Defined words with separate definitions. How to find isolated definitions: examples and rules
A21, B5. Dedicated Applications
APPLICATION is a definition that is expressed noun. The application characterizes the subject in a new way, gives it other name or points to degree of relationship, nationality, rank, profession, age etc. The application is always used in the same case, the same as the noun to which it refers. The application may be undistributed(consisting of one noun) and widespread(consisting of a noun with a dependent word or words).
For example:
Following Deev, Sapozhkov (I.p.) walked to the sleigh. railway worker(I.p.).(application railway worker uncommon, refers to a noun Sapozhkov)
Owner (I. p.), tough guy(I. p.), was not happy about either the guests or the profit.
(application tough guy common, refers to a noun master)
Some applications may be used with the conjunction HOW.
For example: Like any literary innovator Nekrasov was firmly connected with the traditions of his great predecessors.
Cases of separation.
The application can be isolated not only comma, but also dash:
a) if it's worth it at the end of a sentence and is clarification to what has been said (before such an application you can insert a conjunction namely)
For example: Only the watchman lived at the lighthouse- old deaf Swede.
b) if the application refers to one of the homogeneous members to avoid mixing the application with a homogeneous member:
For example: The mistress of the house and her sister were sitting at the table. my wife's friend, two strangers to me, my wife and me.
c) to highlight with two sides of applications having explanatory meaning
For example: Some kind of unnatural greenery- the creation of boring incessant rains
- covered the fields and fields with a liquid network.
d) in order to separate homogeneous applications from the defined word: For example: The fiercest scourge of heaven, nature horror- Pestilence is raging in the forests.
Attention! Applications written hyphenated and prisoners in quotes, are NOT separate!
For example: Girls- teenagers On the other corner of the square, round dances were already taking place. We watched the ballet "Swan Lake".
A21, B5. Separate Consensus Definitions
Separate definition is a definition that is distinguished by intonation and commas.
Definitions answer questions WHICH? WHICH? WHICH? WHICH? and etc.
Definitions there are CONSENTED and DISAGREED.
AGREED definitions can be expressed:
1. participial phrase (Path, overgrown with grass, led to the river.)
2. adjective with dependent words (Pleased with your success, he told me about them.)
3. single adjective or participle (Happy, he told me about his successes. Tired, the tourists decided to abandon the repeated ascent.)
4. homogeneous single adjectives (Night, cloudy and foggy, enveloped the earth.)
SEPARATION OF DEFINITIONS AND APPLICATIONS
| Separated by commas | Examples |
| 1. Any definitions and applications (regardless of their prevalence and location), if they relate to a personal pronoun | Friends With childhood, they never parted. They, agronomists, went to work in the village. |
| 2. Agreed common definitions and applications, if they come after the noun being defined | The berries picked by the children were delicious. Grandfather, a participant in the war, knew everything about that distant time. |
| 3. Two or more homogeneous agreed-upon non-common definitions appearing after the defined noun | The wind, warm and gentle, woke up the flowers in the meadow. |
| 4. Agreed definitions and applications (standing before the defined noun), if they have an additional adverbial meaning (causal, conditional, concessional). | Exhausted by the difficult road, the guys could not continue the journey.(cause). |
| 5. Agreed applications (including single ones), if they come after the word being defined - a proper noun. Exception: single applications that merge with a noun in meaning are not highlighted. | The detachment was headed by Sergei Smirnov, an experienced intelligence officer. In my adolescence I read books by Dumas the Father. |
APPLICATIONS WITH UNION HOW
Separation(emphasis added by commas) agreed upon definitions depend on several factors:
a) from the part of speech of the defined (main) word;
b) from the position of the definition in relation to the defined (main) word - before the main word, after the main word;
c) from the presence of additional shades of meaning in the definition (adverbial, explanatory);
d) on the degree of distribution and method of expression of the definition.
Conditions for separating agreed definitions
A) The word being defined is a pronoun
1. Definitions that refer to personal pronouns ( I, you, we, you, he, she, it, they), are separated. The degree of distribution of the definition, the method of its expression (participle, adjective), position in relation to the main word usually do not play a role:
I , taught by experience, I will be more attentive to her. She's tired she fell silent and looked around. AND, tired of your happiness, He fell asleep immediately.
2. Definitions that refer to negative pronouns ( nobody, nothing), indefinite pronouns ( someone, something, someone, something), are usually not isolated, since they form a single whole with pronouns:
Can't compare to this novel nothing previously written by the author. A flash appeared on his face something similar to a smile.
Notes
1) With a less close connection, if there is a pause after an indefinite pronoun, the attributive phrase is isolated. For example: AND somebody , sweaty and out of breath, runs from store to store(Panova).
2) Adjectives or participles with or without dependent words, associated with the attributive pronoun all, are not isolated if the adjective or participle acts as the main word, and the pronoun all acts as a dependent attribute. For example: Everyone late for the lecture stood in the corridor. (cf.: Late to the lecture stood in the corridor). If the main word is the pronoun all, and the attributive phrase explains or clarifies it, then such a phrase is isolated. For example: All , railway related, is still covered in the poetry of travel for me(cf.: All still filled with the poetry of travel for me).
B) The word being defined is a noun
1. A common definition (participle or adjective with dependent words), homogeneous single definitions are isolated if they appear after the noun being defined. Such definitions are usually not isolated if they appear before the noun being defined.
Wed: Glades, strewn with leaves, were full of sun. - Leaf-strewn meadows were full of sun; I especially liked eyes big and sad. - I especially liked big and sad eyes.
Notes
1) Common and homogeneous single definitions that appear after a noun are not isolated if the noun needs a definition, if without this definition the statement does not have a complete meaning. IN oral speech it falls on these definitions logical stress, and there is no pause between the defined word and the definition. For example: Instead of a cheerful life in St. Petersburg, boredom awaited me off to the side, deaf and distant (Pushkin). Somewhere in this world there is life pure, elegant, poetic (Chekhov).
2) A single adjective after a noun is usually not isolated. For example: To a young man the old man's worries are incomprehensible. A single definition can be isolated only if it has an additional adverbial meaning (it can be replaced with a subordinate clause with conjunctions if, when, because, although and etc.). In oral speech, isolated single definitions are necessarily pronounced with pauses. For example: Young a person in love, it’s impossible not to spill the beans(Turgenev). - To a young man if he is in love, it is impossible not to spill the beans; People, amazed, became like stones(M. Gorky). - People have become like stones, because they were amazed. However, such a selection is always the author’s (!).
2. Before the defined noun there is a common definition (participle or adjective with dependent words), homogeneous single definitions are isolated only if they have an additional adverbial meaning (you can ask questions about them Why? in spite of what? and etc.; they can be replaced with adverbial clauses with conjunctions because although and etc.). In oral speech, such definitions are necessarily distinguished by pauses.
Wed: Always cheerful and lively, nurses Now they moved concentratedly and silently around Tanya (Cossacks). - Although the nurses were always cheerful and lively, now they moved concentratedly and silently around Tanya.
However, such separation is usually optional and not mandatory. And depending on the intonation (the presence of pauses or their absence), the same definition in the position before the main word - the noun will be isolated or not isolated.
Wed: Wounded in the head, scout couldn't crawl (Since the scout was wounded in the head, he couldn't crawl- pause after a noun to the head). - Scout wounded in the head couldn't crawl(pause after noun scout).
3. Common and single definitions are isolated if they are separated from the defined noun by other members of the sentence (regardless of whether they are located before or after the main word).
For example:
1. angry, gloomy, walked around the room(Chekhov). Homogeneous single definitions angry, gloomy refer to a noun Kashtanka and separated from it by predicates stretched, yawned.
2. To meet me clean and clear,, the sound of a bell came(Turgenev). Definitions clean and clear, as if washed by the morning coolness come before the defined noun sounds, but separated from it by other members of the sentence - the predicate brought.
Note!
1) If a separate definition is in the middle of a sentence, then it is separated by commas on both sides.
Glades, strewn with leaves, were full of sun.
2) The attributive phrase that comes after the coordinating conjunction ( and, or, a, but etc.), but not related to it, is separated by a comma from the conjunction according to the general rule.
Kashtanka stretched, yawned and, angry, gloomy, walked around the room.
The conjunction connects homogeneous predicates and has nothing to do with separate definitions. Definitions can be removed, but the union can be retained: Kashtanka stretched, yawned and walked around the room. Therefore, a comma is placed after the conjunction and.
But a comma is not placed between the conjunction (usually the conjunction a) and the attributive phrase if, when the clause is omitted, a restructuring of the sentence is required.
The ball rests on the surface of the pool, A submerged, pops up quickly.
IN in this case It is impossible to remove the attributive phrase without the conjunction a.
The ball floats on the surface of the pool and floats up quickly.
3) The adjective and participle associated with the predicate verb are not definitions, but the nominal part of the predicate. Such adjectives and participles do not obey the rules mentioned above.
Wed: To the hut we got there wet; She came running from the club excited and joyful.
I. Separate agreed definitions can be widespread and solitary, postpositive and prepositive. The isolation of definitions depends on: 1) the way of expressing the isolated member of the sentence, 2) the way of expressing the word being defined, 3) the position of the isolated definition and 4) the degree of its prevalence.
Separated:
1. Common agreed definitions, expressed by participial or adjectival phrases, if they appear after the noun being defined. Good done in secret is rewarded openly. However, if a noun has an incomplete lexical meaning (face, expression, condition, appearance etc.), then separation does not occur. Andrey returned home to condition depressed and irritated.
2. Common and single definitions, regardless of position, if they refer to a personal pronoun. Taught by experience, I I didn’t rely on Yermolai.
3. Two or more uncommon definitions, if they come after the word being defined that already has an agreed definition in front of it; if there is no prepositive definition, then the isolation of definitions in the postposition is optional, i.e. possible, but not necessary: The March night, cloudy and foggy, surrounded the earth.
4. Common and single definitions, standing immediately before the defined noun, if they have additional adverbial meaning (reasons, concessions). Excited by her brother's story, Elena could no longer sleep. Cut off from the rest of the world, the people of the Urals withstood the Cossack siege with honor.
5. Common and single definitions, if they are separated from the noun being defined by other members of the sentence. Inspired by a new idea, the rebel people rose up.
II. Isolation of inconsistent definitions. Inconsistent definitions are definitions expressed by nouns in indirect cases with and without prepositions, adjectives in comparative degree and infinitive. They are separated into following conditions:
1. If they are expressed as IP in indirect cases, they stand after the word being defined and it is necessary to emphasize the meaning they express. The professor came in, wearing a heavy fur coat, with a stick in one hand and a briefcase in the other.
2. Usually, inconsistent definitions are always separated if they stand in a homogeneous row with an agreed definition: Katya appeared barefoot, with a backpack over his shoulders and shoes in his hand.
3. If the inconsistent definition refers to one's own IP or personal pronoun, regardless of location. Larisa and Pavel, both already wearing coats, stood opposite each other.
4. If the inconsistent definition refers to the names of persons by kinship, profession, position, etc. These were military doctors, almost all of them wearing glasses, with intelligent faces.
5. If a common or single inconsistent definition is expressed by an adjective in the comparative degree and an agreed definition is used before the defined noun. Another table, smaller, was covered with a tablecloth.
Segregation of applications. Standalone applications perform the same functions as isolated definitions: contain an additional message or have adverbial meaning. Usually separated:
1. Common applications that appear before or after the word being defined - a common noun: Eagles, companions of the troops, rose above the mountain.
2. Single and common applications after the proper name. This was sung by the beautiful Nonka, daughter of Makar. In preposition, such applications are isolated if they have additional adverbial meaning.
3. Single and common applications, regardless of location, if they relate to personal pronouns: We, historians, good memory for all significant events.
4. Given name of a person can act as a separate application if it serves to explain or clarify a common noun (an explanatory conjunction can be placed in front of such a proper noun namely ). It was Mitya’s friend Nikolai who came.
5. Applications attached to the defined word using 1) conjunction How (with causal meaning); 2) union or (with explanatory meaning), conjunctions that is , namely ; 3) and with the help of words by name, by surname, by nickname, by nickname and so on. The eldest son, named Victor, is just like his father. As a long-time northern resident, Mikhail knew the bear’s habits well.
The application may be separated by a hyphen:
1. If a single agreed clause and a qualified noun are common nouns: son is an excellent student, warrior-hero, neighbor-writer.
2. If a single application, expressed by a common noun, comes after the proper noun: Don River, Dumas the Father, Grishka the Saddlemaker.
Isolation of circumstances characterized by special specifics, due to which circumstances are divided into two large groups: 1) circumstances, expressed by gerunds and participial phrases and 2) circumstances expressed by nouns with prepositions or adverbs.
I. Circumstances expressed by gerunds and participial phrases are separated:
1. If a common circumstance is expressed by an adverbial phrase. The wave, ringing its rings, sings over the pebbles. Participial phrases are not isolated:
a) if they represent a phraseological unit ( without taking a breath, rolling up your sleeves, over your sleeves, with bated breath, reluctantly with your heart, hanging your ears, without closing your eyes and so on.).
b) if the participial phrase is closely related to the predicate verb and the logical stress falls on it. The Artamonovs lived without meeting anyone.
2. Circumstances expressed by a single gerund, preserving verbal features (more often such gerunds appear before the predicate verb, less often after it). He stood up and, hunched over, walked towards the shelf.
3. Two or more homogeneous circumstances, expressed by single gerunds. Frowning and nervous, the soldier began to pack his things. Participles and participial phrases that stand in a homogeneous row with circumstances expressed by other parts of speech are not distinguished: Calmly and without any hurry, Boris walked up to the village.
II. Circumstances expressed by prepositional-case forms of nouns or adverbs are isolated depending on their semantic load, the nature of the connection with the predicate verb, and the degree of prevalence. Usually separated:
1. Circumstances of the assignment, expressed by IP with prepositions despite ,regardless of . Despite the early hour, Sintsov met several military men.
2. Circumstances of reason with prepositions thanks to, according to, in view of, as a result of, for the reason of, by chance, for lack of, by virtue of ; circumstances conditions with prepositions subject to availability, absence ; circumstances of assignment with pretext contrary to usually stand out if: 1) they are common 2) they are at the beginning or middle of a sentence (before the predicate). Due to unprecedented rainfall, the Ussuri River overflowed its banks. But: Trains arrive according to schedule.
3. Sometimes (rather rarely) circumstances expressed by adverbs can be isolated for special emphasis: He blushed more and more, painfully.
Separate revolutions with the meaning of inclusion, exclusion and substitution. Constructions with derived prepositions except, instead of, over, besides, excluding, including express various additional semantic meanings: exclusion, inclusion, substitution, limitation, generalization, etc. Their isolation is caused by relative independence and the desire to highlight them in a sentence.
Isolated phrases with the indicated prepositions in linguistic literature do not have an unambiguous qualification. In some manuals and school textbooks such constructions are classified as separate additions, but this is purely external, conditional an attribution based on the possibility of putting questions of indirect cases to nouns (albeit with the same derived prepositions): except who? what? except for whom? what? etc. Such phrases cannot be considered as an addition, since they do not indicate an object to which the action is directly or indirectly directed.
Usually separated:
1. Revolutions with the meaning of exception with prepositions except, except, except . All the guys, with the exception of Boris, were doing well. Besides the paintings, there were many interesting things around.
2. Turns with the meaning of inclusion with prepositions besides, over, along with, including , if they stand before the predicate and acquire relative semantic independence. And you, against your will, look away.
3. Revolutions with the meaning of substitution with a preposition instead of may or may not stand out. Usually the phrase with a preposition is not isolated instead of, meaning ‘ for, in return’. Instead of Ukrainian borscht we were served ordinary cabbage soup.
§1. Separation. General concept
Separation- a method of semantic highlighting or clarification. Are separated only minor members offers. Typically, stand-outs allow you to present information in more detail and draw attention to it. Compared to ordinary, non-separated members, segregation sentences have greater independence.
The distinctions are different. There are separate definitions, circumstances and additions. The main members of the proposal are not isolated. Examples:
- Separate definition: The boy, who had fallen asleep in an uncomfortable position right on the suitcase, shuddered.
- An isolated circumstance: Sashka was sitting on the windowsill, fidgeting in place and swinging his legs.
- Isolated addition: I heard nothing except the ticking of the alarm clock.
Most often, definitions and circumstances are isolated. Isolated members of a sentence are highlighted intonationally in oral speech, and punctuationally in written speech.
§2. Separate definitions
Separate definitions are divided into:
- agreed upon
- inconsistent
The child, who had fallen asleep in my arms, suddenly woke up.
(agreed separate definition, expressed by participial phrase)
Lyoshka, in an old jacket, was no different from the village children.
(inconsistent isolated definition)
Agreed Definition
The agreed separate definition is expressed:
- participial phrase: The child who was sleeping in my arms woke up.
- two or more adjectives or participles: The child, well-fed and satisfied, quickly fell asleep.
Note:
A single agreed definition is also possible if the word being defined is a pronoun, for example:
He, full, quickly fell asleep.
Inconsistent definition
An inconsistent isolated definition is most often expressed by noun phrases and refers to pronouns or proper names. Examples:
How could you, with your intelligence, not understand her intention?
Olga, in wedding dress, was unusually good.
An inconsistent isolated definition is possible both in the position after and in the position before the word being defined.
If an inconsistent definition refers to a defined word expressed by a common noun, then it is isolated only in the position after it:
The guy in the baseball cap kept looking around.
Definition structure
The structure of the definition may vary. They differ:
- single definition: excited girl;
- two or three single definitions: girl, excited and happy;
- a common definition expressed by the phrase: a girl excited by the news she received...
1. Single definitions are isolated regardless of the position relative to the word being defined, only if the word being defined is expressed by a pronoun:
She, excited, could not sleep.
(single isolated definition after the word being defined, expressed by a pronoun)
Excited, she could not sleep.
(single isolated definition before the word being defined, expressed by a pronoun)
2. Two or three single definitions are isolated if they appear after the word being defined, expressed by a noun:
The girl, excited and happy, could not fall asleep for a long time.
If the defined word is expressed by a pronoun, then isolation is also possible in the position before the defined member:
Excited and happy, she could not fall asleep for a long time.
(isolation of several single definitions before the word being defined - pronoun)
3. A common definition expressed by a phrase is isolated if it refers to the defined word expressed by a noun and comes after it:
The girl, excited by the news she received, could not fall asleep for a long time.
(a separate definition, expressed by a participial phrase, comes after the word being defined, expressed by a noun)
If the word being defined is expressed by a pronoun, then the common definition can be in a position either after or before the word being defined:
Excited by the news she received, she could not sleep for a long time.
She, excited by the news she received, could not sleep for a long time.
Separate definitions with additional adverbial meaning
Definitions preceding the word being defined are separated if they have additional adverbial meanings.
These can be both common and single definitions, standing immediately before the defined noun, if they have an additional adverbial meaning (causal, conditional, concessional, etc.). In such cases, the attributive phrase is easily replaced subordinate clause reasons with union because, subordinate clause conditions with conjunction If, subordinate assignment with conjunction Although.
To check the presence of an adverbial meaning, you can use the replacement of the attributive phrase with a phrase with the word being: if such a replacement is possible, then the definition is separated. For example:
Severely ill, the mother could not go to work.
(additional meaning of reason)
Even when she was sick, the mother went to work.
(additional value of concession)
Thus, various factors are important for separation:
1) what part of speech the word being defined is expressed by,
2) what is the structure of the definition,
3) how the definition is expressed,
4) whether it expresses additional adverbial meanings.
§3. Dedicated Applications
Application- This special kind definition expressed by a noun in the same number and case as the noun or pronoun that it defines: jumping dragonfly, beauty maiden. The application could be:
1) single: Mishka, the restless one, tortured everyone;
2) common: Mishka, a terrible fidget, tortured everyone.
An application, both single and widespread, is isolated if it refers to a defined word expressed by a pronoun, regardless of the position: both before and after the defined word:
He is an excellent doctor and helped me a lot.
Great doctor, he helped me a lot.
A common application is isolated if it appears after the defined word expressed by a noun:
My brother, an excellent doctor, treats our entire family.
A single non-widespread application is isolated if the word being defined is a noun with explanatory words:
He saw his son, the baby, and immediately began to smile.
Any application is isolated if it appears after a proper name:
Mishka, the neighbor's son, is a desperate tomboy.
An application expressed by a proper name is isolated if it serves to clarify or explain:
And the neighbor’s son, Mishka, a desperate tomboy, started a fire in the attic.
The application is isolated in the position before the defined word - a proper name, if at the same time an additional adverbial meaning is expressed.
The architect from God, Gaudi, could not conceive an ordinary cathedral.
(why? for what reason?)
Application with union How is isolated if the shade of the reason is expressed:
On the first day, as a beginner, everything turned out worse for me than for others.
Note:
Single applications that appear after the word being defined and are not distinguished by intonation during pronunciation are not isolated, because merge with it:
In the darkness of the entrance, I did not recognize Mishka the neighbor.
Note:
Separate applications can be punctuated not with a comma, but with a dash, which is placed if the application is especially emphasized by voice and highlighted by a pause.
Soon New Year- children's favorite holiday.
§4. Standalone Add-ons
Objects expressed by nouns with prepositions are distinguished: except, besides, over, except for, including, excluding, instead of, along with. They contain inclusion-exclusion or substitution values. For example:
No one except Ivan knew the answer to the teacher's question.
"Unified State Exam Navigator": effective online preparation §6. Isolation of comparative turnovers
Comparative turnovers are distinguished:
1) with unions: How, as if, exactly, as if, What, how, than etc., if relevant:
- simile: The rain poured down as if from a sieve.
- similes: Her teeth were like pearls.
2) with a union like:
Masha, like everyone else, prepared well for the exam.
Comparative turnover is not isolated, If:
1. are of a phraseological nature:
It stuck like a bath leaf. The rain was pouring down like buckets.
2. the circumstances of the course of action matter (the comparative phrase answers the question How?, often it can be replaced with an adverb or noun in the like:
We're walking in circles.
(We walk(How?) like in a circle. You can replace noun. in etc.: all around)
3) turnover with the union How expresses meaning "as":
It's not a matter of qualifications: I don't like him as a person.
4) turnover from How is part of the composite nominal predicate or is closely related to the predicate in meaning:
The garden was like a forest.
He wrote about feelings as something very important to him.
§7. Separate clarifying members of the sentence
Clarifying members refer to the word being specified and answers the same question, for example: where exactly? when exactly? Who exactly? which one? etc. Most often, clarification is conveyed by isolated circumstances of place and time, but there may be other cases. Clarifying members can refer to the addition, definition, or main members of the sentence. Clarifying members are isolated, distinguished by intonation in oral speech, and in written speech by commas, parentheses or dashes. Example:
We stayed up late, until nightfall.
Below, in the valley stretched out in front of us, a stream roared.
The qualifying member usually comes after the qualifying member. They are connected intonationally.
Clarifying members can be introduced into a complicated sentence:
1) using unions: that is, namely:
I'm getting ready for Unified State Exam assignment C1, that is, for the essay.
2) also words: especially, even, in particular, mainly, For example:
Everywhere, especially in the living room, was clean and beautiful.
Test of strength
Find out your understanding of this chapter.
Final test
Is it true that isolation is a way of semantic highlighting or clarification?
Is it true that only minor members of the sentence are separated?
What can be separate definitions?
- common and not common
- agreed and uncoordinated
Are isolated definitions always expressed by participle phrases?
In what case are definitions standing before the word being defined isolated?
- if an additional adverbial meaning is expressed
- if no additional adverbial meaning is expressed
Is it correct to think that application is a special type of definition, expressed by a noun in the same number and case as the noun or pronoun that it defines?
What prepositions are used in prepositional-case combinations, which are separate objects?
- about, in, on, to, before, for, under, over, before
- except, besides, over, except for, including, excluding, instead of, along with
Is it necessary to separate gerunds and participial phrases?
Is it necessary to separate circumstances with a pretext? despite?
- City, destroyed in the center , with the streets somehow tidied up and swept, it fell wearily silent.
- (V.P. Astafiev)
- All, railway related , is still filled with the poetry of travel for me.
- (K. G. Paustovsky)
- Those are also worth three, everyone is gloomy.
- (M. Gorky)
- The whole look Arkadieva uncles, graceful and thoroughbred , retained his youthful slimness.
- (I. S. Turgenev)
- Small Anechka, elegant and beautiful , I was looking forward to Santa Claus.
- List literature , huge , like a real high school student, I had to read it over the summer.
- Deafened by a heavy roar ,
- Terkin bows his head.
- (A. T. Tvardovsky)
- Disheveled , unwashed , Nezhdanov looked wild and strange.
- (I. S. Turgenev)
- She, calm and calm , I spent a long time preparing for the upcoming conversation.
- Full of thought , walked I once on the high road.
- (I. S. Turgenev)
- A He, rebellious , asks for storms
- As if there is peace in the storms!
- (M. Yu. Lermontov)
- Young travelers very tired and , exhausted , we barely trudged to our overnight stop.
- And in the yard , dull and boring ,
- rang out bell monotonous.
- (M. Yu. Lermontov)
- The expanse of the plain flowed into hung with rare clouds sky.
- (K. A. Fedin)
- Her big eyes, filled with inexplicable sadness, seemed to be searching in my something like hope.
- (M. Yu. Lermontov)
- In a circle closest to the bride were her two sisters.
- (L.N. Tolstoy)
- And the Cossacks , both on foot and on horseback , they took three roads to three gates.
- (N.V. Gogol)
- Under this thick gray overcoat my heart was beating passionate and noble...
- (M. Yu. Lermontov)
In contact with
I. Definitions are separated, standing in post position , i.e. after defined (or substantivized word):
1. expressed participial phrase.
2. expressed adjective with words dependent on it.
II. Singles definitions, standing after defined noun, are separated:
1. if before already defined by a noun there is a definition. *
3. if it applies to a single definition comparative turnover.
III. Separate themselves common or single definitions standing directly before determinednoun (in preposition), if they have additional adverbial meaning(causal, conditional, concessive, temporary).
Such definitions can be preceded by the word "being" or convert them to adverbial clauses. (Wed: Being deafened by a heavy roar, Tyorkin bows his head. Or: Terkin bows his head, because he is deafened by a heavy roar.)
IV. Regardless of location always in sentence are isolated common or single definitions:
2. separated from the defined noun by text.
V. Not isolated common (or single definitions):
1. standing in preposition And not having additional circumstantial meanings.
3. expressed by a complex form of the name, since such forms do not form a turnover and are indivisible member offers.
* Note.
If there is no definition before the defined noun - isolation of single definitions standing in post position , optional: definitions are separated when they pass a value additional characteristics, and are not isolated if they have a close intonation-semantic connection with the word being defined.
In the first sentence of the definition on foot And horse-drawn transmit the value of the additional characteristic; they can be omitted without significant damage to the semantic structure of the sentence.
In the second sentence of the definition passionate And noble closely related in meaning to the word being defined heart. The hero of M. Yu. Lermontov emphasizes that the heart knows how to love, namely passionate, noble heart.
