The concept of a sentence structure diagram. Academy of Sciences USSR Institute of Russian Language Russian Grammar

Sentence structure diagram- an abstract syntactic pattern according to which a separate minimal relatively complete sentence must be constructed.

Each block diagram consists of a certain number of components. Each of the components is designated by a letter symbol corresponding to the Latin name of the corresponding part of speech or morphological form:

Vf– conjugated form of the verb (lat. verbum finitum);

Vf 3 s– conjugated verb in the 3rd person singular form. numbers ( singularis);

Vf 3pl– conjugated verb in the 3rd person plural form. ( pluralis)

Inf– infinitive;

N- noun ( nomen– name, title); numbers from 1 to 6 indicate case forms, number 2 with an ellipsis (N 2...) indicates a noun in the form of one of the oblique cases with or without a preposition.

Adj- adjective ( adjectivum);

Pron– pronoun ( pronomen);

Adv– adverb ( adverbum);

Adv-o – predicative adverb of - o (cold, hot etc.);

Praed– predicative ( praedicatum);

Part- participle ( participium);

Praed part– participial predicate;

interj– interjection ( injection);

neg– negation ( negatio);

cop– ligament – ​​( copula);

quant– quantitative (quantitative) value ( quantitas– “quantity”, “size”).

Eg:

Adv quant N 2– “Quantitative adverb in combination with the genitive case of a noun” (the number of the noun is not important here). Using this formula or scheme, for example, the following sentences are constructed: Many affairs. I have a lot to do today. Tomorrow our whole family will have a lot to do. Little time. You always have little time for me. Enough controversy...

Inf + Vf 3 s– ʼʼInfinitive in combination with a conjugated verb in the 3rd person singular form. numbersʼʼ. The proposals are constructed according to this scheme: Smoking is prohibited. Friends, smoking is prohibited at our university. It's impossible to meet. Friends never manage to meet. It will be possible to meet and so on.

N 1– ʼʼNoun in the nominative case formʼʼ. The proposals are constructed according to this scheme: Night. Memories. Quiet summer night. Dark summer night on the Crimean coast and so on.

Inf cop Inf– ʼʼInfinitive – copula – infinitiveʼʼ. Be friends– means to trust.

When selecting and defining block diagram are based on the following principles:

1. Formal organization sentences are a predicative basis, reflected in the form of symbols.

2. Semantics of the syntax scheme(maximum abstract, abstracted from the lexical content of the sentence).

3. Characteristics paradigms(change according to syntactic tenses and syntactic moods)

4. System regular implementations(modifications of any structural scheme that occur regularly in speech).

5. Rules distribution(features of the functioning of conditional distributors and determinants).

The concept of sentence structure - concept and types. Classification and features of the category “The concept of the structural diagram of a sentence” 2017, 2018.

structural scheme simple sentence is an abstract syntactic pattern from which a separate minimal, relatively complete sentence can be constructed. Structural schemes are distinguished by a combination of the following characteristics: the formal structure of the scheme (the forms of words included in it and, in schemes organized by two forms, the relationship of these forms to each other); schema semantics; paradigmatic properties of sentences constructed according to this scheme; regular implementation system; distribution rules. Sentences completed according to one or another structural scheme are combined into a certain type of simple sentence. The structural diagram of a simple sentence is organized by the forms (possibly even one form) of the significant words that are its components; in some schemes, one of the components is a negative particle - alone or in combination with a pronominal word.

Note. In specific sentences, the place of a schema component can, under certain conditions, be filled by some other form or combination of forms; exist certain types and the rules for such substitutions. They are described in the chapters devoted to individual types of simple sentences.

In addition, each structural diagram has its own meaning - the semantics of the diagram. The semantics of the structural scheme of a sentence is formed by the mutual action of the following factors: 1) grammatical meanings of the components in their relation to each other (in single-component schemes - grammatical meaning circuit component); 2) lexical-semantic characteristics of words specific to a given scheme, occupying the positions of its components in specific sentences.

You can download ready-made answers for the exam, cheat sheets and other educational materials in Word format at

Use the search form

21. Sentence structure diagram.

relevant scientific sources:

• Answers to the exam in modern Russian language

  | Answers for the test/exam| 2016 | Russia | docx | 0.09 MB

  1. The meaning of the word and its compatibility. The concept of valence 2. Semantic valency and grammatical compatibility predicative unit 4. Sloform, phrase, sentence, complex

• Syntax of the Russian language. Answers for the exam

  | Answers for the test/exam| 2017 | Russia | docx | 3.15 MB

  Syntactic units in their relation to language, speech and text. Focus on multidimensionality when studying syntactic units. The essence of word form. general characteristics"Syntactic Dictionary" G.

• Modern Russian language and its history

  Unknown8798 | | Answers to the state exam| 2015 | Russia | docx | 0.21 MB

• Answers to the state exam on the history of the Russian language

  | Answers to the state exam| 2016 | Russia | docx | 0.11 MB

  1. Articulatory characteristics of the sounds of the Russian language and features of its articulatory base. 2. Supersegmental units of the Russian language and their characteristics (syllable structure and syllable division, stress,

• Answers to the state exam in Modern Russian Language

  | Answers for the test/exam| 2016 | Russia | docx | 0.21 MB

  I. Modern Russian language The phonetics section is written on the basis of the textbook by Pozharitskaya-Knyazev 1. Articulatory characteristics of the sounds of the Russian language and the features of its articulatory base.

• Lectures on the syntax of modern Russian language

  | Lecture(s) | | Russia | docx | 1.31 MB

  General characteristics of a complex sentence Compound sentence Complex sentence Unconjunct difficult sentence Methods of transmitting someone else's speech Complex forms of speech organization List

• Answers to the test on the syntax of the Russian language

  | Answers for the test/exam| 2017 | Russia | docx | 0.05 MB

  Subject of syntax. Basic syntactic units. Types of syntactic connections in phrases and sentences The main members of a two-part sentence. Types of predicate Secondary members

Since the idea of ​​distinguishing language and speech was established in linguistics, the question arose: what is a sentence in this regard, is it only a unit of speech or also a unit of language? In Slavic linguistics, most syntaxists consider the sentence as a unit of both language and speech. This idea was well expressed by V. Mathesius: “The sentence does not belong entirely to speech, but is connected in its usual form with the grammatical system of the language to which it belongs.”

A sentence contains both elements produced and reproduced by the speaker. The forms of the constitutive members of the sentence are reproduced as elements of the structure of the sentence, and not arbitrarily formed by the speaker, constituting its predicative minimum, which is necessary for the sentence to be a grammatically formed predicative unit, and a broader nominative minimum, which is necessary for the semantic organization of the sentence, without which it cannot exist as a message - a nominative unit.

In certain speech situations, a sentence may actually not contain all the constituent members, the presence of which is assumed by its formal and semantic organization, but to be incomplete and contain only such members that are required by the communicative task of the sentence: - Where do the firewood come from? - From the forest, obviously(N.); - How long did he live with you?- I asked again.- Yes for about a year(L.). But the existence of incomplete sentences does not refute the fact of the presence of reproducible elements in a speech sentence, since, firstly, incomplete sentences exist only in such conditions under which their content is supplemented by the context or situation of speech, and secondly, in incomplete sentences their present members have the same form as they would have as part of complete ones, so that the forms of the present members also signal the verbally unexpressed (implicit) components of the sentence, reproducing, although incompletely, one or another sample of the sentence. Yes, a proposal Weapons on the table for everyone! not containing a main member, its present composition signals that it is modeled on an infinitive sentence (cf.: Everyone put their weapons on the table) and the proposal All weapons on the table!,- according to the model of the conjugated verb (cf.: Everyone put your weapons on the table).

Thus, the rules of Russian syntax (and specifically those related to the system of sentence organization, and not other syntactic units) require the use of the nominative case form of the noun when conjugating the form of a personal (not impersonal) verb: He's on duty and with the infinitive - the dative case form: He should be on duty; when asserting the presence of an object - the form of the nominative case: There is paper; There were difficulties and in case of negation - the genitive case form: No paper; There were no difficulties.

The task of the study of the structural scheme of a sentence is to determine, in relation to sentences of different types, the minimum components at which the sentence, regardless of the context, is capable of performing its functions. Thus, sentence structure diagram can be defined as an abstract pattern consisting of the minimum components necessary to create a sentence.

A new type of description of the formal organization of a sentence, based on the concept of a structural diagram of a sentence, appeared in Russian science in the late 60s. It was implemented in relation to all constructions of the Russian sentence in "Grammar-70" and in "Russian Grammar" (1980, 1982), discussed in many articles and books on the syntax of the Russian language and general theory syntax. The introduction of the concept of a structural scheme of a sentence responded to the general desire for formalization and modeling of linguistic objects, which is characteristic of various directions and areas of modern linguistics and which reflects the demands of the century, as well as the goals of the practical application of descriptive syntax.

At the same time, it immediately became clear that the new type of description of the formal organization of a sentence is by no means self-evident. Controversy has arisen around the concept of sentence structure. Two understandings of the structural minimum of supply have emerged.

The understanding of the structural minimum of a proposal put forward by N.Yu. Shvedova, is addressed to the formal organization of the sentence as a predicative unit. Therefore, it involves abstraction from everything that is not essential for him. On this basis, the structural diagram does not include the components of the sentence that appeared in it as the implementation of a connection organized according to the “word + word form” type, i.e. all word-spreaders that realize the syntactic potentials of words, the forms of which form a sentence and are components of the scheme. The scheme also does not include obligatory predictable conditional spreaders, without which a sentence cannot be a minimal message independent of the context. In accordance with this understanding, only those components of the sentence that form its predicative minimum are introduced into the structural diagram.

At this level of abstraction, it turns out to be unimportant that the so-understood structural minimum, far from every lexical content, forms a real sentence that can be the name of an event or a communicative unit. Yes, in sentences The Rooks Have Arrived And They ended up here from the point of view of this understanding, the same structural diagram: “the form of the nominative case of the noun + the conjugated form of the verb that agrees with it” (N 1 V f). Meanwhile, in the second case, filling in only these syntactic positions does not produce a real sentence ("They found themselves").

The level of abstraction specified by this understanding of the structural minimum of a sentence corresponds to that which was accepted by the traditional teaching about the main members of a sentence, therefore compiling a list of structural schemes in this understanding can be based on this teaching (from such positions the entire system of Russian sentences is described in Grammar- 70" and in "Russian Grammar-80", where closed lists of structural diagrams are given).

A different understanding of the structural minimum of a sentence is addressed not only to the formal organization of the sentence as a predicative unit, but also to its semantic organization as a nominative unit, and simultaneously takes into account its actual grammatical and semantic sufficiency. In this case, the sentence structure includes large quantity components. Thus, from the standpoint of this approach, the scheme N 1 V f corresponds only to the sentence The Rooks Have Arrived, for offer They ended up here it must be supplemented by an adverbial component of local meaning, which, in accordance with the accepted symbolism, can be denoted Adv lo c /N 2 ... loc, where N 2 ... loc represents any case (prepositional-case) form of a noun with an adverbial local meaning (i.e. the meaning of a place). The morphological properties of this component (the adverb itself or the prepositional case form) are unimportant for the structural scheme of the sentence; compare: They found themselves at home (at the house, in the house, behind the house).

The second understanding of the structural minimum supply is represented by a large number of works by domestic and foreign scientists. They discuss the general principles of identifying structural schemes, but do not describe the entire system of Russian sentences in the form of a closed list of structural schemes.

Each of the researchers implements the central idea of ​​the direction in their own way. But in all implementations of this direction, its general idea is manifested: an appeal to the meaning of the sentence as a nominative unit, recognition of the relative completeness, integrity of the informative content as the main and obligatory property of the sentence. The structural minimum of a sentence is understood here as the limit of semantic autonomy, suitability for performing a nominative function, i.e. to express a certain type of “state of affairs,” event, situation.

With this approach to establishing the structural minimum of a proposal, it is no longer possible to rely on the traditional doctrine of the main members of a proposal. Thus, “additions, from this point of view, should be classified among the main (i.e., necessary) members of the proposal”; The differences between subject and object are not significant in this approach.

The two understandings of the structural scheme of a sentence described above, based on different ideas about the structural minimum of a sentence, despite all the differences between them, complement each other, representing different levels abstractions: greater when oriented towards the predicative minimum and less when oriented towards the nominative minimum. This allows us to talk about two types of structural schemes of sentences - minimal and extended. Extended schemes are minimal schemes + constitutive schemes not included in them, i.e. components essential for the semantic structure of a sentence. Thus, there is an inclusion relationship between minimal and extended sentence schemas. Thus, the minimal circuit N 1 V f is included in extended circuits built on its basis, for example, in the circuit N 1 V f Adv loc /N 2 ... loc, which is implemented by the proposal They ended up here or into the scheme N 1 V f N 2 ...obj, according to which the sentences are constructed I remember a wonderful moment(P.); Old Kochubey (P.) is proud of his beautiful daughter.

Let's explain this formula. The adjectives in the examples given are optional, are not included in the nominative minimum, and therefore are not components of the scheme.

Index 2... obj means that the noun it accompanies can be in any oblique case with the meaning of the nearest object of action. Which case form it will receive depends on the associative properties of the verb and is not significant for the structure of the sentence; compare: He was in the wayus; He was working onarticle; We believed invictory.

The specificity of a sentence as a syntactic unit is that it expresses updated informative content: it gives the name of some situation, while simultaneously assessing its reality ~ unreality and its location in time relative to the act of speech. In accordance with this, the minimal scheme of a sentence must include such a combination of word forms (or one word form) that is necessary and sufficient to express this “sentence” meaning with a certain lexical content, namely, to convey informative content, correlating it with reality ( situation of speech) in terms of the categories of reality ~ unreality and time.

The minimal sentence patterns include word forms of three classes.

1. First of all, these are indicators of predicativeness. IN modern language they are represented by three forms: conjugated forms of the verb (V f); conjugated forms of the copula (Cop f) - a function word be, expressing the grammatical meaning of reality ~ unreality and time, as well as the concordant categories of number and gender (person); an infinitive of a verb or copula (Inf), conveying a specific modal meaning. The conjugated forms and infinitive of a verb are components of the minimal sentence structure. Those of them that are outside the coordinating categories, i.e. in which number and gender (person) are non-variable as part of the structural scheme, they can alone constitute minimal sentence schemes, since due to their significantness, in addition to predicative meanings, they also carry a certain informative content.

This possibility is realized by the 3rd person singular forms in sentences like It's getting light(V s 3 / n); 3rd person forms plural in sentences like Guard!They're robbing! (V pl 3); infinitive in sentences like Get up!(Inf).

The forms of the copula cannot form a minimal sentence scheme, since they represent only means of actualization, acting only when combined with certain forms of significant words that carry within themselves the informative content that, with the help of means of actualization, is correlated with reality. Therefore, copula forms are not independent components of the structural scheme of a sentence. They form a complex component of the scheme, which, as the second element, includes one of the nominal forms combined with the connective; it expresses the nominative content of the complex component of the structural scheme of the sentence. The conjugated forms of verbs whose number and gender (person) are variable in the structural diagram cannot form a minimal sentence, since their design according to these categories is determined by the forms of the words with which they agree.

2. Minimal sentence schemes that include a copula include certain forms of names and adverbs, which, in combination with the copula, form a single syntactic complex. In modern language, these are forms of the nominative and instrumental cases of nouns (N 1 / N 5), as well as prepositional or prepositional forms of any indirect case that can be combined with a copula (N2... pr); forms of the nominative or instrumental case of adjectives and passive participles, as well as their short forms and comparatives (Adj 1/5 /f); adverbs that can be combined with a copula (Adv pr); infinitive

The carrier of predicativity (the conjugated form of the verb or the infinitive) and the complex formed by the copula conveying predicative meanings with the associated nominal form constitute the predicative center of the sentence, its grammatical core.

Minimal sentence schemes, which include verb or connective forms that are variable in terms of concordant categories, include components that determine the form of predicative indicators by number, gender (person). In modern language, this is the form of the nominative case of a noun and its substitutes, in particular combinations of quantitative words in different forms with genitive form of the noun: Several visitors came (about a dozen visitors, about a dozen visitors), and also the infinitive. The conjugated form of the verb or copula, as well as nominal forms that can be coordinated, combined with the copula, agree with these components, reflectively reacting to their form; compare: He liked the work.- He liked to work; The work was interesting.- It was interesting to work.

Minimal sentence schemes are the result of high abstraction: they include only such components, the presence of which is not determined by word connections, are completely freed from taking into account the combinability of words and record only specific facts of the syntactic organization of a sentence. The list of minimal schemes demonstrates the formal apparatus of a sentence, so this list is of great value for the typological formal syntactic characteristics of the language.

Minimum proposal schemes can be one-component or two-component. One-component schemes are equal to the predicative center of the sentence and are formed by such forms of it that do not vary according to the concordant categories: singular forms of the 3rd person (V S 3 /n> Cop S 3 / n), plural of the 3rd person (V p l 3, Ср l 3) and the infinitive of the verb or copula (Inf). Two-component schemes, in addition to the predicative center of the sentence, include another component (the nominative case form of the noun or the infinitive), which determines the form of the predicative center according to the concordant categories.

Minimal sentence schemes are combined into three blocks, differing both in the number of components (one-component and two-component) and in the form of one of the components (nominative and infinitive two-component schemes). At the same time, according to the nature of the predicative center of the sentence, the structural schemes of verbs (A) and copulas (B) differ. In class “A” (verbal), the predicative center of the sentence is elementary, this is the form of the verb (conjugated form or infinitive), which simultaneously expresses its material content and grammatical characteristics; in class “B” (connective), the predicative center of the sentence is complex, it consists of a copula (in conjugated form or in the infinitive), expressing only its grammatical characteristics, and a significant element - combined with a copula of the form of a name, adverb or infinitive, which expresses the real content (Tables 9, 10, 11).

Table 9

I block (two-component nominative)

Table 10

Block II (two-component infinitive)

Table 11

III block (one-component)

One-component sentences built according to the Inf structural scheme can be either verbal or connective, since their only component (predicative center) can be elementary or complex. In the first case, it is the infinitive of the verb (i.e., the significant word), which simultaneously carries the material content of the predicative center and its grammatical meaning; in the second, it is a copula infinitive, expressing only grammatical meaning, and therefore combined, forming a complex component, with the form of the name, which carries material content. Wed: I have to leave tomorrow; Make this song popular.

A special position in terms of distinguishing verbal and copular structural schemes is occupied by sentences of a two-component infinitive block. The position of the infinitive in them can be filled either with the infinitive of the verb - a significant word (V in f), or with a complex component - “infinitive copula + linking element” (Cop inf N 5, Cop inf N 2 ...pr/Adv pr, Cop inf Adj f/5): Being a teacher is difficult; It was unusual to be without a hat; It was rare to be together; Being cheerful (more cheerful) rarely happened to him.

A complex component of a sentence structure headed by an infinitive be, in these sentences it is not a carrier of predication: this function is performed here by the conjugated form of the verb in the InfV ​​f scheme and the conjugated forms of the copula in all other schemes; a complex component headed by an infinitive be, plays the role of a determinant of the form of the predicative center according to the concordant categories, i.e. the role of a component similar to the nominative case form of a noun (subject) in two-component schemes of the nominative block. In connection with the above and in accordance with the tradition of contrasting verbality and cohesion only in the position of the predicative center, sentences constructed according to the InfV ​​f scheme with a complex component in the infinitive position are considered as verbal, and sentences with a complex component in the infinitive position, constructed according to other two-component schemes infinitive block - like copulas.

With the copula infinitive, not all forms of names are possible that can be combined with the copula in the conjugated form: the copula infinitive does not allow nominative case forms of nouns and adjectives.

It should be said that in the InfCopInf scheme both positions can be replaced by complex components: Now being happy meant being healthy. The position of the first complex component is the position of the infinitive, which determines the form of the predicative center according to the concordant categories, similar to the position of the nominative case form of the noun (subject), and the position of the second complex component is the position in the predicative center of the sentence, headed by the conjugated form of the copula. Let us make the necessary explanations to the list of schemes. Recording the structural schemes of a sentence using symbols reflects the essential features of the morphological appearance of their components. When denoting the form of a component, generalizations are allowed based on abstraction from some facts that are not essential for analysis at a given level of abstraction. Thus, Adj denotes not only the adjective itself, but also the participle for which such a function is possible (i.e., passive); N2... pr denotes any reliable (non-prepositional or prepositional) form of a noun (except for forms of the nominative and instrumental cases), capable of forming a complex predicative center with a copula.

It is also assumed that symbols denote possible substitutes for the forms that are expressed by these symbols, and their possible modifications. So V f in scheme N 1 V f is not only the conjugated form of the verb, but also a verbal interjection (Whip-click) or the infinitive, transpositively acting here as the expressive equivalent of V f (Children cry) and N 1 is not only the form of the nominative case of the noun, but also the quantitative combination that replaces it (About a hundred cows were grazing in the meadow) or genitive case form in quantitative sense (There were a lot of guests!; They whined!).

The use of the Adj symbol in a one-component circuit requires special explanation Cop s 3/ n Adj fsn (It was hot). Shape type hot in this use they are considered as adverbs or isolated into a special part of speech (state category or predicative). But a systematic consideration of the syntactic functions of all classes of word forms in a language leads to combining them with short forms of adjectives. Short forms of adjectives, like conjugated forms of verbs, always act as the predicative center of a sentence; at the same time, like the conjugated forms of verbs, they either agree with the second component of the sentence scheme (in two-component schemes), or take the form of the neuter singular (in one-component schemes), which, along with the absence of the second component, is a sign of the one-component nature of the minimal sentence scheme.

Accordingly in the scheme InfCopAdj f / t /5 (It was hard to refuse) Adj f is a compatible short form of the adjective: its presence of a neuter form is a reaction to the uncharacterized nature of the first component (Inf) in number and gender. On the same grounds, verb forms are considered as compatible (V f ) and connectives (Cop f) in all schemes of block II. Thus, the schemes of block II are qualified as two-component with forms of coordination: it is precisely this interpretation that is suggested by consideration of the systemic relationships of these schemes in comparison with the schemes of block I.

Absence of the symbol Ср in the Inf scheme (He should be on duty; Don’t talk!; He won’t be recognized) reflects the fact that the modal meaning of infinitive sentences is created directly by the construction itself, accompanying the use of the infinitive as the predicative center of the sentence. This modal meaning is modified depending on many conditions, but always maintains a connection with the sphere of unreality. The use of copula in infinitive sentences is not always possible; it is not allowed by many modifications of their modal meanings. The function of the copula in infinitive sentences differs significantly from its function in sentences built on the basis of other structural schemes: the absence of a copula in infinitive sentences does not express the meaning of reality and the present tense and is not its zero form.

The order of symbols in schemes reflects the most common arrangement of components in the composition of generally informative, stylistically and expressively neutral statements, but is not among the constitutive features of the scheme: the order of components is insignificant for the formal organization of a sentence and relates to the sphere of its communicative organization.

The list of minimal sentence schemes includes only non-phraseological schemes, i.e. such samples that 1) do not regulate the lexical properties of the words filling the diagram; 2) assume clear syntactic connections between the components of the scheme.

Meanwhile, in the language there are phraseological schemes, which regulate not only the forms of the components, but also the lexical filling of the positions they open and on which sentences with unclear syntactic connections between the components are constructed. The meanings of sentences constructed according to phraseological schemes are determined by the meaning of the phraseological unit; they are unique and, as a rule, expressive. For example, an expressive form of agreement with the opinion of the interlocutor is conveyed by sentences formed by the double use of the word form, separated by the particle So:- Well, okay, says the master,- witch is a witch(M.B.); - So on and on,- Larka said in a carefree voice(V. Sh.); Drive like this; Stay like this.

A special place among phraseologized schemes is occupied by correlative examples of sentences like There is (was, will be, would be) something to do And There is nothing (was, will, would) be done; There is (was, will be, would be) someone to consult with and No one (was, will be, would be) to consult with; There is (was, will be, would be) where to rush And There is nowhere (was, will be, would be) to rush. Possessing the characteristics of phraseological schemes, they are distinguished by the fact that they do not belong to the sphere of expressive speech, but represent expressive and stylistically neutral ways of expressing the presence or absence of a generally conceivable situation, which are common for Russian speakers.

Parsing a simple sentence

Scheme for parsing a simple sentence

1. Make a graphic analysis of the sentence: highlight the grammatical basis, indicate the method of expression of the subject, the type of the predicate and the method of its expression; emphasize the minor members of the sentence, indicate their categories and methods of expression.

2.Indicate the type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement (narrative, interrogative, incentive).

3. Determine the type of sentence based on emotional coloring (exclamatory or non-exclamatory).

4.Indicate the type of proposal by the number of main members (two-part or one-part); For one-part sentences determine the variety (definitely personal, indefinitely personal, impersonal, nominal).

5. Characterize the proposal by the presence or absence of secondary members (common or non-common).

6. Characterize the proposal in terms of the presence or absence of structurally necessary members of the proposal (complete or incomplete); if incomplete, indicate which part of the sentence is missing.

7.Indicate whether the sentence is complicated (what makes it complicated: homogeneous, isolated members of the sentence, introductory words, appeals) or uncomplicated.

Note. When parsing part of a complex sentence as simple description according to the purpose of the statement and emotional coloring, it should be omitted; It is enough to indicate that this is a simple sentence as part of a complex one.

Example of parsing a simple sentence

Our sacredthe craft exists thousands of years (A. Akhmatova).

The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, two-part, common, complete, uncomplicated.

Main members: craft - subject, expressed by a noun; exists - simple verbal predicate, expressed by a verb.

Minor members: craft (what?) is ours- agreed upon definition, expressed by a pronoun; (what?) sacredhas been around for (how long?) thousands of years- a circumstance of time, expressed as a whole phrase.

Where should I goget away this January? (O. Mandelstam)

The sentence is interrogative, non-exclamatory, one-part, impersonal, common, complete, uncomplicated.

Main Member: get away - a simple verbal predicate, expressed by an infinitive.

Minor members: go (where?) where- adverb of place, expressed by a pronominal adverb; go (who?) to me- indirect object, expressed by a pronoun; go (when?) in January- a circumstance of time, expressed by a noun with a preposition; in January (what?) this- agreed upon definition, expressed by a pronoun.

In the cell, also illuminated by electric light, despite the morning hour, the clerkIvan Pavlovich with obvious pleasuredrilled Andstitched silk cord of paper... (M. Aldanov).

The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, two-part, widespread, complete, complicated by a separate agreed definition, an expressed participial phrase, a separate circumstance of concession, an expressed phrase with a preposition despite, homogeneous predicates.

Main members: Ivan Pavlovich - subject, expressed by a noun; drilled and stitched - homogeneous simple verbal predicates, expressed by verbs.

Minor members: Ivan Pavlovich (what?) clerk- application, expressed by a noun; drilled and stitched (where?) in the chamber- circumstance of place, expressed by a noun with a preposition; in a chamber (which one?) illuminated by electric light- a separate agreed definition, expressed by a participial phrase; drilled and stitched (despite what?) despite the morning hour- an isolated circumstance of assignment, expressed by a phrase with a preposition despite; drilled and stitched (how?) with pleasure- a circumstance of a course of action, expressed by a noun with a preposition; with pleasure (what?) obvious- agreed definition, expressed by an adjective; drilled and stitched (what?) papers- direct object, expressed by a noun; drilled and stitched (with what?) with a cord- indirect object, expressed by a noun; cord (what?) silk- agreed definition, expressed by an adjective. Same- conjunction, is not a member of the sentence.

2. Correlation of the concepts Sentence and Statement This problem has become relevant in connection with the study of the functional side of language, i.e. not only the study of linguistic facts, but the use of them by the speaker. Different linguistic schools have different approaches to this problem, but they all agree on one thing: considering a sentence not from the point of view of its syntactic features, but from the point of view of the communicative use of the sentence (for the purpose of communication). There are different approaches: - The statement is wider than the sentence, since the statement may not implement a structural diagram. *Do you want it with or without sugar? - Without. However, the basis of any statement is still a correlation with some proposal. - A sentence is equal to a statement. This point of view is reflected in scientific grammars. - A statement is a level of language above the sentence (Ir. Il. Kovtunova) What is a statement? A sentence is a unit of language. An utterance is a unit of speech because it is related to the functioning of language. Thus, an utterance is a segment of speech that has a communicative orientation, semantic integrity, and is the implementation language system(structural diagram), reflecting the norm of the language.

In this analysis, the researcher asks the question: what is that abstract pattern, that formula or that structural diagram in accordance with which the this proposal as a communicative predicative unit? The purpose of constructive syntax is to create a finite list of sentence structure patterns.

At this level of abstraction, the following sentences, for example, will be of the same type:

1) Streams are flowing.

2) This year the plant will produce new model car.

3) You'd better keep quiet!

4) These poems were written by V. Mayakovsky.

Their commonality in the constructive-syntactic aspect is explained by the fact that the abstract scheme by which they are constructed includes two components connected by predicative relations and expressed by the nominative case of the name (component with the meaning of the carrier of the predicative feature) and the conjugated form of the verb (component with the meaning of the predicative feature itself ). Thus, the structural diagram that underlies all four sentences, can be represented as:

In “Russian Grammar”-80, a structural diagram is defined as an abstract pattern according to which a separate minimal, relatively complete sentence can be constructed. The word “relatively” emphasizes that the components necessary from the point of view of lexical semantics may not be included in the structural diagram, but the predicative meaning, i.e. the main grammatical meaning of the sentence, will be expressed by it, i.e. really abstract block diagram as a carrier of predicative meaning.

If the block diagram includes one component, it is one-component scheme, if two, - two-component. The components of the scheme are designated by letter symbols corresponding to the Latin names of the corresponding parts of speech or morphological forms:

Vf - conjugated form of the verb;

Vf3s - conjugated verb in 3rd person singular form.

N - noun;

Fdj - adjective;

Pgon - pronoun;

Adv - adverb;

Advo - adverb ending with -o (cold, hot etc.);

Praed - predicative;

Part- participle;

Interj- interjection;

Neg - negation, negation;

Sor - a bunch;

quant - quantitative (quantitative) value.

With the symbol N, the numbers 1 to 6 indicate case forms; with the symbol N, the number 2 with an ellipsis (N 2 ...) means “a noun in the form of one of the oblique cases with or without a preposition.”

(Adv quant N2) - “A quantitative adverb in combination with the genitive case of a noun” (the number of the noun is not important here). Using this formula or scheme, for example, the following sentences are constructed; Lots of things to do, Today I have a lot to do, Tomorrow our whole family will have a lot to do. Little time, U I always have little time for you, enough arguments...

(Inf + Vf3s) - “An infinitive in combination with a conjugated verb in the 3rd person singular form. numbers." The proposals are constructed according to this scheme: Smoking is prohibited; Friends, smoking is prohibited at our university; It’s impossible to meet; Friends never manage to meet; It will be possible to meet and so on.

(N1) - “A noun in the nominative case form.” The proposals are constructed according to this scheme: Night, Memories, Silent Summer Night, Dark Summer Night on the Crimean Coast and so on.

(Inf cop Inf) - “Infinitive - copula - infinitive.” For example: To be friends means to trust.

The structural diagram of a simple sentence is an abstract syntactic pattern from which a separate, minimal, relatively complete sentence can be constructed. Structural schemes are distinguished by a combination of the following characteristics: the formal structure of the scheme (the forms of words included in it and, in schemes organized by two forms, the relationship of these forms to each other); schema semantics; paradigmatic properties of sentences constructed according to this scheme; regular implementation system; distribution rules. Sentences completed according to one or another structural scheme are combined into a certain type of simple sentence.

In this chapter, the structural schemes of a sentence are described according to the first two of these characteristics; characteristics of paradigmatic properties, regular implementations and propagation rules are contained in special chapters devoted to sentences of the corresponding type.

The structural diagram of a simple sentence is organized by the forms (possibly even one form) of the significant words that are its components; in some schemes, one of the components is a negative particle - alone or in combination with a pronominal word.

Note. In specific sentences, the place of a schema component can, under certain conditions, be filled by some other form or combination of forms; There are certain types and rules for such substitutions. They are described in the chapters devoted to individual types of simple sentences.

The grammatical meaning common to all simple sentence structures (and therefore to all types of sentences) is predicativity (see § ). In addition, each structural diagram has its own meaning - the semantics of the diagram. The semantics of the structural diagram of a sentence is formed by the mutual action of the following factors: 1) grammatical meanings of the components in their relation to each other (in single-component schemes - the grammatical meaning of the diagram component); 2) lexical-semantic characteristics of words specific to a given scheme, occupying the positions of its components in specific sentences.

Each sentence, constructed according to one or another structural scheme, has its own semantic structure, which, in comparison with the semantics of the scheme, is a less abstract, more specific linguistic meaning. In addition, significant semantic changes may occur in a sentence during propagation. All relevant phenomena are described in special chapters.

In the future, for the sake of simplicity of presentation, the block diagram will be demonstrated specific proposal, representing the type; for example: type Forest makes noise- proposals for scheme N 1 - Vf; type A lot of affairs- proposals of the scheme Adv quant (N 1quant) N 2; type night- proposals of scheme No. 1; type It's getting light- proposals for the Vf 3s circuit; type Cold; Sad- Praed scheme proposals.