Individual statuses. Concept and types of social statuses

36 chose

Not all people who have linked their lives with fashion are aphoristic witches. But when you think a lot about fashion, when your life is connected with fashion and style, words spontaneously come to mind that form sentences in which nothing can be added or subtracted! .. I picked up 50 quotes about fashion belonging to the great designers of XX century, as well as people who owned the art of creating their own style ...

1. In order to be irreplaceable, you need to be different. Coco Chanel

2. Fashion doesn't just make women beautiful, it gives them confidence. Yves Saint Laurent

3. Pure, strong emotions. It's not about design. It's about feelings. Alber Elbaz

4. When you hear that designers are complaining about the problems of their profession, say: Don't get carried away, these are just dresses. Karl Lagerfeld

5. Fashion is not about labels. And not about brands. It's about something else that's going on within us. Ralph Lauren

6. We should never confuse elegance with snobbery. Yves Saint Laurent

7. Girls don't dress for boys. They dress for themselves and of course for each other. If girls dressed for boys, they would go around naked all the time. Betsey Johnson

8. A woman's dress should be akin to barbed wire: do your thing without spoiling the landscape. Sophia Loren

9. Style is an easy way to talk about difficult things. Jean Cocteau

10. Give the girl the right shoes and she can conquer the world. Marilyn Monroe

11. I am not in fashion. I myself am fashion. Coco Chanel

12. Fashion designers present on the catwalk four times a year. Style is what you choose. Lohner Hutton

13. I like being a woman even in this masculine world. After all, men cannot wear dresses, but we can wear pants. Whitney Houston

14. Fashion should be a form of escapism, not a form of imprisonment. Alexander McQueen

15. Always walk as if three men were following you. Oscar de la Renta

16. Perfume can tell more about a woman than her handwriting. Christian Dior

17. Dressing as Scheherazade is easy. Finding a little black dress is more difficult. Coco Chanel

18. It is easy to be different from others, but to be unique is very difficult. Lady Gaga

19. Style is a way of saying who you are without words. Rachel Zoe

20. I do not design clothes. I create dreams. Ralph Lauren

21. I can't concentrate in shoes without heels. Victoria Beckham

22. When in doubt, wear red. Bill Blass

23. Nothing makes a woman more beautiful than the belief that she is beautiful. Sophia Loren

24. My job is to combine comfort and luxury, practical and desirable. Donna Karan

25. Luxury should be comfortable. Otherwise it is not a luxury. Coco Chanel

26. Fashion as architecture: the main thing is proportions. Coco Chanel

27. If you can't be better than your competitor, then at least dress better. Anna Wintour

28. Nothing ages a woman like an oversized outfit. Coco Chanel

29. Attire - a preface to a woman, and sometimes the whole book. Sebastien-Roche Nicolas de Chamfort

30. A person is colored by clothes. Naked people have very little or no influence in society. Mark Twain

31. There is nothing special about the skirt when it sways on the clothesline. Lawrence Dow

32. If you cannot remember what the woman was wearing, then she was dressed perfectly. Coco Chanel

33. Fashion is a form of ugliness so unbearable that we have to change it every six months. Oscar Wilde

34. I dress for the image. Not for myself, not for the public, not for fashion, not for men. Marlene Dietrich

35. Each generation laughs at the old fashion, invariably following the new one. Henry David Thoreau

36. I know what women want. They want to be beautiful. Valentino Garavani

37. I've always considered the white T-shirt to be the alpha and omega of the trendy alphabet. Giorgio Armani

38. Fashion is what we make ourselves out of every day. Miuccia Prada

39. Fashion is always inspired by youth and nostalgia and often draws inspiration from the past. Lana Del Rey

40. Fashion brings happiness. This is joy. But not therapy. Donatella Versace

41. There is no designer in the world better than nature itself. Alexander McQueen

42. A dress doesn't make any sense if it doesn't make men want to take it off you. Françoise Sagan

43. Buy less, choose better, and do it yourself. Vivienne westwood

The concept of status in everyday life is equated with the characteristic of an individual associated with his economic capital, social prestige and the possibility of influence in certain spheres of life. At the same time, the sociological interpretation of this concept proceeds from the special social position of a person within a group or society, determined by the specifics of the rights and obligations for the individual. Status allows us to identify any person by assigning him to a group and entering into the social structure of society. Examples of statuses can be different: priest, leader, woman, child, client, professor, prisoner, father, mayor, etc. Each person is free to form his own status, but he is limited by his financial position, social relations and national culture in general. Any state offers its individuals a certain set of statuses that are appropriate and possible at each historical and social stage of the development of society. Moreover, society creates a field of competition for status. The specificity of this struggle is influenced by the age, gender of the individual, his social and professional affiliation. The very concept of the social status of an individual has three components: sociology (adj .: social), status and personality. · Sociology is the science of society. · Personality is an individual who is a bearer of not only biological and psychological qualities, but also socially significant features. Many individuals make up a society. The personality is formed in the interaction of internal motives and external constraints. · Status is a social position taken by an individual in society. Types of statuses: · Personal status is a position that a person occupies in a small or primary group, depending on how he is assessed by his individual qualities. · Social status is the position of a person, which he automatically occupies as a representative of a large social group or community (professional, class, national). · A status set is a collection of statuses belonging to one individual. · Prescribed status - a status that a person acquires upon birth (eg: a title that is inherited) · Achieved status - a position that a person achieves through his efforts. · Natural status is a status that is based on a biological trait. (man., woman.) So: the social status of a person is the position of a person in society, occupied by him as a representative of a certain social group and including a certain set of rights and responsibilities. Social status depends on: · age; · Gender; · Profession; · Origin; · Marital status; · Income; · Education. Do not think that everyone has one single social status. Each person can occupy several different statuses, but one of them will prevail over others. Sociologists call this status the main one. The main status dominates in a person's consciousness, influencing his life activity and motives of behavior, as well as people around him perceive this status as a leading one for the individual. Thus, the influence of social status on a person is noticeable. Social roles have no less influence on him. Social status and social roles are interrelated concepts. Any status contains certain patterns of behavior, culture of relationships and obligations. In other words, expected actions. It is these actions and what shapes behavior within a social status that is called a social role. In each status, the manifestation of several roles is possible, which in sociology is usually called a "role set". The expected behavior associated with a particular role serves as a norm for society, regulation of rights and obligations. The whole society is based on role relationships, which once again consolidates the socializing role of the public for each individual. For example, a woman's social status can be multifaceted: wife, mother, daughter, sister, company employee, Christian, member of an organization (besides this, there are many more examples of social status). The combination of these provisions is called a status set. From the given example, it is clear how social status is determined: this is marital status, and religious views, and professional activity, and personal interests, etc. There are contradictions of statuses, which leads a person to discomfort, therefore, he strives for changes. For example: in the United States, there has been racial discrimination against African Americans for a long time. Over time, a representative of this race becomes the president of the United States. This means that the status system of society has changed. The ratio of prescribed and acquired statuses is reflected in the social structure. In slave-owning, feudal and caste societies, prescribed statuses prevail, because kinship ties are highly valued for status. In a democratic society, acquired statuses prevail. The social role of an individual is a set of requirements that are put forward in relation to a person holding a particular social position. Aspects of social role: · way of behavior; · Formalization: a) you can communicate formally (ex: lecturer-student in class); b) communication in a non-formal setting (ex: the same in case of a chance meeting on the street); · Acquired roles - in childhood these are toys, and in adulthood they are a conscious choice of professional activity; · The scale of connections - some roles involve a wide circle of communication (ex: journalist), and other roles are a limited circle (ex: parent by the number of children in the family); · Emotional aspect - judge, actor; · Motivational aspect - interest, finance, prestige or otherwise. Division of social roles: · personality behavior; · Role expectation of others from the behavior of the individual. (Under the prism of the profession, it sounds something like what can be an actor, not a judge.) · Social roles (human activity in groups); · Interpersonal roles (family, friends). Socialization process. Social roles are learned in the process of socialization. A person observes others, and then imitates them, accepting the rules. But a person has a certain degree of freedom, which should not violate the freedoms of other people and the system of society. Socialization is the process of personality formation, during which a person learns the skills, patterns of behavior and attitudes inherent in his social role. (The individual either acts as expected of him, or improves in the role corresponding to him). There is a combination of external factors and internal qualities of a person. Socialization agents are members of society who influence personality formation. In childhood, parents, and from the age of 3, the number of socialization agents increases. Conformity is a passive acceptance of the existing order. Forms of socialization: · Adaptation - passive adaptation to the environment; · Integration - active interaction of the individual with the environment, as a result of which not only the environment affects the personality, but also the personality changes the environment. The degree of completeness of socialization is determined by: · Ability to manage finances independently of others. · Opportunity to provide oneself with means of subsistence. · Ability to live separately from parents. · Ability to choose a lifestyle. Questions for self-control: 1. What does the concept of a person's social status mean? 2. Name the three components of a person's social status. 3. Name the types of social statuses. 4. What determines the social status of an individual? 5. What is the essence of the concept of social role? 6. What is included in a person's status set? 7. What are the main aspects of the social role of an individual? 8. Socialization of personality, what is it?

Social status is the position of an individual (or a group of people) in society in accordance with gender, age, origin, property, education, occupation, position, marital status, etc.

People have not one, but many statuses:

1) prescribed (received from birth);

2) achieved;

3) economic;

4) personal;

5) political, social, cultural.

A social role is a certain action that an individual (or group) must perform in accordance with a particular status.

Thus, if the status itself determines the position of a person in society, then the social role is the functions they perform in this position.

QUESTIONS, TASKS, TESTS.

1. Expand the content of the concepts "person", "personality", "individual", "individuality".

2. What factors influence personality formation?

3. What is the social status of a person? What kinds of social statuses do you know? Describe your status set.

4. What is a social role? What social roles do you play?

5. Why is there a conflict of social roles? How is it overcome?

6. How can you confirm the existence of status-role coercion?

7. Do you agree with E. Durkheim, who believed that “the more primitive a society, the greater the similarity between its constituent individuals?

8. Give definitions of the following concepts: "individual", "individuality", "personality", "role conflict", "social role", "status distance", "status symbols", "social status", "person", "expectation "(Role expectations).

Literature:

1. AI Kravchenko "Sociology and Political Science" p.115-120.

2. ID Korotets, TG Talnishnykh "Fundamentals of Sociology and Political Science" p.85-109.

3. VV Latysheva "Foundations of Sociology" p.65-86.

1. The social role is ...

1) the contribution of the individual to the cause of his people;

2) a person's awareness of the importance of his work;

3) behavior expected from the bearer of social status;

4) assessment of the individual's activities by society.

2. The process of assimilation by an individual during his life of social norms and cultural values ​​of the society to which he belongs is called:

1) education; 2) socialization; 3) integration; 4) adaptation.

3. Socialization of the individual lasts:

1) from the beginning of adolescence;

2) until the end of the formation of a person as a person;

3) before entering the working life.

4.Social status shows:

1) what kind of behavior society expects from the individual;

2) what place an individual occupies in a society or a group;

3) in what environment the personality is formed.

5. The set of roles corresponding to a certain status is called:

1) role-playing; 2) role-playing set; 3) role expectation.

6. What does the concept of "personality" mean?

1) properties that make a person different from others;

2) the same as the concept of "person";

3) the system of social qualities of the individual.

7. Normative (basic) personality is:

1) a person who shares the same cultural patterns as the majority of members of a given society;

2) a standard, a model of personality as the ideal of a given society (group);

3) the type of personality is the most common in a given territory.

Social status- the position of the individual or social group in the social system.

Status rank- the position of the individual in the social hierarchy of statuses, on the basis of which the status worldview is formed.

Status set- a set of several status positions that an individual occupies at the same time.

Ideas about social status

The concept of "social status" was first used in science by the English philosopher and lawyer of the 19th century. G. Main. In sociology, the concept of status (from Latin status - position, state) is used in different meanings. The dominant concept is the concept of social status as the position of an individual or a social group in the social system, which is characterized by certain distinctive features (rights, duties, functions). Sometimes social status refers to a set of such distinctive features. In ordinary speech, the concept of status is used as a synonym for prestige.

In modern scientific and educational literature, it is defined as: o the position of the individual in the social system, associated with certain rights, responsibilities and role expectations;

• the position of the subject in the system of interpersonal relations,
• defining his rights, duties and privileges;
• the position of the individual in the system of interpersonal relations, due to his psychological influence on the members of the group;
• the relative position of the individual in society, determined by his functions, duties and rights;
• the position of a person in the structure of a group or society, associated with certain rights and responsibilities;
• an indicator of the position occupied by an individual in society;
• the relative position of an individual or a social group in a social system, determined by a number of features characteristic of a given system;
• the position occupied by an individual or a social group in society or a separate subsystem of society, determined by characteristics specific to a particular society - economic, national, age, etc .;
• the place of an individual or group in the social system in accordance with their characteristics - natural, professional, ethnic, etc .;
• a structural element of the social organization of society, which appears before the individual as a position in the system of social relations;
• the relative position of an individual or group, determined by social (economic status, profession, qualifications, education, etc.) and natural characteristics (gender, age, etc.);
• a set of rights and obligations of an individual or a social group associated with their performance of a certain social role;
• prestige characterizing the position of an individual or social groups in the hierarchical system.

Each person in society performs certain social functions: students study, workers produce material goods, managers manage, journalists talk about the events taking place in the country and the world. In order to fulfill social functions, certain responsibilities are imposed on the individual in accordance with his social status. The higher the status of a person, the more responsibilities he has, the more stringent the requirements of society or a social group to his status duties, the greater the negative consequences of their violation.

Status set Is a set of status positions that each individual occupies at the same time. In this set, the following statuses are usually distinguished: ascriptive (assigned), achieved, mixed, main.

The social status of the individual was relatively stable due to the estate or caste structure of society and was fixed by the establishment of religion or law. In modern societies, the status positions of individuals are more mobile. However, in any society there are ascriptive (assigned) and achieved social statuses.

Assigned status- This is a social status received "automatically" by its bearer due to factors independent of him - by law, birth, sex or age, race and nationality, consanguinity system, socio-economic status of parents, etc. For example, you cannot get married, participate in elections, get a driver's license before reaching the required age. The assigned statuses are of interest to sociology only if they are the basis for social inequality, i.e. affect social differentiation and social structure of society.

Achieved status - it is a social status acquired by its bearer thanks to his own efforts and merit. The level of education, professional achievements, career, rank, position, socially successful marriage - all this affects the social status of an individual in society.

There is a direct connection between the assigned and achieved social statuses. The achieved statuses are acquired mainly in the competitive struggle, however, some achieved statuses are largely determined by the ascriptive ones. Thus, the possibility of obtaining a prestigious education, which in modern society is a necessary prerequisite for a high social status, is directly related to the advantages of family origin. On the contrary, the presence of a high achieved status largely compensates for the low ascriptive status of an individual due to the fact that no society can ignore the real social successes and achievements of individuals.

Mixed social statuses have signs attributed and achieved, but achieved not at the request of a person, but due to a combination of circumstances, for example, as a result of job loss, natural disasters or political upheavals.

Main social status the individual is mainly determined by the position of a person in society, his way of life.

demeanor. When it comes to a stranger, we first of all ask: “What is this person doing? How does he make a living? " The answer to this question says a lot about a person, therefore, in modern society, the main status of an individual is, as a rule, professional or official.

Lynn status manifests itself at the level of a small group, for example, a family, a work collective, a circle of close friends. In a small group, the individual functions directly and his status is determined by personal qualities and character traits.

Group status characterizes an individual as a member of a large social group as, for example, a representative of a nation, confession or profession.

The concept and types of social status

The meaningful difference between comes down to the fact that the role is fulfilled, and the status is. In other words, the role presupposes the possibility of a qualitative assessment of how an individual meets the role requirements. Social status - this is the position of a person in the structure of a group or society, which determines certain rights and obligations. Speaking about status, we abstract from any qualitative assessment of the person who occupies him and his behavior. We can say that status is a formal structural social characteristic of a subject.

Like roles, there can be many statuses and, in general, any status implies a corresponding role and vice versa.

The main status is key of the entire set of social statuses of an individual, mainly determining his social position and importance in society. For example, the main status of a child is age; in traditional societies, the main status of women is gender; in modern society, as a rule, professional or official status becomes the main status. In any case, the main status acts as a decisive factor in the lifestyle and standard of living, dictating the manner of behavior.

Social status can be:

• prescribed- received from birth or due to factors independent of its carrier - gender or age, race, socio-economic status of the parents. For example, it is illegal to obtain a driver's license, marry, vote or receive a pension before reaching the required age;
• achievable- acquired in society thanks to the efforts and merits of the individual. The status of a person in society is influenced by the level of education, professional achievements, career, and socially successful marriage. No society can ignore the real successes of the individual, therefore, the existence of the achieved status bears the opportunity to largely compensate for the low attributed personality status;
• private- manifests itself at the level of a small group, in which the individual functions directly (family, work collective, circle of close friends), he is determined by his personal qualities and character traits;
• group- characterizes an individual as a member of a large social group - a representative of a class, nation, profession, carrier of certain sex and age characteristics, etc.

Based on opinion polls, it has been established that the majority of Russians are currently satisfied with their position in society rather than dissatisfied. This is a very significant positive trend in recent years, since satisfaction with one's position in society is not only an essential prerequisite for social stability, but also a very important condition for people to feel comfortable in their socio-psychological state as a whole. Among those who rate their place in society as “good,” almost 85% believe that their life is going well. This indicator depends little on age: even in the group over 55, about 70% share this opinion. Among those who are dissatisfied with their social status, the picture turned out to be the opposite - almost half of them (with 6.8% for the sample as a whole) believe that their life is not going well.

Status hierarchy

French sociologist R. Boudon considers social status as having two dimensions:

• horizontal, which forms a system of social contacts and mutual exchanges, both real and simply possible, that develop between the bearer of the status and other individuals who are at the same level of the social ladder;
• vertical, which is formed by contacts and exchanges that arise between the bearer of the status and individuals at higher and lower levels.

Based on this view, Budon defines social status as a set of equal and hierarchical relations maintained by an individual with other members of society.

The status hierarchy is typical for any organization. Indeed, without carrying the organization is impossible; precisely due to the fact that all members of the group know the status of each, the interaction of the links of the organization takes place. However, the formal structure of an organization does not always coincide with its informal structure. Such a gap between hierarchies in many organizations does not require sociometric research, but is visible to a simple observer, since the establishment of a status hierarchy is the answer not only to the question "Who is the most important here?", But also to the question "Who is the most authoritative, most competent, most popular with employees? " Real status is largely determined by personal qualities, qualifications, charm, etc.

Many modern sociologists pay attention to the functional dissonance arising from the discrepancy between the hierarchical and functional statuses. Such a discrepancy can arise due to individual compromises, when the orders of the leadership acquire the character of a "stream of consciousness", providing subordinates with a "zone of free action." The result can be generally positive and manifested in an increase in the organization's responsiveness, or negative, expressed in functional chaos and confusion.

Confusion of statuses acts as a criterion of social disorganization and, possibly, as one of the reasons for deviant behavior. The connection between violations of the status hierarchy and the state of anomie was considered by E. Durkheim and suggested that the discord in the status hierarchy in an industrial society takes two forms.

First, the expectations of the individual in connection with the position he occupies in society and the counter expectations of other members of society directed towards the individual become largely uncertain. If in a traditional society everyone knew what to expect and what awaited him, and in accordance with this was well aware of his rights and obligations, then in an industrial society, due to the growing division of labor and instability of labor relations, the individual is increasingly faced with situations that he I did not foresee and for which I am not ready. For example, if in the Middle Ages studying at the university automatically meant a sharp and irreversible increase in social status, now no one is surprised by the abundance of unemployed university graduates willing to take any job.

Second, status instability affects the structure of social reward and the level of individual satisfaction with their lives.

To understand what determines the status hierarchy in traditional - preindustrial - societies, one should turn to modern societies of the East (except caste). Here you can find three important elements that affect the social position of the individual - gender, age and belonging to a particular "class", which fix each member of society with his rigid status. At the same time, the transition to another level of the status hierarchy is extremely difficult due to a number of legal and symbolic restrictions. But even in traditionally oriented societies, the spirit of entrepreneurship and enrichment, the personal favor of the ruler affect the distribution of statuses, although the legitimization of status occurs through reference to the traditions of ancestors, which in itself reflects the weight of the attributing elements of status (antiquity of the clan, personal valor of ancestors, etc.) ).

In modern Western society, the status hierarchy can be viewed from the standpoint of either meritocratic ideology as a fair and inevitable recognition of personal merits, talents and abilities, or holistic sociologism as a result strictly conditioned by social processes. But both theories offer a very simplified understanding of the nature of status and there are moments that cannot be explained in the context of either of them. For example, if status is entirely determined by personal qualities and merit, then how to explain the presence of formal and informal status hierarchies in almost any organization?

Within an organization, this duality means a mismatch of competence and power, observed in different forms and at different levels, when decisions are made not by competent and impartial experts, but by "capitalists" who are guided by the logic of personal gain, or "soulless technocrats." The discrepancy between professional qualifications and material and status remuneration is also inexplicable. Inconsistencies in this area are often denied or hushed up in the name of the meritocratic ideal of meritorious status. For example, in modern Russian society, a typical situation has become a situation of low material remuneration and, as a result, low prestige and status of highly educated and highly intellectual people: “The profession of physics in the USSR in the 1960s. enjoyed high prestige, and the accountant - low. In modern Russia, they have changed places. In this case, prestige is strongly linked to the economic status of these types of occupation. "

Since systems are more complex and subject to more rapid evolution, the mechanism for assigning status remains uncertain. First, the list of criteria involved in determining the status is very extensive. Secondly, it becomes more and more difficult to reduce the totality of various status attributes belonging to each individual to a single symbol, as in traditional societies, where it was enough to say “this is the son of such and such” to immediately become aware of the social status of a person, his material level, circle of acquaintances and friends. In traditional societies, the personality and its status were very closely related. Personality and status tend to diverge these days. The identity of the personality is no longer set: she herself builds it through her efforts throughout her life. Therefore, our perception of ourselves as a person is split into many aspects in which our social status is manifested. Personal identity is felt not so much through a connection with a fixed status, but through a sense of one's own worth and uniqueness.

The building blocks of social structure are statuses and roles, which are linked by functional relationships.

The word "status" came to sociology from the Latin language. In ancient Rome, it denoted the state, the legal status of a legal entity. However, at the end of the 19th century. English scientist G.D. Maine gave it a sociological sound.

Social status is the position of an individual (or a group of people) in society in accordance with his gender, age, origin, property, education, occupation, position, marital status, etc. For example, people studying at a technical school or university have student status; the one who completed his labor activity by age, the status of a pensioner; those who have lost their jobs - the status of the unemployed. Each status position implies certain rights and responsibilities.

People have not one, but many statuses in their lives. Thus, a person can be both a son, a husband, a father, a scientist, a mayor, a car enthusiast, a philanthropist, etc. at the same time. At the same time, in the set of statuses, one can single out one main status (usually an official one), which is of decisive importance for a given individual.

Depending on the role played by the individual himself in acquiring his status, two main types of social statuses are distinguished:

• - prescribed
• - achieved.

The prescribed status (it is also called ascribed or ascribed) is one that is obtained from birth, by inheritance or by coincidence of life circumstances, regardless of the desire, will and efforts of a person. These are, in particular, acquired from birth, or congenital, statuses associated with:

• - with gender (woman, man);
• - with nationality (Egyptian, Chilean, Belarusian);
• - with race (representative of the Mongoloid, Negroid or Caucasian racial group);
• - with consanguinity (daughter, son, sister, grandmother);
• - with inherited titles (queen, emperor, baroness).

The prescribed statuses also include “involuntarily” acquired statuses, such as stepdaughter, stepson, mother-in-law, etc.

In contrast to the prescribed status, the achieved status (or achieved) is acquired by the individual's own efforts. It is related:

• - with obtaining education and labor qualifications (student, student, worker, foreman, engineer);
• - with labor activity and business career (farmer, director, captain, general, doctor of science, minister);
• - with any special merit (People's Artist, Honored Teacher, Honorary Citizen of the city), etc.

In the opinion of Western analysts, it is the attainable (and not the prescribed) status of people that plays an increasingly decisive role in a postindustrial society. Modern societies gravitate towards the so-called meritocracy, which offers an assessment of people according to their merits (knowledge, qualifications, professionalism), and not according to inherited inheritance or personal connections with Vi-I-Pi (colloquial, abbreviation from English - very important person) ...

Achieved and prescribed statuses are the two main types of statuses. But life, as always, is "more bizarre" schemes and can create non-standard situations. In particular, the status of unemployed, emigrant (who became, say, due to political persecution), disabled (as a result, for example, of a road accident), ex-champion, ex-husband. Where are these and other similar "negative" statuses, to which a person, of course, does not initially strive in any way, but which, unfortunately, he still received? One of the options is to classify them as mixed statuses, since they can contain elements of both prescribed and achieved statuses.

His social status determines the place of the individual in society, then personal - his position in the environment of the people immediately around him.

Personal status is a person's position in a small (or primary) group, determined by how others relate to him. Thus, each employee in any work collective enjoys a certain reputation with colleagues, i.e. has a public assessment of his personal qualities (a hard worker is a lazy person, a kind person is a miser, a serious person is a dummy, a benevolent person is evil, etc.). In accordance with such assessments, people often build their relationships with him, thereby determining his personal status in the team.

social stratum political individual