Encyclopedia of weapons. Encyclopedia of weapons Underwater pistol SPP 1m

Historical reference

The development of the complex began at the initiative of one of the leading designers of TsNIITochMash in 1968. The proposal was immediately supported by the Directorate of Anti-Sabotage Services of the Navy, which financed the work. Two types of ammunition - active-reactive and active - were tested with the scientific support of the cavitation flow research department of the TsAGI Branch. A complex with active ammunition was adopted for service, although inferior in combat characteristics to active-reactive ammunition, but due to the simplicity of the design, it made it possible to speed up the armament of domestic combat swimmers.

Composition of the complex The underwater pistol complex is a personal underwater weapon combat swimmer. The complex in service includes:

1. Pistol SPP-1M.
2. Special active ammunition SPS.
3. Affiliation.

Accessory consists of:

1. metal box with shoulder transport strap;
2. faux leather pistol holster;
3. ten four socket clips for ammunition;
4. three sealed metal cases for one loaded clip each;
5. waist belt for carrying a holster with a pistol and pencil cases;
6. cleaning rod for cleaning and disassembling the gun;
7. oilers.

Gun device

The main parts of the pistol are:

• block of four barrels with a smooth bore of 4.5 mm caliber,
• self-cocking impact mechanism with forward movement of the trigger,
• frame.

The block of barrels for loading rotates around a transverse axis. In the normal position, the barrel block is secured with a latch. In the breech of the block, between the barrels, there is an extractor pusher, which operates at the final section of rotation of the barrel block.

The impact mechanism is a rectangular engine that moves in the guide grooves of the frame; There is a mainspring located inside the engine; The engine has a boss on which a rotating drum with a striker is attached. Profile grooves are cut on the outer surface of the drum, ensuring its rotation by one-fourth of the circle when cocking the impact mechanism. In the front part of the frame there is a rotary trigger with a pusher resting on the engine. In the assembled pistol, the frame with all the components and the trigger safety guard are installed between the two cheeks and secured with one transverse screw.

All main parts of the gun are made of heat-treatable stainless steel. Since stainless steels have an increased coefficient of friction compared to conventional steels, in order to increasing efficiency The mechanism's rubbing parts are coated with a special composition, which includes molybdenum disulfide. This coating acts as an effective solid lubricant. The coil springs are made from conventional spring carbon steel and are protected from corrosion by a high-strength baked varnish.

The cheeks, which are the power element, are made of aluminum alloy and are protected from corrosion by anodizing with black dye.

Interaction of parts

When you press the trigger, the pusher moves the slider in the cocking direction, compressing the mainspring and the trigger spring. In this case, the drum rotates one quarter of a circle. At the end of cocking, the engine breaks away from the sear protrusion of the pusher and, under the action of the mainspring, returns to its original position. In the extreme forward position, the firing pin breaks the primer of one of the four cartridges. When the trigger is pressed repeatedly, the drum striker alternately breaks the primers of the remaining cartridges.

To reload the pistol, the barrel block is removed from the latch and turned. At the final section of rotation of the barrel block, the pusher, interacting with the protrusion of the frame, moves the clip in the direction of extraction, pushing the cartridges out of the chambers. Next, the clip with cartridges is removed manually. After loading the next clip of cartridges, the barrel block is rotated to its original position until the latch is activated.

The accessory consists of a steel box with a shoulder strap, a holster made of artificial leather, ten four socket clips for ammunition, three metal cases for loaded clips (each case for one clip), a device for assembling ammunition clips and a waist belt for carrying a holster with a pistol and pencil cases.

Main characteristics

• Pistol weight (without cartridges), kg........................0.95
• Caliber, mm........................................................ .4.5
• Shot type........................................active
• Pistol length, mm...................................244
• Gun height, mm...................................138
• Gun width, mm...................................25
• Length of the SPS cartridge, mm....................................145
• SPS cartridge weight, g....................................18
• Bullet weight, g......................................................... ...13.2
• Wearable ammunition................................16 rounds
• Hitting range of an unprotected target at depths:
• up to 5 m........................................................ .........17m
• up to 10 m................................................... .......14m
• up to 20 m........................................................ .......11m
• Initial bullet speed m/s......................250

When shooting in the air, the bullet is unstable and flies flat, starting at distances of 3 - 5 m.
The dispersion diameter at a distance of 10 m is about 1 m.

Soldier of Fortune No. 11 1999

• Articles » Pistols
• Mercenary 2903 0

Members of a detachment of combat swimmers. It is designed to combat enemy underwater saboteurs, as well as to protect swimmers from sea ​​predators. In the latter case, this pistol can also be used by civilians. The underwater pistol fires only in single shots. The SPP-1 underwater shooting complex was put into service in March 1971.

Work on the creation of the complex began following an initiative proposal received from one of the leading designers of TsNIITOCHMASH in 1968. The designer’s initiative was immediately supported by representatives of the USSR Navy Anti-Sabotage Services Directorate, who financed the development. When creating the complex, the use of 2 types of ammunition was tested: active-reactive and active. The research was carried out with the participation of specialists from the TsAGI branch. As a result, a pistol complex equipped with active ammunition was adopted, which, despite the fact that it was inferior in combat characteristics to active-reactive ammunition, was distinguished by its simplicity of design. This, in turn, made it possible to speed up the process of arming Soviet combat swimmers with new weapons.

The first research in the development of underwater pistol weapons in our country began in 1966. The originality and complexity of the task lay in the fact that Soviet and foreign analogues of underwater small arms simply did not exist at that time. Scientific and theoretical development of ammunition and similar weapons was almost completely absent. the main problem, which faced the designers, was the impossibility of developing a full-fledged firearm underwater weapons. This was due to the fact that shooting underwater is accompanied by 2 negative factors: filling the barrel bore with water and the high density of water, which is 800 times denser than air.

If the high density of water led to a decrease in the stability of the bullet along the trajectory and a decrease in the firing range, then filling the barrel led to a multiple increase in the pressure of powder gases in the barrel and chamber, affecting various moving parts of the weapon, which could lead not only to the destruction of small arms of traditional designs, but also the death of the shooter.

Already at the stage of the first tests, the designers established that bullets of ordinary designs, when used under water, have a very limited firing range, since they begin to lose their effectiveness even at very short distances (up to 1 meter). They were found to be completely unsuitable for underwater applications. small arms. Subsequently, designers O.P. Kravchenko and P.F. Sazonov chose a design scheme for an underwater cartridge, which was based on the principle of throwing an elongated bullet. First they succeeded with the help of theory, and then based on a complex of research and development work, as well as practical application to develop special ammunition for firing special non-rotating elongated bullets with hydrodynamic stabilization, which was ensured by the cavitation cavity that arose when the bullet moved under water.

The pistol complex created at TsNIITOCHASH consisted of a non-automatic four-barreled pistol SPP-1 (then SPP-1M), 4.5 mm cartridges for it, as well as 3 sealed cases for 3 clips, a holster made of artificial leather, and accessories that were intended for equipping cartridge clips, a waist belt, an oiler and a cleaning rod.

Structurally, the pistol was made in the form of a non-self-loading model traditional form with the ability to conduct single fire. The SPP-1 barrel was made in the form of a single block, which folded down (according to the principle of operation of a hunting rifle). A block of 4 barrels was attached to the axles of the frame. In the combat position it was fixed using a special latch. This scheme ensured the use of long-length cartridges - 145 mm. The pistol had a double-action trigger mechanism, which was located behind a block of 4 barrels and provided sequential shots from each of them. The trigger mechanism of the pistol worked from one trigger. At the moment of each shot, the firing pin on a special rotating base made a 90-degree turn and, under the influence of the trigger, broke the primer of the new cartridge.

The SPP-1 was equipped with a safety lever, which was located on the frame behind and to the left of the trigger guard and had 3 positions: “fuse”, “fire”, “reload”. Moving the safety to the uppermost position unlocked the barrel block for reloading the weapon. It could also be used with gloves. Loading the SPP-1 was carried out with a clip in which 4 cartridges were quite rigidly fixed. The clip accelerated the process of reloading weapons by simultaneously inserting 4 rounds into the barrels. After the shots were fired, the spent cartridges were removed simultaneously with the clip. For aiming, the swimmer could use a front sight and a constant sight. The pistol handle was hollow and made of plastic.

All main parts of the weapon were made of stainless heat-treatable steel. Since stainless steels have a higher coefficient of friction compared to conventional steels, to increase the efficiency of the mechanism, all rubbing parts were coated with a specially developed composition, which included molybdenum disulfide. This coating acted as a solid and effective lubricant. Cylindrical coil springs were made from ordinary carbon spring steel and were protected from corrosion by high-strength hot-drying varnish. The cheeks, which played the role of a power element, were made of aluminum alloy; they were protected from corrosion by anodizing.

The range of effective firing under water using the standard SPS cartridge decreased with increasing depth of immersion, but in all cases it was higher than the line of sight range at a given depth. The use of this bullet ensured the defeat of an enemy dressed in a wetsuit or sea predators attacking a swimmer.

In 1979, the pistol was modernized and received the designation SPP-1M. It was distinguished by the presence of a spring, which facilitated the descent, and the enlarged trigger guard allowed the use of special insulated three-fingered mittens by combat swimmers. The pistol was carried in a special belt holster made of artificial leather; 12 cartridges in loaded clips were placed in special metal cases. The production of the 4.5 mm SPP-1M pistol, as well as the 5.6 mm APS submachine gun for underwater shooting, was launched at the Tula Arms Plant. It is worth noting that the complex of weapons for combat swimmers has no direct analogues.

Performance characteristics SPP-1M:
caliber - 4.5 mm;
cartridge - SPS (4.5x39 mm)
gun length - 244 mm;
barrel length - 203 mm;
weight with cartridges - 1.03 kg, without cartridges - 0.95 kg;
initial bullet speed in the air - 250 m/s;
clip capacity - 4 rounds;
sighting range: at a depth of 40 m - 6 m, at a depth of 20 m - 11 m, at a depth of 5 m - 17 m.

Information sources:
http://gunsru.ru/rg_spesial_spp_ru.html
http://otvaga2004.ru/kaleydoskop/kaleydoskop-inf/podvodnyj-pistoletnyj-kompleks
http://www.arms-expo.ru/049056057057124049048057048.html
http://bratishka.ru/archiv/2009/3/2009_3_5.php

Underwater pistol SPP-1M(Russia/USSR)

SPP-1M cartridges

USM: double acting only

Caliber: 4.5x40R

Weight without cartridges: 950 g

Length: 244 mm

Barrel length: 203 mm

Magazine capacity: 4 cartridges, loaded into separate barrels

Special underwater pistol SPP-1 was developed at TsNIITochMash in the late sixties by designers Kravchenko and Sazonov to arm combat swimmers of the USSR Navy. Since conventional bullets in water lose effectiveness even at very short ranges (less than 1 meter), special ammunition was developed for underwater weapons that fire needle-shaped bullets of high elongation.

Stabilization of the bullet in water is carried out hydrodynamically, due to the cavitation cavity generated by a small flat area at the front pointed end of the bullet. In the air, the bullet does not stabilize in any way, since for high elongation bullets stabilization by rotation is ineffective, and the barrels of the SPP-1 pistol are smooth, without rifling.

The pistol is not self-loading, has a block of four barrels that hinges downwards for reloading. The cartridges are combined into one block using a flat steel clip, and are removed from the barrels or loaded into them simultaneously. The trigger mechanism is only double action, that is, each shot is self-cocking. The firing pin is located on a rotating base and with each press of the trigger it is cocked and rotated a quarter turn, approaching the next barrel.

The fuse is located on the left side of the frame and has three positions: lower – “fire”, middle – “fuse”, upper – “recharge”. When the safety lock is moved to the upper position, the barrel block is unlocked to reload the weapon. The SPP-1M pistol is distinguished by an enlarged trigger guard and a modernized trigger.

The effective firing range of the SPP-1 pistol is up to 17 meters at a depth of 5 meters, up to 11 meters at a depth of 20 meters, and up to 20 meters in air.

Special underwater pistols - SPP-1 and SPP-1M

Pistol SPP-1

Pistol SPP-1 M

Performance characteristics

Caliber…4.5 mm

Cartridge…SPS (4.5x39)

Weight without cartridges...0.95 kg

Weapon length… 244 mm

Barrel length… 203 mm

Initial bullet speed in the air... 250 m/s

Sighting range:

at a depth of 5m...17m

at a depth of 20 m...11 m

at a depth of 40 m...6 m

Clip capacity...4 rounds

Pistol SPP-1 M with the barrel block folded down for loading

SPS cartridges (4.5x39)

The APS assault rifle and the SPP-1 (SPP-1 M) pistol, created for units combating underwater sabotage forces and means, became important stage in the development of special-purpose weapons.

The 4.5 mm cartridge and pistol were created at the Central Research Center and ITON MASH in collaboration with STOZ and adopted in 1971. The development of the weapon was carried out by V.V. Simonov, patron of the Union of Right Forces - P.F. Sazonov and O.P. Kravchenko. The pistol was designated SPP-1 (“special underwater pistol, first”).

An underwater cartridge bullet is a large elongation “needle” with a blunt nose, inserted into a special sleeve. The stability of a bullet’s movement under water is ensured by the formation of a cavity around it almost along its entire length, which serves as a kind of “stabilizer.” Effective shooting is actually carried out at visual range under water. The shot is fired from a smooth barrel, along which the bullet travels with a gap, and the penetration of water into the gap between the bullet and the walls of the barrel bore prevents its rupture.

The SPP-1 pistol has a folding block of four barrels. Loading is done by a clip with four cartridges.

The self-cocking firing mechanism ensures consistent firing from the barrels.

Introduced in 1979, the SPP-1 M has an additional spring that facilitates the descent; an enlarged trigger guard allows shooting with swimmer's gloves. The safety box also controls the locking of the barrel block.

The production of SPP-1 pistols was mastered by TOZ.

Another model of such a weapon from Kovrov never left the experimental development stage (The reason is the lack of real demand, since the law prohibits citizens from having self-defense weapons, although if a normal law on weapons was adopted, such reliable and cheap pistols would be in great demand.) However, dirangers can also be used in special forces.

Pistol SPP-1M

For example, the SPP-1M pistols for combat swimmers are made as a 4-barrel diranger. The caliber of the arrow-shaped killing element is 4.5 mm. You can fire both in air and under water. True, the dimensions and weight are far from small (244x25x138 mm with a weight of 0.95 kg), but for this type of weapon this is not much. The sighting range in air is up to 20 meters, under water, depending on the depth, from 17 to 10 meters.

Pistol for combat swimmers SPP-1M.

Pistol "Baby", OTs-21

Another direction of small-sized weapons is the Malysh pistol, OTs-21, developed in Tula. It is available for two types of ammunition: 9x18 and 9x17. Dimensions of the gun: 126x100x20 mm. Weight 0.56 kg, magazine capacity 5 rounds. The gun is flat and has no protruding parts. It doesn’t even have a safety device, and fire is carried out in self-cocking mode, which, on the one hand, ensures maximum safety and, on the other hand, the ability to instantly open fire in the most difficult conditions.

"Kid" from Tula is a weapon of last chance.

Here the fire is conducted almost instinctively, which makes such a weapon closer in its convenience to a revolver. The effective firing range is up to 15 meters.

Pistol - OTs-26

There was another model of a similar pistol - OTs-26, even more reduced in size and chambered for 5.45x18. But this model was not developed due to the low stopping effect of a small-caliber bullet.

The dimensions of the weapon are 117x85x19 mm with a weight of only 0.4 kg and a magazine capacity of 5 rounds. The target firing range is only 10 meters. As we see, modern special forces quite wide possibilities when choosing short-barreled weapons.

Revolvers

However, one of the interesting trends of recent times is the revival of revolvers. As a rule, all revolver models existing in Russia today were developed for the Ministry of Internal Affairs or other special services. It is quite difficult to understand this hobby; moreover, revolvers have never been able to win their place in the sun and are not popular. However, the number of developed models and short term for which they were created is simply amazing. Of course, one cannot completely deny some of the advantages of revolvers.

One of them is the highest reliability, the second is the possibility of instant activation. A revolver is a one-handed weapon, which is important during short combat encounters. As statistics show, fire contacts in modern conditions are conducted at short distances, starting from point-blank shooting, ending at distances of 10-15 meters. The time of fire contact is a few seconds, during which they manage to fire from two to five bullets. So here it is combat capabilities The weapons look quite satisfactory.

Moreover, revolvers can use special ammunition, the use of which in pistols is either difficult or simply impossible. Such weapons are better suited than others, for example, in hostage situations. It is not surprising that some foreign special forces still use revolvers in such situations. For example, revolvers from the French company Manurin.

In Russia, revolvers of the Nagan system were deservedly popular in special forces due to their high reliability and accuracy. Moreover, high quality Nagans led to the fact that in Russia, self-loading pistols for quite a long time could not adequately compete with a revolver; they mainly used foreign models and even purchased them in large quantities.

Domestic self-loading pistol actually appeared in the army only in 1933 - this is the famous TT, although, of course, before that there was a successful development of Korovin’s SA, but he developed his TC as civilian weapons. Moreover, even after the TT was adopted for service, the production of revolvers actively continued almost until the middle of the war, and Nagant revolvers can still be found in security service.

Moreover, already in our time there were ideas to revive their production as weapons for private security guards. In Russia, the problem of revolvers was aggravated by the lack of special revolver ammunition that has a rimmed case. Therefore, standard 9x18 PM pistol cartridges were used. The problem with these ammunition is that the classic extraction scheme does not fit well with them. spent cartridges.

The famous Nagan system revolver with a service holster.

Therefore, as a rule, in domestic designs for pistol cartridges, the ammunition is combined into flat clips. This not only ensures the extraction of spent cartridges, but also speeds up the reloading of the weapon, bringing it closer to the reloading speed of a pistol. This eliminates one of the most big problems revolvers - low speed of reloading the drum.

Revolver R-92

One of the most common domestic revolvers is the R-92. This weapon is intended for concealed carry. In fact, it is a typical detective-type revolver. It has an original layout. The handle is moved forward, which gives the revolver some pistol-like features. The semi-hidden trigger allows you to quickly draw the weapon and have the ability to manually cock the hammer, which increases the accuracy of the first shot.

Drum capacity is 5 rounds. This reduced amount of ammunition is typical for concealed carry weapons, as it makes it possible to reduce the transverse dimensions. So, in the R-92, the weapon width is only 35 mm, length 157 mm, height 120 mm, weight 0.52 kg. That is, the dimensions are quite comparable with the dimensions of the PM (160x127x31 mm with a weight of 0.81 kg), and the weight is much less. The revolver uses a so-called trigger trigger, that is, the trigger does not rotate, but moves forward. Double action trigger mechanism.

The self-cocking force is low, which allows for relatively accurate shooting from the revolver. The range of actual destruction is 10-15 meters. There is a service modification of the R-92S revolver for 9x17 ammunition. Reloading the weapon is carried out by tilting the drum to the side. This standard solution reloading problems, which is ergonomically successful and allows you to maintain the rigidity of the closed frame.

The R-92 is a typical police small-sized revolver designed for concealed carry.

Revolver OTs-11 "Nickel"

They tried to create something similar at TsKIBE. This is the OTs-11 “Nickel” revolver. Dimensions 168x113x34 mm weight 0.55 kg. Drum capacity is 5 rounds. Double-action trigger mechanism with semi-hidden trigger. A special feature of the revolver is its assembly diagram. It can be disassembled into 5 large blocks, one of which is the trigger mechanism, assembled on a separate base. This is very convenient for cleaning and lubricating weapons.

Revolver "Rhinoceros"

Another unusual design is the Rhinoceros revolver. In it, the barrel is located at the bottom of the weapon. This arrangement significantly reduces torque, which occurs when a shot is fired. Drum capacity 6 rounds, double action trigger mechanism. Dimensions 210x145x37 mm with a weight of 0.8 kg (without cartridges).

The ammunition used is 9x18PM or 9x19 Par. The cartridges are placed in a flat spring clip. The shape of the trigger guard allows for two-handed shooting, and a laser target designator can be installed above the barrel. Unfortunately, “Rhinoceros” was never found wide application, despite the promising design.

Revolver "Mateba"

Abroad, the automatic revolver "Mateba" was made according to a similar design - very original design, which, due to the lower position of the barrel, has increased accuracy. True, there is no information yet about the use of this original weapon in special forces; obviously, this is hampered by a certain conservatism, always characteristic of people in uniform, and a negative attitude towards the very idea of ​​automatic revolvers, although the design of the “Mateba” differs from its predecessors for the better.

Revolver "Cobalt"

If the fate of the “Rhino”, due to its unusualness, was not very successful, then the “Cobalt” revolver, also known as the RSA revolver (Stechkin-Avroamov revolver), also known as TKB-0216, also known as OTs-01, found its place in the sun. Unlike the P-92 and the Rhino, this is a classic design. Dimensions 200x130x40 mm and weight 0.815 kg. Drum capacity 6 rounds. Double action trigger mechanism.

There is a special fuse that allows you to fire only when you press the trigger. Without such a pressure, there will be no shot, even if the revolver trigger breaks off the cock, for example, when falling. The revolver is designed for 9x18 PM cartridges, which are combined into a clip, but you can shoot without it. The revolver can also use reinforced PMM ammunition.

The strength of the structure allows this. The only problem is the difficult extraction of cartridges. The weapon has good accuracy. There is a service version of the RSA chambered for 9x17 s cartridges. The problem of quick reloading is solved by increasing the number of cartridges in the drum.

Revolver RSA - also known as "Cobalt".

Revolver OTs-17 "Titan"

TsKIB developed the OTs-17 “Titan” revolver with a drum capacity of 7 rounds, weapon dimensions 205x125x40 mm, weight 0.75 kg. Despite some advantages, it is difficult for revolvers chambered for a pistol cartridge to compete with self-loading pistols, especially with such reliable weapons as the PM. Such weapons can only gain any real advantages when using special large-caliber ammunition.

Since special revolver cartridges were not produced in Russia, new ammunition was developed on the basis of a metal casing hunting cartridge 32 caliber. For a rifled barrel the caliber is 12.3 mm, for a smooth barrel it is 12.5 mm. The first attempts to create such weapons were not entirely successful.

Revolver "Udar"

For example, the “Udar” revolver created at TsNIITochMash had an archaic reloading scheme by removing the drum. Such a scheme in modern weapons found in super-compact revolvers from North American, but there it is justified by the desire for maximum simplicity and minimal dimensions. In the case of “Udar”, whose dimensions cannot be called small, this approach raises serious doubts.

The reason put forward was that changing the drum allows for a quick transition from non-lethal ammunition to lethal ammunition, which is convenient for police weapons. But this is a theory that is unlikely to be confirmed in practice. The advantage of “Udar” was that a range of special cartridges, both lethal and non-lethal action. However, then non-lethal ammunition somehow lost its relevance. All these shortcomings led to the fact that the revolver never became widespread.

Revolver "Dog"

There was another primitive design - the “Dog” revolver. The reloading system is the same - using a removable drum. But if “Udar” had its own extractor on the drum, then “Doga” did not have it either. However, this approach also had its own logic, if we remember that initially the “Dog” was considered as a hunting weapon and had a smooth barrel. Indeed, for a backup hunting revolver this is a completely suitable concept, and the primitiveness of the design is fully justified by its simplicity.

However, thanks to the efforts of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Dog’s hunting career was unsuccessful, and it was transferred to the category of service weapon, where all its shortcomings make the revolver uncompetitive compared to other models. Nevertheless, the idea of ​​a large-caliber revolver did not die, since large caliber opens up some very interesting possibilities.