Pyrotechnic chemistry: Destructive means and ammunition - Babkin A.B. Remote fuze

The invention relates to the field of military equipment and can be used in fuses of barrel and rocket artillery, mainly for cluster shells. The essence of the invention lies in the fact that the fuse body with an outer diameter of the spectacle thread D is made with an internal jumper of thickness D 1. The fuse components - the firecracker, the safety-detonating device and the electronic temporary device - are located under the jumper. The remaining elements of the fuse are located above the jumper. Diameter B and thickness D 1 are related by the relation D = (2.0...7.0) D 1. The reliability of projectile firing increases. 1 ill.

The invention relates to the field of military equipment and can be used in fuses mainly for cluster munitions of barrel and rocket artillery when firing at a distance.

The remote action of the fuse is characterized by its activation along the trajectory after a specified remote action time from the moment of the shot. Remote fuses are used in high-explosive fragmentation, smoke, illumination and propaganda artillery ammunition.

In the last 25-30 years, remote fuses have found the most widespread use in cluster munitions of barreled and rocket artillery for opening cartridges with combat elements at a given point in the projectile trajectory. Ballistic, self-aiming and homing combat elements are used as combat elements in cluster shells. According to the nature of the impact on the target, combat elements can be fragmentation, high-explosive fragmentation, cumulative fragmentation and other types of action.

To increase the accuracy of remote timing, modern fuses widely use electronic elements. This makes it possible to fully realize the destructive potential of cluster munitions, since the deployment of the cassette occurs at a given point in the trajectory.

Head-mounted remote electronic fuses have recently become most widespread. When triggered after a predetermined time of remote action, the head fuse emits an ignition pulse to detonate the expelling charge, which causes destruction of the ammunition body and the ejection of cartridges with combat elements along the direction of the projectile's movement. A description of such fuses is given in the magazine Armada International, 4/2002, pp. 64-70.

An analogue of the claimed invention is the German remote fuse DM52A1, developed by Junghans, which is used in the ammunition load of the 155-mm self-propelled howitzer PzH2000 and is intended for smoke, propaganda and cluster shells, including shells with homing warheads. The design of the DM52A1 fuse contains a hollow body with a firecracker and a safety-detonating device placed in it. At the top of the case there is a backup power source, and above it is an electronic temporary device.

The indicated source provides information about other remote fuses made according to the same design scheme as the DM52A1 fuse. Among them are the M9084 and M9220 fuses, developed by Fuchs (South Africa), 132 series fuses for 105- and 155-mm shells from the British company Royal Ordnance Control Systems and Fuse Division, the Singaporean EF-784 fuse, etc.

The common features of the listed analogues with the proposed invention are the presence in their designs of a housing, firecracker, safety-detonating device, power source and electronic temporary device.

The closest in technical essence and achieved technical result to the claimed invention is the American M762 fuse, taken by the authors as a prototype (see Jane's International Defense Review, May 2001, www.janes.com).

The design of the M762 fuse contains a hollow body in which a firecracker and a safety-detonating device are placed. In the upper part of the housing, an ampoule backup power supply and a ballistic cap, inside of which the installation device and an electronic temporary device are placed, are attached using a union nut.

On the trajectory, after the set time of remote action has expired, the temporary device issues a command to fire the expelling charge in the projectile. After the expulsion charge is triggered, the head of the projectile is destroyed and cluster warheads are ejected along the direction of the projectile's movement.

The disadvantage of the M762 fuse is the impossibility of its use in projectiles with the ejection of cassette elements in the direction opposite to the direction of movement of the projectile. The ejection of cassette elements in projectiles of this kind occurs under the influence of high pressure that occurs when the fuse firecracker and the expelling charge of the projectile are triggered at the moment of destruction of the bottom part of the projectile. A projectile with such an ejection of cluster elements provides higher accuracy of elements, hit accuracy and density of destruction of openly located targets compared to cluster munitions that expand along the trajectory.

The hollow body design of the prototype does not provide resistance to high pressure to prevent it from venting through the fuse.

Common features with the proposed invention in the prototype fuse are the presence of a housing, a power source, a firecracker, a safety-detonating device, installation and electronic temporary devices.

The objective of the present invention is to create a remote fuse that is resistant to the effects of high pressure that occurs when the fuse firecracker and the expelling charge of the projectile are triggered when cassette elements are ejected in the direction opposite to the direction of movement of the projectile.

This is achieved by the fact that in the design of the fuse, which contains a body with an outer diameter of the spectacle thread D, a firecracker, a safety-detonating device, a power source, an installation device and an electronic temporary device, the body is made with an internal jumper of thickness D 1, and a firecracker is located under the jumper, a safety-detonating device and an electronic temporary device, and above the jumper the remaining elements of the fuse, while the diameter D and thickness D 1 are related by the relation

D=(2.0…7.0)D 1 .

As the results of calculations and full-scale tests show, when a firecracker and expelling charge are triggered, a pressure of the order of (8000...15000) MPa is created inside the projectile, depending on the caliber of the projectile. The fuse withstands the specified pressure until the cassette elements are ejected towards the bottom of the projectile with the thickness of the bridge in the range of (10...15) mm, which is ensured by the fulfillment of the ratio D=(2.0...7.0)D 1 . Moreover, this ratio is valid for both steel cases and cases made of aluminum alloys.

The essence of the invention is illustrated by a drawing which shows a general view of the proposed fuse design.

The remote fuse contains a metal body 1 with an outer diameter of spectacle thread D and a jumper of thickness D 1 . In the housing, on the side of the bottom part of the fuse, there is a firecracker 2, a safety-detonating device 3 with a transfer charge 4 and a detonator capsule 5, and an electronic temporary device 6 with an electric igniter 7. Thus, the entire fire chain of the fuse, the elements of which together with the expelling charge of the projectile create pressure when triggered, located under the jumper.

In the volume above the jumper there is a power source 8 and an installation device (not shown in the drawing). The upper part of the fuse is attached to the body 1 using a union nut 9 and a casing 10.

The fuse works as follows. At a given point in the trajectory, after the set time of remote action has expired, the electronic temporary device 6 issues a signal to trigger the electric igniter 7. As a result, the detonator capsule 5, the transfer charge 4, the firecracker 2 and the expelling charge of the projectile (not shown in the drawing) are triggered. Inside the projectile, pressure is created from the explosion products of all the firing elements of the fuse and the projectile. A jumper in the fuse body 1 of thickness D 1 prevents the release of pressure until the bottom of the projectile is destroyed and the cluster warheads are ejected.

In a specific implementation of the claimed invention, the body is made of steel with an M52x3 spectacle thread and a jumper thickness of 15 mm.

The achieved effect when using the claimed invention is to ensure the operability of the cassette projectile when the cassette elements are ejected towards the bottom of the projectile.

The technical result of the claimed invention is confirmed by the results of the given and full-scale tests.

A remote fuse containing a housing with an outer diameter of the spectacle thread D, a firecracker, a safety-detonating device, a power source, an installation device and an electronic temporary device, characterized in that the housing is made with an internal jumper of thickness D 1, and the firecracker, the safety-detonating device and the electronic temporary device is located under the jumper, and above the jumper are the remaining mentioned elements of the fuse, while the diameter D and thickness D 1 are related by the ratio D=(2.0...7.0)D 1 .

The inventions relate to rocket technology and can be used in guided artillery shells (UAS) with a firing range of up to several tens of kilometers, the flight trajectory of which consists of a ballistic and controlled sections, conventionally separated by a moment in time corresponding to the beginning of initiation of the on-board control system. The technical result is the initiation of the UAS control system at the calculated point of possible flight trajectories corresponding to different target ranges. In the proposed method, this is achieved by calculating the flight path of the projectile at a given range and the turn-on time of the initiating on-board device. Then the estimated time is entered into the on-board timer of the UAS before the shot and the timer starts when the shot is fired. In this case, the estimated time is entered mechanically with the simultaneous removal of the first fuse for unauthorized operation of the control system, and the timer is turned on by activating the on-board battery from the inertial drive, which is triggered by the action of the barrel overload while simultaneously removing the second fuse. The initiating on-board device is turned on by a timer signal, and the functional devices of the control system are activated by the output signals of the initiating on-board device, while the timer is started when the battery reaches a given output voltage level, and the timer operating time is calculated according to the dependence t t =t p -t b, where t t is the operating time of the on-board timer, t p is the estimated turn-on time of the initiating on-board device, t b is the time the on-board battery reaches a given output voltage level. The ballistic cap, containing a spacer tube, a separation device with a powder charge and an electric igniter of the powder charge, is equipped with an output initiating device and an electric battery with a trigger mechanism. In this case, the remote tube is made in the form of an electronic timer connected to a battery, the battery trigger is in the form of an inertial drive, and the initiating device is in the form of electronic keys, the inputs of which are connected to the output of the timer, and the outputs are connected to the inputs of the projectile control system. The electric igniter of the powder charge of the separation device is connected to the output of the projectile control system. The remote tube of an artillery projectile, containing a housing with a rotating element and a timer with a setting disk connected to the rotating element, is equipped with a photoelectric "angle-code" sensor. The timer is made in the form of a pulse generator and a counter, the setting inputs of which are connected to the sensor outputs, and the counting input is connected to the generator output. In this case, the installation disk is made in the form of an optically transparent dial with a bar-coded raster, located between the emitters and light receivers of the sensor, the supporting surface is in contact with the base fixed in the body and is installed coaxially with the rotating element, which is made in the form of the head part of the projectile fairing, and is equipped with a scale. The angular positions of the sensor and the rotating element are oriented relative to the mark made on the body. 3 sp.f-ly, 4 ill.

The main charge of ammunition (artillery shell, mine, aerial bomb, missile warhead, torpedo).

Based on the principle of operation, fuses are divided into contact, remote, non-contact, command, and combined action.

The first, simplest fuse was developed by A. Nobel to ensure a reliable explosion of the dynamite he invented, and consists of a primer and a detonator. The initiating impulse in it was fire. Subsequently, impact fuses became widespread in the armies of various countries and have dominated over the past 100 years.

Contact fuses

Contact fusing devices (CF) are designed to provide contact action, that is, the firing of the explosive due to the contact of ammunition with a target or obstacle.

Based on their response time, contact devices are divided into three types:

• instant action - 0.05...0.1 ms;
• inertial action - 1...5 ms;
• delayed action - from a few milliseconds to several days; multi-setting VUs can have not one, but several settings for response time [ ] .

Proximity fuses

Non-contact explosive devices are used to ensure non-contact action, that is, the fuse is triggered due to interaction with a target or obstacle without the ammunition coming into contact with it.

• automatic are divided by type of impact:
  • magnetic,
  • optic,

Induction type fuses have an induction sensor (vortex generator), which ensures detonation of the warhead when a missile/projectile passes near the metal plating of the target. In the event of a direct hit, the warhead is detonated by a backup contact fuse.

Promising weapons systems in NATO countries are designed to fire controlled detonation ammunition with the implementation of a standardized scheme for programming the fuse of projectiles of the AHEAD type (a muzzle programmer), or in the power paths of gun systems (Bushmaster II, Rheinmetall Rh503, Bofors L70 and CT40). When detonating remote controlled detonation ammunition of the PABM (Programmable Air Burst Munition) type, the specified effectiveness of fragmentation destruction of protected manpower in the NIB is ensured.

Remote fuzes

Remote fuses are designed to provide remote action, that is, operation at a given point in the flight path of the ammunition (at a distance) without any interaction with the target. Typically, remote control devices count the period of time required for the ammunition to reach the required trajectory point, however, there are other ways to determine the spatial position of the ammunition.

Based on their design, the following remote control units are distinguished:

• pyrotechnic;
• sentries;
• electromechanical;
• electronic.

Command fuses

Command (or remote-controlled) fuses are explosive devices that are triggered by a command issued from a ground or air command post.

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The time in electric remote fuses is determined by the time of transition of an electric charge from one capacitor to another (ignition), causing the activation of an electric igniter (or EF) when a certain potential difference is reached on its plates. These types of fuses, the first samples of which were developed before the start of World War II, due to a number of inherent disadvantages of capacitors (as power sources), found application only in some aircraft bombs and types of missiles.
Modern electronic remote control and remote-contact action will be described at the end of section. 13.6, and first we present classic examples of remote fuses and pyrotechnic and mechanical tubes
912
13. Fuzes
chanic principles of action. They are characterized by the same general principles of construction as the KMVU designs discussed above. This makes it possible to analyze the functional purpose and design of all the main components and mechanisms that are elements of the functional-structural diagram of the computer, and the principles of their operation in a uniform manner for all computers, i.e., use a systematic approach. The greatest fundamental difference between remote fuses from the point of view of the structural diagram of the explosive device lies in the design features of their IC, which contains pyrotechnic or mechanical remote devices, as well as starting (for pyrotechnic explosive devices - pin-type) mechanisms or devices. The main components and mechanisms of other systems (OC, safety systems) of remote fuses are similar, and often unified, with the corresponding mechanisms of contact explosive devices (this is most clearly expressed in remote-contact fuses).
The remote-contact (impact) action fuse D-1-U (Fig. 13.38) is intended for main howitzer shells (fragmentation and
Rice. 13.38. Remote-impact fuse D-1-U: /, 15 - stoppers; 2, 8, 16 - springs; 3 - settling stocking: 4 body: 5 - stop; 6 - powder fuse in the cup; 7.19-KB; 9 - sting; 10 - membrane; // - drummer; 12 - upper spacer ring; 13 - bushing; 14 - flat tip; 17 middle spacer ring; 18 - lower spacer ring; 20 - spiral spring; 21 - rotary sleeve; 22 - detonator bushing; 23 - detonator; 24 - transfer charge; 25 - powder retarder; 26- connecting bracket; 27- safety cap (composite); 28 - CD
13.5. Remote Fuzes and Tubes
913
high-explosive fragmentation) and auxiliary (smoke) purposes of caliber 107... 152 mm. The fuse of the safety type with long-range cocking is made in the dimensions of the RGM (see Fig. 13.23).
The initiating system includes a pinning mechanism (KB 7, spring 8, sting 9), located in the upper remote ring, a pyrotechnic remote device (rings 12, 17,18 with powder press-fits in the channels), as well as a reaction UM (striker 11, flat sting 14, KB 19). The reaction striker, under conditions of service handling and during firing, is kept from moving to the KB 19 by a stopper 15 with a spring 16. The stopper rests on a cup with a pyrotechnic fuse 6. A safety-detonating mechanism (borrowed from RGM type fuses) together with the PPM (it also provides long-range cocking, i.e. is a pyrotechnic MDV) constitute a safety system. The fire chain, when installed for contact action, has the structure KB - KD - PZ - D, and when installed for remote operation - KB of the PTS pinning mechanism -
z-kd-pz-d. V.
When fired, the sting 9, under the influence of inertial forces, compresses the spring 8 and pierces the KB 7, the fire from which is transferred to the powder composition of the upper distance ring 12 and the powder fuse 6. After the powder fuse burns out, the stopper 15, under the action of the spring 16 and centrifugal force, moves away from the axis of rotation the fuse to the side and releases the striker 11. Through the transfer window, the flame from the upper spacer ring is transferred to the powder composition of the middle spacer ring 77; in the same way, the fire passes into the lower spacer ring 18. From the lower ring, the fire through the powder moderator 25 ignites the CD and the detonator. Burning time is determined by the length of the remote composition, which burns at a constant speed (~1 cm/s).The length of the burning remote composition is regulated by turning the distance rings.
If the fuze fails during remote action or when the fuze is set to impact, it fires in the same way as contact artillery fuses (see Section 13.4). The fuse is cocked on all propellant charges on which the RGM-2 is cocked, has a satisfactory distance effect, and when firing on the ground (to impact) is more sensitive than the RGM (due to the design features of its reaction gun, in particular, the absence of a counter-safety spring) .
The T-5 pyrotechnic remote fuse is used in medium-caliber anti-aircraft fragmentation shells (Fig. 13.39, a). The composition of the FSS fuse includes: ballistic cap 14; fixing device (pressure nut) 13; pinning mechanism 12; pyrotechnic remote device 11; a combined safety mechanism, including an IPM (spring 1, inertial stopper 10) and a CPM (stopper 6, spring 5); PDU - centrifugal engine 2 with CD 9 and PZ 3. The fire chain has the following structure: KB - PTS - U-CD - PZ - D.