A feature of early flowering plants is. Research work "Species composition of early flowering herbaceous plants and the ecological state of the places of their growth."
Presentation on the topic: Biological characteristics of early flowering plants
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Presentation on the topic: Biological features of early flowering plants
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Primroses Biological characteristics of early flowering plants 1. The most general and basic property of spring plants is rapid growth and development. This is especially true for the flower. In some plants, it appears before leaves: in coltsfoot, butterbur, lumbago, wolf bast
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Primroses Biological characteristics of early flowering plants 2. There are few pollinating insects in early spring. Therefore, the flowers are usually large and bright in color. In addition, they have little specialization in pollination and are easily accessible for visiting and pollination by a variety of insects.
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Primroses Biological characteristics of early flowering plants 3. Early flowers are in danger of remaining non-pollinated and perishing from spring frosts, therefore, in addition to seed reproduction, these plants are vegetative: with the help of rhizomes, bulbs, tubers, etc.
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Primroses Brief description of the most typical primroses Wolf's bast (Wolfberry) Wolf's bast is a small shrub with flowers resembling lilacs. Blooms in April - May. Lanceolate leaves appear later. In the middle of summer, the fruits ripen - shiny red berries. Wolf bast berries are very poisonous. The whole plant is also poisonous - its leaves, branches and roots. Wolf's bast is found mainly in spruce forests, but only where there is richer soil. Wolf's bast was rare before, but now it is becoming more and more rare. The reason is the reduction of the plant's growing areas. The number of wolf bast is restored very slowly - sometimes more than ten years pass from germination of a seed to the formation of a small flowering bush. Vegetatively, the wolf bast practically does not reproduce. All this makes this species very vulnerable.
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Primroses Brief description of the most typical primroses Noble liverwort Perennial evergreen plant. Basal dark green cordate-three-lobed leathery leaves overwinter, resembling liver in shape. In the center of the rosette, a flower bud is laid in the fall, waking up as soon as the snow melts. In April - May, a tall (up to 25 cm) peduncle with a single bluish-purple flower appears above the rosette of old leaves. Petals 6-9. Inside the flower there are many white or pinkish stamens and many pistils. Flowers open only during the day and in sunny weather, and in cloudy weather they close and droop, protecting the inside from getting wet in the rain. The plant is pollinated by insects. The fruits are spread by ants. By the end of flowering, the old leaves die off, but young bright green leaves of this year are already emerging from the center of the rosette. There is a copse in shady coniferous-deciduous and broad-leaved forests. When the forests are disturbed, it disappears. In open places, it hardly reproduces by seeds.
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Primroses Brief description of the most typical primroses Opened lumbago (Dream-grass) Occurs in dry pine forests, in sunny places. Large flowers resemble bells in shape. Until the flower has opened, it is clearly visible that the outside is white-haired from the long protruding hairs that protect the buds from spring frosts. Inside the flower there are numerous yellow stamens and a lot of small pistils. After flowering, the perianth leaves fall off, the stamens dry up, and a loose fluffy head is formed from a bunch of pistils, somewhat reminiscent of a dandelion. This is a group of fruits, which, breaking away from the plant, are carried by the wind. Lumbago is not an ephemeroid. The growing season lasts all summer. Leaves appear after flowering. Nutrients are stored in a powerful woody rhizome during the winter. Flowers and leaves of dream-grass are eaten by wood grouses in spring. The number of open lumbago continues to decline due to the felling of pine forests, and excessive collection.
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Primroses Brief description of the most typical primroses In damp places, along the banks of rivers and streams, it forms continuous thickets. The flowers of the spleen are yellowish-green, very small, clustered at the top of the plant. Their feature is the absence of petals, the role of which is played by the upper bracts. The open flowers of the spleen with easily accessible nectar are visited by insects with short proboscis, mainly flower flies. The spleen produces many small seeds. By the time of their ripening, the fruit of the capsule opens, and the seeds fly out of it at the slightest swing from the drops of water falling on it. The seeds of the spleen have good buoyancy and are spread by water, therefore it is most often found in damp places, along the banks of rivers and streams. Its green leaves serve as food for hazel grouses in spring.
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Primroses A brief description of the most typical primroses Spring Chistyak Spring Chistyak blooms in late April - early May in shrubs, deciduous forests and forest edges, in low-lying meadows and floodplain lands rich in humus. Over the summer, the entire aboveground part of it dies off, and tuberous roots remain in the soil. Chistyak hardly reproduces by seeds. Its wide distribution is explained by effective vegetative reproduction with the help of tubers and special brood buds. They resemble small nodules and form in the leaf axils.
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Primroses A brief description of the most typical primroses Anemone buttercup Anemone buttercup is one of our most common ephemeroids. Grows in deciduous and mixed forests. The plant has a straight stem, at the end of which there are three strongly dissected leaves, directed in different directions; even higher - a thin pedicel, ending in a bright yellow flower. In the top layer of the soil, directly under the fallen leaves, the rhizome of the anemone is horizontally located, similar to a thick knotty knot of color. Inside it is white and starchy. The reserves of nutrients are stored here until next spring. The anemone quickly grows through the forest, not keeping in one place for a long time. The plant seems to travel through the forest. the last year's part of the shoots is gradually dying off.
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Primroses Brief description of the most typical primroses Mother-and-stepmother ordinary Perennial herb. Rhizome is creeping, branched. It blooms in early spring, before the leaves appear. Peduncles are erect, covered with brownish scaly leaves. The flowers are golden yellow, collected in a small basket. The fruit is an achene with a tuft. When the plant fades, dense, rounded-heart-shaped basal leaves appear on a long, succulent petiole. Above they are green, below - white-tomentose from the abundance of long tangled hairs. A widespread species that prefers damp riverbanks, ravines, ditches and roadsides. Propagated by seeds and vegetatively. The seeds are able to germinate within a few hours after being buried in the ground. Pieces of rhizome give independent shoots.
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Primroses Brief description of the most typical primroses False Butterbur Perennial, low, herbaceous plant. From long, branching rhizomes in April-May, peduncles grow, covered with membranous scaly leaves. The flowers, collected in numerous baskets, form a racemose-paniculate inflorescence at the top of the peduncle. After flowering, ovate-lanceolate basal leaves appear on long petioles. The fruits ripen in June-July. Propagated by small seeds supplied with white fly, as well as vegetatively fragments of rhizomes. Occurs in swamps, along river banks, where it forms whole thickets, on sandy deposits, preferring well-lit places. Early spring honey plant.
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Primroses Brief characteristics of the most typical primroses Common goose onion One of the most common ephemeroids. It grows in forests, forest ravines, bushes, and is found in parks. The smallest representative of the lily family. The yellow star-shaped flowers of goose onions open wide only in sunny weather. At dusk and cloudy weather, the flowers remain closed and drooping. Goose onions are an early flowering honey plant. The nutrients are deposited in the bulb, which reaches the size of a cherry. Usually there is only one onion, sometimes 1 or 2 onions are formed at the base of the mother's bulb - babies. Also propagates well by seeds.
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Primroses Brief description of the most typical primroses Hairy sedge Perennial plant 30 - 60 cm high. Leaves are wide (up to 10mm), pubescent, ciliate along the edge. Flowering shoots with short green leaves. The spikelets covering the leaves are vaginal. The upper spikelet is male, oblong-clavate. The lower spikelets (2 - 3) are female, rarely colored, with long legs. It blooms in early spring. In deciduous and coniferous - deciduous forests, bears fruit in May-June.
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Primroses Brief description of the most typical primroses of the Ogika hairy Perennial herb 15 - 30 cm high, with a shortened branched rhizome, forms a small turf. The leaf blade of the basal leaves is flat, 5-10mm wide, with long ciliate hairs. The inflorescence is loose, umbellate-paniculate with wind-pollinated flowers. Flowers on the branches of the inflorescence are single, spaced or rarely close together, 2-3. Tepals about 4 mm long, lanceolate, acute, dark brown or dark chestnut, with a wide light membranous margin. There are six stamens, the anthers are 1.5-2 times longer than the filaments. The fruit is a capsule, ovate-conical, obtuse, straw or light brown, about 4mm long. Seeds with a large cartilaginous appendage at the top. Blossoms in April-June, bears fruit in June-July.
With the appearance of the first flowers in our gardens, real spring begins. These gentle, touching creatures, which appear earlier than others, fill the soul of any gardener with joyful awe. I offer a selection of flowers that are the very first to wake up after a winter sleep.
1. Snowdrop (galanthus)
This flower is familiar to everyone since childhood. Who doesn't remember the tale "12 months"? These unpretentious, touching flowers with white bell flowers are among the first to appear in early spring. Snowdrops bloom for about a month, they tolerate temperature changes well and are not afraid of early spring frosts.
2. Proleska (scilla)
The snowdrop is sometimes called the blue snowdrop, because of its external resemblance to the latter, and also because it appears as soon as the snow melts. In fact, these are different plants. These blue or blue flowers are also not afraid of spring frosts.
3. Hellebore
The name itself suggests that it blooms in the cold. In the south, hellebore blooms in winter, at the end of February. Its buds and flowers are not afraid of frost or snow.
4. Erantis (springer)
These sunny golden flowers will add mood to a dull spring garden. Erantis also blooms in early spring, in March-April, and is not afraid of frost and snow.
5. Primula (primrose)
There are many varieties of this plant, only a small part of them are grown in culture. Primroses bloom in early spring profusely and for a long time, in some species, repeated autumn flowering is possible.
6. Lungwort
The lungwort blooms in April-May. Grows well on light, well-moisturized soils. After flowering, it forms many multi-colored leaves.
7. Crocus
Bright low crocus flowers also appear along with the first spring heat. Crocuses do not bloom for long, only 5-7 days, without transplanting in one place they can grow up to 5 years. There are crocus species that bloom in the fall.
8. Periwinkle
The evergreen periwinkle retains its foliage even under snow. As soon as the soil begins to thaw, it forms new shoots, and in April it is covered with soft blue flowers.
9. Adonis or adonis
Bright yellow, like little suns, adonis flowers appear in the very first fine spring days. They prefer well-lit areas and light fertile soil.
Spring cleaver appears immediately after the snow melts. Its cute yellow flowers bloom completely only in the bright sun, that is, in the middle of the day, and close in cloudy weather and at night.
11. Liver
The liverwort is popularly called the copse, because it does not like open places and grows only in the forest. Its elegant, bright blue lush bouquets are so nice to find in the forest after a long winter.
12. Violet
Fragrant violet is a perennial early spring plant. During flowering, the whole district is filled with its aroma. In the south, if a warm, long autumn is issued, the violet can bloom again in October-November. And it happens that its flowering continues throughout the winter.
13. Muscari
Muscari or mouse hyacinth is a perennial bulbous plant. Its tiny bell flowers are collected in racemose inflorescences of blue, blue, purple or white, depending on the species. There are also two-color species of this plant.
14. White flower
The spring white flower blooms in April for 20-30 days. The height of the plant is 20-20 cm. At the ends of its white bell-flowers, green or yellow spots are clearly visible.
15. Chionodoxa
Chionodoxa appears in early spring, it is also called the snow beauty. The leaves of this plant appear simultaneously with the buds. Flowers can be single or collected in small inflorescences. Chionodoxa is white, blue, blue or pink.
16. Pushkinia
Pushkinia is a herbaceous bulbous plant 15-20 cm high. The flowers are collected in racemose inflorescences of white or blue color. It blooms in early spring.
17. Corydalis
Unpretentious frost-resistant plant, blooms in early spring. The corydalis reaches a height of up to 20 cm. After flowering, its ground part dies off, after which the plant is not afraid of any mechanical impact, it does not care for it to trample or dig.
18. Iridodictium (reticulated iris)
These tiny bulbous irises bloom in April and give off a pleasant aroma. They reach a height of 10 cm. They grow well in sunny areas, but they also tolerate a little shading.
19. Kaluzhnitsa
Kaluzhnitsa is very similar to the peel, but these plants still have differences. Foliage persists until October, this is the main difference between them. Prefers well-moistened marshy soils.
20. Anemone or anemone
This plant is called anemone because the petals of most species fall off easily in the wind. Depending on the species, anemones can bloom in early spring, summer or fall.
21. Hyacinth
Hyacinth can rightfully be considered a favorite of the spring garden for its spectacular blossoms and stunning heady aroma. These plants begin to bloom in April and delight with a rich palette of shades of white, blue, orange, yellow and pink flowers.
22. Hyacintoides
Another early spring plant. Outwardly, this plant resembles a spit, but has larger and elongated flowers. There are white, blue and pink plants. Blooms for a long time, up to three weeks
23. Bulbokodium (brandy)
This is a very beautiful stemless multiflorum, forms 2-4 flowers surrounded by leaves. It blooms for two weeks, spreading a delightful aroma around itself.
24. Brunner (forget-me-not)
Herbaceous perennial up to 40 cm high. This unpretentious frost-resistant plant grows well in shady corners of the garden. Flowers are small, collected in apical inflorescences. Blooms in May.
25. Tulip
Wild varieties of tulips, unlike their cultivated counterparts, bloom much earlier, already in April. In total, there are more than 100 species of this plant.
26. Narcissus
It is a perennial plant with a huge variety of varieties and hybrid forms. Blooms from March to June, depending on the species.
Real spring in the country begins with the appearance of the first flowers, don't you agree? This is probably why we love plants so much that wake up before everyone else, revitalizing flower beds and delighting the soul of a gardener. Now, in anticipation of these small miracles, I propose to recall together the earliest flowers in our gardens.
Early flowering bulbous
The most numerous and popular among early spring flowers, of course, all kinds. They are planted, as a rule, in the fall, and now in those regions where spring comes early, people are already admiring the first flowers. The article will give you inspiration and spring mood, and we will talk a little more about the very first bulbs blooming in our gardens.Snowdrop (galanthus)
It was called a snowdrop for a reason - this cold-resistant plant blooms as soon as the snow melts in the garden. The first ones appear already at the beginning of March - of course, depending on the climatic conditions of your area.
Galanthus it is best to settle in conditions close to the places of its natural habitat - along the bushes, under the trees, which do not yet give a thick shade in early spring. If you want snowdrops to bloom in a flower bed, please note that a plant is - ephemeroid: at the end of a rather short vegetative period, its aboveground part dies off.
The snowdrop reproduces by seeds (thanks to the ants dragging the seed pods, it can settle in your garden on its own) and daughter bulbs. Galanthus is planted in the fall; in the spring, after flowering, overgrown nests can be divided.
If you want to know more about this spring messenger and admire its photographs, check out the publications:
Crocus
The earliest among - botanical species: crocus tommasini, golden-flowered crocus, crocus ankyra, crocus impera and a number of others - in suitable climatic conditions, they can bloom as early as February. A little later the baton is picked up by large-flowered Dutch hybrids, which impress not only with the size of the flowers, but also with their bright expressive colors.
Botanical crocuses bloom earlier, but hybrid ones are larger. Photo
These amazing flowers are appropriate almost everywhere: they are planted in flower beds, and in small groups on, and under bushes and trees; they are also suitable for. You can find out more about growing crocuses, their classification and use in the garden from the article.
Spring-blooming crocuses are planted in the fall; it is better to use baskets for planting, because crocus bulbs are extremely popular with. Both a sunny area and a corner in the diffused shade of deciduous shrubs and trees are suitable for these flowers. There is no need to dig up the bulbs every year - they do this only when they want to share an overgrown nest.
If you want to plant crocuses on your site, take a look at our catalog, which combines the offers of large garden online stores, to choose varieties for planting.
Muscari (mouse hyacinth)
An exceptionally unpretentious, surprisingly fast growing and extremely attractive plant worthy of settling in any flower garden. There are quite a few species and varieties of muscari, and they can vary in terms of flowering, but the very first ones bloom already in April. In the article, I talked in detail about these flowers, their varieties and my impressions.
Muscari are bright and unpretentious flowers. Photo
Iridodictium (reticulated iris)
The flowers of these crumbs resemble irises, but from the genus Iris they were separated into an independent - Iridodyctium. It is a bulbous plant, not tall (up to 10 cm), but extremely graceful and attractive.
Iridodictium is a tiny but graceful flower. Photo
You may also be interested in publications:
Vesennik (erantis)
Sunny golden flowers spring will give you a wonderful mood. Moreover, they appear when the garden has not yet been colored with bright colors. Flowering - depending on the climate - begins in March or April. Surprisingly, this flower is not afraid of even late snowfalls!
The sunny flowers of erantis give a spring mood. Photo
Tiny plants (no more than 10 cm in height, flower diameter - about 2.5 cm) look best in group plantings. They are spectacular both by themselves and in combination with other early spring bulbs - iridodictiums, crocuses and snowdrops.
In nature, erantis lives in the forest, so a place under deciduous trees and shrubs will be the most successful for planting it, but any other area located in partial shade will do. Vesennik is sensitive to soil moisture: it does not tolerate drought or stagnant water.
Read more about this plant in the publications:
Proleska (scilla)
The most common is Siberian brook- blooms in favorable conditions at the end of March. Most often, it can be recognized by its bell-shaped drooping flowers of a sky-blue hue, but in varietal forest trees, flowers can also be white.
Primrose
This plant is very diverse: scientists know about 550 species of primroses, of which only a small part is grown in culture. I talked about what are and how to grow them from seeds in the article But it is not at all necessary to devote time to such a laborious task - you can buy ready-made plants.
Primroses are adorable primroses. Photo
Primroses tolerate division and transplantation well, I happened to transplant them even when they were in bloom. Just be careful when purchasing lush flowering bushes in flower shops: often these are hybrids grown on all kinds of stimulants, stuffed with fertilizers for abundant flowering and a healthy appearance. Deprived of "doping", they do not survive. In my experience, it’s safer to buy flowering primroses in the marketplace — from gardeners who sell their surplus plants.
Primroses bloom, depending on the species, from April (and in warmer regions - from March), abundantly and for a long time. Moreover, in some species, re-flowering is possible in late summer - early autumn. They can be grown not only in the garden, but also on balconies, loggias, terraces - this is a good container plant.
Primroses reproduce well by seeds, and you can choose the varieties you are interested in in our catalog, which contains offers from large online stores of seeds and planting material.
Primula F1 Romeo and Juliet, mix
39 rbl
Russian Vegetable Garden
Primula F1 Rosie Blend
59 rbl
Russian Vegetable Garden
Primula F1 Paloma Blend
79 rbl
Russian Vegetable Garden
Primula F1 Arctic, mix
39 rbl
Russian Vegetable Garden
Our publications will help you get to know the primroses better:
Andrey clips
This work examines the species composition of early flowering plants, their biological characteristics, places of their growth and the influence of environmental factors on the timing of flowering plants in the territory of the village of Mstera.
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Department of Education of the Administration of the Vyaznikovsky District
MBOU "Msterskaya secondary school
Vyaznikovsky district "
Topic: "The species composition of early flowering herbaceous plants and the ecological state of their growing areas"
9th grade student
Andrey clips
Work supervisor:
Additional education teacher
Mstersky CVR
Moshkovich Natalia Petrovna
p. Mstera 2012
I.1. I.2. I.3. | Introduction: Relevance of work Purpose and objectives of the work Research location | Page 3 |
Literature review: | Pages 4-12 |
|
II.1. | Biological features of early flowering herbaceous plants | |
II.2 | Research objects | |
III. | Research methodology | Page 13 |
results | Page 14 |
|
conclusions | Page 19 |
|
Conclusion | Page 20 |
|
Vii. | Bibliography | Page 21 |
VIII. | Applications | Page 22 |
“With a clear smile, nature.
Greets the morning of the year through a dream "
A.S. Pushkin
I. Introduction.
Spring is the time of the appearance of the first herbaceous plants, which always attract human attention.
I.1. Relevance of work:
At present, the influence of the anthropogenic factor leads to the mass extermination of early flowering plants, especially near settlements. This leads to changes in the species composition of terrestrial ecosystems and a decrease in the number of plants in general. Therefore, it is important to know what types of early flowering herbaceous plants grow in our area to help them survive. That is why we decided to study the species composition of early flowering herbaceous plants in the vicinity of the village of Mstera. The obtained results of this research work will help you to better know the features of the nature of your area.
I.2. Purpose of the work: To study the species composition of early flowering herbaceous plants in the village of Mstera and to identify the ecological state of their growing areas.
Objectives of the work: - to study and analyze information on this issue;
Determine the influence of abiotic factors on the timing of the appearance of early flowering herbaceous plants;
Carry out a floristic description of early flowering herbaceous plants, identify protected species and give recommendations for their conservation;
To reveal the degree of anthropogenic impact and the general ecological state of the territory where early flowering herbaceous plants - primroses are found.
I. 3. Location of the study:
Golyshevka Park;
Mixed forest near the Tara river ("Tourist" camp area)
Study period: March-May 2012.
II. Literature review:
II.1. Biological features of early flowering herbaceous plants.
Early flowering plants are plants flowering between April and May.
The main features of early flowering plants are rapid growth and development. These features are possible due to the presence of a large store of organic matter in the rhizomes, bulbs and tubers of plants.
The most common method of propagation of early flowering herbaceous plants is vegetative - with the help of tubers, rhizomes, bulbs. All early flowering plants are light and moisture-loving. Almost all early flowering plants fall into the ephemeroid group by adaptation to lighting conditions. Ephemeroid in translation from Greek "one-day", "fleeting". Ephemeroids are perennial plants with a shortened development cycle, which begins with the growth of modified underground shoots. After the appearance of the plants, they quickly bloom and pollinate. They form seeds, dry up by the beginning of summer, and then completely disappear from the vegetation cover. Early flowering herbaceous plants are -oak anemone, scrub, corydalis dense.
Annual early flowering plants with a short development cycle are called ephemerals. The cycle of their development begins with germination of seeds and lasts only a few weeks. Plants of deserts and semi-deserts
Continue vegetation until autumn among early flowering herbaceous plantslungwort, mother-and-stepmother.These plants have a long growing season.
II.2. Research objects.
Common mother and stepmother(Tussilago tarfara) Family Compositae-Appendix -No. 4 (Photo -No. 4)
Mother and stepmother is well known to everyone. She is our champion, she begins to grow even under the snow. The sun slightly warmed up, as on the hills, clay slopes, groups of coltsfoot stalks appeared. As small symbols of the sun, the flowers of this plant signify the arrival of a wonderful time of the year - spring.
Perennial herb, belongs to the class of dicotyledons. The rhizome is long, creeping. Flowering stems 10 - 25 cm high, covered with scaly, appressed, ovate-lanceolate, often reddish leaves. Basal leaves appear after flowering. They are long-petiolate, rounded-heart-shaped, 10 - 25 cm in diameter, angular, uneven-toothed, leathery, at first covered with felt on both sides, then glabrous above, with white soft tomentose pubescence below.
Her flowers are small, bright yellow, they slightly resemble dandelion flowers. Not even flowers, but inflorescences, which are called baskets. Pluck an inflorescence that looks like a flower, easily see how it looks like a basket: outside there are small narrow green scales - the basket itself, and inside a bouquet of many small bright yellow flowers. They are narrow and consist, as it were, of one petal.
In mid-May, the mother-and-stepmother fades and in place of flower baskets up to 300 small oblong fruitlets are formed, equipped with crests - parachutes, which resemble those of a dandelion. And only when the plant fades and the wind blows away from the mother plant the light fruitlets with hairs fly, large angular leaves resembling a horse's hoof begin to unfold. Its leaves are smooth and cold on top, and fluffy and warm below (hence the name coltsfoot). The plant is also called butterbur, horse hoof, whitewash, Kamchuga grass, kolorechnaya grass, water burdock.
The stems and young leaves of coltsfoot are covered with fluff. This device protects the plant from excessive evaporation: the air between the hairs of the cannon is saturated with water vapor, evaporation is reduced. The fluff also protects the mother-and-stepmother from other adversities: freezing during spring frosts, overheating from bright sunlight. Protecting herself from the cold, coltsfoot settles on the slopes of hills, slopes, illuminated by the sun. In the morning, in sunny weather, its baskets open, but at five or six o'clock in the evening, the flowers again hide inside the dense wrappers. If the weather is cold and rainy during the day, then the plant does not open its baskets.
The flowers contain a yellow dye, essential oil. The leaves contain ascorbic acid, carotene-like substances, B vitamins.
Mother-and-stepmother is characteristic of forest, less often steppe zones. It inhabits coastal cliffs, talus, banks of rivers and streams, damp ravines, mainly on clay soils. On clay cliffs and stream banks, it sometimes forms continuous thickets.
The Latin name for mother-and-stepmother is "tussilago". It comes from the Latin word "tussis" - cough. Even in antiquity, coltsfoot was used in the treatment of cough, it is widely used today.
Unclear lungwort(Pulmonaria mollissima kern) Borage family (Boraginaceae). The lungwort is one of the first to bloom in our forest.
It is a perennial herb with a thick, dark brown rhizome. The stems are covered with soft fluff. Leaves are entire, pointed, velvety to the touch. Blooms from late April to mid-May.
Probably everyone knows this plant from childhood. Look, on the green carpet of the forest edge, pink spots are visible from a distance. This is the blooming lungwort, the most common plant in our forests. She flaunts in the forest for only a month, before the foliage appears on the trees. Then it will fade, and it will be impossible to find it. The heads of flowers are collected on the shaggy stalk of the lungwort. If you collect several flowers of lungwort and examine them. We will see that they are colored very differently, in different colors - from pink through lilac to azure blue and from blue through blue to white. As if the same color was not enough for everyone, so everyone is dressed up in what. Therefore, the lungwort is also called the chameleon flower. The bees, who have flown in to feast after a long winter "fast", look into the flowers. This means that there is raw material for honey there, and it is not for nothing that the flower is called the lungwort. Bees take early bribes from her, and this is so valuable - after all, there are no other flowers yet! Bumblebees and other insects dig in the lungwort.
Let's pay attention to all the inflorescences, then we will see that the flowers of various colors are arranged, in a certain order: the youngest, sitting next to the buds, are pink, otherwise it was difficult to attract pollinating insects, then go older - purple, then blue - the oldest. Old flowers fade, fade, lose their luster. The reason for this is that with age, the reaction of the cell sap in this plant changes from acidic (pink) to alkaline (blue). Insects do not even look into such flowers - there is nothing suitable for them.
Fruits are black, shiny nuts. After the fruits ripen, the stem dies off and the plant develops a basal rosette of large leaves.
The leaves of the lungwort are covered with special hairs, which is why they seem a little rough. These hairs, like woolen clothes, protect the lungwort from the cold spring.
The lungwort grows along the edges of the forest and especially loves light birch forests and groves. For a long time, the people loved the lungwort and always called it with affectionate words: "honeymoon", "forest spear", "little blue root". But her full name is medicinal lungwort. A significant amount of carotene, ascorbic acid, a complex of microelements was found in the leaves and stems. In folk medicine, the herb infusion is used for coughs, sore throat, and kidney inflammation. In the spring, lungwort is used to prepare vitamin salads and soups.
With the blossoming of the lungwort, the early heyday of spring comes, about which the legendary Novgorod merchant Sadko grieved, being away from his homeland in captivity by the sea king:
Now, tea and bird and every beast
We have fun in Russia:
Breaking through last year's sheet, now
The lungwort is turning blue in the forest!
Violet amazing(Viola) Family of violets (Violales) -application №- 5
(photo # 5)
The violet is amazing - a wonderful plant blooms in early spring in our area. The amazing violet has a very peculiar, characteristic structure of flowers - the same as that of our ornamental plant "pansies" (one of the types of violets). This is an inhabitant of our forests.
Plants are herbaceous, stems are straight or ascending, simple or branched with alternate and opposite leaves. Flowers are solitary, up to 1.5 cm in diameter, irregular, five-membered; the upper petals are darker in color than the lower pale blue. The fruit is a capsule with three folds.
The violet is called "amazing" because of the interesting peculiarities of its reproduction. In early spring, shortly after the snow melts, the plant has a bunch of large leaves; there is no real stem. On long peduncles, pale blue fragrant flowers, clearly visible from a distance. There are very few insects visiting flowers at this time in the forest, and although bumblebees and butterflies sit on a violet, almost all of its flowers remain sterile.
Summer will come. The violet will grow stems with leaves. Buds appear on the stems. But don't expect the bud to turn into a beautiful flower. Small, inconspicuous flowers do not open and gradually take the form of a capsule fruit. The fruit ripens and cracks.
Pollination takes place inside an unopened flower: it self-pollinates.
Non-expanding flowers are an adaptation to the living conditions in the forest. In summer, under the forest canopy, there is a dense shadow, and a small plant remains invisible to insects. In the spring there is still no shade, the grass has not risen, the violet is clearly visible. But there are few pollinators, there is no one to transfer the pollen. The spring flowers of an amazing violet are a kind of barren flower, albeit bright and beautiful.
Why does the amazing violet bloom in spring?
We do not know this. Obviously, such flowering is associated with the distant past of this plant. It blooms in May, the fruits begin to ripen in June. Grows in dry meadows, edges and clearings of light forests, along roads.
The violet was introduced into cultivation and is bred in flower beds, but it is also known as a good medicinal plant. In medicine, the entire aerial part of the plant (grass) is used. It contains essential oil, carotene, carotenoids, ascorbic acid, vitamins E and P, preparations from the violet herb are prescribed as a good expectorant for inflammatory diseases of the respiratory system. Violet also has a diuretic and diaphoretic effect..
Goose onion - (Gagea lutea ) - Liliaceae family
The plant owes its name to the fact that geese are very fond of it. Inner side
Perianth is yellow. The inflorescence is formed by 1-7 flowers. Stem leaves are close to the inflorescence. Plant with 1 bulb. Blooms from mid-April to early May. Plant growth 8-15 cm.
At dusk and in bad weather, the flowers close. If the rain continues for several days, then the flowers do not open and self-pollination occurs in them.
Goose leaves have the ability to produce buds. This plant
is a good honey plant - it gives nectar and bee bread. Bulbs are sometimes eaten.
Anemone oakravnaya(Anemone silvestris) Buttercup family (Ranunculaceae)
Forest anemone is a small herbaceous rhizome plant of the buttercup family. It belongs to the epheroids, grows in forest glades, forest edges. In autumn, the rhizome of this plant can be found in the soil close to its surface. The end of the rhizome is pointed, white. Here is the bud, and in it is the rudiment of the stem, leaves and flower. In this form, the rhizome hibernates, and the bud even under the snow begins to bloom. And as soon as the snow melted, a stalk quickly appears. At first, it is small and curved in the form of a hook, then it lengthens and straightens. And the stalk is slightly thicker than a regular match and not higher than a student's pencil. Three veined leaves, whorled at the top of the stem, are, as it were, patterned cut into several smaller lobules. From the same node of the whorl, a fleecy arrow is thrown upwards, on which a white flower, charming like a radiant cloud, flaunts no larger than a heel.
Anemone flower! Spring symbol. The grace of the amazing craftsmanship of the great jeweler, whose name is Mother Nature. Their corollas in the form of a small saucer form from six to eight slightly concave petals. At the beginning of flowering, these mini-saucers were cast in a subtle lilac-pink hue, but now all of them shine with indescribably pure whiteness. Inside each corolla a radiant bunch of delicate petals, stamens, generously dusted with pollen, as if rubbed from pure gold, puffs up magnificently.
Only stamens and pistils mysteriously give birth to seeds that eternally prolong life. And in order to save them from any adversity and misfortune, snow-white petals cover the heart of the corolla at night and in bad weather, like warm, tightly closed wings.
This whole process - from the appearance of the stem to the light to flowering - takes very little time: in warm weather - no more than one and a half weeks. Flowering is also progressing at an accelerated rate. The petals soon crumble, and a small "hedgehog" remains on the peduncle - a group of small green fruits.
When the anemone blooms, we have in April - early May, trees and shrubs are just beginning to bloom. When the trees dress with foliage, the development of the anemone ends. It begins to turn yellow, the stem with leaves withers and lies on the ground. At the beginning of summer, no trace of the plant remains. But the plant did not die. Its rhizome has hidden in the soil and is patiently waiting for the next spring. With her arrival, everything will be repeated from the beginning.
The plant is decorative. Few people know that at least 12 years pass from a fallen anemone seed to the appearance of its flower. That's how long it took for this flower, which we now admire, wonder and rejoice in. Take care of it!
This flower is called anemone because even a light breeze sways a thin graceful stalk. The ancient Romans called the anemone in the same way as we do the anemone - from the Latin word "anemos" - wind.
May lily of the valley (Convallaria majalis L.) Liliaceae family - Appendix No.-5 (photo-No. 6)
The generic name for lily of the valley comes from the Latin “convallis” - lily and the Greek “leirion” - valley, that is, literally translated, lily of the valley sounds very romantic - “May lily of the valleys”.
May lily of the valley is a perennial herb 15-30 cm high with a thin creeping horizontal rhizome. The rhizome is long, cord-like, branched, with bunches of roots at the nodes. Lily of the valley has three types of leaves. The first type - large leaves, are the main ones. At their base, you can find other, the so-called scaly leaves. The leaves of the third type are located at the very pedicel. The main leaves are usually 2-3, they are located at the base of the leafless flower stem. Leaves are oblong-oval, 10-16 cm long, 4-8 cm wide, pointed at the apex, with long petioles, almost equal in length to the leaf blade. Between the leaves is a flower arrow bearing a loose one-sided raceme of 6-20 fragrant drooping white flowers. The perianth is spherical-bell-shaped, about 10 mm in diameter, with 6 ovoid obtuse teeth. Pedicels are up to 1.5 cm in length, at their base there are filmy bracts, which are half the length of the pedicels. The fruit is a red-orange spherical berry 6-8 mm in diameter. Seeds are light yellow, 3-4 mm long, almost spherical. Blossoms in April-June, bears fruit in August-September. The whole plant, especially the fruit and rhizome, is poisonous. Lily of the valley grows in moist places in deciduous, mixed and coniferous forests, among shrubs.
The herb, leaves and flowers of lily of the valley are used as medicinal raw materials. These are aerial parts of wild plants collected during the flowering period, dried at a temperature of 50-60 ° C or in the air in the shade.
European swimsuit- Trollius europaeus. Buttercup family (Ranunculaceae) Appendix- No. 6 (photo- No. 7)
Herbaceous, race-root perennial. Depending on the living conditions, the size of the plants changes significantly. At the edge of the forest - up to 60-80cm. The flowers of the swimsuit are spherical, large, up to 5 cm in diameter. Sepals in an amount of 10 to 20 form a spherical flower. The flowers of the swimsuit are weakly fragrant. Their color ranges from pale yellow to golden yellow. The nectary petals do not exceed the sepals and have a more intense orange color. They are slightly shorter than the stamens, narrow, almost linear, slightly widened at the top. All parts of the flower are hidden under sepals. The European swimsuit blooms with an almost closed flower. Basal leaves are petiolate, palmate five-part, collected in a rosette. They have a very picturesque appearance due to the patterned form of rhombic, sharp-toothed leaf lobes and their rich dark green color. The stem is simple, sometimes branched. Stem leaves are located only in the upper third of the flowering shoot. In the axils of the stem leaves, lateral shoots with flowers smaller than the apical flower can develop. The European swimsuit blooms in late May - early or mid June, for 20-30 days. Seeds ripen in late June - July. The fruit is a leaflet with a spout, steeply curled inward, very short, no more than 1 mm in length. The leaflets are collected in a loose spherical head.
Oxalis ordinaryOxalis acetosella supplement no. 6 (photo no. 8)
Signs: A perennial herb with a long, thin, rounded, creeping rhizome almost near the surface. Leaves rise from the rhizome on long, up to 15 cm, thin petioles.
Leaves are basal, green, ternary, with reverse heart-shaped leaves, covered with sparse, appressed, long white hairs. The leaf petioles are long, often reddish and completely covered with hairs.
On similar pedicels (axillary flower arrows), single flowers also rise, bisexual, regular, simple, petioles exceed the leaves in length. Sepals are oval, obtuse, glabrous dorsally, pubescent along the edge. Flowers with five petals, sitting one at a time on long pedicels with 2 bracts. The petals are white or pinkish, with a bright yellow base and pink or purple veins. Blooms in spring or early summer, sometimes to the end.
The fruit is an elongated pentahedral five-nested capsule that ripens in the middle of summer.
If the ripe fruit (~ 1mm) is lightly squeezed, it will burst, scattering the seeds. This feature is due to the fact that under the outer skin of the seeds is a layer of sugar-rich cells. In mature seeds, these cells swell so that the skin bursts and the seed flies 1-2 meters, and in addition, these same cells attract ants, which take away the seeds and promote the spread of the plant.
By the middle of summer, when the set fruits ripen, the oxalis blooms a second time. But her flowers are already completely different - small, hiding under the leaves and not opening, self-pollinating. This is an adaptation for the acid plant - if it was not possible to set fruits in the spring, then summer flowers are guaranteed to give a harvest. The more shading and the wetter the soil, the more abundant secondary blooms and fewer common flowers. As a result, oxalis reproduces very successfully by seeds.
Another feature of the sorrel is that it can fold leaves. The leaves are folded at night, in bad weather, in heat, also under mechanical stress - if you slightly disturb the acid, you can see how it folds the leaves after a while. Some of the leaves remain green even under the snow. Oxalis lives up to 12 years.
Place of growth: Forest plant, shade-loving. It grows in moist shady coniferous forests (mainly spruce), less often deciduous ones, along the banks of forest streams, among shrubs.
Let's preserve the primroses everyone knows about the importance of the forest. But about the importance in human life of herbs, which make up the bulk of green plants, we have a vague idea. We don't think much about protecting them. As a result of such a thoughtless attitude, some plant species have disappeared completely from the territory of our country, while others are threatened with the same.
III. Research methodology.
III.1.) Study of the influence of abiotic factors on the timing of the appearance of early flowering herbaceous plants.
During the entire period of the study, observations were made of the weather conditions in the territory of the village of Mstera, which affect the timing of the appearance, growth and development of early flowering herbaceous plants. These are the air temperature, the presence of precipitation, wind, the length of daylight hours.
Measurement of air temperature was observed using an outdoor thermometer; monitoring the presence of precipitation, determining the direction of the wind was carried out daily. The results obtained were entered into the observation diary. I took the length of daylight hours from the calendar. The results of observations of abiotic factors affecting early flowering plants are presented in Appendix No. 1, Table No. 1.
III.2) Determination of the degree of anthropogenic impact and the ecological state of the territory of the places where the flowering of early flowering herbaceous plants grows.
According to the method of route accounting by A.S. Bogolyubov, he determined the degree of anthropogenic impact and
Table No. 4
In the vicinity of the village of Mstera (see the map in Appendix No. 2), territories were determined for the analysis of the species composition of early flowering herbaceous plants in our area.
Route number 1 - Golyshevka park.
Route number 2 - area south-west of the village (area of the camp "Tourist").
III.3) The study of the species composition of early flowering herbaceous plants was carried out according to the method of S.A. Yanovsky.
IV. Results.
IV.1. Study of the influence of abiotic factors on the timing of the appearance of early flowering herbaceous plants.
The main elements of weather that are easily changing in terrestrial ecosystems are: light, air temperature, precipitation, wind. In the period from March to May, the month made observations of the main elements of weather conditions. The observation results are presented in Table 1 of Appendix 1.
Based on the results obtained, you can determine the average air temperature for each month using the formula:
T cf = (t 1 + t 2 + ... ..t 30) / 30, where t 1 - daily air temperature
Using this formula, I got the following summary results:
Table No. 2
month | Average daily temperature | Average T◦C For 30years | Precipitation provision | Prevailing wind direction |
March | 1.2С◦ | 3◦C | sufficient | Southwest |
April | 11 С◦ | 12◦C | sufficient | Western |
May | 21 C◦ | 14.9◦C | sufficient | Southwest |
Conclusion: using the data of tables No. 1, No. 2 when assessing the influence of abiotic factors on early flowering plants, it is possible to determine:
A stable transition of the average daily temperature through zero occurs from April 6; and according to average long-term observations in mid-March.
Low temperatures in March influenced the later flowering dates of early flowering plants (see table 6);
Sufficient rainfall has positively influenced the appearance of early flowering herbaceous plants.
IV.2 Determination of the degree of anthropogenic impact and the ecological state of the territory of places where early flowering herbaceous plants bloom.
Route No. 1 - Golyshevka Park. Appendix No. -4 (see photo No. 1)
The length of the route is 1 km. (area of the village of Barskoye-Tatarovo). Golyshevka Park is located in the southeastern part of the village of Barskoye-Tatarovo, occupies 4 hectares. On the territory of the park grow:Common birchwhich is mixed withScotch pinepreserved in small numbers, the age of some species reaches 145 years. There is a clear layering on the territory of the park:
1st tier - grassyoak anemone, forest geranium, timothy, etc.rare endangered plantslily of the valley, dense corydalis, unclear lungwort
Tier 2 - shrub -common raspberry
Tier 3 - woody -Scots pine, drooping birch, plane maple, common mountain ash.
Conclusion: the territory of the Golyshevka park is a unique plant community in the territory of the village of B-Tatarovo. The growing conditions in the community are specific. Therefore, typical representatives of this community have a number of adaptive features.
Thin tree crowns let in a lot of light, which makes early flowering plants possible. they are photophilous.
Route accounting of anthropogenic impacts on the nature of the park.
Despite the fact that since 1977 the park has been a protected natural area, I have identified the factors of anthropogenic impact:
Cutting down trees (40% destroyed)
Trampling of vegetation and formation of a path network;
Corruption of the bark;
Disposal of slag and household waste;
Collecting plants;
Uncontrolled making of fires;
Noise;
Entrance to the park by transport;
Pets grazing.
Table No. 3
Objects | Qty | Length m | Share of total squares |
|
Trampled platforms | 20,9% |
|||
Campfire | 1,2% |
|||
Garbage dumps | 0,9% |
Conclusion: the modern park Golyshevka is gradually changing due to the intensification of the anthropogenic factor. That is ensured by the proximity to the road, residential buildings, the presence of a store. The species composition of vegetation is less diverse.
The ecological state of the territory.
On the basis of the current sanitary rules of the Russian Federation, there are 3 types of categories of the ecological state of forest plantations.
Table No. 4
Conclusion: using the scale of Table 4, the park's vegetation belongs to the 3rd category, because 75% of vegetation shows signs of weakening. Golyshevka Park has a category 3 of the state of forest stands - heavily weakened vegetation, with a lot of damage.
Route No. 2 area south-west of the village (area of the "Tourist" camp) - Appendix No. 3 (see photo No. 2) The length of the route is 1 km. The area is a mixed forest of deciduous and coniferous trees growing on the western slope.
1st tier - grassyoak anemone, lily of the valley, single-flowered violet, dense corydalis, etc.
Tier 2 - shrub - raspberry, hazel
Tier 3 - woody -Scots pine, drooping birch, common mountain ash, oak.The middle-aged type of forest vegetation prevails
Output: mixed forest (area of the "Tourist camp") has favorable conditions for the growth of early flowering herbaceous plants:
Sparse crowns provide ample light;
The presence of the western slope contributes to the rapid heating and melting of snow, as well as a sufficient amount of moisture, which is important for plants in spring.
Route accounting of anthropogenic impacts on the nature of mixed forest (Tourist camp area)
Table No. 5 Measured objects
Conclusion: route number 2 mixed forest (area of the camp "Tourist") is experiencing anthropogenic impacts (garbage dump, fireplaces, deforestation) that affect the state of the vegetation of the area. Appendix # -3 (photo # 3).
The ecological state of the territory.
Using the materials of table No. 4, I determined that the vegetation of the mixed forest (the area of the "Tourist camp") has single signs of damage, therefore the ecological state of the territory corresponds to category 1 (see table No. 4).
Conclusion: the ecological state of the mixed forest (the area of the "Tourist" camp) is satisfactory, which is determined by the signs of the viability of trees (trees without signs of weakening, single damage).
IV.3. Study of the species composition of early flowering plants (S.A. Yanovsky's method)
Using this technique of observing early flowering herbaceous plants, I determined mainly the timing of flowering. The beginning of flowering is marked by the date when 2-3 blooming plants are found on the site (10x10m). Mass bloom - marked by the date when more than 50% of this species bloomed at the observation site
Studies of early flowering plants were carried out by the route method from the end of April to May 2012 (during the study, I recorded all flowering herbaceous plants). Flowering of the following species was noted on routes No. 1, No. 2:
Oxalis ordinary | Kislichny family |
Ordinary mother and stepmother | Asteraceae family |
Goose bow | Liliaceae family |
European swimsuit | Buttercup family |
Anemone oakravnaya | Buttercup family |
Corydalis dense | Dymyankov family |
Unclear lungwort | Burachnikov family |
Violet amazing | The Fialkov family |
According to my phenological observations, I made a table of the flowering of early-flowering herbaceous plants in our area.
Table 6 Dates of flowering of early flowering herbaceous plants.
Type of plant | The beginning of flowering | Mass bloom | Flowering duration | ||
Average multi-year date | year 2012 | ||||
Oxalis ordinary | 4.05. | 14.05 | 20.05 | May June |
|
Ordinary mother and stepmother | 13.04. | 25.04 | 30.04 | April May |
|
Goose bow | 25.04. | 4.05 | 12.05 | May |
|
European swimsuit | 11.05. | 20.05 | 25.05 | May |
|
Anemone oakravnaya | 03.05. | 10.05 | 14.05 | May |
|
Corydalis dense | 24.04. | 7.05 | 14.05 | April May |
|
Unclear lungwort | 23.04. | 9.05 | 13.05 | April May |
|
Violet amazing | 29.04. | 12.05 | 17.05 | May |
|
May lily of the valley | 24.04. | 12.05 | 19.05 | May |
After analyzing table number 6, I conclude: the timing of the beginning of flowering of early flowering herbaceous plants in 2012 is late. This is due to the late beginning of spring (low air temperatures in March), the earliest flowering plant is coltsfoot. This plant has the longest flowering period. 4 protected species were found: lily of the valley, indistinct lungwort, dense corydalis, European swimsuit.
The growth of early flowering plants on the territory of routes No. 1, No. 2 is uneven. A greater number of species are found along route No. 2, 9 species of early flowering plants grow here, which is due to favorable environmental conditions and a lesser degree of influence of anthropogenic factors.
In the vicinity of the village of Mstera, I found 9 species of early flowering herbaceous plants.
V. Conclusions.
The decrease in the number and depletion of the species diversity of early flowering herbaceous plants is associated with the deterioration of the ecological state of the territories and the increase in the influence of the anthropogenic factor, as evidenced by the data of tables No. 3,4,5. The timing of flowering of herbaceous plants is influenced by climatic conditions (late dates of the beginning of spring, led to later periods of flowering) - table 6.
In the vicinity of the village of Mstera, there are early flowering herbaceous plants listed in the Red Book: lily of the valley, indistinct lungwort, dense corydalis, European swimsuit.
They are rarely met only on route No. 2 - mixed forest (Tourist camp area)
Route No. 1 - Golyshevka Park is inferior in species diversity to route No. 2. This is due to the great influence of the anthropogenic factor, Table No. 3.
The main reasons for the decrease in the number of early flowering herbaceous plants can be considered:
- collection of medicinal plants;
Destruction of natural plant habitats by humans;
Deterioration of the ecological state of plant communities.
Vi. Conclusion.
I would like to thank Anastasiy Utkin and Denis Kurchatkin for their help in studying the literature on early flowering herbaceous plants, conducting phenological observations and determining the ecological state of the territories, places where early flowering herbaceous plants grow.
The practical significance of this work:
Acquaintance of the village administration with the materials of the work;
This material will be used in biology lessons, natural history, classroom hours;
During the holidays, the circle conducted excursions in order to study the vegetation of terrestrial ecosystems;
Publication of materials on the school website.
In connection with a decrease in the number of early flowering herbaceous plants in the vicinity of the village of Mstera, it is necessary to control by the administration of the village to improve the ecological state of the places where early flowering herbaceous plants grow.
- Carrying out ecological landings in the territories of primroses growing in order to study and protect them.
- Distribution of thematic leaflets urging to abandon the collection and "purchase" of primroses.
- Environmental education activities.
In the future, we plan to continue monitoring the ecological state and species composition of early flowering herbaceous plants in the village of Mstera.
VII. References.
- Ashikhmina T.Ya. "School environmental monitoring", Moscow, 2000, p-385
- Vakhromeev I.V. "Keys to vascular plants of the Vladimir region", Vladimir, 2002, p-312
- "Plant ecology" A.M. Bylova, Ventana-Graf, 2007, p - 192
- Yanovskiy S.A. "Program for organizing and conducting phenological observations." Moscow 1996, s-29
- Internet resources - Wikipedia site
VIII. Applications
Appendix No. 1 Table No. 1 Weather by months
March | April | May | ||||||||||
date | T ◦s | Directed, the wind | Longitude Of the day | cloudy | T ◦s | Directed, the wind | Longitude Of the day | cloudy | T ◦s | Directed, the wind | Longitude Of the day | cloudy |
10.44 | Mainly cloudy | 13.08 | Mainly cloudy | S-W | 15.22 | Mainly cloudy |
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C-B | 10.50 | It's clear | 13.13 | Mainly cloudy | S-W | 15.26 | Cloudy |
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10.54 | Mainly cloudy | S-W | 13.18 | Cloudy | S-W | 15.30 | Mainly cloudy |
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10.59 | Mainly cloudy | 13.22 | It's clear | 15.35 | It's clear |
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11.03 | Mainly cloudy | S-Z | 13.27 | Mainly cloudy | 15.39 | Cloudy |
||||||
S-W | 11.12 | Mainly cloudy | 13.31 | It's clear | 15.43 | It's clear |
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11.17 | Mainly cloudy | S-W | 13.36 | Cloudy | S-W | 15.47 | Rain |
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11.21 | Mainly cloudy | S-W | 13.40 | Cloudy | S-W | 15.51 | Partly cloudy |
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S-W | 11.26 | Mainly cloudy | 13.45 | Mainly cloudy | 15.55 | Partly cloudy |
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11.31 | Partly cloudy | 13.49 | Mainly cloudy | S-V | 15.59 | |||||||
11.35 | Cloudy | 13.54 | Mainly cloudy | S-V | 16.03 | It's clear |
||||||
S-W | 11.40 | Snow | 13.59 | Partly cloudy | 16.07 | It's clear |
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11.44 | Mainly cloudy | 14.03 | Rain | S-W | 1610 | Mainly cloudy |
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11.49 | Partly cloudy | 14.08 | Partly cloudy | 16.14 | Mainly cloudy |
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S-Z | 11.54 | Mainly cloudy | S-Z | 14.12 | It's clear | S-W | 16.18 | Partly cloudy |
||||
S-W | 11.58 | It's clear | 14.17 | Partly cloudy | 16.21 | It's clear |
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S-W | 12.04 | Mainly cloudy | S-W | 14.21 | Cloudy | 16.25 | It's clear |
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S-W | 12.08 | Mainly cloudy | S-W | 14.26 | Mainly cloudy | S-W | 16.29 | It's clear |
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12.13 | Cloudy | 14.30 | It's clear | S-W | 16.31 | It's clear |
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12.18 | Cloudy | 14.34 | Partly cloudy | S-W | 16.35 | It's clear |
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12.22 | Mainly cloudy | 14.39 | Mainly cloudy | 16.39 | It's clear |
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S-W | 12.27 | It's clear | 14.43 | Rain | 16.41 | Cloudy |
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12.31 | Mainly cloudy | 14.48 | Rain | S-W | 16.45 | clear |
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12.35 | Mainly cloudy | C-B | 14.52 | Partly cloudy | S-W | 16.48 | Cloudy |
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S-V | 12.41 | Mainly cloudy | C-B | 14.58 | Partly cloudy | S-W | 16.51 | Partly cloudy |
||||
S-W | 12.45 | Partly cloudy | C-B | 15.01 | Cloudy | S-W | 16.54 | Mainly cloudy |
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12.50 | Mainly cloudy | 15.03 | It's clear | 16.56 | Mainly cloudy |
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12.55 | Mainly cloudy | 15.09 | Partly cloudy | 17.00 | Mainly cloudy |
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S-W | 12.59 | Mainly cloudy | 15.11 | Partly cloudy | S-W | 17.02 | Partly cloudy |
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S-W | 13.04 | Mainly cloudy | S-W | 15.18 | Mainly cloudy | 17.05 | Cloudy |
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S-W | 13.08 | Mainly cloudy | 17.07 | Rain |
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Wednesday |
Annotation. This methodological manual deals with the study of early flowering plants - primroses, common in the temperate climate zone and blooming immediately after the snow melts. The most important biological features of these plants, the method of establishing sites for geobotanical descriptions, the method for assessing their distribution and abundance in the study area, as well as methods for recording observation data and formalizing the results of work are presented.
Introduction
Features of the biology of primroses
Primroses are called plants of early spring flora that bloom immediately after the snow cover disappears. In central Russia, these plants bloom in April (in some warm years - from the end of March) to mid-May.
In what biological meaning so early flowering of this group of plants?
The first and foremost reason is sunlight... Everyone knows that it is in the light in the green organs of plants that the processes of photosynthesis take place, when organic substances (carbohydrates) are formed from inorganic substances (water and carbon dioxide), which are then used by plants for their development. Thus, a sufficient amount of sunlight is a prerequisite for the normal development of plants.
It is in the early spring that the forests of the temperate climatic zone are most rich in light. Trees and shrubs have not yet covered with foliage and nothing prevents sunlight from penetrating unhindered to the ground. This circumstance is the main reason that many plant species in the process of evolution "chose" for their flowering exactly early spring... No wonder primroses are most in deciduous, especially broad-leaved, "dark" forests.
The "transparency" of a leaf-free spring forest is used by plants for another reason. In a spring forest without foliage, it is easier pollination... First of all, this concerns wind-pollinated early flowering plants, such as the familiar birches (various representatives of the genus Betula), aspen (Populus tremula), alder (gray and black - representatives of the genus Ainus), hazel, or hazel (Corylus avellana). In early spring, nothing prevents the wind from transferring pollen from the male flowers of these plants (collected in "dusty" earrings) to the female flowers, consisting of only small sticky pistils. When foliage blooms on trees and shrubs, it will already prevent the wind from walking freely in the crowns of trees.
Insect plants also use this time of year in their own way. They attract the first insects bright flowers yellow, blue and pink shades. In the twilight of a summer forest, flowers of stunted plants are much less noticeable (by the way, flowers of plants that live in the lower tier of the forest and bloom in summer - oxalis, a week, a mine, etc. - have a white color, which most clearly distinguishes them in conditions of insufficient lighting).
Another reason for early flowering of plants is presence of moisture... After the snow melts, the ground is saturated with moisture, which is also necessary for the normal development of plants.
Ephemeroids
The most completely favorable spring factors (sufficient light and moisture) are used by small plants allocated to the group of ephemeroids. This is the most specific group of primroses narrowly adapted to early flowering.
The word "ephemeral" is associated with something beautiful, but fleeting, short-lived. This fully applies to early spring ephemeroids. They are distinguished by an extraordinary " haste"- are born immediately after the snow melts and develop rapidly, despite the spring chill. A week or two after birth, they already bloom, and after another two to three weeks they have fruits with seeds. At the same time, the plants themselves turn yellow and lie on the ground, their aboveground part dries up. All this happens at the very beginning of summer, when, it would seem, the conditions for the life of forest plants are the most favorable - enough heat and moisture. But ephemeroids have their own special "development schedule", not the same as in many other plants. They always develop actively - they grow, blossom and bear fruit - only in spring, and by summer they completely disappear from the vegetation cover. During the spring sufficiency of light, they manage to "take their share" necessary in order to bloom, bear fruit and accumulate a supply of nutrients for the next year.
All ephemeroids - perennial plants. After their aerial part dries up at the beginning of summer, they do not die. Living underground organs are preserved in the soil - some have tubers, others ...
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The snow has not yet melted everywhere, but the first spring flowers - primroses - are already appearing. Often they are called snowdrops - some flowers appear directly from under the snow, but a snowdrop is a snowdrop, and the first flowers that appear in early spring are called primroses.
Botanically, primrose is a genus of plants belonging to the primrose family. There are more than five hundred species in it, and they are all early spring flowers. The most famous is primrose, the name of the flower is translated as “blooming first”. In the people, plants are called primroses, the period of mass flowering of which occurs in early spring. We will not understand the botanical wilds, but rather select early flowering plants for the garden. They are very unpretentious in growing, and in the spring they will delight with the first flowering when other plants are just beginning to awaken.
Snowdrop.This delicate white flower is familiar to everyone. He is the first to appear on thawed patches after winter and he is not afraid of either spring frosts, or winter frosts, or snow that fell in spring. First, a couple of leaves appear and white bells bloom after them. They love partial shade and require little or no maintenance. It can be planted under trees, shrubs, in flower beds, in containers.
Hellebore... A very decorative evergreen, appreciated not only for its large flowers, but also for its beautiful dissected leaves. It can hibernate under the snow, does not freeze even in the most severe winters. It begins to bloom in early spring, flowers appear right from under the snow, which remain on the plant for up to six months. The flowers, depending on the species, are either white or pinkish, with a yellow tint, all shades of red and burgundy, almost to black, but varieties with flowers marked with small specks are especially appreciated. The height of the hellebore is from 30 cm to a meter.
Hyacinth.Blossoms one of the first in the garden. It is considered a versatile plant that is suitable for both outdoor and early forcing indoors. Very fragrant, beautiful hyacinth flowers come in all kinds of shades and colors - from white to dark purple and even black. At the very beginning of spring, hyacinth leaves appear from the ground in the garden, as if rolled into a tube. They gradually open up and a green inflorescence is shown from them, which quickly takes on the color characteristic of the species. The inflorescence can be up to 25 cm high, and each can have up to thirty flowers.
Lungwort.The plant is very much appreciated by gardeners for its beauty, unpretentiousness and early flowering time. In early spring, the lungwort is covered with many small bell-shaped flowers of white, purple, pale blue, pink, lilac. Often on the same plant there are flowers of different shades - pink and purple - lungwort are easily pollinated among themselves and a variety of color combinations are possible. In height, the lungwort grows up to half a meter and also grows in width. It is better to plant in partial shade or in the shade, where the spotted pattern on the leaves appears well, and the flowers acquire a brighter color.
These are just a few of the primroses.Primula, crocus, lumbago, daffodil, cyclamen kosky, buttercup anemone, spring- all these plants are considered primroses, although they belong to different families. They do not require care and maintenance, you only need to choose the right place in the garden for primroses and they will delight you with bright spring flowers
How to grow primroses.
