and coincide in both sound and spelling. For example:

1. One- numeral ( I bought one meter of fabric).
2. One- adjective ( I go out alone on the road).
3.One- pronoun ( One boy made this up, invented and became a writer).
4. One- noun ( There is safety in numbers).
5. One- particle ( There is only horror all around).

“The Dictionary of Homographs of the Russian Language,” edited by A. V. Ventsov and V. B. Kasevich, contains word forms classified according to grammatical features. The review article provides an analysis of the relationship between the type of homography and the semantics of homographs.

Homonymy as a word-formation limit of polysemy is presented in the “Concise word-formation-etymological dictionary of Russian polysemy and single-root homonymy” by N.M. Shansky and others. The dictionary is a lexicographic reference book that provides a brief explanation of the origin of the figurative meanings of the most common polysemantic words and cognate homonyms in the Russian language. The facts of polysemy are considered on a par with single-root homonymy as the word-formation limit of the former. The dictionary shows the patterns of appearance of polysemantic words and single-root homonyms, the models and patterns by which they arose. In addition to the facts of primordial polysemy and homonymy, the dictionary also interprets related semantic and word-forming calques. Thus, the manual is an attempt to present in a concise and compact form the basic facts of derivation and etymology of figurative meanings and single-root homonyms.

Akhmanova O. S. Dictionary of homonyms of the Russian language [more than 2000 dictionary entries]. 3rd ed., erased. M.: Russian language, 1986. 448 p. .

Vvedenskaya L.A., Kolesnikov N.P. Educational dictionary of homonyms of the Russian language. 2nd ed. M.; Rostov n/a. : March: Phoenix, 2010. 256 p. .

Grebeneva Yu.N. Dictionary of homographs of the Russian language. Livny: Publisher G.V. Mukhametov, 2012. 275 p.

Grebeneva Yu.N. Dictionary of homonyms and homoforms of the Russian language [about 2500 homonyms and homoforms]. 2nd ed., rev. and additional M.: Iris-Press, 2011. 351 p. (From A to Z). .

Efremova T. F. Explanatory dictionary of homonyms of the Russian language. M.: World of Encyclopedias Avanta+, 2007. 1406 p.

Kim O.M., Ostrovkina I.E. Dictionary of grammatical homonyms of the Russian language [about 11,000 words, about 5,000 homonymic rows]. M.: ACT [etc.], 2004. 842 p.

Kolesnikov N.P. Dictionary of homonyms of the Russian language. Rostov n/d.: Phoenix, 1995. 670 p. .

Okuneva L.P. Dictionary of homonyms of the modern Russian language [about 5000 words and phrases]. M.: Russian language, 2002. 412 p.

Dictionary of homographs of the Russian language [more than 4000 word forms] / comp.

A.V. Ventsov, E.V. Grudeva, V.B. Kasevich, E.I. Koreshkova, E.A. Svedentsova, E.V. Yagunova; edited by A.V. Ventsova, V.B. Kasevich. SPb.: Philol. fak. St. Petersburg state Univ., 2004. 160 p.

Dictionary of homonyms and multilingual words of the Russian language / comp. EM. Rivin. Voronezh: Voronezh, state. technology, acad., 2011. 388 p.

Dictionary of phraseological homonyms of the modern Russian language / comp. T.V. Varlakova, T.A. Krivosheeva, S.S. Laukhina, N.A. Pavlova, T.N. Sheveleva; edited by ON THE. Pavlova. M.: Flinta: Nauka, 2010. 304 p.

Shansky N.M., Romanova N.N., Filippov L.V. A brief word-formation-etymological dictionary of Russian polysemy and single-root homonymy // Russian language at school. 1983. No. 4-6; 1984. No. 1-6; 1985. No. 1-6; 1986. No. 1-5.

HOMONYMS

Words characterized by the same spelling as another word or with other words, but having different meanings (in linguistics).

Large modern explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. 2012

Homonym dictionaries

Homonym dictionaries are a type of dictionary that describes homonyms, those words that are the same in their design (sound and/or spelling; in some or all forms) and differ in meaning.

The term “homonyms” is usually used in relation to words, although it is possible to talk, for example, about homonyms-morphemes.

Along with homonyms, there are also homographs (words that are identical in spelling, but differ in emphasis: flour - muka), homophones (words that are pronounced the same, but differ in spelling: bone - inert) and homoforms (words that accidentally coincide in some of its forms: dam - gender form of the plural of the noun “lady” and the imperative form of the verb “to give”).

The most consistent, complete and detailed classification of Russian homonyms and the most complete information about them is given in the “Dictionary of Homonyms of the Russian Language” by O. S. Akhmanova.

The marking system in the dictionary takes into account whether words belong to a general literary language or to special terminology, to the language of the same locality or different ones, to the same or different styles.

In order to further demonstrate the semantic incompatibility, their absolute substantive incomparability, they are provided with translations into English, French, and German (in which, naturally, they appear as words that do not coincide with each other in any way).

In the “Dictionary of Homonyms of the Russian Language” N.P. Kolesnikov’s material is presented in a “solid mass” (as stated in the preface), without stylistic notes. This reference guide contains extensive material that introduces homonyms as elements of speech flow.

* Akhmanova O.S. Dictionary of homonyms of the Russian language. M., 1974; 3rd ed. M., 1986.

* Kolesnikov N.P. Dictionary of homonyms of the Russian language / Ed. N.M. Shansky. M., 1976; 2nd ed., rev. M., 1978.

* Dictionary of homonyms of the Russian language. M., 1986.

Dictionaries

Explanatory dictionaries are linguistic dictionaries that explain the meanings of words and phraseological units of a language using the means of that language itself.

* Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language: In 4 volumes / Ed. D.N. Ushakova. T. 1. M., 1935; T. 2. M., 1938; T. 3. M., 1939; T. 4, M., 1940. (Republished in 1947-1948); Reprint edition: M., 1995; M., 2000.

* Dictionary of modern Russian literary language: In 17 volumes / Ed. A.M. Babkina, S.G. Barkhudarova, F.P. Filina et al. M.;L., 1948-1965. T. 1 (A-B), 1948; T. 2 (V-Vyashchiy), 1951; T. 3 (G-E), 1954; T. 4 (Zh-Z), 1955; T. 5 (I-K), 1956; T. 6 (L-M), 1957; T. 7 (N), 1958; T. 8 (O), 1959; T. 9 (P-Kick), 1959; T. 10 (Po-Poyasochek), 1960; T. 11. (Great-five), 1961; T. 12. (R), 1961; T. 13. (S-Snyatsya), 1962; T. 14 (So-Syam), 1963; T. 15. (T), 1963; T. 16 (U-F), 1964; T. 17 (Х-Я), 1965 (accepted abbreviation BAS)

* Dictionary of modern Russian literary language: In 20 volumes, 2nd ed., revised. and additional: In 20 vols. T. 1 (A-B), 1991; T. 2 (B), 1991; T. 3 (G), 1992; T. 4 (D), 1993; T. 5-6 (E-Z), 1994 (Publication not completed).

* Educational dictionary of the Russian language (For non-Russians). M., 1962.

* Ozhegov S.I. Dictionary of the Russian language / Ed. S.P. Obnorsky. M., 1949; Stereotype: 2nd ed., revised. and additional M., 1952; 3rd ed. M., 1953; 4th ed., rev. and additional M., 1960; Stereotype: 5th ed. 1963; 6th ed. M., 1964; 7th ed. M., 1968; 8th ed., M., 1970; 9th ed., rev. and additional, 1972, ed. N. Yu. Shvedova; Stereotype: 10th ed., M., 1973; 11th ed. M., 1975; 12th ed. M., 1978; 13th ed., rev. and additional M., 1981; Stereotype: 14th ed. M., 1982; 15th ed. M., 1984; 16th ed., rev. M., 1984; Stereotype: 17th ed. M., 1985; 18th ed. M., 1986; 19th ed., rev. M., 1987; Stereotype: 20th ed. M., 1988; 21st ed., revised. and additional, M., 1989; Stereotype: 22nd ed. M., 1990; 23rd ed., rev. M., 1991;

* Dictionary of the Russian language: In 4 volumes / Ed. A.P. Evgenieva. M., 1957-1961. T. 1 (A-Y); T. 2 (K-O); T. 3. (P-R); T. 4.(S-Ya);. 2nd ed., rev. and additional M., 1981-1984; 3rd ed., stereotype. M., 1985-1988; 4th ed., ster.: M., 1999 (MAS - “Small Academic Dictionary”).

Types of homonyms: a) lexical (homonyms):

Lexical homonyms(actually homonyms) are words with different meanings that coincide in sound and spelling in all (almost all) forms and refer to the same part of speech.

- beam‘building material’ ↔ beam'ravine';

- stern from feed↔aft from stern;

- flog‘cut at the seams’ ↔ flog‘flog’.

b) phonetic (homophones):

Phonetic homonyms(homophones) are words or forms that are pronounced the same but spelled differently:

company - campaign,
pretend – pretend,
inert – bony,

More often these are words that sound the same only in separate forms:

twig - pond (but twig - pond),
lez – forest,
metal – metal

c) graphic (homographs):

Graphic homonyms(homographs) are words or forms that are written the same but pronounced differently.

In Russian, these are, as a rule, words that differ accent:

castle - castle,
flour - flour,
to be a coward - to be a coward.

d) grammatical (homoforms):

Grammatical homonyms(homoforms) – one or more matching grammatical forms of different words.

Homoformy is observed among words like one part of speech, so different:

I'm flying– 1 l. units from treat

from fly;

know– noun in I. and V. p. units and inf. verb;
three– D.p. numeral three

1 l. pl. part of the verb rub;

saw– noun in I.p. units

Ave. v. units h.r. verb drink;

e) word-formative (omomorphemes):(from Greek homos - identical + morphe - form). Morphemes that are the same in their sound composition, but different in meaning (homonymous morphemes). The suffix -tel in the nouns teacher (meaning an actor) and switch (meaning an active subject); suffix -ets in the words sage, male, cutter and brother; suffix -k(a) in the words river, training, extras and graduate student. The prefix from- in the verbs expel (meaning removal) and expend (meaning exhaustion of action); the prefix o- in the words paste over (the meaning of performing an action around) and blind (an affix to form the perfective form). The ending -a in the words gora (the ending of the nominative singular), silver (the ending of the genitive case), fan (the ending of the nominative plural), took (the verbal ending of the feminine singular), etc. Types of lexical homonyms: a) complete and incomplete (partial); Complete (Words of the same part of speech, different in meaning, but coinciding in all their grammatical forms, for example: ´ Onion - “garden plant” ´ Onion - “an ancient weapon for throwing arrows” (the 1st word “bow” has plural. part no) Incomplete (Words of the same part of speech, in which not all but individual grammatical forms coincide in sound and spelling, for example: ´ Boron - “coniferous forest” ´ Boron - “name of a chemical element” ´ Boron- “steel dental drill” (the 2nd and 3rd homonyms do not have plural forms) b) roots and derivatives; Root (Have a non-derivative basis, for example: ´ World - “absence of war” (peace has come) ´ World - “universe” (the world is filled with sounds) Derivatives (Have a non-derivative basis, for example: ´ World - “absence of war" (peace has come) ´ The world is the “universe” (the world is filled with sounds) c) real and potential. Real (Words that belong to the same conceptual class and, therefore, can be used within one short text, for example: ´ floor - the lower flooring of a room; ´ floor - each of the two categories of living beings; Potential (Can be found within one text only with conscious use of the author, for example: Their homonymy (as well as archaic ones) can be realized only in certain conditions, namely in the case of conscious verbal play, when the speaker or writer deliberately “pushes” them against each other to achieve a certain artistic effect. ; ´ scolding - swearing; Dictionaries of homonyms. Homonym dictionaries are a type of dictionary that describes homonyms, those words that are the same in their design (sound and/or spelling; in some or all forms) and differ in meaning. Dictionary O.S. Akhmanova: The most consistent, complete and detailed classification of Russian homonyms and the most complete information about them is given in the “Dictionary of Homonyms of the Russian Language” by O. S. Akhmanova. The marking system in the dictionary takes into account whether words belong to a general literary language or to special terminology, to the language of the same locality or different ones, to the same or different styles. HUNTING1 - searching, tracking animals, birds for the purpose of extermination or catching. Deer hunting. HUNT2 (colloquial) – desire, desire. The hunt for learning. In order to further demonstrate the semantic incompatibility, their absolute substantive incomparability, the words in the dictionary are provided with translations into English, French, and German (in which, naturally, they appear as words that do not coincide with each other in any way). block 1 (from French) - unification of states, organizations for joint actions" block 2 (from English) - a device for lifting weights"; Dictionary by N.P. Kolesnikov: In N.P. Kolesnikov's "Dictionary of Homonyms of the Russian Language" the material is given in a "solid array" (as stated in the preface), without stylistic marks This reference manual contains extensive material that presents homonyms as elements of speech flow. The most popular dictionaries of homonyms in the Russian language: Akhmanova O. S. Dictionary of homonyms of the Russian language. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1974. Efremova T. F. Explanatory Dictionary homonyms of the Russian language. - M.: AST, 2007.

Views