Beech rocket speed in km/h. Anti-aircraft missile systems of the Buk family

The multifunctional, highly mobile, medium-range anti-aircraft missile system (SAM) "Buk-M1-2" (the latest modernization of the "Buk" SAM system) is designed to destroy modern and promising strategic and tactical aircraft, cruise missiles, helicopters and other aerial aerodynamic objects in their entire range practical application in conditions of intense radio countermeasures, as well as for combating tactical ballistic missiles of the Lance type, anti-radar missiles of the Kharm type, other elements of air- and ground-based precision weapons in flight and hitting surface and ground-based radio-contrast targets. The anti-aircraft missile system can be used for air defense of troops, military facilities, important administrative-industrial and other territories (centers) with the massive use of air attack weapons, and can also be a tactical missile defense module.
The complex adopted a combined method of missile guidance - inertial guidance with radio correction in the initial guidance section and semi-active homing in the final guidance section.
The Buk-M1-2 air defense system includes combat assets, technical support equipment and training equipment.
The combat equipment includes:
- command post (CP) 9S470M1-2;
- target detection radar (SOC) 9S18M1-1;
- up to six self-propelled firing systems (SOU) 9AZ10M1-2;
- up to six launch-loading units (PZU) 9A39M1;
- anti-aircraft guided missiles (SAM) 9M317.
The technical support includes:
- maintenance vehicle (MTO) 9V881M1-2 with spare parts trailer 9T456;
- maintenance workshop (MTO) AGZ-M1;
- repair and maintenance machines (workshops) (MRTO): MRTO-1 9V883M1; MRTO-2 9V884M1; MRTO-3 9V894M1;
- transport vehicle (TM) 9T243 with a set of technological equipment (KTO) 9T3184;
- automated control and testing mobile station (AKIPS) 9V95M1;
- 9T458 missile repair machine (workshop);
- unified compressor station UKS-400V;
- mobile power station PES-100-T/400-AKR1.
Educational and training tools include:
- operational training missile 9M317UD;
- 9M317UR training missile.
All combat assets of the complex are assembled on all-terrain tracked self-propelled vehicles equipped with communications equipment, orientation and navigation equipment, their own gas turbine power supply units, personnel protection and life support systems, which ensures their high maneuverability and autonomy during combat operations.
The 9S470M1-2 command post is designed for automated control via telecode (radio or wire) communication channels of the combat operations of the air defense system and works together with one SOC 9S18M1-1, six SOU 9A310M1-2 and ensures mutual work with the higher command post for the automated control of combat operations of the Buk air defense system -M1-2".
The control panel equipment, consisting of a digital computer system, information display tools, operational command communications and data transmission and other auxiliary systems, allows you to optimize the air defense missile system control process, automatically assign operating modes, provide processing of up to 75 radar marks, and automatically track up to 15 routes of the most dangerous targets, solve target distribution and target designation problems, provide complex modes of paired operation of the SOU (“Radiation Regulation”, “Alien Illumination”, “Triangulation”, “Coordinate Support”, “Launcher”), which are used in conditions of the enemy’s use of strong anti-radar missiles radio countermeasures and in case of failure of the radar of one of the control systems, as well as documenting the processes of combat work, monitoring the functioning of the complex’s combat assets and simulating the air situation for conducting training of the command post crew.
SOC 9S18M1-1 is designed to detect, identify the nationality of targets and transmit information about the air situation in the form of marks from targets and bearings to jammers at the 9S470M1-2 command post of the Buk-M1-2 air defense system and other control points of the air defense forces.
The SOC is a three-dimensional radar of the centimeter wave range, built on the basis of a waveguide array with electronic scanning of the beam pattern in elevation and mechanical rotation of the antenna in azimuth. The indicator range of the SOC is 160 km.
The SOC implements two possibilities for viewing space:
- “regular” - in anti-aircraft defense mode;
- “sectoral” - in missile defense mode.
The main element of the air defense system is the SOU 9A310M1-2. In terms of its functional purpose, it is a radar station for detecting, tracking a target, illuminating a target and a missile with a ground-based radar interrogator, a television optical target sight and a launcher with four missiles, combined into a single product controlled through a digital computer system.
The SOU provides solutions to the following tasks:
- receiving target designation and control signals from PBU 9S470M1-2;
- detection, identification of nationality, acquisition and tracking of targets, recognition of the class of air, surface or ground targets, illumination of them and missiles;
- determining the coordinates of tracked targets, developing a flight mission for missiles and solving other pre-launch tasks;
- pointing the launcher in the direction of the pre-empted meeting point of the missile with the target;
- issuing target designation to the radar homing head of the missile defense system;
- missile launch;
- developing radio correction commands and transmitting them to flying missiles;
- transmitting to the 9A39M1 ROM the signals necessary to point the ROM launcher in the direction of the lead point, pointing the radar homing head of the missile defense system at the target and launching it;
- transmission to the command post of information about the target being tracked and about the process of combat work;
- combat crew training.
The SOU can perform these tasks both as part of an air defense system during target designation with a command post, and autonomously in the sector of responsibility. In this case, missiles can be launched either directly from the SDA or from the ROM launcher.
When operating as part of an air defense system and controlled from a command post, the self-propelled gun can be used as a launcher, in firing mode with “alien illumination” and take part in solving the coordinate support problem with the complex.
The 9A39M1 launcher is designed for:
- transportation and storage of missiles, with four missiles located on the launcher guides and ready for launch, and four combat-ready missiles on transport supports;
- loading of self-propelled guns and self-loading of missiles located on transport supports of the base, transport vehicle, ground cradles or containers;
- monitoring the serviceability of ROM and missiles, both on command from the SOU and autonomously;
- pre-launch preparation and sequential launch of missiles according to the SOU data.
To solve these problems, the ROM includes a launcher for four missiles with an electro-hydraulic power tracking drive and launch automatic equipment, four transport supports for storing missiles, an analog computer, a lifting unit (up to 1000 kg) and other equipment.
The 9M317 missiles are designed to destroy the entire class of aerodynamic targets, tactical ballistic missiles, elements of precision weapons, radar-contrast surface and ground targets. The rocket is made according to a normal aerodynamic design with a low aspect ratio trapezoidal wing with a single-stage dual-mode solid propellant jet engine.
The missile is aimed at the target using a semi-active homing system using the proportional navigation method.
To increase the accuracy of guidance, at the initial stage, pseudo-inertial control is organized along the radio correction line - the flight mission in the on-board missile defense computer is adjusted depending on changes in the movement characteristics of the target being fired by radio commands transmitted in the target and missile illumination signals.
The missile is delivered to the consumer fully assembled and equipped. Normal operation and combat use of missiles is ensured at any time of the year and day in various weather and climatic conditions for ten years.
The main tactical unit of the Buk-M1-2 air defense system, capable of independently performing combat missions, is a separate anti-aircraft missile regiment (OSRP) or an anti-aircraft missile division (ZRDN).
The unit includes a command post 9S470M1-2, SOC 9S18M1-1, communications equipment, three anti-aircraft missile batteries (two SOU 9A310M1-2 and one or two ROM 9A39M1 in each), a technical battery and a maintenance and repair unit.
A separate air defense missile system is usually part of a motorized rifle (tank) division (brigade), and an air defense missile system is part of an anti-aircraft missile brigade (up to 4-6 air defense missile systems, command post, technical battery and maintenance and repair units) of the army (army corps).
An anti-aircraft missile division (regiment), armed with the Buk-M1-2 air defense system, can perform air defense tasks for military formations and units in all types of combat operations and the most important objects (territories) of the troops and the country, simultaneously firing up to six aerodynamic targets or up to six ballistic missiles with a launch range of up to 140 km, or fire at six surface or ground targets. At the same time, the division (regiment), as a tactical missile defense module, provides coverage of an area of ​​​​about 800 - 1200 km2.
At the command post of the anti-aircraft missile brigade, the Polyana-D4M1 automation system is used.
The Buk anti-aircraft missile system in the Buk-1 variant, consisting of the SOU 9A38 and the 9M38 missile defense system, was adopted by the Air Defense Forces of the North in 1978.

The fully equipped Buk air defense system was put into service in 1980, went through several phases of modernization and was put into service under the code of the Buk M1 air defense system in 1983, and the Buk-M1-2 air defense system in 1998.
The Buk air defense system and its modifications are in service with the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, CIS countries and have been supplied to a number of non-CIS countries.
In addition to the standard configuration of the Buk-M1-2 air defense system, Russian industry has the ability to:
- supply special asphalt shoes for the caterpillar tracks of the complex’s combat vehicles, which ensure the movement of air defense systems on asphalt roads;
- install an objective control system (SOK) of the operation of air defense missile systems by registering, memorizing, storing and reproducing information exchange SOU-ZUR-PZU.

	"Beech"	"Buk-M1"	"Buk-M1-2"
Types of targets hit	aircraft	airplanes, helicopters, cruise missiles	airplanes, helicopters, cruise missiles, Lance-type TBRs, Kharm-type missile launchers, surface and ground targets
Damage zone for aerodynamic targets, km:
by range	3,5-25-30	3,0-35	3-42
in height	0,025-20	0,015-22	0,015-25
by exchange rate parameter	18	22	25
Damage zone of tactical ballistic missiles of the "Lance-2" type, km:
far border	-	-	20
maximum height	-	-	16
parameter	-	-	12
Firing range at surface targets, km	-	-	3-18-25
Firing range at ground targets, km	-	-	3-12
Maximum speed of targets hit, m/s	800	800	1200
Number of simultaneously fired targets by one air defense system	until 6	until 6	until 6
Probability of being hit by one missile:
aerodynamic purposes	0,7-0,9	0,7-0,9	0,7-0,9
tactical ballistic missiles	-	-	0,5-0,7
Harm-type anti-radar missiles	-	-	0,6-0,8
cruise missiles	not lower than 0.4	not lower than 0.4	0,6-0,8
helicopters	0,3-0,7	0,3-0,7	0,7-0,8
Reaction time, s	15-18	15-18	15-18
Deployment time, min.	5	5	5
Time of transition from standby mode to combat mode, s	20	20	20
Loading time of the self-propelled gun, min.	12	12	12

The self-propelled military air defense system "Buk" (SA-11 "Gadfly") is designed to combat maneuvering aerodynamic targets at low and medium altitudes, in conditions of radio countermeasures, and in the future - against Lance-type ballistic missiles.

Development, which began in 1972, involved the use of cooperation between developers and manufacturers, previously involved in the creation of the Kub air defense system. At the same time, the development of the M-22 (“Hurricane”) air defense system for the Navy was determined using the same missile defense system as the “Buk” complex.

The developer of the Buk (9K37) air defense system was generally identified as the Instrument Engineering Research Institute of the Phazotron Research and Design Association. A. A. Rastov was appointed chief designer of the complex.

The development of missiles was entrusted to the Sverdlovsk machine-building design bureau "Novator" headed by L.V. Lyulev. The detection and target designation station (STS) was developed at the Research Institute of Measuring Instruments under the leadership of chief designer A.P. Vetoshko (then Yu.P. Shchekotov).

Launch-loading units (PZU) were created at the Start machine-building design bureau under the leadership of A.I. Yaskin.

A set of technical support and maintenance equipment on a vehicle chassis was also developed for the complex.

Completion of the development of the complex was planned for 1975.

However, in 1974, it was decided to create the Buk air defense system in two stages. It was initially proposed to rapidly develop a missile defense system and a self-propelled firing system for the Buk air defense system, capable of launching both 9M38 missiles and 3M9MZ missiles from the Kub-M3 complex. On this basis, using other means of the Kub-M3 complex, it was planned to create the Buk-1 (9K37-1) air defense system, ensuring its entry into joint testing in September 1974, maintaining the previously prescribed volumes and timing of work on the Buk complex » in full specified composition.

For the Buk-1 air defense system, it was envisaged that each of the five anti-aircraft missile batteries of the Kub-M3 regiment, in addition to one self-propelled reconnaissance and guidance installation and four self-propelled launchers, would have one 9A38 self-propelled firing system from the Buk air defense system. . Thus, due to the use of a self-propelled firing system costing about 30% of the cost of all other battery assets in the Kub-MZ anti-aircraft missile regiment, the number of target channels increased from 5 to 10, and the number of combat-ready missiles - from 60 to 75.

The 9A38 self-propelled firing system, placed on the GM-569 tracked chassis, seemed to combine the functions of a self-propelled reconnaissance and guidance system and a self-propelled launcher used as part of the Kub-M3 air defense system. It provided search in a designated sector, detection and acquisition of a target for auto-tracking, solution of pre-launch tasks, launch and homing of three missiles (9M38 or 3M9MZ) located on it, as well as three 3M9MZ missiles located on one of the self-propelled launchers 2P25MZ air defense missile system associated with it "Kub-M3Z". The combat operation of a self-propelled fire installation could be carried out both with control and target designation from a self-propelled reconnaissance and guidance installation, and autonomously.

The 9A38 self-propelled firing system includes a 9S35 radar station, a digital computer system, a launcher with a power tracking drive, a ground-based radar interrogator operating in the Password identification system, a television-optical sight, telecode communication equipment with a self-propelled reconnaissance and guidance installation, equipment wired communication with a self-propelled launcher, an autonomous power supply system based on a gas turbine generator, navigation, topographical and orientation equipment, a life support system.

The mass of a self-propelled firing system with a combat crew of four people is 34 tons.

Advances in the development of microwave devices, quartz and electromechanical filters, and digital computers (DCs) have made it possible to combine the functions of target detection, tracking, and target illumination stations into the 9S35 radar. The station operates in the centimeter wavelength range using a single antenna and two transmitters - pulsed and continuous radiation. The first transmitter was used to detect and automatically track a target in a quasi-continuous radiation mode or, if difficulties arose with unambiguous determination of the range, in a pulse mode with pulse compression (using linear frequency modulation), the second transmitter (continuous radiation) was used to illuminate the target and the missile defense system. The station's antenna system conducts a sector search using an electromechanical method, target tracking by angular coordinates and range is carried out using a monopulse method, and signal processing is carried out by a digital computer. The width of the antenna pattern of the target tracking channel is 1.3° in azimuth and 2.5° in elevation, and the width of the illumination channel is 1.4° in azimuth and 2.65° in elevation. The search sector review time (120° in azimuth and 6-7° in elevation) in autonomous mode is 4 s, in control mode (10° in azimuth and 7° in elevation) - 2 s.

The average transmitter power of the target detection and tracking channel when using quasi-continuous signals is at least 1 kW, and when using signals with linear frequency modulation - at least 0.5 kW. The average power of the target illumination transmitter is at least 2 kW. The noise figure of the station's survey and direction-finding receivers did not exceed 10 dB. The radar transition time from standby mode to combat mode is no more than 20 s. The station is capable of unambiguously determining the speed of a target with an accuracy of -20... + 10 m/s. Selection of moving targets is ensured. Maximum errors in range do not exceed 175 m, root-mean-square errors in measuring angular coordinates - no more than 0.5 d.u. The radar is protected from active, passive and combined interference. The equipment of the self-propelled firing system ensures that the launch of missile defense systems is blocked when accompanied by a friendly aircraft or helicopter.

The 9A38 self-propelled firing system has a launcher with interchangeable guides for either three 3M9MZ missiles or three 9M38 missiles.

The 9M38 anti-aircraft missile is single-stage, has a dual-mode solid propellant engine (total operating time is about 15 s). The rejection of the ramjet engine was explained both by the instability of its operation at high angles of attack and high resistance in the passive part of the trajectory, and by the complexity of its development, which largely determined the delay in the creation of the “Cube” complex. Metal is used in the power structure of the engine chamber.

The general design of the missile - normal, X-shaped, with a low aspect ratio wing - was externally reminiscent of American ship-based anti-aircraft missiles of the Tartar and Standard families, which corresponded to the strict dimensional restrictions when using the 9M38 missile defense system in the M-22 complex, developed for the Soviet fleet.

In the front part of the missile, a semi-active homing head, autopilot equipment, power supplies and a warhead are successively located. To reduce the spread of alignment over flight time, the combustion chamber of the solid propellant rocket engine is located closer to the middle of the rocket, the nozzle block includes an elongated gas duct, around which the steering drive elements are located.

The smaller diameter of the front compartment of the rocket (330 mm) in relation to the engine and tail compartment is determined by the continuity of a number of elements of the 3M9 rocket. A new seeker with a combined control system was developed for the rocket. The complex implements self-guidance of missiles using the proportional navigation method.

The 9M38 missile defense system can hit targets at altitudes from 25 m to 18-20 km at ranges from 3.5 to 25-32 km. The rocket has a flight speed of 1000 m/s and can maneuver with overloads of up to 19g.

The mass of the rocket is 685 kg, including the warhead - 70 kg.

The design of the 9M38 missile ensures its delivery to the troops in a transport container in a fully equipped form, as well as operation without inspections and routine maintenance for 10 years.

Tests of the Buk-1 air defense system took place from August 1975 to October 1976.

As a result of the tests, the detection range of self-propelled firing system radar aircraft in autonomous mode was obtained from 65 to 77 km at altitudes of more than 3000 m, which at low altitudes (30-100 m) decreased to 32-41 km. Helicopters at low altitudes were detected at a distance of 21-35 km. In the centralized mode of operation, due to the limited capabilities of the 1S91M2 self-propelled reconnaissance and guidance unit issuing target designations, the aircraft detection range was reduced to 44 km for targets at altitudes of 3000-7000 m and to 21-28 km at low altitudes.

The operating time of the self-propelled firing system in autonomous mode (from target detection to missile launch) was 24-27 s. The loading and unloading time for three 3M9MZ or 9M38 missiles was about 9 minutes.

When firing 9M38 missiles, the destruction of aircraft flying at altitudes of more than 3 km was ensured at a range of 3.4 to 20.5 km, and at an altitude of 30 m - from 5 to 15.4 km. The affected area ranged from 30 m to 14 km in height, and 18 km in terms of heading. The probability of an aircraft being hit by one 9M38 missile was 0.70-0.93.

The complex was put into service in 1978. Due to the fact that the 9A38 self-propelled firing system and the 9M38 missile defense system were means that only complemented the Kub-MZ air defense system, the complex was named “Kub-M4” (2K12M4).

The Kub-M4 complexes that appeared in the air defense forces made it possible to significantly increase the effectiveness of air defense of tank divisions of the ground forces of the Soviet Army.

Joint tests of the Buk complex in its full specified composition were carried out from November 1977 to March 1979.

The Buk air defense systems had the following characteristics.

The 9S470 command post located on the GM-579 chassis provided: reception, display and processing of target information received from the 9S18 detection and target designation station and six 9A310 self-propelled firing systems, as well as from higher command posts; selection of dangerous targets and their distribution between self-propelled firing systems in manual and automatic modes, setting their sectors of responsibility, displaying information about the presence of missiles on them and on launch-loading installations; about the letters of the illumination transmitters of self-propelled firing systems, about their work on targets; about the operating modes of the detection and target designation station; organizing the operation of the complex in conditions of interference and the enemy’s use of anti-radar missiles; documentation of work and training in calculation of CP. The command post processed messages about 46 targets at altitudes up to 20 km in a zone with a radius of 100 km per review cycle of the detection and target designation station and issued up to 6 target designations to self-propelled firing systems with an accuracy of 1 ° in azimuth and elevation, 400-700 m in range . The weight of the command post with a combat crew of 6 people did not exceed 28 tons. The command post has bulletproof and anti-radiation protection and is capable of speeds on the road of up to 65 km/h, and on rough terrain - up to 45 km/h. Power reserve - 500 km.

The detection and target designation station 9S18 (“Dome”) is a three-coordinate coherent-pulse station that operates in the centimeter wavelength range, has electronic scanning of the beam in elevation (in a sector of 30 or 40°) and mechanical (circular or in a given sector) rotation of the antenna in azimuth (with using an electric or hydraulic drive). The station is designed to detect and identify air targets at ranges of up to 110-120 km (45 km at a flight altitude of 30 m) and transmit information about the air situation to the 9S470 control post.

The rate of viewing the space, depending on the established sector in elevation and the presence of interference, ranged from 4.5 to 18 s for all-round viewing and from 2.5 to 4.5 s for viewing in a 30° sector. Radar information is transmitted via telecode line to the 9S470 control unit in the amount of 75 marks per review period (4.5 s).

The root mean square errors (RMS) of measuring target coordinates were: no more than 20" in azimuth and elevation, no more than 130 m in range. Resolution in range is no worse than 300 m, in azimuth and elevation - 4°. For protection against targeted interference was used to adjust the carrier frequency from pulse to pulse, from response - the same and blanking of range intervals along the auto-recording channel, from non-synchronous pulses, changing the slope of linear frequency modulation and blanking of range sections. In case of noise barrage of self-covering and external covering of given levels, the detection and target designation station ensures detection of fighter aircraft at a distance of at least 50 km. The station ensures tracking of targets with a probability of at least 0.5 against the background of local objects and in passive interference using a moving target selection circuit with automatic wind speed compensation. The station is protected from anti-radar missiles using software adjustment carrier frequency in 1.3 s, transition to circular polarization of probing signals or to intermittent radiation (flicker) mode.

The station includes an antenna post consisting of a reflector with a truncated parabolic profile, an irradiator in the form of a waveguide line that provides electronic scanning of the beam in the elevation plane, a rotating device, a device for folding the antenna into the stowed position, a transmitting device (with an average power of up to 3.5 kW) , receiving device (with a noise figure of no more than 8) and other systems. All station equipment was located on a modified self-propelled chassis of the SU 1 OOP family. The difference between the tracked base of the detection and target designation station and the chassis of other combat vehicles of the Buk air defense system was determined by the fact that the Kupol radar was initially designed for development outside the air defense system as a means of detecting the divisional air defense unit of the ground.

The time for transferring the station from the traveling position to the combat position is no more than 5 minutes, and from standby mode to working mode - no more than 20 seconds. The mass of the station with a crew of 3 people is no more than 28.5 tons.

The 9A310 self-propelled firing system in its purpose and design differed from the 9A38 self-propelled firing system of the Kub-M4 (Buk-1) air defense system in that, using a telecode line, it was not interfaced with the 1S91MZ self-propelled reconnaissance and guidance system and the P25MZ self-propelled launcher, and with a 9S470 gearbox and a 9A39 launcher-loading unit. In addition, on the launcher of the 9A310 self-propelled firing system there were not three, but four 9M38 missiles. The time it takes to transfer it from traveling to combat position does not exceed 5 minutes. The time for transferring the installation from standby mode to operating mode, in particular, after changing the position with the equipment turned on, is no more than 20 s. Loading a 9A310 self-propelled firing system with four missiles from a launcher-loading installation was carried out in 12 minutes, and from a transport vehicle in 16 minutes. The weight of a self-propelled firing system with a combat crew of 4 people did not exceed 32.4 tons.

The length of the self-propelled firing system is 9.3 m, width is 3.25 m (9.03 m in working position), height is 3.8 m (7.72 m).

The 9A39 launcher-loading unit, located on the GM-577 chassis, is designed for transporting and storing eight missiles (4 each on the launcher and on fixed cradle), launching four missiles, self-loading its launcher with four missiles from the cradle, self-loading eight missiles from a transport vehicle ( in 26 minutes), from ground cradles and from transport containers, loading and unloading a self-propelled firing system with four missiles. Thus, the launch-loading installation of the Buk air defense system combined the functions of a transport-loading vehicle and a self-propelled launcher of the Kub complex. In addition to the launching device with a power servo drive, a crane and cradle, the launch-loading installation included a digital computer, navigation, topographical and orientation equipment, telecode communication, energy supply and power supply units. The mass of the installation with a combat crew of 3 people does not exceed 35.5 tons.

The length of the launch-loading installation is 9.96 m, width - 3.316 m, height - 3.8 m.

The command post of the complex receives information about the air situation from the command post of the Buk anti-aircraft missile brigade (ASU Polyana-D4) and from the detection and target designation station, processes it and issues target designation to self-propelled firing units, which, according to the control center, search and capture automatic target tracking. When targets enter the affected area, a missile defense system is launched. Missile guidance is carried out using the proportional navigation method, which ensures high accuracy of targeting. When approaching the target, the seeker issues a command to the radio fuse for close arming. When approaching a target at a distance of 17 m, the warhead is detonated upon command. If the radio fuse fails to operate, the missile defense system will self-destruct. If the target is not hit, a second missile defense system is launched at it.

Compared to the Kub-M3 and Kub-M4 air defense systems, the Buk complex has higher combat and operational characteristics and provides: simultaneous firing by a division of up to six targets, and, if necessary, the performance of up to six independent combat missions with the autonomous use of self-propelled firing installations; greater reliability of target detection due to the organization of a joint survey of space by a detection and target designation station and six self-propelled firing systems; increased noise immunity due to the use of an on-board seeker computer and a special type of illumination signal; greater efficiency in hitting a target due to the increased power of the missile defense warhead.

Based on the results of firing tests and modeling, it was determined that the Buk air defense system provides fire at non-maneuvering targets flying at speeds of up to 800 m/s at altitudes from 25 m to 18 km, at ranges from 3 to 25 km (up to 30 km at target speeds up to 300 m/s) with a heading parameter of up to 18 km with a probability of hitting one missile defense equal to 0.7-0.8. When firing at targets maneuvering with overloads up to 8g, the probability of defeat was reduced to 0.6.

Organizationally, the Buk air defense systems were consolidated into anti-aircraft missile brigades, which included: CP (combat control point of the brigade from the Polyana-D4 automated control system); four anti-aircraft missile battalions with their own 9S470 command post, 9S18 detection and target designation station, communications platoon and three anti-aircraft missile batteries with two 9A310 self-propelled firing systems and one 9A39 launcher-loader in each; as well as technical support and maintenance units. The Buk anti-aircraft missile brigade was to be controlled from the army's air defense command post.

The Buk complex was adopted by the Air Defense Forces of the North in 1980. Serial production of the Buk air defense systems was mastered in cooperation involved in the Kub-M4 complex.

Damage zones of the Buk-M 1 -2 air defense system

In 1979, the Buk air defense system was modernized in order to increase its combat capabilities and protect its electronic equipment from interference and anti-radar missiles. As a result of tests carried out in 1982, it was found that the modernized Buk-M1 complex, compared to the Buk air defense system, provides a larger aircraft engagement zone, is capable of shooting down ALCM cruise missiles with a probability of hitting one missile system of at least 0.4, Hugh-Cobra helicopters with a probability of 0.6-0.7, as well as hovering helicopters with a probability of 0.3-0.4 at a range from 3.5 to 6-10 km. The self-propelled firing system uses 72 letter illumination frequencies (instead of 36), which contributes to increased protection from mutual and intentional interference. Recognition of three classes of targets is provided: aircraft, ballistic missiles, helicopters. The 9S470M1 command post, in comparison with the 9S470 command post, provides simultaneous reception of information from its own detection and target designation station and about six targets from the air defense control post of a motorized rifle (tank) division or from the army air defense command post, as well as comprehensive training of all crews of air defense missile systems. The 9A310M1 self-propelled firing system, compared to the 9A310 installation, provides target detection and acquisition for auto tracking at long ranges (25-30%), as well as recognition of aircraft, ballistic missiles and helicopters with a probability of at least 0.6.

The complex uses a more advanced detection and target designation station 9S18M1 (“Kupol-M1”), which has a flat angular phased array and a self-propelled tracked chassis GM567M, the same type as the chassis of the KP, self-propelled firing installation and launch-loading installation. The length of the detection and target designation station is 9.59 m, width - 3.25 m, height - 3.25 m (8.02 m in working position), weight - 35 tons. The Buk-M1 complex provides effective organizational and technical measures for protection against anti-radar missiles. The combat assets of the Buk-M1 complex are interchangeable with the same type of combat assets of the Buk air defense system without modifications; the standard organization of combat formations and technical units is similar to the Buk complex. The technological equipment of the complex includes: 9V95M1E - an automated control and testing mobile station machine on a ZIL-131 and a trailer; 9V883, 9V884, 9V894 - repair and maintenance vehicles for “Ural-43203-1012”; 9V881E - maintenance vehicle “Ural-43203-1012”; 9T229 - transport vehicle for 8 missiles (or six containers with missiles) on the KrAZ-255B; 9T31M - truck crane; MTO-ATG-M1 - maintenance workshop for ZIL-131.

The Buk-M1 complex was adopted by the Air Defense Forces of the Army in 1983. In the same year, the Navy M-22 Uragan air defense system, unified with the Buk air defense system according to the 9M38 missile system, also entered service. Complexes of the Buk family were offered for delivery abroad under the name Gang.

During the Oborona-92 exercise, the Buk family of air defense systems successfully fired at targets based on the R-17 and Zvezda ballistic missiles and on the Smerch MLRS missile.

In December 1992, the President of the Russian Federation signed a decree on further modernization of the Buk complex - the creation of an air defense system, which was repeatedly presented at various international exhibitions under the name Ural. Cooperation of enterprises led by NIIP named after. V.V. Tikhonravova in 1994-97. work was carried out to create the Buk-M1-2 air defense system.

Through the use of the new 9M317 missile and the modernization of other means of the complex, for the first time it is possible to destroy tactical ballistic missiles of the Lance type and aircraft missiles at ranges of up to 20 km, elements of precision weapons, surface ships at ranges of up to 25 km and ground targets (aircraft at airfields, launch installations, large command posts) at ranges up to 15 km. Increased effectiveness of destruction of aircraft, helicopters and wings

armored missiles. The boundaries of the affected zones have been increased to 45 km in range and up to 25 km in altitude. The new missile provides for the use of an inertial-corrected control system with a semi-active radar seeker with guidance using the proportional navigation method. The launch mass of the rocket was 710-720 kg with a warhead mass of 50-70 kg. The new 9M317 missile differed in appearance from the 9M38 by a significantly shorter wing chord length. In addition to the use of an improved missile, it is planned to introduce into the complex a new radar for illuminating targets and guiding missiles with the antenna placed in the working position at a height of up to 22 m using a telescopic device. With the introduction of target illumination and guidance radars, the complex's combat capabilities to engage low-flying targets, in particular modern cruise missiles, are significantly expanded.

The complex provides for the presence of command posts and firing sections of two types: four sections, each of which includes one advanced self-propelled firing unit, carrying four missiles and capable of simultaneously firing up to four targets, and one launch-loading unit with eight missiles; two sections, each of which includes one illumination and guidance radar, also capable of providing simultaneous fire at up to four targets, and two launch-loading installations with eight missiles on each.

The complex is being developed in two versions: mobile on tracked vehicles of the GM569 family, similar to those used in previous modifications of the Buk complex, and also transportable on road trains with semi-trailers and KrAZ vehicles. In the latter option, with a slight reduction in cost, the maneuverability indicators deteriorate and the deployment time of the air defense system from the march increases from 5 to 10-15 minutes.

In particular, the Start MKB, while carrying out work to modernize the Buk-M complex (Buk-M 1-2 and Buk-M2 air defense systems), developed the 9P619 launcher and the 9A316 launcher-loading installation on a tracked chassis, and also a 9A318 launcher on a wheeled chassis. The process of development of the Kub and Buk families of air defense systems is an excellent example of the evolutionary development of weapons and military equipment, ensuring a continuous increase in the combat capabilities of the air defense of ground forces at relatively low costs. Unfortunately, this development path also creates the preconditions for a gradual technical lag. In particular, even in the promising versions of the Buk complex, neither the safest and most reliable scheme for continuous operation of a missile in a transport and launch container, nor the all-aspect vertical launch of missiles, introduced in all other second-generation ground forces air defense systems, were used. And yet, in difficult socio-economic conditions, the evolutionary path of weapons development must be considered as practically the only possible one, and the choice made by the customer and the developers of the Kub and Buk air defense systems as the correct one. The air defense system is in service with Finland, India, Russia, Syria, and Yugoslavia.

TACTICAL AND TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS

The Research Institute of Instrument Engineering was appointed its main developer, and the 9A39 launch-loading installations were created at the Start Machine-Building Design Bureau. Unified tracked chassis for the complex's combat vehicles were developed at OKB-40 of the Mytishchi Machine-Building Plant, while the design of 9M38 missiles was entrusted to the Sverdlovsk machine-building design bureau "Novator". The 9S18 “Dome” detection and target designation station was developed at the Research Institute of Measuring Instruments. In the West, the complex received the designation SA-11 Gadfly (“Bumblebee”).

The Buk air defense system included:

— Anti-aircraft missile SAM 9M38 It was equipped with a dual-mode solid propellant engine (total operating time - 15 seconds), and in the front part a semi-active homing head, autopilot equipment, power supplies and a high-explosive fragmentation warhead were sequentially placed.

— Command post 9S470 Its function is to receive and process information about targets coming from the 9S18 detection station and six self-propelled firing systems, select targets and distribute them between installations. The command post processed messages about 46 targets at an altitude of up to 20 km in a zone with a radius of 100 km.

— Detection and target designation station 9S18 “Dome” A three-coordinate coherent-pulse station in the centimeter range with electronic scanning of the beam in the sector and mechanical rotation of the antenna was intended for detecting and identifying air targets at ranges of up to 120 km and transmitting information to the command post.

— Self-propelled firing system 9A310 The time for transferring the installation from the traveling position to the combat position was no more than 5 minutes, and the time for transferring from standby mode to working mode was no more than 20 seconds; charging the installation with four missiles took no more than 12 minutes. The length of the 9A310 is 9.3 m, the width is 3.25 m (9.03 m in working position), and the height is 3.8 m (7.72 m, respectively).

— Launch-loading installation 9A39 It was intended for transporting and storing eight missiles (4 each on the launcher and on fixed cradle), launching four missiles, self-loading its launcher with four missiles from the cradle and self-loading eight missiles from a transport vehicle (in 26 minutes). The launch-loading installation, in addition to the starting device, crane and cradle, included: a digital computer, navigation equipment, topographical reference and orientation, a communication system, energy supply and power supply units. The length of the launcher-loading installation is 9.96 m, width - 3.316 m, height - 3.8 m.

Joint tests of the Buk complex were carried out from November 1977 to March 1979 at the Emba training ground in Kazakhstan. “Buk” surpassed all similar systems that preceded it (Kub-M3 and Kub-M4 air defense systems), demonstrating higher combat and operational characteristics.

The installation ensured simultaneous fire by a division on up to six targets, and, if necessary, the execution of up to six independent combat missions with the autonomous use of self-propelled fire systems. The Buk was distinguished by greater reliability of target detection due to the organization of a joint survey of the space by a detection station and six self-propelled firing systems.

Based on the results of fire tests, it was determined that the Buk air defense system provides fire at non-maneuvering targets flying at speeds of up to 800 m/s at altitudes from 25 m to 18 km, at ranges from 3 to 25 km (up to 30 km at target speeds of up to 300 m/s) and with a probability of damage equal to 0.7−0.8. When firing at targets maneuvering with overloads of up to 8 units, the probability of defeat was reduced to 0.6. As a result, the Buk complex was adopted by the air defense forces in 1980.

"Buk-M1"

In accordance with the Resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated November 30, 1979, the Buk air defense system was modernized to increase its combat capabilities, the protection of electronic equipment from interference and anti-radar missiles. The combat assets of the Buk-M1 complex were interchangeable with the Buk air defense system without modifications; the standard organization of combat formations and technical units was also similar to the Buk complex.

The 9A310M1 self-propelled firing system, compared to the 9A310 installation, ensured detection and acquisition of targets for tracking at long ranges (25-30%), as well as recognition of aircraft, ballistic missiles and helicopters with a probability of at least 0.6.

The 9S470M1 command post, compared to the 9S470 command post of the Buk complex, provided simultaneous reception of information from its own detection and target designation station and about six targets from the control post.

The complex used a more advanced detection and target designation station 9S18M1 (“Kupol-M1”), which had a self-propelled tracked chassis GM-567M, the same type as a command post, a self-propelled firing system and a launch-loading installation.

"Buk-M1−2"

Cooperation of enterprises led by NIIP named after V.V. Tikhomirov in 1994-1997, work was carried out to create a modernized Buk-M1-2 complex. As a result, it turned into a universal fire weapon: through the use of the new 9M317 missile and the modernization of other weapons, for the first time it was possible to destroy tactical combat missiles, aircraft missiles at ranges of up to 20 km, elements of precision weapons, ships at ranges of up to 25 km and ground targets ( aircraft at airfields, launchers, large command posts) at ranges up to 15 km. The effectiveness of destruction was also increased, the boundaries of the affected zones were increased to 45 km in range and up to 25 km in altitude.

The Buk-M1−2 complex differs from its predecessor in the use of the new 9M317 missile. In addition, it is planned to introduce a new tool into the complex - radar illumination of targets and missile guidance with the antenna placed in the working position at a height of up to 22 meters using a telescopic device. Thanks to this, the combat capabilities of the complex to destroy low-flying targets, in particular, modern cruise missiles, have significantly expanded.

The complex is offered in two versions - mobile on tracked vehicles of the GM-569 family, similar to those used in previous modifications of the Buk complex, and also transported by KrAZ vehicles with semi-trailers. In the automotive version, with a slight reduction in cost, cross-country ability worsens and the deployment time of the anti-aircraft missile system increases from 5 to 15 minutes.

The 9A310M1−2 self-propelled firing system includes:— radar station (radar) — launcher with four missiles — digital computer system — television-optical sight — laser rangefinder — navigation and communications equipment — radio direction finder

"Buk-M2"

The multifunctional highly mobile medium-range anti-aircraft missile system 9K317 "Buk-M2" is designed to destroy tactical and strategic aircraft, cruise missiles, helicopters and other aircraft in the entire range of their practical use in conditions of intense electronic and fire counteraction from the enemy, as well as to combat tactical ballistic, aviation missiles and other elements of high-precision weapons, destruction of surface and shelling of ground targets. The Buk-M2 air defense system can be used for air defense of troops, in various forms of combat operations, administrative and industrial facilities and territories of the country.

The Buk-M2 was intended to replace the Kub and Buk anti-aircraft systems of previous generations and was supposed to enter service in the early 1990s, but this did not happen due to the collapse of the USSR and the difficult economic situation. Work to improve the complex continued in 2008, and the Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant began mass production of a modern version of the 9K317 Buk-M2 complex, which began to enter service with the troops. In parallel, taking into account the requirements of foreign customers, an export version of the Buk-M2E, the Ural, was developed. Currently, the Buk air defense system is in service with Belarus, Azerbaijan, Venezuela, Georgia, Egypt, Cyprus, Serbia, Syria, Ukraine, and Finland.

Composition of the 9K317 Buk-M2 complex:- combat equipment - 9M317 anti-aircraft guided missiles - 9A317 and 9A318 self-propelled firing systems (towed) - 9A316 and 9A320 launchers - controls - 9S510 command post - 9S18M1-3 target detection radar - 9S36 missile illumination and guidance radar

The 9A317 self-propelled firing system is built on a GM-569 tracked chassis. During the combat operation of a self-propelled firing system, it detects, identifies, auto-tracks and recognizes the type of target, develops a flight mission, solves the launch problem, launches a missile, illuminates the target and transmits radio correction commands to the missile. The installation is capable of firing at targets both as part of an anti-aircraft missile system with target designation from a command post, and autonomously in a predetermined sector of responsibility. The complex can be transported without restrictions on speed and distance by rail, air and water transport.

"Buk-M3"

Currently, work is actively underway to create new military air defense systems, including the promising Buk-M3 air defense system. It is expected that the new complex will have 36 target channels and will be capable of hitting air targets flying at speeds of up to 3 km/s at a distance of up to 70 km and an altitude of up to 35 km, which will allow attacking highly maneuverable targets in conditions of strong radio countermeasures, hitting all existing aerodynamic targets, ground and surface targets, operational-tactical missiles. The modernized self-propelled firing system will receive a modified seven-wheel tracked chassis and 6 missiles in transport and launch containers.

The uniqueness of the Buk complex and all its modifications is that, with a significant size of the affected area in terms of range, height and parameters, the combat mission can be carried out autonomously using only one ground-based fire weapon - a self-propelled firing system. This quality makes it possible to ensure surprise in the firing of air targets from ambushes and autonomous operational change of combat position, which significantly increases the survivability of the installation.

"Buk-M3" (factory code 9K317M) is a medium-range air defense system. According to NATO classification, these air defense systems are called SA-17Grizzly. The highly mobile multifunctional complex is designed to solve the following combat missions: destroying aircraft of all types in all ranges of their practical use, firing at radio-contrast ground targets and hitting surface targets in conditions of intense counteraction, both fire and electronic.

Military experts classify the complex as the main means of the military component of the air defense/air defense of the Russian Federation in the theater of operations and consider it as a system-forming one. On the tactical side, it is complemented by a short-range complex such as “Tor-M2” (currently) or “Pantsir-S1” (in the near future). From the operational-tactical side - long-range air defense systems of all classes in service. The Buk-M3, as the main means of countering missiles flying at ultra-low altitude, demonstrates the best efficiency-cost ratio in comparison with all analogues of Russian and foreign production.

Peculiarities.

The air defense system is equipped with the latest digital control system, which provides not only the solution of combat missions, but also operation in the training simulator mode for training and training crews. The telethermal imaging system has replaced teleoptical sights and is used to detect targets, capture them and passively track them in automatic mode. The documentation system has been replaced by an integrated objective control system, created on the basis of modern software using the latest digital control system.

The signal processing equipment and display equipment are also computerized and equipped with LCD monitors. For communications, the complex is equipped with modern digital communications equipment that ensures uninterrupted exchange of both voice information and encoded target distribution and target designation data.

Each division armed with the Buk-M3 air defense system has 36 target channels and is equipped with the latest model missiles with active seekers. The complex has all-aspect visibility due to the fact that the new rocket has a vertical launch. The 9Р31М missile used to equip the complex is capable of destroying all currently existing aerodynamic targets, including highly maneuverable ones, in conditions of strong electronic countermeasures, as well as surface and ground ones. The on-board systems of the Buk-M3 complex are created on a completely updated element base. When supplied to the Russian Navy, the complex is called “Hurricane”. The export name of the marine version is “Calm”.

Specifications

Video

"Buk" (according to the GRAU index - 9K37, according to the codification of the NATO and US Defense Ministry - SA-11 Gadfly (translated as Gadfly) and its modifications) is a self-propelled air defense system designed to combat maneuvering aerodynamic targets at medium and low altitudes (from 30 meters 14-18 kilometers) in conditions of intense radio countermeasures.

Technical characteristics of the Buk-M1 air defense system:

Damage zone, km: - range - height - parameter	3,32..35 0,015..20-22 until 22
Probability of target hit - fighter type - helicopter type - cruise missile type	0,8..0,95 0,3..0,6 0,4..0,6
Maximum target speed m/s	800
Reaction time, s:	22
SAM flight speed, m/s	850
Rocket mass, kg	685
Weight of warhead, kg	70
Channel by target	2
SAM channel	3
Expansion (collapse) time, min	5
Number of missiles on a combat vehicle	4

Since the late 70s, one of the main means of military air defense has been the Buk series anti-aircraft missile systems. To date, several modifications of this technology have been developed and adopted into service by the Russian Federation. They have been successfully used to this day and occupy a worthy place in Russia’s arsenal.

3RK9K37 "Buk"

The creation of new Buk anti-aircraft systems began after a resolution of the USSR Council of Ministers of January 1972. The resolution identified the companies involved in the project, as well as the main requirements for it. The first technical specification stated that the new air defense system was supposed to replace the existing 2K12 “Cube” complex in service. In addition, it is necessary to create a missile that could be used both in the Buk kit and in the M-22 Uragan naval anti-aircraft system.

The new, more advanced anti-aircraft complex was intended to improve the equipment of military air defense, which could not but affect the requirements for its development. The specialists were required to mount all components of the complex on a self-propelled chassis, as well as ensure the ability to work together with tanks and other armored vehicles in the same combat formations. The complex must hit aerodynamic air targets moving at speeds of up to 800 meters per second at medium and low altitudes at ranges of up to 30 km. In addition, it was necessary to ensure the ability to hit a target using electronic countermeasures and maneuvering with an overload of up to 12 units. In the future, the developers planned to “teach” the complex to resist operational-tactical ballistic missiles.

The main developer of the 3RK9K37 Buk air defense system is the Research Institute of Instrumentation. In addition, many other companies were involved in the project, including the Start Machine-Building Design Bureau and the NPO Fazotron of the Ministry of Radio Industry.

• The chief designer of the anti-aircraft complex is A.A. Rastov.
• G.N. Valaev is the head of development of the complex’s command post. Later his position was taken by V.I. Sokiran.
• V.V. Matyashev was responsible for the development of a self-propelled firing system.
• I.G. Hakobyan - led the process of creating a semi-active homing head.
• Employees of the Research Institute of Measuring Devices, headed by A.P., were involved in the development of the detection and target designation station. Petoshko (after some time he was replaced by Yu.P. Shchetkov).

Work on the development of the 9K37 complex was going to be completed by mid-1975. But in the spring of 1974, the developers decided to divide all types of work into 2 separate areas. The development was to take place in two stages. First of all, it was necessary to bring the 3M38 missile, as well as a self-propelled firing system, to mass production. Moreover, the latter was supposed to use the existing 9M9M3 missiles of the Kub-M3 system and is being built using components of the existing system.

According to forecasts, the complex will begin testing in the fall of 1974, and the creation of a full-fledged 3RK 9K37 using new components will continue according to a pre-planned schedule. This approach to the development of new anti-aircraft systems should ensure the earliest possible start of deliveries and production of new equipment that would significantly increase the combat potential of the ground forces.

The composition of 3RK 9K37 included several main elements. To monitor the air situation, it was planned to use the 9S18 “Dome” detection and target designation station, and to launch missiles it was planned to use the 9A39 launcher-loader and 9A310 self-propelled firing system. Coordination of actions should be carried out using the 9S470 command post. The means of hitting targets is the 9M38 anti-aircraft guided missile.

SOC 9S18 "Dome" is a self-propelled vehicle on a tracked chassis, equipped with a three-dimensional coherent-pulse radar, which is designed to monitor the situation in the air and transmit information about targets to the command post. On the surface of the base chassis there was a rotating antenna with an electric drive. The maximum target detection range is 115-120 km. In a situation with low-flying targets, this figure was significantly reduced. For example, a flying plane at an altitude of 30 meters was detected by the complex only from 45 kilometers away. The SOC equipment allowed automatic adjustment of the operating frequency in order to maintain operability when active interference was used by the enemy.

The main task of the “Kupil” station is to search for targets and transmit information to the command post. With a review period of 4.5 seconds, 75 marks were transmitted. The 9S470 command post was built on the basis of a self-propelled chassis, which is equipped with all the necessary equipment for processing data and issuing targets to launchers. The command post crew is 6 people. For this purpose, the command post was equipped with communication and data processing equipment. The equipment of the command post made it possible to process messages about 46 targets during 1 period of the SOC review. In this case, targets could be located at altitudes of up to 20 km and ranges of up to 100 km. Data on 6 targets was issued to the firing installations.

The main means of attacking enemy aircraft was to be the 9A310 fire self-propelled gun. It was a subsequent development of the SOU 9A38 of the Buk-1 complex. The tracked self-propelled chassis housed a rotating launcher with 4 guides for missiles, as well as a set of all the necessary electronic equipment. A tracking radar was installed in front of the launcher, which was also used for missile guidance.

To transport the loading of the self-propelled gun and additional ammunition, the Buk air defense system included a 9A39 launcher-loader. Such a vehicle on a tracked chassis was used to transport 8 missiles, as well as reload the SOU 9A310 launcher. The missiles were transported on 4 fixed cradle and a special type of launcher. Depending on the situation, the crew of the vehicle could launch it independently or reload the missiles from the launcher to the launcher. But due to the lack of its own tracking radar, it was impossible to do without external target designation. A special crane was responsible for reloading the missiles.

The 9M38 rocket is made according to a single-stage design. It was distinguished by a cylindrical body of high aspect ratio and had an ogival head fairing. In the middle part of the hull there were X-shaped wings of small aspect ratio, and in the tail there were rudders of exactly the same design. The missile, with a length of 5.5 meters and a launch weight of 690 kg, was equipped with a dual-mode solid fuel engine, a semi-active radar homing head and a high-explosive fragmentation warhead. To prevent changes in alignment as the charge burns out, the engine was specially placed in the central part of the housing and additionally equipped with a long nozzle-gas duct.

The new 9K37 Buk air defense system made it possible to hit targets at altitudes of up to 20 km and ranges of up to 30 km. Reaction time – 22 seconds. It took about 5 minutes to get ready for work. The probability of hitting a target with a missile that accelerates in flight to 850 meters per second is up to 0.9. The probability of hitting a helicopter with one missile is up to 0.6. The probability of hitting a cruise missile with the first missile defense system is up to 0.5.

Modern tests of this air defense system began at the Emba training ground in the fall of 1977 and continued until the spring of 1979. During the tests, it was possible to check the combat performance of the complex in different conditions and against different conditional targets. For example, standard equipment and other similar stations were used to monitor the air situation. During test launches, training targets were attacked using a warhead radio fuse. If the target was not hit, a second missile was launched.

During the tests, it was established that the new 3RK 9K37 has many important advantages compared to the equipment that was already in service. The composition of the electronic equipment of the SOU and SOC ensured high reliability of detection of air targets due to the presence of its own equipment for self-propelled combat units. The updated composition of the equipment of various components of the complex, including the missile, contributed to greater noise immunity. In addition, the missile carried a heavy warhead, which made it possible to increase the accuracy of hitting a target.

Based on the results of modifications and tests, the 9K37 Buk air defense system was put into service in 1990. New complexes began to be used as part of missile brigades. Each formation included 1 brigade control center from the Polyana-D4 automated control system and 4 divisions. The division had its own command post 9S470, three batteries with 2 SOU 9A310 and 1 ROM 9A39 in each, a detection and target designation station 9S18. In addition, the brigades had a communications, maintenance and support unit.

SAM 9K37-1 "Buk-1"/"Kub-M4"

In 1974, due to the urgent need to re-equip the air defense units of the ground forces, it was decided to create a simplified modification of the 9K37 complex, developed using existing units and components. It was assumed that such air defense systems, designated 9K37-1 Buk-1, would complement the existing Kub-M3 systems in the troops. Thus, each of the 5 batteries of the regiment included a new SOU 9A38, which is part of the Buk-1 complex.

According to calculations, the cost of one 9A38 self-propelled gun will be about 1/3 of the cost of all other means of the battery, but in this case it will be possible to provide a significant increase in combat capabilities. Thus, the number of target channels of the regiment would double from 5 to 10, and the number of ready-to-use missiles would also increase from 60 to 75. Thus, the modernization of air defense units with new combat vehicles absolutely paid off.

The SOU 9A38 in its architecture was not much different from the 9A310. A rotating platform with a 9S35 detection, tracking and illumination radar station and a launcher was made on a tracked chassis. The 9A38 self-propelled gun launcher had replaceable guides designed for the use of 2 types of missiles. Depending on the situation, available resources and combat mission, the complex could use new 9M38 or 9M9M3 missiles already in service.

State tests of the air defense system began in August 1975 and took place at the Emba training ground. The new SOU 9A38 and existing machines of other types took part in the tests. The target was detected using the 1S91M3 self-propelled reconnaissance and guidance system, which the Kub-M3 complex had, and the missiles were launched from the 2P25M3 and 9438 SOU. Missiles of various types were used (from all available).

During the test, it turned out that the 9S35 SOU 9A38 radar can itself detect targets at distances of up to 65-75 kilometers (at altitudes of 3 kilometers). If the target height was no more than 100 meters, then the maximum detection range was up to 35-45 kilometers. Moreover, the actual target detection indicators directly depended on the limited capabilities of the Kub-M3 equipment. Combat characteristics such as target engagement altitude or range depended on the type of missile used.

In 1978, the new 9K371 air defense system entered service as part of the 9M38 missile and the 9A38 self-propelled firing system. As a result, the Buk-1 complex received a different designation. Since the missile and self-propelled gun were only an addition to the already existing means of the Kub-M3 complex, the air defense system using the 9A38 vehicle began to be designated 2K12M4 “Kub-M4”. Thus, the 9K37-1 air defense system, a simplified version of the Buk, was formally classified as part of the previous Kub family, although at that time it was the main air defense system of the ground forces.

SAM "Buk-M1"

In the fall of 1979, another resolution of the Council of Ministers was issued, according to which it was necessary to develop a new modification of the Buk air defense system. This time the task was to improve the combat characteristics of the air defense system, increasing the level of protection against anti-radar missiles and interference. By the beginning of 1982, the organizations participating in the project had completed the development of new, more advanced elements of the complex, thereby increasing the main indicators of the system.

Experts suggested modifying the on-board equipment of the vehicles in order to improve their performance. At the same time, the complex did not have any significant differences from its predecessor. Thanks to this, different vehicles from the Buk and Buk-M1 anti-aircraft missile systems were interchangeable and were part of the same unit.

In the new project, all the main elements of the complex were finalized. The Buk-M1 air defense system was supposed to use the upgraded SOC 9S18M1 Kupol-M1 to detect the target. Now it was proposed to install a new radar station with a special phased antenna array on the tracked chassis. In order to increase the degree of unification of the complex's machines, it was decided to create the Kupol-M1 station based on the GM-567M, similar to that used in other components of the complex.

To process data received from the SOC, it was proposed to use an updated command post, namely 9S470M1 with a new set of equipment. An improved command post could ensure simultaneous reception of data from the division's air defense control center and from the complex's SOC. In addition, it was planned to introduce a training mode that would allow training in the calculations of all existing means of the complex.

SOU 9A310M1 SAM "Buk-M1" has now received an updated tracking and illumination radar. Thanks to the new equipment, it was possible to increase the acquisition range of an air target by 25-30%. The probability of recognizing ballistic and aerodynamic targets has been increased to 0.6. To increase noise immunity, the self-propelled firing system had 72 letter frequencies of illumination, which is 2 times more than that of the base 9A310.

The introduced innovations affected the combat effectiveness of the air defense system. While maintaining the general altitude and range of hitting the target and without using a new missile, the probability of hitting a fighter with one missile was increased to 0.95. The probability of hitting a helicopter remained at the same level, but the same indicator for ballistic missiles increased to 0.6.

From February to December 1982, tests of a new modernization of the 9K37 Buk-M1 air defense system were carried out at the Emba training ground. Testing showed a significant increase in key indicators compared to existing systems, thanks to which the system was adopted for service. The official adoption of the air defense system took place in 1983. Mass serial production of improved equipment took place at enterprises that had previously participated in the creation of the Buk complexes of the first 2 models.

A new type of serial equipment was used in anti-aircraft brigades of the ground forces. The components of the Buk-M1 air defense system were distributed over several batteries. Despite the modernization of individual air defense systems, the standard organization of anti-aircraft units remained unchanged. In addition, if necessary, it was allowed to use two Buk and Buk-M1 complexes in the same units.

The Buk-M1 air defense system is the first system of its series that was offered to foreign customers. The air defense system was supplied to foreign armies and was called “Ganges”. For example, in 1997, several complexes were transferred to Finland as part of the repayment of debt from Russia.

SAM 9K317 "Buk-M2"

At the end of the 80s, the creation of an updated anti-aircraft missile system of the Buk family with a more advanced 9M317 missile was completed. Then it received the designation 9K317 Buk-M air defense system. Thanks to the new guided munition, it was expected to significantly increase the height and range of hitting the target. In addition, the performance of the system should be positively affected by the use of new equipment that was installed on various machines of the complex.

But the difficult economic situation that existed in the country at that time did not allow the new complex to be put into service. This did not happen either in the late eighties or early nineties. As a result, the issue of updating the equipment of air defense units was resolved due to the “transitional” air defense system “Buk-M1-2”. At the same time, improvements to the 9K317 system continued. Moreover, work on the updated Buk-M2 project, as well as its export modification Buk-M2E, did not stop until the mid-2000s.

The most important innovation of the Buk-M project is the new 9M317 guided missile. The main differences between the new missile and the 9M38: shorter wing length, starting weight of about 720 kg and a modified hull design. By changing the design and using a new engine, it was possible to increase the firing range, its maximum value being up to 45 kilometers. At the same time, the maximum flight altitude of the target increased to 25 kilometers. To expand the combat capabilities of the hull, another innovation was introduced - now the rocket has the ability to turn off a remote fuse with detonation of the warhead at the command of a contact one. This mode of operation is suitable for using the missile against surface and ground targets.

The air defense missile system received a modified 9A317 type self-propelled gun based on the GM-569 tracked chassis. Despite the fact that the general architecture of the firing installation has not changed, the new vehicle is built on the basis of new equipment and modern components. As before, the SOU can itself find and track an air target, launch a missile and track its trajectory, and, if necessary, make adjustments through the radio command system.

SOU 9A317 has a tracking radar and illumination with a special phased array antenna. The station can track targets in a sector at an elevation angle of up to 70° and a width of 90°. The target is detected at ranges of up to 20 kilometers. The target, while in tracking mode, can be within a sector with a width of -5° to +85° in elevation and 130° in azimuth. The station is capable of detecting up to ten targets simultaneously and provides simultaneous attacks on four of them.

To increase the characteristics of the complex and ensure normal operation in difficult conditions, the self-propelled firing system is equipped with an optical-electronic system with night and day valves.

The Buk-M2 air defense system is equipped with 2 types of launcher-loading installation. The self-propelled vehicle was developed on the basis of the GM-577 chassis and is towed with a car tractor. At the same time, the general architecture is the same: 4 missiles are on the launcher and can be loaded onto the launcher or launched. Another 4 are transported on special transport cradles.

The new modification includes a new command post 9S510 on a towed semi-trailer or based on the GM-579 chassis. The automatic control unit can receive data from surveillance equipment and track up to sixty routes simultaneously. It is possible to issue target designation for 16-36 targets. As for the reaction time, it does not exceed 2 seconds.

The main target detection device in the Buk-M2 complex is the SOTs 9S18M1-3, which represents a subsequent development of the family’s systems. The new radar is equipped with a phased array antenna with electronic scanning and can detect targets at ranges of up to 160 kilometers. There are operating modes that ensure target detection when the enemy uses passive and active jamming.

It is proposed to include a missile guidance station and target illumination into the towed/self-propelled vehicles of the Buk-M2 complex. The new 9S36 vehicle is a towed semi-trailer or tracked chassis with an antenna post on a retractable mast. Thanks to such equipment, it is possible to raise the antenna to a height of up to 22 meters and thereby increase the characteristics of the RSL. Such a high altitude makes it possible to detect air targets at ranges of up to 120 kilometers. In terms of tracking and guidance characteristics, the station does not differ from the radar of self-propelled fire vehicles. It provides tracking of ten targets and allows simultaneous firing of four of them.

All changes and innovations in the composition of the complex made it possible to significantly improve its characteristics. The maximum altitude for intercepting an air target is 25 km, and the maximum range is 50 km. When attacking non-maneuvering aircraft, the greatest range is achieved. Interception of operational-tactical ballistic missiles is carried out at altitudes up to 16 km and ranges up to 20 km. It is also possible to destroy helicopters, anti-radar and cruise missiles. If necessary, the air defense missile system crew can attack radio-contrast or surface ground targets.

The first version of the 9K317 project appeared back in the late 80s, but due to the difficult economic situation of the state, it was not accepted for service. The use of this complex in military operations began only in 2008. By that time, the air defense system had undergone many improvements, which made it possible to improve its characteristics.

SAM "Buk-M1-2"

Numerous political and economic problems did not allow the new 9K317 air defense system to be adopted and put into mass production. Therefore, in 1992, they decided to create a simplified, so-called “transitional” version of the complex that would not only use some components of the Buk-2, but would also be cheaper and simpler. And a solution was found - Buk-M1-2 and Ural.

The modernized Ural anti-aircraft missile system combined several improved vehicles that were represented by the further development of older technology. To launch missiles, as well as target illumination, it was necessary to use the 9A310M1-2 SOU, which works together with the 9A38M1 launch-loading machine. As for the SOC, it has not changed - Buk-M1-2 was supposed to use the 9S18M1 model station. The auxiliary means of the complex did not receive significant changes.

In order to increase the secrecy of operation and survivability, as well as to expand the range of tasks, the self-propelled fire installation received the ability to passively find a target. This meant the use of a laser rangefinder and a television-optical viewfinder. Such equipment should have been used when attacking surface or ground targets.

The modernization of various elements of the complex and the development of a new missile made it possible to significantly increase the size of the target firing zone. In addition, the probability of hitting a ballistic or aerodynamic target with one missile has increased. It became possible to fully operate the 9A310M1-2 SOU in the role of an independent air defense weapon that could detect and destroy air targets without outside help.

The Buk-M1-2 air defense system entered service with the Russian Army in 1998. In the future, several contracts were concluded for the supply of this equipment to foreign and domestic customers.

SAM "Buk-M2E"

The export version of the Buk-M2E air defense system was presented in the second half of the 2000s. It received the designation 9K317E “Buk-M2E” and was an improved version of the basic system, which had some differences in the composition of the computing and electronic equipment. Thanks to the modifications made, it was possible to improve some characteristics of the system, primarily related to its operation.

The main differences between the export version of the complex and the basic one are the modernization of electronic equipment, carried out using modern digital computers. Thanks to its high performance, such equipment allows you not only to carry out combat missions, but also to work in training mode to prepare crews. Data on the air situation and the operation of steel systems is displayed on liquid crystal monitors.

Instead of the teleoptical viewfinder that was previously available, a tele-thermal imaging system was introduced into the surveillance equipment. It allows you to find and automatically track targets in any weather conditions and at any time of the day. The equipment for documenting the operation of the complex, communications equipment and many other systems were also updated.

The RZK 9K317E self-propelled fire vehicle can be built on a wheeled or tracked chassis. Several years ago, a version of such a vehicle was presented based on the wheeled chassis of the M3KT-6922 model. Thus, a potential customer will be able to choose the chassis option that would completely suit him.

SAM "Buk-M3"

The creation of a new anti-aircraft missile system of the Buk series was announced several years ago. The 9K37M3 Buk-M3 air defense system should become an impetus for the subsequent development of this family with increased combat capabilities and characteristics. It was proposed to fulfill the requirements for the system by replacing the equipment of the Buk-M2 air defense system with new digital equipment.

The complex's facilities will receive a set of new equipment with better characteristics. The combat qualities are going to be improved through the use of a new missile along with a modified self-propelled gun. Instead of the open launcher that existed before, the new self-propelled firing system should receive special lifting mechanisms with fastenings designed for transport and launch containers. The new 9M317M rocket will be delivered in containers and launched from them. Such changes to the air defense system will increase the amount of ready-to-use ammunition.

If you look at the photo of the Buk-M3 missile launcher, you will see a vehicle based on a tracked chassis that has a rotating platform, where 2 swinging packages with 6 missile containers are mounted on each of them. Thus, without radically reworking the design of the self-propelled gun, it was possible to double the ammunition load ready for firing.

Unfortunately, the detailed characteristics of the Buk-M3 complex have not yet been disclosed. Domestic media, citing their sources, reported that the new 9M317M missile will be able to attack targets at ranges of up to 75 km and destroy them with one missile with a probability of no less than 0.95-0.97. In addition, it was reported that the experienced Buk-M3 air defense system will soon undergo a whole range of tests, after which it will be put into service.

There are rumors that the domestic defense industry plans to continue developing the Buk air defense system. The next air defense system of the family, according to unofficial data, may receive the designation “Buk-M4”. But it’s too early to talk about the characteristics of this system. At the moment, even the general requirements for it are unknown.