A LOT about the financial market, IMHO. VOLUMELY about the financial market, IMHO General information about the Nizhny Novgorod region
- Federal District: Privolzhsky
- Region: Nizhny Novgorod region
- Administrative center: Nizhny Novgorod
- Difference with Moscow: No
General information about the Nizhny Novgorod region
The Nizhny Novgorod region was formed in 1929, and from 1936 to 1991 it was called Gorky. The modern borders of the region have been established since 1994. The region is part of the Volga Federal District.
The Nizhny Novgorod region occupies about 0.45% of the territory of Russia, its area is 76.9 thousand sq. km
The Nizhny Novgorod region includes 52 municipalities, including 9 city districts and 43 districts. The total population of all regional cities, towns and villages is 3 million 291 thousand people.
The administrative center of the region is Nizhny Novgorod, whose population reaches 1 million 260 thousand people.
The predominant language is Russian, but in some areas (Krasnooktyabrsky, Sergachsky) the Tatar and Mari languages have also become widespread.
The legislative branch is represented in the region by the Legislative Assembly of the Nizhny Novgorod Region, and the executive branch is represented by the Government headed by the Governor of the Nizhny Novgorod Region.
Geography and climate
The Nizhny Novgorod region is located in the center of the European part of the country. Its borders from northeast to southwest along the Russian Plain stretch for 400 km.
The region is located on the banks of the largest river in Europe - the Volga. The region's land borders are adjacent to such regions as Ivanovo, Vladimir, Kirov, Ryazan and Kostroma, as well as the republics of Mordovia, Chuvashia and Mari-El.
Geographically, the region is located in several geographical zones - from meadow steppes to southern taiga. Naturally, this is reflected in the flora, fauna of the region and the prevailing climate here.
The region is dominated by a temperate continental climate with distinct seasons. The difference in temperatures in the north and south of the region is on average 1-2 degrees. Traditionally, there are the Trans-Volga, forested zone, and the Right Bank, where plains predominate, and the climate here is warmer.
The optimal time to visit the Nizhny Novgorod region is from July to mid-August, when warm summer weather sets in in the region, and from the second half of December to the end of January - during this period, moderately frosty, comfortable winter weather reigns in the region.
The relief in the Nizhny Novgorod region is flat, but on the right bank of the Volga there are also hills - the Peremilovsky, Dyatlovy, Fadeevy mountains. In general, one of the main wealth of the region is water resources. There are about 9 thousand rivers, rivulets and streams. The largest water artery is the Volga.
On the spit of the Volga and its right tributary Oka is located the “capital” of the Nizhny Novgorod province - the city of Nizhny Novgorod. Among the rivers and lakes of the region, many are natural monuments, for example, Lake Svetloyar or the Sundovik River.
The Gorky Reservoir, popularly proudly called the Gorky Sea, is a favorite vacation spot for residents of Nizhny Novgorod and neighboring regions. People come here with children or cheerful, noisy groups to relax for the weekend or spend a whole vacation here. A lot of rest houses, sanatoriums, camps, and campsites on the shores of the Gorky Sea make a vacation in a picturesque place in the Nizhny Novgorod region as comfortable as possible.
The history of the appearance of the Gorky Reservoir is as follows. Back in the 50s of the 20th century, the Volga was blocked by the dam of the Gorky hydroelectric power station. Thus, a kind of “backwater” appeared with an area of about 160 hectares.
If the upper part of the Gorky Sea, located on the territory of the Ivanovo region, with its endless expanses of water and deserted islands, is most suitable for sailing regattas and boat trips, then the lower part of the reservoir in the Nizhny Novgorod region is a paradise for fishermen. Almost no one is left without a catch. The most common “sea” inhabitants are perch, pike perch, white bream, and scaup.
The main beaches and recreation centers are located on the left bank of the Gorky Sea, while the right bank is not very suitable for recreation, as it is very steep and steep. There are a lot of options for recreation - from elite “vip” boarding houses to affordable student camps and recreation centers. Some beaches are loved by regulars of the “grief-sea” as places for wild relaxation.
Among the traditional marine entertainments, you can find rides on catamarans and boats along the coast. Immediately behind the sandy strip of beaches there are dense forests with berries and mushrooms. So, when coming to the Gorky Sea in July-August, you can stock up not only with positive emotions, but also with a portion of vitamins.
Sights of the Nizhny Novgorod region
In the Nizhny Novgorod region there are natural monuments, architectural monuments, famous estates, and embodiments of the highest engineering thought - everything that can be found in the world treasury.
Naturally, the leader in the number of cultural heritage sites and simply interesting cultural monuments from different times is Nizhny Novgorod. Its main attractions are the Kremlin, the Volga slope, the Rukavishnikov estate and many others, however, the region does not lag behind its center.
The Gorodetsky and Lyskovsky districts of the Nizhny Novgorod region are famous for their preserved original culture, wooden architecture and museums of customs and traditions of the peoples of the Volga region. Bolsheboldinsky district is the patrimony of the Pushkin family, glorified by the famous Russian writer Alexander Seregeevich Pushkin in his works.
There are natural monuments in almost all districts of the Nizhny Novgorod region. The most famous are the Kerzhensky Nature Reserve, the Ichalkovsky Nature Reserve, lakes Svetloyar and Vadskoye, the Sundovik River and others. The virgin nature, the abundance of animals, birds and fish amazes the imagination.
The special pride of the Nizhny Novgorod region is monasteries, temples and holy places. There is no such person in the Orthodox world who has not heard about the village of Diveevo - the estate of St. Seraphim of Sarov - or the Makaryevsky, Blagoveshchensky or Pechersky monasteries. In terms of the number of pilgrims, these places are in no way inferior even to Israeli Christian shrines.
There are also quite rare industrial and engineering structures in the Nizhny Novgorod region that have become architectural monuments. Thus, in the Dzerzhinsk area there is a hyperboloid openwork tower - a steel work of art by engineer Shukhov. The buildings he built stand in Vyksa and also represent a certain architectural value for the world community. This is a workshop with sail-shaped steel floors and the world's first hyperbolic tower.
There are dozens of excursion routes throughout the Nizhny Novgorod region, and here are the most popular of them:
TOP 10 excursions in the Nizhny Novgorod region
Video about the Nizhny Novgorod region
I recently read in A. Markov’s blog about Sarov.
http://macroevolution.livejournal.com/163216.html
I respect Alexander Vladimirovich very much and we even met once (last summer) in the company of K.V.’s laboratory. Anokhin at the Zvenigorod biological station, where Alexander Vladimirovich gave a lecture to students about the “moral” behavior of animals (I am the father of one of Konstantin Vladimirovich’s young employees and cooked pilaf there).
However, respected A. Markov was simply unlucky with Sarov. Firstly, the worst time is dirty, etc. You should come to the City either at the beginning of summer (maybe in May) or in the fall. Once upon a time there was a wonderful winter: sparkling snow, dry frosty air, blue sky, but... the climate!
Secondly, as in any business, history is important here. Since I lived with my parents in the City from the age of 2 to the 9th grade of school (until 1978) and now I often go there (at parties with classmates), I will take the liberty of telling Alexander Vladimirovich what was not told to him (unlucky with the guide ).
The city was created, as is known, as a Design Bureau, a testing ground for gas-dynamic and other tests of units and components of nuclear weapons and a site for their production. The entire project was really supervised by L.P. Beria. The first heads of the “facility” were state security generals who built the “plant” and the City using the Gulagov method. The camp was located inside the zone on the site of modern garages (between Silkina Street and “21 site”). During the first, so-called “heroic period,” a small group of scientists and engineers was brought to the City, who were supposed to copy the American plutonium bomb “Fat Man”. The fact is that a group of American nuclear scientists led by R. Openheimer quite deliberately established contact with Soviet intelligence and handed over ALL (!, even working drawings!) documentation. It was a Choice, based on a deep understanding that there should not be a nuclear monopoly. (If I’m not mistaken, neutral Sweden also received copies through N. Bor). In the USSR, Stalin, Beria, Kurchatov and Khariton (scientific supervisor - chief designer of the “product”) probably knew about this (except for direct intelligence agents). Stalin's order was: copy! What was the scientific and organizational genius of Kurchatov and Khariton: yes, they knew everything, but they created teams of scientists, engineers, production workers who knew nothing and who worked “as if” from scratch. It was a grandiose school (now it would it was called a “project”), where everyone understood the significance of the work (for the Motherland) and the impossibility of failure. It is clear that in reality, they could not make a mistake, because their two bosses KNEW EVERYTHING. But it is one thing to KNOW, and another thing - DO". The ingenious Khariton took advantage of the situation 100% - he invited his colleagues to the project, they invited their employees and a Team was formed, which “as if blindly” carried out a grandiose R&D complex (gas dynamics, nuclear research, creation of pilot production, design bureau, etc.). As a result, by the time the “one-piece drawn” (according to A.D. Sakharov’s subsequent remark) product, the model of which was shown to you in the museum, was released, its own original “product” had been developed, superior in all characteristics to the American one (also shown in the museum). As a result of this work, by 1949-50, the basis for the creation of a research and production Institute appeared. And such a decision was made. As a result, in the fifties, several thousand young specialists came to the City to work annually. So, my parents appeared there, who didn’t know each other yet, one was a graduate of MEPhI, the other was a graduate of Moscow Art and Technology Institute (“Mendelavochki”). Everyone lived in a dormitory. And they were all like this: They arrived: scientists, engineers, teachers, doctors. Everyone knew each other. I only realized later that when I was walking with my parents around the City, they greeted almost everyone they met! In kindergarten we went to famous teachers (friends of our mother), in clinics we were treated by doctors who once lived on the next floor in the dorm with dad, at school we were taught by teachers with whom our parents either played volleyball or worked at Komsomol subbotniks. It was a grandiose “collective farm”, but the interests of business and science were valued there above all else. This was a moral imperative that the project leaders supported.
This was real “developed socialism” in a single point (zone). Moreover, I only recently understood why they were a happy and, in general, very patriotic team. Because they all passed the “sieve” of personnel! It was physically impossible for a young specialist with the “wrong” profile to be there! For example, my father and mother did not have any repressed grandfathers, uncles or other relatives. And my friends too! And friends have friends! They weren’t there because they couldn’t be - they took care of that! It was a deliberate selection! The young man found himself in unique conditions. On the one hand, he had brilliant scientific supervisors and super work, on the other hand, his problems were really addressed. In the City (through the efforts of Khariton), a unique administrative team was formed, headed by the former director (during the war) of Uralmash B.G. Muzrukov, whom Stalin personally sent to work in the atomic project. This man’s style of work is remembered not only in the City, but also at Uralmash. Suffice it to say that under him, a procedure was established in the City that any appeal from any employee to the director was considered on the same day! As for scientific leaders, the following worked in the City at different times: physicists academicians Ya.B. Zeldovich and A.D. Sakharov, doctors of science D.A. Frank Kamenetsky, academician I.E. Tamm, doctor L.V. Altshuler, mathematicians and academicians N.N. Bogolyubov, V.S., Vladimirov, etc. . These were not only Scientists (with a capital S), but also Citizens of their country. It’s amazing, now in the atomic weapons museum they tell how Putin or the Patriarch came to the City. And our parents told us about how Lev Vladimirovich Altshuler publicly spoke out in support of biology and genetics (although because of Altshuler, my father did not receive a state prize - and they also told me this) and about the fact that Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov was an impeccably honest person . It was truly paradise. (Or maybe Hell). People of approximately the same age, born in their 20s, 30s, and 40s, united by extremely respected leaders and truly honestly working for the good of their Motherland. They worked a lot (!!!). Sometimes, objectively, at risk to life and health. By the way, a special 6th Main Directorate was created under the USSR Ministry of Health - the famous “six”, which dealt with all health issues, including statistics. You would be interested in someone to talk to, taking into account Sakharov’s well-known idea about the non-threshold effects of radiation on living organisms. There were a lot of interesting ideas, for example, my father’s friend R.F. Trunin, whose main activity was underground testing of “products,” carried out work to study the effect of shock waves on seed germination (his wife was a biology teacher at school No. 20).
On the other hand, the people who worked in the City (and this is very important to understand in order to understand the spirit of Sarov) adopted from their leaders the principle of the highest responsibility for the final result. Suffice it to say that Khariton set the matter in such a way that the Ministry of Medium Machine Building (the current Minatom) was responsible, for example, for how the warhead in the missile would behave, how it would interact with the missile, how it would resist missile defense, etc. Those. The rocket engineers agreed on the rocket with Khariton, and not vice versa. Khariton was responsible for everything related to “products”. This was the great organizing principle that management followed and employees were trained on.
Well, of course, they were all SUCH! (the best, of course). My parents' generation is now over 80 years old. They raised some kind of similar shift, which was the famous 90s. And now everything is fine again. It is clear that the people in the City have seen all sorts of changes in their graves, because this is an analogue of a return to the dashing 90s!
Here's the City at your fingertips! And Seraphim of Sarov is our saint. We went on pioneer hikes past his village with three birches, and we climbed around the monastery in search of an underground passage. Therefore, when I find myself in any church, I, of course, look for the icon of Seraphim, because this is my City, my childhood and youth, although I have lived in Moscow for a long time. And this is what every Sarov resident does, regardless of whether he believes it or not. It's a question of self-identification!
I always go to Sarov with love. In May. You can already swim. The people of Sarov who grew up there differ from everyone else, probably in that they clearly remember how they really once lived with their parents in the City in a real paradise. And that's not a bad thing.
During the Great Patriotic War, shells for Katyushas were produced here, and every 5th shell fired at the enemy was manufactured at this plant. The older generation of the city is especially proud of this, and now they can tell stories from their youth to their grandchildren and great-grandchildren . But it was not always so. For a very long time the city was very secretive.
Even during the war, Soviet intelligence obtained information about the development of an atomic bomb in the West, which prompted the government of the country to adopt a resolution in February 1943 to create the “Tsar Bomba”. To speed up the process of its creation (after the American bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki), Stalin ordered the creation of a number of closed cities in which the development and testing of an even more powerful atomic bomb would be carried out. This is how 10 “nuclear” cities were created, now they are known under the names: Sarov, Snezhinsk, Novouralsk, Zarechny, Lesnoy, Ozyorsk, Zheleznogorsk, Seversk, Zelenogorsk, Trekhgorny, and all of them still have HIGH secrecy status.
All these cities were built by prisoners of the Stalinist Gulag, and after construction, some of them were shot directly in freight cars, where they were placed supposedly for transportation to the construction of the next facility. It's scary, but it happened, and you need to know about it.
After the war, in 1946, famous scientists I.V. Kurchatov and Yu.B. Khariton, the site of a former monastery, where a factory already operates, producing various projectiles, is chosen as the territory of a secret facility in order to create a “product” here, that is, an atomic bomb. Deputy Minister of Transport Engineering P.M. Zernov was appointed head of the closed design bureau, and Professor Yu.B. Khariton is its chief designer.
In 1947, design bureau number 11 became a particularly sensitive enterprise, and the entire village of Sarov was removed from all teaching aids. Due to strict secrecy, all employees of the facility and members of their families could not leave the zone even on vacation, only on business trips until the mid-50s. Passes for people permanently residing in the zone were introduced later.
Since 1946, the best scientists, engineers, and production workers began to be brought to the city. The country's universities searched for the most capable students from Moscow, Leningrad, Gorky, Kazan, Kharkov, Sverdlovsk, who, after defending their diplomas, were offered to work in a variety of areas of science, on very interesting topics, and even with favorable living conditions, and many gladly agreed .
At that time, entire residential areas were built in Sarov for future scientists and engineering workers who came with their families. For single people, comfortable hostels were built in the very center of the city, a stadium was laid out, a cultural center was built (by the way, it was in this palace that my dad studied in a music club - he learned to play the button accordion, and at one time I ran there for gymnastics classes, fortunately they lived near.),
cinema “October” (Now the former cinema building houses an exhibition hall).
The “object” received city status in 1954, but its name often changed: it was either KB-11, then Moscow Center-300, then Shatki-1, then Kremlev, then Gorky-150, then Arzamas-75, then Arzamas- 16.
This is interesting: in my Komsomol card there was a note that it was issued by the Kremlin department of the Komsomol, and at first this note surprised me, because this ticket was handed to me in the city of Arzamas-75. I didn’t know then that these different names meant the same place. A little later, my father told me something - what he considered necessary and sufficient at that time.
From 1948 to 1968 Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov worked in the research group for the development of thermonuclear weapons. My mother was lucky enough to see him at work several times, and she always spoke with warmth about this man, noting his intelligence and modesty.
In August 1949, the first atomic bomb was tested at the Semipalatinsk test site, these tests were successful. In August 1953, a hydrogen bomb was successfully tested there. A secret facility, which at that time was headed by the country's leading scientists I.V. Kurchatov and Yu.B. Khariton, completed their main task, and since then the city began to be called the Nuclear Shield of Russia.
In 1954 it received city status. By this time, the life of the townspeople had become freer - they were allowed to travel during the holidays. I remember how happy my father was when our family was going to his homeland - the Krasnoyarsk Territory - to show his mother her granddaughters. But many more years will pass before the regime city gives permission for its relatives to visit its citizens. Already married and having children, I came to my parents in the city only with my children; my husband was not allowed. And I so wanted to show him my city! We first came there with the whole family in 1985, just before the New Year 1986.
Since 1995, the city began to be officially called Sarov, but to this day it is one of the closed cities of the Russian Ministry of Atomic Energy, a closed administrative-territorial entity (ZATO). Currently, the Russian Federal Nuclear Center is dealing with the problems of development, storage and disposal of nuclear weapons, processing of radioactive and other materials. In addition, work is being carried out in fundamental and applied physics, and, of course, work in the sphere of the national economy of Russia.
Back in 1989, the conversion program included two directions: the production of medical equipment and trailers. The “BP-3” perfusion unit, the “SP-1” perfusion system, and the “artificial kidney” device created at the Sarov plant are already successfully operating in hospitals in various regions of Russia. One of them (unit “BP-3”) also works in Melitopol, where my husband and I brought it in our car from Sarov. It is located in our regional oncology center, and I am very glad that my husband and I are also credited with helping many people.
August 1, 2003 is the date of the 100th anniversary of the canonization of St. Seraphim of Sarov. By this time, restoration work on the Cathedral of St. Seraphim of Sarov had been completed.
On the evening of July 30, Patriarch Alexy and representatives of all Orthodox churches from all over the world arrived in Sarov by a special train. The next day, July 31, Putin, then the president of Russia, arrived.
In 2010, when there were numerous areas of forest fires throughout Russia, Mordovian forests were no exception. The fire came so close to the city of Sarov that a real danger arose both for residents and for nuclear weapons storage facilities. The situation was indeed difficult. The forces of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations were involved in the fires. Sergei Shoigu told reporters at the time:
“All crews of the Ministry of Emergency Situations are working under heavy load. Six field air traffic points have been deployed, and gunners are working at fire sites. Bad weather conditions and poor visibility complicate the work. Four aircraft are working to prevent a forest fire from spreading to the nuclear center in Sarov. 180 people and 80 pieces of equipment are involved, including 20 airplanes and helicopters, which operate mainly in the Central region. “We are very grateful to the residents of settlements that are threatened by fire for helping firefighters and plowing the villages themselves and carrying out other preventive measures.”
The fire was dealt with in that hot summer, but conclusions were drawn, and today there is already a firebreak around the city. Honor and praise to everyone who took part in extinguishing the fires and in all auxiliary activities.
Today Sarov is a young, beautiful, clean and well-groomed city, with a well-developed infrastructure. I love coming there, meeting my classmates, and just wandering along the forest paths (I really miss the forest, living in the Tauride steppes of the Melitopol region).
This is my city, where I was born and raised, my parents’ graves are there, my family and friends live there. For many years I could not tell anyone anything about him. Even when I was in a pioneer camp in Crimea, I said that I was from Moscow (that’s what our “uncles” taught us). Now that the veil of secrecy has been lifted, I am glad that many can find out about Sarov, but, unfortunately, they will not be able to get there, since it remains closed. The city is surrounded by double iron wire around the perimeter, separated by a border strip. Entry into it is possible only with special passes. There are several checkpoints, including on the railway.
Over all these years, I have become accustomed to such procedures, and I consider them completely justified. As long as the Russian Federal Nuclear Center exists, Russians (and not only them, but also many CIS countries) can feel safe. And yet, if you are in church, light a candle for Seraphim of Sarov (“fire-winged”), because his shield is no less important for Russia.
The amazing and mysterious city of Sarov. Many people know about him, many have heard... even more secret information about him is circulating somewhere around the country, and even abroad. But be that as it may, it just so happened that in the same administrative unit, on the same land, a scientific city grew up behind barbed wire - the Russian Federal Nuclear Center and the Center for Orthodox Culture - a kind of VIP mecca of our Motherland, St. Seraphim of Sarov monastery. (Diveevo is a real Mecca, everyone who God sends is allowed there, they live with this, they are happy with this, and in the “prickly” Sarov, recently, by the way, 14 monks live in this monastery, they live there as hermits in their own way, in general only our Presidents visit them...)
In general, there are a lot of different rumors around Sarov. And it’s sometimes difficult to describe it, to show photos - where a mysterious, almost mystical aura appears, where prison-military associations flash in connection with the external prickliness...
But one day Comrade Artemy Lebedev came to us and clicked on his camera - and we all saw the light: so this is the “Uryupinsk” of the “Zato” cities we live in (ZATO is a closed administrative territorial association). His report came out interesting, and I, as a native of those places, really liked it. I'm posting everything in full. Otherwise Sarov will remain unseen. After all, I personally, for example, can only bring my husband to Sarov. But you can’t make everyone a husband.)
I’ll only add something relevant: but in Sarov, along the entire length of the madhouse, there is a poster: “BUT Sarov is unique!”
So how do we understand this?)
The small city of Sarov is located in the Nizhny Novgorod forests. It is so small that in the Nizhny Novgorod forests there is only one sign pointing to it, and in front of the city there is not even a stele with the name. And not all maps mark it.
The city is famous for Seraphim of Sarov, for whom Orthodox pilgrims flock here. For their sake, the temples here were re-painted.
Services are held for them.
And the pilgrims themselves strive to the forest - to drink healing water from the spring, to scratch a cross on a pine tree.
People in Sarov do not like sudden changes. Therefore, the new here does not cancel the old.
Modern traffic lights hang on an outdated pole.
The tags on the wall are new, but the decorative holders under the balcony are old.
The payphone is a push-button one, and the telephone booth is very pre-perestroika. The call is free, however.
New cars drive past Brezhnev's pavilions.
Modern garbage lies in museum bins.
The new entertainment center is called “Samira”, but it is read, of course, as “Satire”.
The structure, previously intended for portraits and other important propaganda, is installed in the central square. Today only a funeral home is advertised here. But not because the city is dying, but because there is nothing left to advertise here.
In general, old Soviet establishments are well preserved here.
And public transport.
And the nature here is pristine.
The houses, by the way, are almost all brick. Half of the balcony railings are decorated with a special corner.
They also love to connect the houses with at least something. Possibly balconies.
