What are the constant and inconstant signs of a noun? Constant and inconstant signs of a noun
§1. general characteristics noun
A noun is an independent significant part speech.
1. Grammatical meaning- "item".
Nouns include words that answer questions:
Who? , What?
2. Morphological characteristics:
- constants - common/proper nouns, animate/inanimate, gender, type of declension;
- changeable - number, case.
3. Syntactic role in a sentence any, especially frequently: subject and object.
Guys love vacations.
As an address and introductory words, the noun is not a member of the sentence:
- Sergey!- Mom calls me from the yard.
(Sergey- appeal)
Unfortunately, it's time to go do homework.
(Unfortunately- introductory word)
§2. Morphological features of nouns
Nouns have a set of morphological features. Some of them are permanent (or unchangeable). Others, on the contrary, are impermanent (or changeable). Unchangeable features relate to the entire word as a whole, and changeable features refer to the forms of the word. So noun Natalia- animate, own, f.r., 1 text. No matter what form it takes, these signs will remain. Noun Natalia may be in the form of units. and many more numbers, in different cases. Number and case are Not constant signs nouns In the illustration, dotted lines lead to such unstable or variable morphological characters. It is necessary to learn to distinguish which signs are constant and which are not constant.
§3. Common nouns - proper nouns
This is the division of nouns according to their meaning. Common nouns nouns denote homogeneous objects, i.e. any object from their series, and proper nouns name a separate specific object.
Compare nouns:
- child, country, river, lake, fairy tale, turnip - common nouns
- Alexey, Russia, Volga, Baikal, “Turnip” - own
Common nouns varied. Their ranks by value:
- specific: table, computer, document, mouse, notebook, fishing rod
- abstract (abstract): surprise, joy, fear, happiness, miracle
- real: iron, gold, water, oxygen, milk, coffee
- collective: youth, foliage, nobility, spectator
TO proper names nouns include names of people, names of animals, geographical names, names of works of literature and art, etc.: Alexander, Sashka, Sashenka, Zhuchka, Ob, Ural, “Teenager”, “Kolobok” and so on.
§4. Animation - inanimateness
Animate nouns name “living” objects, while inanimate nouns name non-living objects.
- Animated: mother, father, child, dog, ant, Kolobok (fairy tale hero acting as a living person)
- Inanimate: orange, ocean, war, lilac, program, toy, delight, laughter
For morphology it is important that
- in plural in animate nouns
Near the school I saw familiar girls and boys (vin. fall. = born. fall.), and for inanimate nouns wine form pad. matches the form. pad.: I love books and films (vin. pad. = im. pad.) - singular in animate nouns male
wine form pad. coincides with the form of the genus. pad.:
The fox saw Kolobok (vin. fall. = born. fall.), and for inanimate nouns the masculine gender wine form pad. matches the form. pad.: I baked a bun (vin. pad. = named pad.)
The remaining nouns have the forms im., vin. and family cases differ.
Means, sign of animate-inanimate can be determined not only based on the meaning, but also on the set of word endings.
§5. Genus
Gender of nouns- This is a constant morphological feature. Nouns do not change according to gender.
There are three genders in Russian: male, female And average. The sets of endings for nouns of different genders differ.
In animate nouns, classification as masculine or feminine is motivated by gender, since words denote male or female persons: father - mother, brother - sister, husband - wife, man - woman, boy - girl etc. The grammatical sign of gender is correlated with gender.
For inanimate nouns, the belonging of a word to one of the three genders is not motivated. Words ocean, sea, river, lake, pond- various kinds, and the gender is not determined by the meaning of the words.
The morphological indicator of the genus is the endings.
If the word ends:
a, y or a, ohm, e in the singular and s, ov, am, s or ow, ami, ah in plural , then it is a masculine noun
a, s, e, y, oh, e singular and s, am or s, ami, ah in the plural, it is a noun female
oh, a, y, oh, ohm, e in the singular and a, am, a, ami, ah in the plural, it is a neuter noun.
Do all nouns belong to one of the three genders?
No. There is a small group of amazing nouns. They are interesting because they can refer to both male and female persons. These are the words: smart girl glutton, sleepyhead, greedy, crybaby, ignorant, ignorant, mean, bully, slob, mean, bungler, scoundrel, daredevil and so on. The form of such words coincides with the form of feminine words: they have the same set of endings. But the syntactic compatibility is different.
In Russian you can say:
She's so smart! AND: He's so smart! The meaning of the gender of an animate person can be determined by the form of the pronoun (as in our example) or adjective or verb in the past tense: Sonya woke up. AND: Sonya woke up. Such nouns are called common nouns.
Common nouns do not include words that name professions. You may already know that many of them are masculine nouns: doctor, driver, engineer, economist, geologist, philologist and so on. But they can designate both male and female persons. My mother - good doctor. My father is a good doctor. Even if the word names a female person, then adjectives and verbs in the past tense can be used in both the masculine and feminine gender: The doctor has arrived. AND: The doctor has arrived.
How to determine the gender of unchangeable words?
There are unchangeable nouns in the language. All of them are borrowed from other languages. In Russian they have a gender. How to determine the genus? It's not difficult if you understand what the word means. Let's look at examples:
Monsieur - Madame- for words denoting an animate person, gender corresponds to gender.
Kangaroo, chimpanzee- words naming animals, male.
Tbilisi, Sukhumi- words - names of cities - male.
Congo, Zimbabwe- words - names of states - neuter.
Mississippi, Yangtze- words - names of rivers - female.
Coat, muffler- words denoting inanimate objects are more common neuter.
Are there any exceptions? Eat. Therefore, it is recommended to be careful about unchangeable words and remember how they are used. Gender is expressed not by the ending (indeclinable words do not have endings), but by the form of other words that are related to the unchangeable noun in meaning and grammatically. These can be adjectives, pronouns or verbs in the past tense. For example:
Mississippi wide and deep.
Short adjectives in the form of zh.r. indicate that the word Mississippi w.r.
§6. Declension
Declension is a type of word change. Nouns change according to number and case. Number and case are variable morphological features. Depending on what forms the word has in different numbers and cases, in totality of all possible forms, nouns belong to one of the declensions.
Nouns have three declensions: 1st, 2nd and 3rd. The vast majority of Russian nouns are nouns of the 1st, 2nd or 3rd declension. The type of declension is a constant, unchangeable morphological feature of nouns.
The 1st declension includes feminine and masculine words with endings A, I in its initial form.
Examples: mom, dad, grandpa, water, earth, Anna, Anya, lecture - ending [a].
The 2nd declension includes masculine words with zero endings and neuter words with endings O, e
in its initial form.
Examples: father, brother, house, Alexander, sea, lake, building - ending [e] , genius, Alexey.
The 3rd declension includes feminine words ending in zero in its initial form.
Examples: mother, mouse, night, news, rye, lie.
Initial form- this is the form of the word in which it is usually recorded in dictionaries. For nouns, this is the nominative singular form.
Pay attention to the words traditionally called nouns on yeah, yeah, th : lecture, building, genius.
How to correctly mark the endings in such words?
Do you remember that the letters I And e, which are written at the end of such feminine and neuter nouns after vowels, and the letter And - does a vowel represent two sounds? Lecture- [iya’a], building- [iy’e], and the sound [y’] is the last consonant of the base. So, in words like lecture ending [a], in words like building- [e], and in words like genius- zero ending.
Therefore, feminine nouns: lecture, station, demonstration belong to the 1st declension, and masculine: genius and average: building- to the 2nd.
One more group of words requires comment. These are the so-called neuter nouns me , words way and child. These are indeclinable nouns.
Indeclinable nouns- these are words that have endings characteristic of forms of different declensions.
There are few such words. They are all very ancient. Some of them are common in today's speech.
List of nouns on My name: stirrup, tribe, seed, burden, udder, crown, time, name, flame, banner.
For their spelling, see All spelling. Spelling nouns
§7. Number
Number- this is a morphological feature, changeable for some nouns and unchangeable, constant for others.
The overwhelming number of Russian nouns vary in number. For example: house - houses, girl - girls, elephant - elephants, night - nights. Nouns inflecting by number have both singular and singular forms. plural and endings corresponding to these forms. For a number of nouns, the singular and plural forms differ not only in endings, but also in the stem. For example: person - people, child - children, kitten - kittens.
The minority of Russian nouns do not change in number, but have the form of only one number: either singular or plural.
Singular nouns:
- collective: nobility, children
- real: gold, milk, curdled milk
- abstract (or abstract): greed, anger, goodness
- some of our own, namely: geographical names: Russia, Suzdal, St. Petersburg
Nouns that have a plural form:
- collective: shoots
- real: cream, cabbage soup
- abstract (or abstract): chores, elections, twilight
- some proper, namely geographical names: Carpathians, Himalayas
- some specific (object) watches, sleds, as well as a group of nouns denoting objects that consist of two parts: skis, skates, glasses, gates
Remember:
Most objects denoted by nouns that have only a singular or singular form plural person, cannot be counted.
For such nouns, number is an unchangeable morphological feature.
§8. Case
Case- this is a non-constant, changeable morphological feature of nouns. There are six cases in Russian:
- Nominative
- Genitive
- Dative
- Accusative
- Instrumental
- Prepositional
You need to firmly know the case questions, with the help of which it is determined which case form the noun is in. Since, as you know, nouns can be animate and inanimate, there are two questions for each case:
- I.p. - who what?
- R.p. - who?, what?
- D.p. - to whom; to what?
- V.p. - who?, what?
- etc. - by whom?, what?
- P.p. - (About who about what?
You see that for animate nouns the questions vin.p are the same. and family etc., and for the inanimate - them. p. and wine P.
To avoid mistakes and correctly determine the case, always use both questions.
For example: I see an old park, a shady alley and a girl and a young man walking along it.
I see (who?, what?) a park(vin. p.), alley(vin. p.), girl(vin. p.), person(vin. p.).
Do all nouns change by case?
No, not all. Nouns, which are called unchangeable, do not change.
Cockatoo (1) sits in a cage in a store. I approach the cockatoo (2). This is a big beautiful parrot. I look at the cockatoo (3) with interest and think: -What do I know about the cockatoo (4)? I don't have a cockatoo (5). It's interesting with a cockatoo (6).
Word cockatoo occurred in this context 6 times:
- (1) who?, what? - cockatoo- I.p.
- (2) approaching (to) whom?, what? - (to) cockatoo- D.p.
- (3) looking (at) who?, what? - (on) a cockatoo- V.p.
- (4) know (about) whom?, what? - ( o) cockatoo- P.p.
- (5) no who?, what? - cockatoo- R.p.
- (6) interesting (with) who?, what? - (from cockatoo)- etc.
In different cases, the form of unchangeable nouns is the same. But the case is determined easily. Case questions help with this, as well as other parts of the sentence. If such a noun has a definition expressed by an adjective, pronoun, numeral or participle, i.e. a word that changes according to cases, then it will be in the form of the same case as the unchangeable noun itself.
Example: How long can you talk about this cockatoo?- (about) whom?. how? - P.p.
§9. Syntactic role of nouns in a sentence
Mother sits by the window. She leafs through a magazine, looking at photographs of people and nature. My mother is a geography teacher. “Mom,” I call her.
Mother - subject
Near the window - circumstance
Magazine- addition
Photos- addition
Of people- definition
Nature- definition
Mother- subject
Teacher- predicate
Geographies- definition
Mother- addresses, like introductory words, prepositions, conjunctions, particles are not members of the sentence.
Test of strength
Check your understanding of this chapter.
Final test
What nouns denote individual specific objects, rather than groups of homogeneous objects?
- Proper names
- Common nouns
Which group of nouns has the most variety in meaning?
- Proper names
- Common nouns
Is animate-inanimateness expressed grammatically: by a set of endings?
How can you find out the gender of a noun?
- By value
- By compatibility with other words (adjectives, pronouns, past tense verbs) and by endings
What are the names of nouns that have endings characteristic of different declensions?
- Unbowed
- Divergent
What is the sign of number in nouns? good, evil, envy?
- Permanent (unchangeable)
- Impermanent (changeable)
-
Features of nouns are grammatical categories inherent in words of a given part of speech. There are permanent and inconstant attributes of a noun - 4 constant and 2 inconstant.
In the Russian language, nouns have constant and inconstant characteristics that manifest themselves differently depending on the characteristics of each individual word and its use in speech.
Constant signs of nouns
Constant features of a noun are a number of morphological categories that do not change depending on the context of speech and are initially inherent in all nouns.
Constant signs of nouns with examples:
- Animacy - indicates whether a given noun belongs to the class of “living” or “non-living” objects.
- Animated; Inanimate.
Gender – denotes the gender of the object that the noun names.
- Male; Female; Average.
Declension - indicates the type of change of nouns in numbers and cases.
- 1st declension; 2nd declension; 3rd declension; Divergent.
Common and proper nouns.
- Common nouns; Own.
Number – acts as a constant sign for words that do not change according to numbers.
Inconstant features of nouns
Non-constant features of a noun are changeable grammatical features that appear in nouns depending on the context of speech and the position of the word in a sentence.
Inconstant features of nouns with examples:
- Number – indicates the quantitative characteristics of the named object.
- The only thing; Plural.
- Nominative; Genitive; Dative; Accusative; Instrumental; Prepositional.
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Often, in school homework in the Russian language, students are faced with the need to perform one or another analysis of a word, phrase or sentence. Along with syntactic, lexical and morphemic analysis, the school program involves the implementation morphological analysis. Let's look at how to perform morphological analysis for a verb, and find out what morphological features characterize this part speech.
Verb and its forms
Determining the initial form, the part of speech to which a word belongs, and its role in a sentence usually does not cause difficulties. However, students often have questions regarding the morphological features of a word. Each part of speech has its own constant and inconstant characteristics: these can be gender and case for a noun, aspect and tense for a verb.A verb is an independent part of speech that denotes an action that answers the question “what to do?” or “what to do?” Here are some examples: clean, walk, wish, love, walk.
There are 4 verb forms. These include:
- infinitive, or initial form of the verb: run, sit, be;
- conjugated forms: read, eat, stolen;
- participle: fallen, sleeping, built-in;
- participle: dreaming, answering, completing.
In a sentence, conjugated forms most often play the role of a predicate, and the remaining forms can be any other members of the sentence.
There are constant and inconstant signs of a verb. The infinitive has only constant features, since it is an unchangeable part of speech. For conjugated forms it is also possible to determine non-constant features, since these verbs can change, for example, in numbers or persons.
Constant morphological characteristics
Constant signs include the following:
- conjugation;
- repayment;
- transitivity.
View- this is a category that determines how it proceeds specified action in time, and shows whether it has been or will be completed at a particular point in time. The type can be specified for all verb forms.The perfect form includes verbs that are used when it is necessary to show the completeness of an action. Not perfect view, on the contrary, denotes a certain elongation in time, incompleteness. It is not difficult to distinguish them: the imperfect form answers the question “what to do?”, while the perfect form uses the question “what to do?”.
Let's look at several sentences and determine the type for the verbs that were used in them.
He woke up when the sun was already setting.
Let's find out what question the first highlighted verb answers.
He (what did he do?) woke up.
This question is a sign of the perfect form. The value also indicates the completion of the action: he woke up, i.e. has already completed the action.Let's look at the second verb. Let's ask him a question:
The sun was already (what was it doing?) setting.
We define the type of the second word as imperfect. Really, the sun was setting, but it is unclear whether the action was completed or not.
It should be remembered that there are two-aspect verbs for which it is possible to determine the type only when the word is given in context. As an example, consider the word use:
- It is convenient for students (what to do?) to use a laptop for studying.
- To pass the most difficult level in the game, I had to (what?) use the last hint.
By asking appropriate questions to the word, we can easily determine the type of the verb: in the first phrase - imperfect, and in the second - perfect.
Type conjugations There are 3 types of verbs: I conjugation, II conjugation and heteroconjugated verbs. To determine the conjugation, you need to put the desired word in the infinitive form and see what it ends with. If before the suffix -th there is a letter and ( drink, saw, repair, glue), the word belongs to the II conjugation. In the event that the infinitive suffix is preceded by another letter ( take, walk, prick, order, bend), we assign the verb to the I conjugation.
However, please remember that there are exceptions to this rule, as listed in the table below.
Repayment is also a constant feature. The return form differs from the non-return form by the presence of a suffix -xia or -s at the end of a word. The following words can be considered return words: laugh, learn, have fun; are non-refundable walk, be able to, wash.Transitivity characterized by the possibility of connecting a verb with a noun or pronoun in the genitive or accusative case without a preposition. Thus, turn on (light), open (window), see (forest) - examples of transitive infinitives, and believe (in yourself), laugh (at a joke)- examples of intransitives.
Inconstant verb features
There are five non-permanent signs:
- mood;
- time;
- number;
- face;
It should be remembered that the presence of one category or another depends on the form in which the word is used.
Mood used to indicate how an action relates to reality. In the indicative mood, verb forms denote an action that actually occurred, may occur in this moment or it will just happen in the future. Examples
- As a child, we often walked in the park near our house.
- In a few days they will buy a new bike.
The conditional mood describes actions that are possible only if certain conditions are met. They are formed from the infinitive or past tense form using a particle would (b). For example: She would have to pay a large sum for this.
The imperative mood is used in requests and orders to indicate the required action. Examples:
- Please bring my book to school tomorrow.
- Place this cabinet a little closer to the window.
The category of tense is determined only for the indicative mood. There are 3 forms: past tense for actions that have already happened before; present for actions taking place at the current moment; future tense - for what will happen after some period of time. Here are some examples:
- came home, looked for a notebook, listened to music - past tense forms;
- I’m learning it by heart, you look around, there’s noise in the yard- present tense forms;
- we will know mathematics, find a wallet, watch a movie - future tense forms.
Number can be defined for any inflected verb forms. As with other variable parts of speech, there is a singular number (when one actor is involved in the action) and a plural number (if there are several persons).
- come, would do, leave, learn, looking- singular;
- bring, would like, treated, fall, go- plural.
Category faces are isolated only for forms of the imperative mood, as well as for the present and future tenses of the indicative mood. 1st person means that the speaker attributes this action to himself or the group of people in which he is located ( I say, we think). If the described action refers to the interlocutor or interlocutors, then the verb is used in the 2nd person form ( answer, repeat). 3rd person means that the action is performed by people not related to the speaker or interlocutor ( silent, wipes).
Genus is a feature that is defined for the singular in the conditional mood or in the indicative mood in the past tense.
- bought it, would come- masculine;
- put it on, dreamed- feminine gender;
- broke, burned- neuter gender.
Example of morphological analysis
Let's consider how you can determine what morphological features a verb has. To do this, let's analyze the word mastered used in a sentence:
Fifth grade students easily mastered new topic.
- Mastered denotes an action, therefore, we determine the part of speech - verb.
- Initial form (infinitive) - master.
- We define permanent signs:
- Students (what did they do?) mastered , the question refers to the perfect form.
- We pay attention to the form of the infinitive, note that before -th located And(in this case the verb is not in the list of exceptions), this indicates the II conjugation.
- No suffix -xia or -s indicates that the verb is irreflexive.
- The verb agrees with the noun in the accusative case ( mastered the topic), therefore, it is classified as transitional.
- Let's look at what non-permanent signs can be identified for this form:
- The action is actually performed, therefore its mood is indicative.
- The time of action is past (you can add time adverbs to the sentence yesterday, last year, the form of the verb will not change). We remember that the past tense does not indicate a person.
- Because the students - this is a lot characters, mastered is in plural form. It is impossible to determine gender for the plural.
- In this sentence mastered is predicate.
Nouns have a set of morphological features. Some of them are permanent (or unchangeable). Others, on the contrary, are impermanent (or changeable). Unchangeable features relate to the entire word as a whole, and changeable features refer to the forms of the word. So noun Natalia- animate, own, f.r., 1 text. No matter what form it takes, these signs will remain. Noun Natalia may be in the form of units. and many more numbers, in different cases. Number and case are inconsistent features of nouns. In the illustration, dotted lines lead to such unstable or variable morphological characters. It is necessary to learn to distinguish which signs are constant and which are not constant.
Common nouns – proper nouns
This is the division of nouns according to their meaning. Common nouns denote homogeneous objects, i.e. any object from their series, and proper nouns name a separate specific object.
Compare nouns:· child, country, river, lake, fairy tale, turnip – common nouns
· Alexey, Russia, Volga, Baikal, “Turnip” - own
Common nouns are varied. Their ranks by value:
· specific: table, computer, document, mouse, notebook, fishing rod
abstract (abstract): surprise, joy, fear, happiness, miracle
· real: iron, gold, water, oxygen, milk, coffee
collective: youth, foliage, nobility, spectator
Proper nouns include names of people, names of animals, geographical names, names of works of literature and art, etc.: Alexander, Sashka, Sashenka, Zhuchka, Ob, Ural, “Teenager”, “Kolobok” and so on.
Animation - inanimateness
Animate nouns name “living” objects, while inanimate nouns name non-living objects.
· Animated: mother, father, child, dog, ant, Kolobok (fairy tale hero acting as a living person)
· Inanimate: orange, ocean, war, lilac, program, toy, delight, laughter
For morphology it is important that
· in plural in animate nouns
Near the school I saw familiar girls and boys (vin. fall. = born. fall.), and for inanimate nouns wine form pad. matches the form. pad.: I love books and films (vin. pad. = im. pad.)· singular in animate nouns of the masculine gender wine form pad. coincides with the form of the genus. pad.:
The fox saw Kolobok (vin. fall. = born. fall.), and for inanimate nouns the masculine gender wine form pad. matches the form. pad.: I baked a bun (vin. pad. = named pad.)The remaining nouns have the forms im., vin. and family cases differ.
Means, sign of animate-inanimate can be determined not only based on the meaning, but also on the set of word endings.
Gender of nouns is a permanent morphological feature. Nouns do not change according to gender.
There are three genders in Russian: male, female And average. The sets of endings for nouns of different genders differ.
In animate nouns, classification as masculine or feminine is motivated by gender, since words denote male or female persons: father - mother, brother - sister, husband - wife, man - woman, boy - girl etc. The grammatical sign of gender is correlated with gender.
For inanimate nouns, the belonging of a word to one of the three genders is not motivated. Words ocean, sea, river, lake, pond- of different kinds, and the gender is not determined by the meaning of the words.The morphological indicator of the genus is the endings.
If the word ends:a, y, or a, om, e in the singular and s, ov, am, s or ov, ami, ah, then this is a masculine noun
a, s, e, y, oh, e in singular and s, am or s, ami, ah, then this is a feminine noun
o, a, y, o, om, e in the singular and a, am, a, ami, ah, then a neuter noun.
Do all nouns belong to one of the three genders?
No. There is a small group of amazing nouns. They are interesting because they can refer to both male and female persons. These are the words: smart girl glutton, sleepyhead, greedy, crybaby, ignorant, ignorant, mean, bully, slob, mean, bungler, scoundrel, daredevil and so on. The form of such words coincides with the form of feminine words: they have the same set of endings. But the syntactic compatibility is different.
In Russian you can say:
She's so smart! AND: He's so smart! The meaning of the gender of an animate person can be determined by the form of the pronoun (as in our example) or adjective or verb in the past tense: Sonya woke up. AND: Sonya woke up. Such nouns are called common nouns.Common nouns do not include words that name professions. You may already know that many of them are masculine nouns: doctor, driver, engineer, economist, geologist, philologist and so on. But they can designate both male and female persons. My mother is a good doctor. My father is a good doctor. Even if the word names a female person, then adjectives and verbs in the past tense can be used in both the masculine and feminine gender: The doctor has arrived. AND: The doctor has arrived.
How to determine the gender of unchangeable words?There are unchangeable nouns in the language. All of them are borrowed from other languages. In Russian they have a gender. How to determine the genus? It's not difficult if you understand what the word means. Let's look at examples:
Monsieur - Madame– for words denoting an animate person, gender corresponds to gender.
Kangaroo, chimpanzee- words naming animals, male.
Tbilisi, Sukhumi– words – names of cities – male.
Congo, Zimbabwe– words – names of states – neuter.
Mississippi, Yangtze– words – names of rivers – female.
Coat, muffler– words denoting inanimate objects are more often neuter.
Are there any exceptions? Eat. Therefore, it is recommended to be careful about unchangeable words and remember how they are used. Gender is expressed not by the ending (indeclinable words do not have endings), but by the form of other words that are related to the unchangeable noun in meaning and grammatically. These can be adjectives, pronouns or verbs in the past tense. For example:
Mississippi wide and deep.
Short adjectives in the form of zh.r. indicate that the word Mississippi w.r.
Declension
Declension is a type of word change. Nouns change according to number and case. Number and case are variable morphological features. Depending on what forms a word has in different numbers and cases, based on the totality of all possible forms, nouns belong to one of the declensions.
Nouns have three declensions: 1st, 2nd and 3rd. The vast majority of Russian nouns are nouns of the 1st, 2nd or 3rd declension. The type of declension is a constant, unchangeable morphological feature of nouns.The 1st declension includes feminine and masculine words with endingsA, I in its initial form.
Examples: mom, dad, grandpa, water, earth, Anna, Anya, lecture - ending [a].The 2nd declension includes masculine words with zero endings and neuter words with endingsO , e in its initial form.
Examples: father, brother, house, Alexander, sea, lake, building - ending [e] , genius, Alexey.The 3rd declension includes feminine words ending in zero in its initial form.
Examples: mother, mouse, night, news, rye, lie.Initial form- this is the form of the word in which it is usually recorded in dictionaries. For nouns, this is the nominative singular form.
Pay attention to the words traditionally called nouns onyeah, yeah , th: lecture, building, genius.
How to correctly mark the endings in such words?
Do you remember that the letters I And e, which are written at the end of such feminine and neuter nouns after vowels, and the letter And - does a vowel represent two sounds? Lecture– [iya’a], building– [i’e], and the sound [i’] is the last consonant of the base. So, in words like lecture ending [a], in words like building– [e], and in words like genius– zero ending.
Therefore, feminine nouns: lecture, station, demonstration belong to the 1st declension, and masculine: genius and average: building- to the 2nd.
Words differ from each other not only in lexical meaning. All of their many are usually divided into groups - parts of speech. This gradation occurs on the basis of the grammatical meaning of words and their special features - morphological.
Morphology - section of the Russian language
A whole branch of science called morphology deals with the parts of speech. Any word has its own characteristics: general meaning, grammatical, also morphological and syntactic features. The first indicates same value specific part of speech. For example, designating an object with nouns, its attribute with adjectives, verbs - action, and participles - attribute by action.
Syntactic features are the role of a particular part of speech in a sentence. For example, verbs, as a rule, are predicates, less often - subjects. Nouns in a sentence can be objects, adverbs, subjects, and sometimes predicates.
What are the morphological characteristics
A much more extensive group of morphological characteristics, permanent and unstable. The first characterize the word as a specific part of speech. For example, a verb is always determined by its conjugation, aspect, and transitivity. Variable morphological features indicate that a part of speech has the ability to change. For example, a noun changes according to cases and numbers - these will be its unstable features. But adverbs and gerunds are unchangeable parts of speech; accordingly, they only need to indicate constant signs. The same goes for service units speech and interjections.
Before analyzing the morphological characteristics of parts of speech, it is worth noting that it is necessary to distinguish between a word and its form. Words differ from each other in lexical meaning, and when they change, their forms are formed. For example, the word "plot" has lexical meaning“fenced part of the area”, and its forms will be changed by case: site, site, site, about site.
Noun
By indicating the constant morphological characteristics of a noun, we say whether it is a common noun or a proper noun, animate or inanimate, and we also determine the type of its declension and gender.
Common nouns denote a collection of objects without singling them out individual traits. For example, by the word “river” we mean all rivers: large and small, northern and southern, full-flowing and not so deep. But if we indicate a specific river, one of a kind, for example, the Neva, the noun will be proper.
Objects of living nature are classified as animate nouns, all others are classified as inanimate. These are constant morphological features of a noun. Dog (who?) - animate; table (what?) - inanimate. Also, nouns of these categories differ in the forms of the accusative and genitive cases. The endings in the genitive and accusative cases of the plural coincide for animate ones, and for inanimate ones - accusative and nominative.
Let's give an example. Genitive case: there are no (who?) cats; accusative: I see (who?) cats. Let's compare: I see (what?) chairs; there are (what?) chairs.
The following genders are distinguished: male, female and neuter. To determine these morphological features of a noun, it is necessary to substitute the pronouns my - my - mine respectively.
We present the declension of nouns in the table:
Variable morphological features of a noun are its case and number. These categories form the forms of the word-noun.
Adjective
Just like a noun, the morphological features of an adjective are divided into constant and inconstant.
The first are its category, degree of comparison and form, full or short.
Adjectives are divided into qualitative, relative and possessive. The subject may have the former to one degree or another; they can appear in full or brief form, and also form degrees of comparison. For example: beautiful is a qualitative adjective. Let's prove it. It is characterized by such morphological features of the adjective as degree of comparison (more beautiful, most beautiful) and short form(handsome). Relative adjectives cannot have these categories (golden, hazy, razor). Possessives denote ownership; they answer the question “whose?”
Degrees of comparison are divided into comparative and superlative. The first shows a greater or lesser degree of any quality: tea is sweeter - less sweet - sweeter. Superlative denotes the highest or lowest degree of a characteristic: the shortest, the funniest, the smallest.
The full and short forms are inherent in qualitative adjectives. It should be remembered that short ones do not decline, but they can be changed according to numbers and genders: cheerful ( full form) - cheerful (m.g., singular) - cheerful (g.r., singular) - cheerful (plural).
Variable morphological features of an adjective are the forms of case, number and gender in which it is used. The category of gender can only be determined for adjectives in the singular.
Numeral
The constant morphological characteristics of a word that is a numeral are its category and structural characteristics.
There are quantitative and ordinal numerals. The first require an answer to the question “how much?” (ten, fifteen, twenty-five), the second - “what is the count?” (tenth, fifteenth, twenty-fifth).
- Simple (five, second).
- Difficult (thirteen, fifteenth).
- Compounds (twenty-two, three hundred and forty-one).
The inconsistent features of a numeral name are largely determined by its rank. Thus, cardinal numbers are characterized by changes only in cases. Ordinal numbers are similar in grammatical parameters to adjectives, therefore they can form case forms and change in number and gender.
Pronoun
If we talk about a pronoun, then its morphological characteristics largely depend on what part of speech it is close to grammatical meaning. They can gravitate towards a noun, adjective or numeral. Let's look at pronouns and their morphological features in this context.
Pronouns-nouns are characterized by unchangeable categories of person (personal) and formative gender, number, and case.
Adjective pronouns can also be changed by gender, number and case. The exception is words her, him, them- they do not change by case.
Only pronouns - numerals - have a case form.
So, when determining what morphological characteristics a pronoun has, you first need to look at the category and indicate the remaining characteristics accordingly.
Verb: constant signs
The constant morphological features of a verb are its aspect, transitivity, reflexivity and conjugation.
Verbs come in two types, perfect and imperfect. The first involves the question “what to do?”, the second - “what to do?”. For example, move (what to do?) - perfect form; move (what to do?) - imperfect form.
The transitivity category assumes that the verb controls a noun in the accusative case without a preposition. All other verbs will be intransitive. Let's give an example: hate (who, what?) enemy, lie, fog - a transitive verb. To go into the house, fly through the sky, jump over a step, get a sore throat - these verbs are intransitive, nouns with prepositions, and the accusative case cannot be formed.
The reflexive verb has the suffix -sya (-s): to bathe, bathe (reflexive); bathe - non-refundable.
We present the verb conjugation in the table:
Verb: inconstant signs
Variable morphological features of a verb are its number, mood, gender, tense and person. These categories are largely determined by others. For example, verbs in the indicative mood change over time. Imperfective verbs are the only ones that have three forms of tense.
Russian verbs have three forms of mood: indicative (I bake, I will bake, I baked), imperative (bake) and conditional (bake).
Verbs also change according to gender: he swam, she swam, it swam. This category is typical for past tense verbs.
The person of the verb indicates who is performing the action: the speaker himself (I am cleaning), the interlocutor (you are cleaning) or the subject/person of the conversation (she is cleaning).
As with a pronoun, you first need to look at the category and indicate the remaining characteristics accordingly.
Participle
The constant morphological features of the participle are aspect, transitivity, reflexivity, voice and tense.
Just like verbs, participles come in perfect and imperfect forms: working (what to do? work) - imperfect form; built (what to do? build) - perfect form.
If the participle is formed from a transitive or reflexive verb, these same signs will remain with him. For example, from the transitive verb “to lock” the participle “locking” (locked) is formed - it also has this category. From the reflexive verb “to lock” the participle “locked” is formed, which is therefore also reflexive.
Participles can be active (the attribute is performed by the object itself: the thinker is the one who thinks) and passive (the object experiences the effect of the attribute: a written book is a book that was written by someone).
Two forms of tense can be distinguished for participles: present (player) and past (played).
The inconsistent morphological features of a participle are similar to an adjective: gender, number, case, form (short or full).
Participle
The participle is an unchangeable part of speech, therefore it has exclusively constant characteristics:
- View. Perfect (by doing what? - reading) and imperfect (by doing what? - reading).
- Transitivity. It is transmitted from the verb: having decided (decide - transitive verb); going (go is an intransitive verb).
- Returnability. Distributed - reflexive gerund; having distributed - irrevocable.
Adverb
Just like a gerund, an adverb does not form a form. Thus, only constant morphological features are indicated: rank in meaning and if the adverb is qualitative, i.e. formed from an adjective, indicate the degree of comparison.
For example, the adverb “fun” is formed from the adjective cheerful, therefore it is possible to form degrees of comparison: cheerfully (positive); more fun (comparative); the most fun of all (excellent).
