The monomers of RNA and DNA are nucleotides, which means RNA and DNA are _______. General biology: Nucleic acids What substance is a monomer of DNA and RNA
1. What types of nucleic acids exist? What are nucleic acid monomers?
There are two types of nucleic acids: c) RNA, d) DNA.
The monomers of nucleic acids are: f) nucleotides.
2. Describe the structure of a nucleotide. How can nucleotides join together in a DNA molecule?
A nucleotide consists of a nitrogenous base, a five-carbon sugar (pentose) and a phosphoric acid residue. The DNA nucleotide contains one of four nitrogenous bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine or thymine), and the five-carbon sugar is deoxyribose. In an RNA nucleotide, the nitrogenous base is adenine, guanine, cytosine, or uracil, and the five-carbon sugar is ribose.
A DNA molecule consists of two polynucleotide chains. The nucleotides in each chain are connected to each other by covalent bonds. These bonds are formed between the phosphoric acid residue of one nucleotide and the pentose of another nucleotide. Paired nucleotides of opposite DNA strands are connected by hydrogen bonds, with two hydrogen bonds formed between adenine and thymine, and three between guanine and cytosine. This matching of paired nucleotides is called complementarity.
3. The nucleotide sequence of one of the DNA chains has been established: CTGAGTTCA. Determine the order of the nucleotides of the complementary chain.
In a DNA molecule, adenine (A) is complementary to thymine (T), and guanine (G) is complementary to cytosine (C), therefore the order of the nucleotides of the complementary DNA chain will be as follows: GACTCAAHT.
4. Describe the spatial structure of the DNA molecule.
The DNA molecule consists of two polynucleotide chains twisted around a common axis and is a double helix with a diameter of about 2 nm (like a spiral staircase). Each turn of the helix contains 10 base pairs and is 3.4 nm long. Opposite DNA strands complement each other complementarily, since the nucleotides of these chains form pairs (A and T, G and C). Hydrogen bonds occur between paired nucleotides, stabilizing the DNA double helix.
5. What types of RNA are found in the cell? Compare them by their functions, structural features and percentage of the total amount of RNA in the cell.
The cell contains three types of RNA: ribosomal (rRNA), transport (tRNA) and informational, or matrix (mRNA, mRNA). The functions of all types of RNA are associated with protein synthesis processes.
rRNA molecules perform a structural function. In combination with special proteins, they acquire a certain spatial configuration and form ribosomes (or rather, ribosomal subunits), on which proteins are synthesized from amino acids.
Transfer RNAs carry out the transfer of amino acids to ribosomes and participate in the process of protein synthesis. tRNA molecules are relatively small (on average they consist of 80 nucleotides); thanks to intramolecular hydrogen bonds, they have a specific spatial structure, reminiscent of a clover leaf.
Messenger or messenger RNA (mRNA, mRNA) are the most heterogeneous in size and structure. They contain information about the structure of certain proteins and serve as templates during the synthesis of these proteins on ribosomes.
Ribosomal RNAs make up about 80% of all cell RNAs, transport RNAs - about 15%, informational RNAs - 3-5%.
6. Compare various characteristics of DNA and RNA. Identify their similarities and differences.
Similarities:
● They are organic substances, biopolymers, and belong to nucleic acids.
● Constructed from nucleotides, each of them contains a nitrogenous base, a pentose and a phosphoric acid residue. The nitrogenous bases adenine (A), guanine (G) and cytosine (C) are found in both DNA and RNA nucleotides.
● Molecules are formed by carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) atoms.
Differences:
● DNA nucleotides contain a five-carbon sugar deoxyribose residue, while RNA nucleotides contain a ribose residue. The nitrogenous base thymine (T) can only be found in DNA nucleotides, and uracil (U) can only be found in RNA nucleotides.
● The DNA molecule is double-stranded (with rare exceptions) and looks like a double helix. RNA molecules are usually single-stranded and can have different spatial configurations. RNA polynucleotide chains are much shorter than DNA chains.
● In eukaryotic cells, most of the DNA is contained in the nucleus (only mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own small DNA molecules). RNA molecules are found not only in the nucleus, but also in the cytoplasm of cells - as part of some organelles (ribosomes, mitochondria, chloroplasts), and in the hyaloplasm.
● In a cell, DNA ensures the storage of hereditary information (i.e. information about the structure of proteins) and its transmission to daughter cells during the process of division. RNA molecules ensure the implementation of hereditary information by participating in the process of protein biosynthesis on ribosomes.
And (or) other significant features.
7. A fragment of a DNA molecule contains 126 adenyl nucleotides (A), which is 18% of the total number of nucleotides in this fragment. What is the length of this DNA fragment and how many cytidyl nucleotides (C) does it contain?
126 nucleotides make up 18% of all nucleotides in a given DNA fragment. This means that the total number of nucleotides is: 126: 18% × 100% = 700 nucleotides (or 350 base pairs).
One turn of the DNA double helix contains 10 base pairs and is 3.4 nm long. Therefore, one pair of nucleotides occupies a DNA region 0.34 nm long. A DNA fragment containing 350 nucleotide pairs has a length of: 350 × 0.34 nm = 119 nm.
In a double-stranded DNA molecule A = T, G = C. This means A = T = 126 nucleotides.
The sum of G + C is: 700 – 126 – 126 = 448 nucleotides. G = C = 448: 2 = 224 nucleotides.
Answer: The DNA fragment is 119 nm long and contains 224 cytidyl (C) nucleotides.
8. A researcher has three DNA molecules of the same length. It is known that the content of thymidyl nucleotides (T) in the first sample is 20% of the total number of nucleotides, in the second - 36%, in the third - 8%. He began heating these DNA samples, gradually increasing the temperature. In this case, the complementary chains were separated from each other - the so-called DNA melting. Which sample started to melt first and which one melted last? Why?
DNA melting occurs due to the breaking of hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotides. Two hydrogen bonds are formed between adenine and thymine, and three between guanine and cytosine. The higher the content of G–C pairs in a DNA fragment, the more hydrogen bonds there are in its composition, and the more energy will be required to destroy them. Conversely, the more A–T pairs a DNA fragment contains, the less energy will be needed for melting.
Therefore, the second sample will melt first (it contains the most thymine, and therefore the A–T pairs), then the first, and lastly the third (with the least thymine content).
Nucleic acids are high-molecular organic compounds, biopolymers formed by nucleotide residues. Polymeric forms of nucleic acids are called polynucleotides. Chains of nucleotides are connected through a phosphoric acid residue (phosphodiester bond). There are two classes of nucleic acids:
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Sugar - deoxyribose, nitrogenous bases: purine - guanine (G), adenine (A), pyrimidine thymine (T) and cytosine (C). DNA often consists of two polynucleotide chains directed antiparallel. A model of the spatial structure of the DNA molecule in the form of a double helix was proposed in 1953 by J. Watson and F. Crick.
Ribonucleic acid (RNA). Sugar - ribose, nitrogenous bases: purine - guanine (G), adenine (A), pyrimidine uracil (U) and cytosine (C). The structure of the polynucleotide chain is similar to that of DNA. Due to the characteristics of ribose, RNA molecules often have different secondary and tertiary structures, forming complementary regions between different strands.
The DNA molecule is formed by two polynucleotide chains, helically twisted around each other and together around an imaginary axis, i.e. is a double helix. The diameter of the DNA double helix is 2 nm, the distance between adjacent nucleotides is 0.34 nm, and there are 10 nucleotide pairs per turn of the helix. The length of the molecule can reach several centimeters. Molecular weight - tens and hundreds of millions. The total length of DNA in the nucleus of a human cell is about 2 m. In eukaryotic cells, DNA forms complexes with proteins and has a specific spatial conformation.
The DNA monomer - nucleotide (deoxyribonucleotide) - consists of residues of three substances: 1) a nitrogenous base, 2) a five-carbon monosaccharide (pentose), 3) phosphoric acid.
The nitrogenous bases of nucleic acids belong to the classes of pyrimidines and purines. Pyrimidine bases of DNA (have one ring in their molecule) - thymine, cytosine. Purine bases (have two rings) are adenine and guanine.
The polynucleotide chain is formed as a result of nucleotide condensation reactions. In this case, a phosphoester bond (belongs to the category of strong covalent bonds) occurs between the 3" carbon of the deoxyribose residue of one nucleotide and the phosphoric acid residue of another. One end of the polynucleotide chain ends with a 5" carbon (it is called the 5" end), the other - 3" -carbon (3" end). A second chain is located opposite one chain of nucleotides. The arrangement of nucleotides in these two chains is not random, but strictly defined: thymine is always located opposite the adenine of one chain in the other chain, and cytosine is always located opposite guanine, between adenine and thymine, two hydrogen bonds arise, between guanine and cytosine - three hydrogen bonds. The pattern according to which the nucleotides of different DNA chains are strictly ordered (adenine - thymine, guanine - cytosine) and selectively connect with each other is called the principle of complementarity. From the principle of complementarity it follows that the nucleotide sequence of one chain determines the nucleotide sequence of the other. The DNA strands are antiparallel (multidirectional), i.e. nucleotides of different chains are located in opposite directions, and, therefore, opposite the 3" end of one chain is the 5" end of the other. The DNA molecule is sometimes compared to a spiral staircase. The “railing” of this staircase is a sugar-phosphate backbone (alternating deoxyribose and phosphoric acid residues); “steps” are complementary nitrogenous bases.
The function of DNA is the storage and transmission of hereditary information.
RNA is a polymer whose monomers are ribonucleotides. Unlike DNA, RNA is formed not by two, but by one polynucleotide chain (with the exception that some RNA-containing viruses have double-stranded RNA). RNA nucleotides are capable of forming hydrogen bonds with each other. RNA chains are much shorter than DNA chains. The RNA monomer - nucleotide (ribonucleotide) - consists of residues of three substances:
1) nitrogenous base,
2) five-carbon monosaccharide (pentose),
3) phosphoric acid.
The nitrogenous bases of RNA also belong to the classes of pyrimidines and purines. The pyrimidine bases of RNA are uracil, cytosine, and the purine bases are adenine and guanine. The RNA nucleotide monosaccharide is ribose. There are three types of RNA:
1) information (matrix) RNA - mRNA (mRNA),
2) transfer RNA - tRNA,
3) ribosomal RNA - rRNA.
All types of RNA are unbranched polynucleotides, have a specific spatial conformation and take part in the processes of protein synthesis. Information about the structure of all types of RNA is stored in DNA. The process of synthesizing RNA on a DNA template is called transcription.
The meaning of nucleic acids: storage, transfer and inheritance of information about the structure of protein molecules. The stability of NK is the most important condition for the normal functioning of cells and entire organisms.
Thus, DNA and RNA nucleic acids are present in the cells of all living organisms and perform the most important functions for the storage, transmission and implementation of hereditary information.
DNA is a polymer molecule consisting of thousands and even millions of monomers - deoxyribonucleotides (nucleotides). DNA is found primarily in the nucleus of cells, with small amounts also found in mitochondria and chloroplasts.
RNA is a polymer whose monomer is a ribonucleotide. RNA is found in the nucleus and cytoplasm. RNA is a single-stranded molecule, constructed in the same way as one of the DNA strands. Three bases are exactly the same in DNA: A, G, C, but instead of the T present in DNA, RNA contains U. In RNA, instead of the carbohydrate deoxyribose, there is ribose.
^ 13: Nucleic acids: structure and functions. Chemical structure of nucleic acid monomers (nucleotides and nucleosides, purines and pyrimidines).
Nucleic acids are linear polymers whose monomers are nucleotides. The nucleotide is formed by a nucleoside group, a phosphate and a pentose. Polymers are macromolecules that consist of a large number of repeating structural units - monomers. DNA monomers are deoxyribonucleotides, RNA monomers are ribonucleotides.
^ Structure and nomenclature of nucleotides. A nucleotide consists of three components: phosphate – sugar – base.
carbohydrate component of a nucleotide represented by ribose or 2'-deoxyribose, having a D-configuration.
^ Nitrogenous bases are heterocyclic organic compounds containing nitrogen atoms. DNA contains 4 types of bases - adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C) and thymine (T); RNA contains A, G, C and U (uracil). Adenine and guanine are derivatives of purine, cytosine, thymine and uracil are derivatives of pyrimidine.
Nomenclature. A compound consisting of a base and a carbohydrate is called a nucleoside. Nitrogenous bases are connected to the 1' carbon atom of pentose by a β-glycosidic bond.
^ Primary structure A polymer is determined by the sequence of monomers in the chain. Nucleotides are connected to each other by a 3',5'-phosphodiester bond, forming polynucleotide chains of hundreds of thousands and millions of nucleotides. Short chains of ten to fifteen nucleotides are called oligonucleotides. Phosphate binds the 3'-OH group of one nucleotide to the 5'-OH group of another nucleotide.
^ Genetic functions of nucleic acids:1-
storage of genetic information. 2
- implementation of genetic information (polypeptide synthesis). 3
- transfer of hereditary information to daughter cells during cell division and to subsequent generations during reproduction.
^ 14: primary structure of DNA (structure and nomenclature of nucleotides, formation of a polynucleotide chain, direction of the chain, connections between nucleotides).
DNA is the genetic material of all cellular life forms, as well as a number of viruses. DNA performs all the functions of nucleic acids. DNA is characterized by a number of features: 1 – ability to replicate. 2 – ability to repair. 3 – ability to recombine.
Localization of DNA in the cell: prokaryotes - cytoplasm (nucleoid, plasmids). Eukaryotes – nucleus (chromasomes), organoids (mitochondria, plastids, cell center).
^ PRIMARY DNA structure is a linear polymer - a chain of sequentially located nucleotides (deoxyribonucleotide) connected by 3',5' phosphodiester bonds.
The composition of a deoxyribonucleotide includes one of the nitrogenous bases (A, G, T or C), a pentose - deoxyribose and a phosphate residue. Thus, deoxyribonucleotides differ only in their nitrogenous bases.
Nucleotides are connected to each other by a 3',5'-phosphodiester bond, forming polynucleotide chains. Short chains of ten to fifteen nucleotides are called oligonucleotides. Phosphate binds the 3'-OH group of one nucleotide to the 5'-OH group of another nucleotide.
The formation of the primary structure is ensured by two types of bonds: glycosidic bonds between the nitrogenous base and carbohydrate, and phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides.
^15: Watson and Crick DNA model. Parameters and structure of the DNA double helix (complementarity principle, hydrogen bonds and stacking interactions).
Secondary structure of DNA. The DNA molecule in the cells of prokaryotes and eukaryotes is present only in the form of a double helix, i.e. consists of two polynucleotide chains. These chains are complementary, antiparallel and twisted into a spiral around a common axis. There are 10 base pairs per turn of the helix, the diameter of the helix is 2 nm. The sugar-phosphate backbone is located outside (negatively charged), the nitrogenous bases are inside the helix and are stacked on top of each other. This model of DNA structure was proposed by J. Watson and F. Crick in 1953.
^ Chargaff's Rules. In 1953, Chargaff established the following patterns:
quantity purine bases (A+G) in a DNA molecule are always equal to the number pyrimidine bases (T+C).
the amount of adenine is equal to the amount of thymine [A=T, A/T= 1]; the amount of guanine is equal to the amount of cytosine [G=C, G/C=1];
the ratio of the amount of guanine and cytosine in DNA to the amount of adenine and thymine is constant for each type of living organism: [(G+C)/(A+T)=K, where K is the specificity coefficient].
Chargaff's rules, as a rule, are fulfilled on the DNA double helix due to the complementarity of adenine to thymine, and guanine to cytosine. In some cases, guanine content is higher than cytosine due to methylation of some cytosine residues in DNA.
^ Principle of complementarity. Nitrogen bases in a DNA molecule can form canonical pairs: A – T, G – C. This means that hydrogen bonds in the DNA molecule are formed only between complementary bases: two are formed between adenine and thymine, and three hydrogen bonds are formed between guanine and cytosine.
^ DNA strands are antiparallel. Each DNA strand has two ends - a 5' end and a 3' end. At the 5' end of the polynucleotide chain, the 5-OH group of deoxyribose is not bonded to another nucleotide; at the other end of the chain, the 3-OH group is also not bonded to another nucleotide. The antiparallel rule means that the two strands in a DNA molecule have opposite directions. By agreement, the direction of the chain is taken to be 5’ → 3’ .
^ Rules for writing a DNA sequence: in the form of a sequence of letters indicating the bases: 5’ – GATCCA - 3’, or in the form of arrows with the opposite orientation.
This article contains information about the elements of all nucleic acids, namely its monomers. Here you will find information about their structure, the diversity of existing species, etc.
Nucleic acid - what is it?
The most important component of any plant, animal, bacterial and even viral cell is nucleic acid, which is responsible for the transmission, reproduction and storage of hereditary information. Biopolymer compounds - nucleic acids - are created by encoding nucleotides. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) are nucleic acids. The monomers of nucleic acids are nucleotides of 5 varieties, 3 of which are suitable for both deoxy- and ribonucleic acids, and the remaining nucleotides are different.
Nucleic acid diversity
DNA and RNA are representatives of the nucleic acid class, however, the latter ribonucleic acid, in accordance with the functions for which it is intended in the cell, can have different names, for example: transport ribonucleic acid (tRNA) or information ribonucleic acid (mRNA) . However, this point does not affect the structural features of the unit itself. What is a nucleic acid monomer? The answer to this question will be a list of elements: ribose and deoxyribose (types of sugars), HPO3 acid, or rather, its residues in the bases thymine (uracil) and adenine, guanine and cytosine.
Monomers
Monomers of nucleic acids are three components, as mentioned earlier - a monosaccharide, possessing heterocyclic properties - nitrogenous bases and the acidic residue HPO3. The component types of nucleic acid monomers are purine-derived substances adenine (A) and guanine (G) and components of pyrimidine nature: cytosines (C), thymines (T) and uracil (U). It is also worth knowing about the existence of atypical bases, representatives of which are pseudouridines and dihydrouridines.
Monomers of nucleic acids are substances responsible for vital functions, inherent in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. Nucleic acids are classified according to what monosaccharide the acid itself is represented by. Ribose acids are represented by ribose, and nucleic acids represented by deoxyribose are called deoxyribose. The dominant difference between the RNA and DNA chains is the presence of either thymine or uracil in the molecule chain. DNA carries pyrimidine thymine, and RNA carries uracil. These two nucleotides are replaced in these acids and become complementary to adenine.
Monomers of nucleic acids are compounds based on a chemical bond - 3.5-phosphodiester, which forms linear structures, and its purpose is to bind pentose in the nucleotide. This design of nucleic acids allows the formation of a free 3-OH group at one end of the chain and the placement of a 5-OH group at the opposite end of the chain.
RNA and DNA are universal and unique to all organisms. This is due to their ability to transmit and preserve various information that carries genetic heredity. Almost every living organism simultaneously carries both acids, based on both the monosaccharide ribose and deoxyribose, and only viruses - representatives of a non-cellular life form - contain only one form of nucleic acid.
2) The monomers of RNA and DNA are...... which means RNA and DNA are......
3) The structure of DNA molecules is ......, and RNA molecules are .......
4) A DNA molecule consists of...... chains, and an RNA molecule consists of...... chains
5) The DNA molecule is formed by nucleotides........., and RNA nucleotides.........
6) In RNA molecules, the nitrogenous base......... is replaced by......... DNA contains a monosaccharide........., and RNA contains .... ....
(Nucleotides, two, ribose, thymine, A, T, G, C, linear, one, helical, uracil, monomers, nucleotides, A, T, G, C, deoxyribose)
A1. What is the science of cell called? 1) citA1. What is the science of cell called? 1) cytology 2) histology 3) genetics 4) molecular biologyA2. Which scientist discovered the cell? 1) A. Leeuwenhoek 2) T. Schwann 3) R. Hooke 4) R. Virchow
A3. The content of which chemical element predominates in the dry matter of the cell? 1) nitrogen 2) carbon 3) hydrogen 4) oxygen
A4. Which phase of meiosis is shown in the picture? 1) Anaphase I 2) Metaphase I 3) Metaphase II 4) Anaphase II
A5. What organisms are chemotrophs? 1) animals 2) plants 3) nitrifying bacteria 4) fungi A6. The formation of a two-layer embryo occurs during the period of 1) cleavage 2) gastrulation 3) organogenesis 4) postembryonic period
A7. The totality of all the genes of an organism is called 1) genetics 2) gene pool 3) genocide 4) genotype A8. In the second generation, with monohybrid crossing and with complete dominance, a splitting of characters is observed in the ratio 1) 3:1 2) 1:2:1 3) 9:3:3:1 4) 1:1
A9. Physical mutagenic factors include 1) ultraviolet radiation 2) nitrous acid 3) viruses 4) benzopyrene
A10. In what part of the eukaryotic cell are ribosomal RNAs synthesized? 1) ribosome 2) rough ER 3) nucleolus 4) Golgi apparatus
A11. What is the term for a section of DNA that codes for one protein? 1) codon 2) anticodon 3) triplet 4) gene
A12. Name the autotrophic organism 1) boletus mushroom 2) amoeba 3) tuberculosis bacillus 4) pine
A13. What is nuclear chromatin made of? 1) karyoplasm 2) strands of RNA 3) fibrous proteins 4) DNA and proteins
A14. At what stage of meiosis does crossing over occur? 1) prophase I 2) interphase 3) prophase II 4) anaphase I
A15. What is formed from the ectoderm during organogenesis? 1) notochord 2) neural tube 3) mesoderm 4) endoderm
A16. A non-cellular form of life is 1) euglena 2) bacteriophage 3) streptococcus 4) ciliates
A17. Protein synthesis into mRNA is called 1) translation 2) transcription 3) reduplication 4) dissimilation
A18. In the light phase of photosynthesis, 1) synthesis of carbohydrates occurs 2) synthesis of chlorophyll 3) absorption of carbon dioxide 4) photolysis of water
A19. Cell division with preservation of the chromosome set is called 1) amitosis 2) meiosis 3) gametogenesis 4) mitosis
A20. Plastic metabolism includes 1) glycolysis 2) aerobic respiration 3) assembly of an mRNA chain on DNA 4) breakdown of starch to glucose
A21. Select the incorrect statement In prokaryotes, the DNA molecule is 1) closed in a ring 2) not associated with proteins 3) contains uracil instead of thymine 4) is singular
A22. Where does the third stage of catabolism occur - complete oxidation or respiration? 1) in the stomach 2) in mitochondria 3) in lysosomes 4) in the cytoplasm
A23. Asexual reproduction includes 1) parthenocarpic formation of fruits in cucumbers 2) parthenogenesis in bees 3) reproduction of tulips by bulbs 4) self-pollination in flowering plants
A24. What organism develops without metamorphosis in the postembryonic period? 1) lizard 2) frog 3) Colorado potato beetle 4) fly
A25. The human immunodeficiency virus affects 1) gonads 2) T-lymphocytes 3) erythrocytes 4) skin and lungs
A26. Cell differentiation begins at the stage 1) blastula 2) neurula 3) zygote 4) gastrula
A27. What are protein monomers? 1) monosaccharides 2) nucleotides 3) amino acids 4) enzymes
A28. In which organelle does the accumulation of substances and the formation of secretory vesicles occur? 1) Golgi apparatus 2) rough ER 3) plastid 4) lysosome
A29. What disease is inherited in a sex-linked manner? 1) deafness 2) diabetes mellitus 3) hemophilia 4) hypertension
A30. Indicate the incorrect statement. The biological significance of meiosis is as follows: 1) the genetic diversity of organisms increases 2) the stability of the species increases when environmental conditions change 3) the possibility of recombination of traits as a result of crossing over appears 4) the probability of combinative variability of organisms decreases.
living organisms elements are:
a) N, O, H, S; b) C, H, N, O; c) S, Fe, O, C; d) O, S,
H, Fe
2. Nitrogen as an element is included in:
a) only proteins and nucleic acids;
b) nucleic acids, proteins and ATP;
c) only proteins;
d) proteins, nucleic acids and lipids;
3. Hydrogen as an element is included in:
a) only water and some proteins
b) only water, carbohydrates and lipids
c) all organic compounds of the cell
d) only water, carbohydrates, proteins and
nucleic acids.
4. At what level of the organization is it not
there is a difference between organic and
inorganic world?
a) atomic, b) molecular, c) cellular.
5. There is more water in cells: a)
embryo, b) a young man, c) an old man.
6. Water is the basis of life:
a) it can be in three states
(liquid, solid, gaseous);
b) is a solvent that provides
both the influx of substances into the cell and the removal
from it metabolic products;
c) cools the surface during evaporation.
7. Substances that are highly soluble in water
are called: a) hydrophilic, b) hydrophobic,
c) amphiphilic.
8. To hydrophobic compounds of the cell
relate:
a) lipids and amino acids;
b) lipids;
c) lipids and mineral salts;
d) amino acids and mineral salts.
9. Monosaccharide carbohydrates include:
a) starch; b) glycogen; c) glucose; d) maltose.
10. Carbohydrates and polysaccharides include:
a) starch; b) deoxyribose; c) ribose; G)
glucose.
II. The main functions of fats in the cell:
a) storage and structural;
b) structural and energetic;
c) energy and storage;
d) structural and protective.
12. Proteins are biopolymers with monomers,
which are: a) nucleotides; b)
amino acids; c) nitrogenous bases. 13.
Amino acids differ:
a) amino group, b) carboxyl group; V)
radical.
12. Protein molecules include:
a) only amino acids
b) amino acids and sometimes metal ions
c) amino acids and sometimes lipid molecules
d) amino acids and sometimes molecules
carbohydrates
13. The structure of a protein molecule, which
defines the sequence
amino acid residues: a) primary; b)
secondary; c) tertiary; d) quaternary. 13.
Protein secondary structure is associated with:
a) spiralization of the polypeptide chain
b) spatial configuration
polypeptide chain
c) number and sequence
amino acid residues
d) spatial configuration
spiralized polypeptide chain A 14.
14.Protein secondary structure is maintained
connections:
a) only peptide;
b) only hydrogen;
c) disulfide and hydrogen;
d) hydrogen and peptide;
15. Least strong structural protein
is:
a) primary and secondary
b) secondary and ternary
c) tertiary and quaternary
d) quaternary and secondary
16. The protein catalase performs in the cell
function;
a) contractile;
b) transport;
c) structural;
d) Catholic.
17. In case of incomplete denaturation of the protein, the first
the structure is destroyed: a) primary;
b) secondary;
c) only tertiary;
d) quaternary, sometimes tertiary.
18. Monomers of DNA molecules are:
a) nucleosides;
b) nucleotides;
c) amino acids;
19 DNA nucleotides consist of:
a) only nitrogenous bases;
b) only nitrogenous bases and residues
sugars;
c) only nitrogenous bases and residues
phosphoric acids;
d) residues of phosphoric acids, sugars and
nitrogenous bases.
20. The composition of DNA nucleotides differs
from each other content:
a) only sugars;
b) only nitrogenous bases;
c) sugars and nitrogenous bases;
d) sugars, nitrogenous bases and residues
phosphoric acids.
21. DNA nucleotides contain nitrogenous
grounds:
a) cytosine, uracil, adenine, thymine;
b) thymine, cytosine, guanine, adenine;
c) thymine, uracil, adenine, guanine;
d) uracil, cytosine, adenine, thymine.
22. RNA nucleotides consist of:
1) only nitrogenous bases;
2) only nitrogenous bases and residues
sugars;
3) only nitrogenous bases and residues
phosphoric acids;
4) residues of phosphoric acids, sugars and
nitrogenous bases.
23. Molecules, during the oxidation of which
a lot of energy is released: a)
polysaccharides; b) fats; c) proteins; G)
monosaccharides.
Fill in the missing words into the text.
Proteins are complex organic substances.....
breakdown substances 1, nucleus 2, lysosomes 3, mitochondria 4, plastids 10. Function of the smooth ER cell 1, synthesis and transport of proteins 2, digestion of organic substances 3, participates in intercellular contacts 4, synthesis and transport of carbons and fats 11. A double-membrane orgonoid is : 1, cellular center 2, ribosomes 3, mitochondria 4, EPS 12. Of the listed elements, the hemoglobin molecule contains: 1, iron 2, phosphorus 3, potassium 4, magnesium 13. When climbing mountains, it is advisable to eat to quickly maintain strength : 1, a piece of sugar 2, a little lard 3, kebab 4, cheese 14. The amino acids that make up proteins differ from each other 1, amino groups and a carboxyl group 2, only a radical 3, only a carboxyl group 4, a radical and a carboxyl group 16. Transport RNA performs the following functions 1, transfer of amino acids to ribosomes 2, removal and transfer of information from DNA 3, formation of ribosomes 4, synthesis of the second strand of DNA 17. The protein monomer is 1, nitrogen base 2, deoxyribose or ribose 3, amino acids 4, nucleotides 18. Which factor most strongly confirms that DNA is the genetic material of a cell? 1,DNA consists of four types of nucleotides and is therefore capable of storing information 2,In amotic cells the amount of DNA is twice as much as in gametes 3,Each individual has individual DNA according to its own nucleotide sequence 4,There are approximately as many nitrogenous bases of T as there are bases of A
