home » Thing » Countries and nationalities in English. Country names in English

Countries and nationalities in English. Country names in English

This lesson is devoted to the analysis of countries and nationalities in English. From the lesson you will learn: names of countries, ways of forming nationalities from the names of countries in English.

Suffixes for forming adjectives from the names of countries

Italy – Italy Italian – Italian Italian - Italian

As you can see, the same word, derived from the name of a country, can be used in different ways. This adjective is the name of the language of this country and the name of the nationality.

Many people study these derivative words and simply use the name of the country (Japan food, Spain singer, and so on). The name of a country cannot be an adjective, nor can it describe the nationality or language of the country, so do not make such mistakes.

Please note that the name of the nationality and the language of the country do not always coincide. For example, in Brazil Brazil, although Brazilians live, they speak Portuguese Portugese. Also with Arab countries, where the nationality of the country does not coincide with the language.

Suffix -ian

Adjectives are formed using this suffix, regardless of what letter the name of the country ends with and where it is located. If the country name ends in -ia, then only -n is added:

Argentina Argentinian

Egypt Egyptian

Norway Norwegian

Ukraine Ukrainian

Brazil Brazilian

Russia Russian

Australia Australian

Indonesia Indonesian

Suffix -an

If the name of the country ends in -a, then only -n is added, if the name ends in another vowel, then -an is added:

Korea Korean

Venezuela Venezuelan

Chile Chilean

Mexico Mexican

Suffix -ese

This suffix is mainly used with Asian countries, some African countries, European countries and South America:

China Chinese

Vietnam Vietnamese

Japan Japanese

Lebanon Lebanese

Sudan Sudanese

Taiwan Taiwanese

Portugal Portuguese

Suffix -ish

Some adjectives are formed using the suffix -ish:

Britain British

Scotland Scottish

Ireland Irish

Wales Welsh

Poland Polish

Turkey Turkish

Suffix -i

Almost all countries that are combined with this suffix are Islamic countries, or countries where Arabic is spoken.

Iraq Iraqi

Pakistan Pakistani

Thailand Thai

Kuwait Kuwaiti

Other suffixes

Other suffixes can also be called exceptions, since some of them are singular and are used to form one nationality.

France French

Greece Greek

Switzerland Swiss

The Netherlands Dutch

As mentioned earlier, many adjectives that can be formed using suffixes serve as names for languages spoken in a particular country. In addition, these adjectives, when combined with nouns, describe something characteristic of that country:

French literature French literature

Japanese food Japanese food

Mexican traditions Mexican traditions

Egyptian culture Egyptian history

How to talk about nationalities in general in English?

1. The + ADJECTIVE

From the article about definite articles in English, you know that the article the can be combined with adjectives when the adjective denotes a group of people:

The Chinese are very traditional. The Chinese are very traditional.

The Americans like fast food. Americans love fast food.

Have you noticed that in the given examples the word Americans is used with the ending -s, while Сhinese is used without the ending? There are a few rules to remember about this:

1. If nationality-adjectives have endings –sh, –ch, –ss, –ese, -i then they do not have a plural form (no -s is added to them):

the French - the French
the Swiss - the Swiss
the Japanese - the Japanese
the Scottish - the Scots
the Iraqi - Iraqis
the Israeli - the Israelis

2. Adjectives ending in -an and some others have plural forms. These adjectives (unlike the above) can also act as nouns:

the Ukrainians - Ukrainians
the Brazilians - Brazilians
the Greeks - the Greeks
the Thais - residents of Thailand

Scotland - Scots

Spain – the Spaniards Spain - Spaniards

Turkey – the Turks Türkiye – the Turks

If you're talking about one person, then if this nationality has a noun, you can use it:

an American - American
an Italian - Italian
a Pole - Pole
a Turk - Turk
a Spaniard - Spaniard
a Briton - British
a Swede - Swede

If there is no noun, or you want to clarify the gender of the person, then use the diagram: ADJECTIVE + MAN/ WOMAN/ BOY/ GIRL

an English boy
a Chinese woman
a French man (can be written together: a Frenchman)
an English man (can be written together: an Englishman)

There is a term in English demonym(from Greek demos- people and onym- Name). This term is intended to describe the people living in a certain area. These are the names of nationalities, ethnic groups, residents of a particular area or a particular city. All the above adjectives and nouns derived from the names of countries are demonyms. Demonyms are formed mainly by suffixation:

London – Londoner London - Londoner

Kiev – Kiev Kyiv - resident of Kyiv

Rome – Roman Rome - resident of Rome

As you can see, the topic “Countries and Nationalities in English” is not so difficult if you consider this issue carefully.

Your application is accepted

Our manager will contact you soon

There was an error sending

Send again

Sometimes people say: “He speaks Germany. “She is from French.” You can understand, butThey say it incorrectly. And all becausethat the names of countries-nationalities-languages are very similar. It's easy to confuse ifdon't know for sure. Learn for sure! Peopleshould know where you are from.What surprises you: when you first look atcountries and nationalities (in English), andalso adjectives that describeproducts, services from these countries - thenyou notice that they are written with capitalletters! Wow, how respectful! (ANDThey also write the pronoun “I” withcapital letters. They love and respect themselves! A We?!)

Nationality in English is an adjective , which describeswhere the person comes from, the food, etc.My grandfather often repeated: “Look! Lookwhat are you like!” And in nationalitiesin English I noticed a lot of words withending –ish: Danish, Spanish, Turkish, andetc. I remembered and remembered my grandfather...

Here's some good news for newcomers to English: many names of languages andnationalities match! Learned the language -and voila: you already know automaticallynationality! Just beforenationality in singularyou need to add the article a/an:And Belarusian smiled at me very friendly. –The Belarusian smiled at me friendly.There are, of course, a couple of exceptions (but what about without them!).

Table of mismatched spellings and the sound of nationalities and languages.

Country	Nationality (person)	Language
Australia	Australian [ɔsˈtreɪlɪən]	English
Belgium	Belgian [ˈbɛldʒən]	French or Flemish
Brazil	Brazilian	Portugese
Britain	British	English
Canada	Canadian	English or French
China (China)	Chinese	Mandarin (and Chinese)
Egypt	Egyptian [ɪˈdʒɪpʃən]	Arabic
Finland	Finn	Finnish
Mexico	Mexican	Spanish
Northern Ireland	Irish (an Irishman)	English
Poland	Pole	Polish
Scotland	Scottish	English or Gaelic [ˈgeɪlɪk]
Southern Ireland	Irish	English
Switzerland	Swiss	French/German/Italian
The UK	British	English

Learn the words:

Guess:

She can see the Eiffel Tower from her balcony. What city and country does she live in?
He drives a very expensive red Ferrari. What country makes such posh cars?
My uncle lives in Warsaw more than 30 years. Of course he can speak ____!
I adore sushi! Do you know which cuisine is it? (cuisine n kitchen)
My friend from Moscow presented me Matryoshka yesterday! Oh, it's a very awesome traditional ___ doll!
I was in Rome last month. Oh, those ___ men! It seems to me they know only one word “belissima!”
When we were in Texas we saw real cowboys. I asked one of them: “Do youspeak American? He smiled at me andanswered: “Nope, young lady! We speak ____!”

Activate!

Do you know the nationalities of your grand-grandparents?
Can you draw a flag of your country?
How many languages can you speak?
What language is spoken in many countries of the world?
Today is the 21st century. But why people still use the services of human translators?

Even in the phrase " He is Russian" word Russian- also a noun, although it looks like an adjective. In English, nationalities are often denoted by adjectives.

EltonJohnisEnglish – Elton John – Englishman

Pablio Picasso was Spanish / a Spaniard - PabloPicassowasSpaniard

Adjective endings

Countries on – ia take an adjective ending – n .

Russia — Russian

Nationalities on – ian :

Belgian, Brazilian, Canadian, Egyptian, Ghanaian, Hungarian, Iranian, Italian, Jordanian, Norwegian, Palestinian, Peruvian, Ukrainian.

Nationalities on –(e)an :

American, Angolan, Chilean, Costa Rican, Cuban, German, Kenyan, Korean, Libyan, Mexican, Moroccan, Paraguayan, Singaporean, South African, Sri Lankan, Ugandan, Uruguayan, Venezuelan, Zairean, Zimbabwean

Nationalities on – ish :

British, Danish, English, Finnish, Irish, Polish, Scottish, Spanish, Swedish, Turkish

Nationalities on –ese :

Burmese, Chinese, Japanese, Lebanese, Maltese, Nepalese, Portuguese, Senegalese, Sudanese, Surinamese, Taiwanese, Vietnamese

Nationalities on – i :

Bangladeshi,Bengali,Iraqi,IsraeliKuwait,Omani,Pakistani,Panjabi/Punjabi,Qatari,saudi,Yemeni

Special exceptions – Afghan/Afghani, Argentine/Argentinian/Argentinean, Czech, Cypriot, Dutch, Philippine, Greek, Hindu, Mozambican/Mozambiquan/Mozambiquean, Pashto/Pushto/Pushtu, Swiss, Thai, Welsh.

Nationality nouns

Adjectives and nouns of nationalities in -an match up:

American - American =anAmerican - American

Nouns of other nationalities differ from adjectives.

Arabian – an Arab

British – a Brit(on)/Britisher

Danish - a Dane

Dutch – a Dutchman/Dutchwoman(Dutchman)

English - an Englishman/Englishwoman

Finnish - a Finn

French - a Frenchman/Frenchwoman

Irish – an Irishman/Irishwoman

Polish - a Pole

Philippine – a Filipino

Scottish – a Scot/Scotsman/Scotswoman

Spanish - a Spaniard

Swedish – a Swede

Turkish – a Turk

Welsh – a Welshman/Welshwoman

Substantivizationnationalities

When generalizing nationality to – i/an become nouns. Therefore, they can and should end with –s , and the article the serves here only to enhance collection.

Americanslove hamburgers - Americanslovehamburgers

Other collective nationalities, on the contrary, require the and exclude — s.

The Englishthink the sense of humor is very important – Englishconsider, WhatfeelinghumorVeryimportant

The Irishsing very well – IrishVeryFinesing

English Joke

A woman in the mountains of Tennessee was seated in the doorway of the cabin, busily eating some pig’s feet. A neighbor hurried up to tell of how her husband had become engaged in a saloon brawl and had been shot to death. The widow continued munching on a pig’s foot in silence while she listened to the harrowing news. As the narrator paused, she spoke thickly from her crowded mouth:

“Jest wait till I finish this-here pig’s trotter, an’ ye’ll hear some hollerin’ as is hollerin’.”

[ɔs"treɪlɪə] (Commonwealth of Australia) – Australia

Other words:

country- a country; nation- state, nation, country; land– country (region), state

Abkhazia– Abkhazia; Armenia– Armenia; Azerbaijan– Azerbaijan; Belarus– Belarus; Estonia– Estonia; Georgia– Georgia; Kazakhstan- Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan– Kyrgyzstan; Latvia– Latvia; Lithuania– Lithuania; Moldova– Moldova; South Ossetia- South Ossetia; Tajikistan– Tajikistan; Transdniestria– Transnistria; Turkmenistan– Turkmenistan; Ukraine- Ukraine; Uzbekistan– Uzbekistan

the USSR- THE USSR ( Soviet Union); CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States)– CIS (Commonwealth Independent States); SCO ( Shanghai Cooperation Organization)– SCO (Shanghai Cooperation Organization); UN (United Nations)– UN (United Nations); NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)– NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization); European Union- European Union

2 Names of nationalities in English (voiced words, transcriptions)

– Brazilian
["rʌʃ(ə)n] – Russian; Russian
["brɪtɪʃ] – British
[ɪ"tælɪən] – Italian
["spænɪʃ] – Spanish
[ˌʤæp(ə)"niːz] – Japanese
["ʧaɪ"niːz] – Chinese
["ʤɜːmən] – German
– French
["meksɪk(ə)n] – Mexican
[ɔs"treɪlɪən] – Australian
[ə"merɪkən] – American

Other words:

nationality– citizenship, nationality; nationality; citizenship– citizenship

Abkhazian– Abkhazian; Armenian– Armenian; Azerbaijani(an)– Azerbaijani; Byelorussian– Belarusian; Estonian– Estonian; Georgian– Georgian; Kazakh– Kazakh; Kirghiz– Kyrgyz; Latvian– Latvian; Lithuanian– Lithuanian; Moldavian– Moldovan; Ossetian– Ossetian; Tajik– Tajik; Transdniestrian– Transnistrian; Turkman– Turkmens; Ukrainian– Ukrainian; Uzbek– Uzbek

...........................................

3 Video with the names of some countries in English

...........................................

4 Song with names of states in English

...........................................

5 Names in English of 195 countries of the world and their capitals

...........................................

6 Features of the use of words denoting names of countries and nationalities in English

1. The names of some countries are used with the definite article: The Soviet Union- Soviet Union ( the USSR– USSR), the United States- United States ( the USA– USA), The Netherlands– The Netherlands (Holland).
The article, as a rule, is not used before names of countries consisting of one proper name ( Burma, Russia) or from a proper name with a definition.

2. Noun nationality applies only to people: What is your nationality?- What is your nationality?
In relation to items manufactured in a country or originating from a country, the expressions used are: to come from, be made in: This car is made in Sweden / comes from Sweden.

3. To indicate the nationality of people or things, the following can be used: a) adjective – Italian music, French wine. She is Spanish (French, English); b) noun – an American, a Pole, a Dutchman.
All names of nationalities are written with a capital letter (nouns and adjectives): an American– American; the English- English; a French book- French book; Japanese towns- Japanese cities.

4. The plural form of the word denoting a nationality, in combination with the definite article, denotes all representatives of this nationality: the Americans; the Finns, the Germans, the Poles, the Swedes, the Albanians and etc.
To designate individual members of a nation, the word may be added to the name of nationalities man(in male units), woman(feminine singular) and men, women in plural: an Englishman- Englishman, an Englishwoman- Englishwoman, two Englishmen- two Englishmen; a Frenchman– French, a Frenchwoman– French, two French women- two French women, etc.

5. Names of nationalities ending in -sh, -ch, -ss, -se don't accept endings -s in plural: the English- English; the French- French people; the Dutch– Dutch; the Swiss– Swiss; the Chinse- Chinese; the Japanese- Japanese.
Nationality names ending in -se, have the same form in singular and plural: Chinese– Chinese, two Chinese- two Chinese, Swiss– Swiss, two Swiss- two Swiss.

6. Word many used only with nouns denoting nationality that have a plural form: many Poles, many Americans.

...........................................

7 Countries and nationalities in English idioms

Russian roulette– Russian roulette (bet on a shot to the temple from a pistol, in which out of six charges five are blanks)
Russian boots – Wellingtons(usually female)
White Russian- source Russian white emigrant; White Guard; mouth 1) Belarusian; 2) Belarusian language
Russian bast- bast, bast, bast
Russian doll– matryoshka
Russian hockey– Russian hockey; Hockey with a ball
Russian ball game– (Russian) lapta
Russian salad– Olivier salad
Russian egg– hard-boiled egg with mayonnaise
Russian dressing– Russian seasoning, seasoning for mayonnaise salad (with pickles, etc.)
Russian bear– “Russian Bear”, a cocktail of vodka, cocoa liqueur and cream
Russian tea– tea with lemon (served in glasses)

French– a rude obscene word or expression (primarily in the phrase: excuse (pardon) my French- sorry for the expression)
French leave– leaving without goodbye, unnoticed leaving; sudden departure, departure; to take French leave- leave without saying goodbye, leave in English
to assist in the French sense– iron. attend without taking part
French walk- Amer. slang. expulsion from the city; kicking out of a bar, saloon
French postcard- Amer. obscene postcard
French kiss- French Kiss
French door– glazed swing door
French roof– mansard roof
French telephone– handset with dialer
French curve- pattern
French fried potatoes– French fries, chips; syn. French fried(s), French fries(American) - potato chips (fried in oil)
French- kulin. cut into thin strips
French bean- beans
French plum- prunes
gin and french– a cocktail whose ingredients are gin and dry vermouth

German silver– cupronickel
brother-german– legal brother
German Ocean– mouth North Sea
German meats– rubella
German badgerdog– dachshund
German shepherd/German sheep dog- German Shepherd

Italian roof– sloping roof
Italian operation – Italian way plastic surgery (nose)
Italian cloth– lining material with satin face (Italian manufacture)
Italian warehousemen– bargaining; British "Italian Storekeepers" (a trading firm specializing in the trade of imported goods; this is how these companies were historically called in England, since the staff was predominantly Italian)

Chinese fire drill- Amer. turmoil, complete chaos
Chinese tobacco– slang. opium
Chinese accounting- false accounting
Chinese tumbler– “Chinese acrobat”, tumbler toy
Chinese puzzle– Chinese puzzle (wooden or metal) puzzle; difficult problem to solve; Chinese letter
Chinese boxes– Chinese boxes (stacked one inside the other)
Chinese copy– “Chinese copy”, an exact reproduction of an item with all its advantages and disadvantages
Chinese Wall– Great Wall of China, Chinese wall, insurmountable barrier
overseas Chinese- a Chinese person living outside his homeland
Chinese red– orange-red color
Chinese gelatin– agar-agar
Chinese– British decomposition Chinese food dish; Chinese restaurant

Baboo English– neglected babu English
Rock English– Gibraltar jargon (a mixture of English, Spanish and Arabic)
Wardour Street English- English speech, equipped with archaisms (after the name of a London street - the center of antique shops)
King's English– literary English, standard English
body English– American; decomposition gesticulation of spectators or players (during a sports game)
to murder the King's English- distort the English language
English disease- rare spleen, blues
English sonnet- Amer. Shakespearean sonnet (three quatrains and a final couplet)

American plan– full board (at the hotel)
ugly American– “ugly American”; American businessman abroad; American diplomat abroad; in Asia (based on the title of the book by Burdick and Leberer);
dip. "ugly American" (an American diplomat or businessman abroad who discredits US foreign policy through arrogance, a sense of false pride and a lack of understanding with the local population) un-American
- commonly foreign to American customs or concepts; Amer. anti-American– iron. 100% American, American from head to toe
white bread American- ordinary American
American organ– harmonium

Mexican stand(-)off– American; decomposition a hopeless situation, a deadlock situation (when none of the conflicting parties can gain the upper hand, but no one is ready to compromise, thereby being afraid to admit defeat)
Mexican raise/Mexican promotion– slang. promotion or change in status for the better without a salary increase
Mexican breakfast– slang. breakfast, which is usually limited to a cigarette and a glass of water (because there is no money, due to a hangover or too much fatigue)
Mexican athlete– slang. sports team candidate; unlucky player
Mexican rank- military slang temporary rank
Mexican– Australian; slang. Queenslanders refer to residents of New South Wales and Victoria as Mexicans (these states are further south than Victoria)

Australian ballot– secret ballot
Australian salute– Australian; decomposition “Australian greeting” (a greeting with a casual gesture of a raised hand, as if shooing away flies
Australian bear– marsupial bear (koala)

Japanese auction- bargaining Japanese auction (a type of auction in which the auctioneer announces a starting price and begins to gradually raise it, and buyers, in order to remain participants in the auction, must confirm their further participation by sending bids at each new price level)

Spanish fly– Spanish fly
Spanish heel– Spanish (high) heel
Spanish omelette– Spanish omelette (with potatoes or onions and tomatoes)
the Spanish Main- source "Spanish mainland" (America in the Caribbean)

...........................................

8 Exercises and games on the topic: countries and nationalities in English (flash)

National stereotypes through the prism of humor

Paradise is where cooks are French, mechanics are German, policemen are British, lovers are Italian and it is all organized by the Swiss.
Heaven is where the cooks are French, the mechanics are German, the police are English, the lovers are Italian, and everything is organized by the Swiss.
Hell is where cooks are British, policemen are German, lovers are the Swiss, mechanics are French, and it is all organized by Italians.
Hell is where the cooks are English, the police are German, the lovers are Swiss, the mechanics are French, and everything is organized by Italians.”

"Three proofs that Jesus was Jewish:
1. He went into his father's business.
2. He lived at home until the age of 33.
3. He was sure that his mother was a virgin, and his mother was sure that he was God.
Three proofs that Jesus Christ was a Jew:
He continued his father's business.
He lived at home until he was 33 years old.
He was convinced that his mother was a virgin, and his mother was convinced that he was God.
Three proofs that Jesus was Irish:
1. He never got married.
2. He never had a steady job.
3. His last request was for a drink.
Three proofs that Jesus was Irish:
He never married.
He never had a regular job.
His last wish was to drink.
Three proofs that Jesus was Italian:
1. He talked with his hands.
2. He took wine with every meal.
3. He worked in the building trade.
Three proofs that Jesus was Italian:
He spoke using gestures.
He drank wine at every meal.
He was engaged in carpentry.
Three proofs that Jesus was Black:
1. He called everyone brother.
2. He had no permanent address.
3. Nobody would hire him.
Three proofs that Jesus was black:
He called everyone brothers.
He had no permanent residence.
Nobody hired him.
Three proofs that Jesus was Puerto Rican:
1. His first name was Jesus.
2. He was always in trouble with the law.
3. His mother didn't know who his real father was.
Three proofs that Jesus was Puerto Rican:
His name was Jesus.
He was always in trouble with the law.
His mother did not know who his real father was.
Three proofs that Jesus was from California:
1. He never cut his hair.
2. He walked around barefoot.
3. “He invented a new religion.”
Three proofs that Jesus was from California:
He never cut his hair.
He always walked barefoot.
He founded a new religion.

From the book by S. G. Ter-Minasova “Language and Intercultural Communication”.
Exercises and games on the topic: countries of the world (in English)

Poems with country names in English

I had a little nut tree,
Nothing would it bear
But a silver nutmeg,
And a golden pear;
The King of Spain's daughter
Came to visit me,
And all for the sake
Of my little nut tree.

Her dress was made of crimson,
Jet black was her hair,
She asked me for my nut tree
And my golden pear.
I said, "So fair a princess
Never did I see
I"ll give you all the fruit
From my little nut tree."

There came an old woman from France
Who taught grown-up children to dance;
But they were so stiff,
She sent them home in a sniff,
This sprightly old woman from France.

I don't want to go to Mexico
No more, more, more.
There's a big fat policeman
At my door, door, door.
He grabbed me by the collar,
He made me pay a dollar,
I don't want to go to Mexico
No more, more, more.

History of immigration to the United States

After the discovery of America, tens of thousands of immigrants from England / England, France / France, Germany / Germany, Netherlands / the Netherlands, Spain / Spain and Portugal / Portugal hastened to the New World. Convicts were sent there to serve their sentences, and children kidnapped from the English slums were sold there. IN THE USA / the USA in the middle of the 19th century, participants in unsuccessful revolutionary battles arrived from Germany / Germany, Ireland / Ireland, Austria-Hungary / Austria-Hungary, France / France, Finland / Finland. A significant part of the American population were descendants of African slaves.
The first piece of legislation to specifically restrict immigration into the country was passed in 1875: people who had previously committed crimes were prohibited from moving to the United States. The first immigration law was passed in 1882. It provided for the establishment of control over the “quality” of immigrants, and also prohibited the entry of mentally ill and mentally underdeveloped people. This law also imposed a tax of 50 cents on each arriving immigrant. This amount later increased to $2, and then to $8. In fact, this tax still exists today, but is now considered a consular fee required for a visa. In 1882, ethnic Chinese were prohibited from moving to the United States. Only in 1943 this law was repealed. Ethnic Chinese now constitute one of the largest and most influential communities in the United States. In 1891, another law was passed, which added the sick, the poor and polygamists to the “black” list. The law also established a procedure for mandatory medical examination of newly arrived immigrants, which still exists today. (Since the 1990s, the United States has banned the entry of people with HIV and AIDS.) These measures reduced the level of immigration to the United States, but not for long.
At the beginning of the twentieth century, America was overwhelmed by a new wave of immigrants. This time, authorities refused entry into the country to epileptics, tuberculosis patients, the insane, beggars, anarchists and those with mental or physical disabilities that “may affect their ability to earn a living.” In 1917, the US put a barrier in front of the Indians / the Hindus, Burmese / the Burmese, Thais / the Thailanders, Malays / the Malayans, Arabs / the Arabs and Afghans / the Afghans. In 1924, a fundamentally new restriction was introduced. The US authorities provided citizens of each country with an immigration quota. The quota was determined based on the results of the next population census. In 1934 Philippines / the Philippines , formerly a colony of the United States, gained independence. Then for the Filipinos / the Filipinos (Pilipinos) the Americans, previously considered Americans /
, introduced restrictions on moving to the United States - no more than 50 people per year. With some changes, the quota system is still in effect today. Despite the fact that the economic crisis—the Great Depression of the 1930s—significantly reduced the flow of immigrants to the United States, with the outbreak of World War II, more than 1 million people from Europe moved to America in 1940 alone. In 1950, communists were banned from entering the United States.
However, the most important law that finally established the US immigration system was the Nationality and Immigration Act, passed in 1952. This law created a system of quotas, "categories of entry", fixed the reasons why an immigrant could be expelled from the country, and introduced stricter parameters for monitoring the "quality" of immigrants. In 1962 (after the revolution in Cuba/ Cuba The United States for the first time established a policy of financial support for refugees - previously, all immigrants could rely only on themselves, their relatives and charitable organizations. Later, the United States began accepting refugees from South-East Asia the USSR, China, and since the late 1970s - from the USSR /
. In 1965, the US Congress created a "preference system" whose purpose was to attract skilled workers and professionals to the United States. The Immigration Law was passed. This law established the rules for resettlement in the United States.
After the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, immigration regulations and requirements became particularly strict. The duration of the tourist trip was reduced to 30 days. The rules for foreign students staying in the United States have become stricter. Law enforcement agencies were given the power to arrest people for violating immigration laws, something that had previously been the responsibility of US immigration authorities. However, the biggest change in the US immigration system was the elimination of the Immigration and Naturalization Service and the integration of this structure into the new Department of Homeland Security.
Polls public opinion show that the September 11 terrorist attacks also caused many Americans, despite the fact that one in ten are first-generation immigrants, to reconsider their views on immigration. Currently, the majority of US residents are in favor of reducing immigration, and only 10–15% consider it necessary to increase it.

One of the very first and easiest for beginners, as it allows you to practice the verb to be. Despite the ease, many make mistakes in using countries and nationalities. How to avoid them? We will consider below using tables what rules govern the use of geographical names and their derivatives.

How are countries and nationalities formed in English?

So let's start from the beginning. Countries and nationalities in English are formed using the endings of adjectives. What are these endings? Consider below:

-ish - Poland - Polish (Poland - Polish);
-ian - Hungary - Hungarian (Hungary - Hungarian);
-ese - China - Chinese (China - Chinese);
-an - Korea - Korean (Korea - Korean);
-i - Pakistan - Pakistani (Pakistan - Pakistani);
endings that are used to form one nationality must be remembered, since they are exceptions, for example France - French (France - French).

What prepositions should be used with geographical names?

The prepositions to, in and from are used with country names. This is one of the difficult topics for beginners, which is studied as part of the “Countries and Nationalities” program. In English, as in Russian, the use of a preposition depends on what the speaker wants to say.

To is a preposition of direction, translated as in, in, to.
From - preposition of direction, translated as from, from.
In - the preposition shows that the speaker is in this country, or something is happening in it.

These prepositions can be used in all tenses and in any type of sentence. Examples with translation are given below.

So, let's look at countries and nationalities in English. Table of use of prepositions with geographical names presented to your attention.

How are the names of countries and nationalities used grammatically?

When learning English, many students make serious mistakes in conversation. They can be avoided if you follow the grammatical rules:

The names of not only countries, but also nationalities and adjectives denoting something national are always written with a capital letter.
When describing an object or language, an adjective is used to denote nationality; if it does not coincide with the adjective, you must use the word corresponding to it and in no case replace it with the name of the country.

When designating a people, you need to use Russian - the Russians (Russian - Russians), American - the Americans (American - Americans).
If the nationality adjective ends in -i, -ese, -ss, -ch, -sh, then the ending -s is not added to it - the Iraqi (Iraqis), the Japanese (Japanese), the Swiss (Swiss), the French (French), the Scottish (Scots).
Using an adjective denoting nationality without article the perhaps if you add the word people to it: Italian people, Chinese people, Brazilian people, Arab people.

Table of countries and nationalities with translation

The table of countries and nationalities in English represents the most and nationalities that are encountered during the study. What makes it special? For some countries, nationality and adjective are the same, so one word is written in the corresponding column. If nationality is indicated by another word, it is written in the same column.

A country	Adjective/Nationality	Translation
Russia	Russian	Russia russian
Great Britain	British/Briton, Brit	UK/British
America (USA)	American	America/American
Germany	German	Germany/German
Italy	Italian	Italy/Italian
Belgium	Belgian	Belgium/Belgian
Brazil	Brazilian	Brazil/Brazilian
Mexico	Mexican	Mexico/Mexican
Norway	Norwegian	Norway/Norwegian
Latvia	Latvian	Latvia/Latvian
Lithuania	Lithuanian	Lithuania/Lithuanian
Estonia	Estonian	Estonia/Estonian
China	Chinese	China/Chinese
Portugal	Portuguese	Portugal/Portuguese
Switzerland	Swiss	Switzerland/Swiss
Denmark	Danish/Dane	Denmark/Danish
Finland	Finnish/Finn	Finland/Finnish
Poland	Polish/Pole	Poland/Polish
Scotland	Scottish/Scot, Scotsman, Scotswoman	Scotland/Scottish
Sweden	Swedish/Swedish	Sweden/Swedish
Turkey	Turkish/Turk	Türkiye/Turkish
France	French/Frenchman	France/French
Spain	Spanish/Spaniard	Spain/Spanish
Greece	Greek	Greece/Greek
	Arab	UAE/Arabic
	Egyptian	Egypt/Egyptian
	Israeli	Israel/Israeli
	Kazakh	Kazakhstan/Kazakh
Mongolia	Mongolian	Mongolia/Mongolian
	Byelorussian	Belarus/Belarusian
	Ukrainian	Ukraine/Ukrainian
Bulgaria	Bulgarian	Bulgaria/Bulgarian
Korea	Korean	Korea/Korean
India	Indian	India/Indian
Thailand	Thai	Thailand/Thai
Australia	Australian	Australia/Australian
Canada	Canadian	Canada/Canadian
Peru	Peruvian	Peru/Peruvian
New Zealand	Zelanian	New Zealand/New Zealand
Somalia	Somalia	Somali/Somali

Exercises to consolidate material with keys

We looked at countries and nationalities in English. The table above contains the minimum number of countries that students should know foreign language. Using it and the rules of use, do exercises to consolidate the material, and then check the correctness of the answers using the keys.

Views