The city is an industrial center. Industrial centre

Administrative composition of the district

The Central Economic Region includes the Bryansk, Vladimir, Ivanovsk, Kaluga, Orel, Ryazan, Smolensk, Tverskaya, Tula, Yaroslavl, Moscow regions and the city of Moscow.

The area of ​​the district is 485.1 thousand sq. Km. or about 2.8% of the territory of the Russian Federation. It occupies a leading place among the regions of Russia in terms of the total volume of industrial production, the level of development of industrial production and the share of manufacturing industries.

Features of the economic and geographical location

The location of the district is central, advantageous in transport and other respects at a long stage of historical development. This is the ancient core of the Russian state, the main center of culture and formation of the Russian people. The advantages of the EGP of this region lie in the convenience of attracting resources as needed from all regions, in the possibility of being included in interregional (and international) economic relations and fulfilling the diverse duties of a leader in relation to the entire territory of the country and especially its European part. The region has a convenient economic and geographical position, as it is located in the center of the European part of Russia, has an advantageous transport and geographical position. There are 11 railway lines, 15 highways, numerous pipelines, air routes, canals and electronic lines approaching Moscow.

Place of the district in the economic complex of the country

The Central Economic Region is the historical, political and economic center of the country. On its territory is the capital of Russia - the city of Moscow. The Center has a leading role among all economic regions.

Assessment of natural resources and conditions of the area

The area has a flat-hilly relief (Valdai and Smolensk-Moscow Uplands, Meshcherskaya Lowland). The climate is moderately continental. Soils are forest, sod-podzolic. The well-known rivers - Volga, Western Dvina (Daugava), Dnieper and others - originate within Central Russia. The region is not rich in natural resources, therefore the industry works mainly on imported raw materials. There are reserves of brown coal (near Moscow basin), phosphorites, peat, limestone, sand, forests (in the north and north-west of the region).

Characteristics of the population and labor resources of the region

The central region is the most densely populated part of the Russian Federation. Population - 29.9 million people (1996), which is about 20% of the population of the Russian Federation (first place among economic regions); population density - over 60 people per sq. km. (the most densely populated is the Moscow region).

The district is characterized by a high concentration of qualified personnel. The city of Moscow, the capital of Russia, is the largest administrative - political, industrial, transport, scientific and cultural center of the country (Moscow agglomeration - about 12 million people). There are more than 250 cities on the territory of the central region. The scale of industrial development determines a significant predominance of the urban population - 83%.

Development and placement of the main branches of industrial specialization of the region

It is a highly developed industrial region of the country. The region's industry specializes in the production of complex and non-material-intensive products that require skilled labor and scientific research.

The main branches of specialization are diversified mechanical engineering, chemical, light (textile), printing industry.

The machine-building complex is represented by machine-tool building, instrument-making, power and transport machine building. The production of robots and automatic machine tools, electronic control systems and computers, devices and communications equipment is of significant scale (this is due to the availability of qualified personnel and a powerful scientific and technical base).

Transport engineering is represented by the production of cars, diesel locomotives, wagons and river vessels. Automotive industry: Moscow - trucks and cars, bus assembly; Likino-Dulyovo - buses. A new plant for the production of buses near Moscow is being built with the participation of German firms.

Locomotive building is represented in Kolomna (Moscow region); Lyudinovo (Kaluga region), Murome (Vladimir region). Car building - Tver (cars); Mytishchi (passenger cars and subway cars); Vyshny - Volochok (electric train cars), Bryansk (insulated cars). River shipbuilding and ship repair - Moscow, Rybinsk, Kostroma. Agricultural engineering is represented in Lyubertsy (Moscow region), Bezhetsk (Tver region), Ryazan, Tula. The tractor plant is located in Vladimir.

The chemical industry is also the most important branch of the region's specialization. It is represented by the production of phosphate fertilizers (based on local raw materials) - Voskresensk (Moscow region), nitrogen fertilizers Novomoskovsk and Shchekino (Tula region); Soda and sulfuric acid production is developed (Shchelkovo, Novomoskovsk, Voskresensk). In Yaroslavl and Efremov (Tula region), factories for the production of synthetic rubber are located, whose products operate tire factories in Moscow and Ryazan. Chemical fibers are produced in Tver, Klin, Serpukhov, Ryazan. The production of photochemical goods, varnishes, dyes, medicines, and perfumery is widely developed.

The textile industry, the oldest branch of industry that worked on imported raw materials, which was previously one of the specialization branches of the region, has been experiencing an acute crisis in recent years.

The strongest decline in production is noted. Cotton industry enterprises are located in the cities of Ivanovo, Orekhovo-Zuevo, Tver, Yaroslavl, Moscow, Noginsk, Kostroma, etc. Linen, woolen and silk fabrics are also produced in the region.

Industries that complement the industrial specialization of the region, a range of services

The central region has a leading position in the country in the production of instruments, automation equipment, and control systems. The main centers of instrumentation are Moscow, Vladimir, Ryazan, Smolensk.

Electrical industry - Moscow, Kaluga, Yaroslavl. The major centers of machine tool building are Moscow, Ryazan, Kolomna.

Despite the presence of its own metallurgical plants in Moscow, Elektrostal and Tula, there is an acute problem of providing machine-building plants of this economic region with rolled ferrous metals, which are brought from other regions.

The Central District is characterized by the presence of a very powerful printing industry (Moscow, Tver, Yaroslavl, Vladimir, Chekhov). The district retains the first place in the development of science, higher and secondary specialized education, in the training and retraining of personnel.

The fuel and energy complex of the Central Region is oriented mainly towards imported fuel. Local fuels are brown coal and peat. Lignite mining is carried out mainly in the Tula and Ryazan regions, although it has significantly decreased in recent years due to the supply of more efficient energy carriers (oil and gas).

The Central Economic Region ranks first in the Russian Federation in terms of electricity production (18%). Most of it is generated by large thermal power plants. Some of them work on coal and peat near Moscow (Cherepetskaya, Shchekinskaya, Ryazanskaya). Kostromskaya, Konakovskaya GRES and Moscow CHPPs operate on gas and fuel oil.

Ivankovskaya, Uglichskaya and Rybinskaya hydroelectric power stations operate on the Upper Volga. However, all these stations do not fully satisfy the needs of the region for electricity. Therefore, part of the electricity is transmitted here from the Volga region. Energy is also provided by the Smolensk and Tverskaya nuclear power plants, as well as, located in the city of Obninsk, the world's first nuclear power plant, built in 1954.

Specialization, level of development of agriculture in the region

The agro-industrial complex of the Central Region is one of the largest in the Russian Federation for the production of milk, meat, potatoes, vegetables, flax and sugar beets, as well as food products. However, their own agricultural production does not meet the needs of the region, food products have to be imported. This is a region of potato growing and animal husbandry. In the north, there are significant areas of flax. In industrial areas, suburban specialization of agriculture predominates.

Territorial structure of the district economy (largest industrial centers, sub-districts, TPK)

The territorial structure of the transport network of the Central Economic Region is radially circular. The core is the Moscow agglomeration. All types of transport are well developed. Communication with all other areas is provided by a dense network of railways and highways. There are four airports in the capital. Moscow is also a river port with (through the Volga and the system of shipping canals) access to five seas.

Development of external relations of the district

The advantages of the EGP of this region create convenience for attracting resources as needed from all regions, in the possibility of being included in interregional (and international) economic relations and fulfilling the diverse duties of a leader in relation to the entire territory of the country and especially its European part.

District development problems in the transition to a market economy

This area reflects all the variety of environmental problems in Russia. Starting from environmental pollution that degrades the living environment of people and ending with man-made disasters that affect all nearby areas.

The Moscow agglomeration is one of the most polluted. Air pollution pollution of land waters loss of productive land soil pollution degradation of forest areas reduction of natural and recreational qualities of the landscape.

Moscow and the surrounding ring of small and medium-sized cities of the Volga-Oka interfluve with a high density of urban population, powerful industry and developed transport have formed a zone of extremely strong anthropogenic pressure on the human environment on a global scale.

Only within Moscow there are more than 1200 industrial enterprises, more than 10 thermal power plants, several thousand boiler houses. To maintain the city's life in the cold season, about 60 million cubic meters are used daily. m. of gas, 400 wagons of coal, 500 wagons of fuel oil, etc.

As a result, more than 1 mln. tons of oxides of nitrogen and sulfur, many thousands of tons of carbon monoxide, particulate matter, etc.

The most unfavorable situation has developed in the districts located in the central and southeastern parts of the city. At the same time, the main indicators of the disaster are the continuing pollution of air, water, noise regime and oversaturation of soil with chemicals.

By the end of the 90s. the main environmental pollutants in Moscow and

Transport and energy are becoming the suburbs. The share of motor transport (which has a fleet of about 1 million vehicles) accounts for 2/3 of the volume of atmospheric pollution.

Industrial and domestic waste is a major source of contamination of the territory and soils of the Central District and the Moscow Region. Almost all types of waste are suitable for use on the farm as secondary raw materials, however, industrial waste processing is a vulnerable spot for the entire Russian economy.

The generally accepted indicator of ecological well-being is the provision of its inhabitants with drinking water.

However, it is not only and sometimes not so much the quantitative volume of water consumption that is important here - more than 750 liters per day per person. According to available estimates, the total overconsumption of water only in the housing and communal sector reaches at least 50% due to malfunctions and poor quality of sanitary equipment in residential buildings and, most importantly, inefficient use of it.

The scale of radiation pollution of the Russian territory associated with the consequences of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant is enormous. According to official data, soil pollution with a density of more than 1 Ci / sq. Km.

Registered throughout the Central Economic Region. The Bryansk region suffered the most, especially in terms of concentration of pollution. In some of the most severely affected administrative regions (Gordeevsky, Zlynkovsky, Klintsvsky, Klimovsky, Krasnogorsky, Novozybkovsky, Starodubsky), levels of 20, 30, 40 Ci / km were noted. sq. and more. The main critical radionuclide is cesium 137 (over 90% of the contaminated area).

Much more serious figures are hidden behind the averaged indicators: at some points, a maximum pollution density of 100 CI / km is recorded. sq. and more. Another hazardous pollutant, strontium 90, occurs in small “spots”.

Industrial centers of Russia

Industry is an important component of the economic complex of the Russian Federation, the leading role of which is determined by the fact that it provides all sectors of the economy with tools and new materials, serves as the most active factor in scientific and technological progress and expanded reproduction in general. Among other sectors of the economy, industry is distinguished by its complex- and regional-forming functions.

In 2008, 456 thousand industrial enterprises operated in Russia, employing 14.3 million people, providing production in the amount of 20613 billion rubles.
The industry of Russia has a complex diversified and diversified structure, reflecting changes in the development of productive forces, in the improvement of the territorial division of social labor, associated with scientific and technological progress.

Modern industry is characterized by a high level of specialization. As a result of the deepening of the social division of labor, many branches, sub-branches and types of production have arisen, which together form the sectoral structure of industry. In the current industrial classification, 11 complex sectors and 134 sub-sectors are identified.

The industry is subdivided into:
mining, which includes industries associated with the extraction and processing of ore and non-metallic raw materials, as well as with the production of sea animals, fishing and other sea products;
processing, which includes enterprises for the processing of products of the extractive industry, semi-finished products, as well as for the processing of agricultural products, forestry and other raw materials. Manufacturing industries form the backbone of heavy industry. For the location factors of various industries, see here: food processing, agriculture, fuel.

According to the economic purpose of products, the entire industry is divided into two large groups: group "A" - production of means of production and group "B" - production of consumer goods. However, it should be noted that the division of industry into these groups does not coincide with the sectoral structure of industrial production, since the natural form of the manufactured product does not yet determine its economic purpose. Since the products of many enterprises can be intended for both production and non-production consumption, they are classified as belonging to one or another group, depending on their actual use.

The sectoral structure of industry in modern Russia is characterized by:

The predominance of industries for the extraction and primary processing of fuel and raw materials;
a low share of the top, most technically complex industries;
a low share of light industry and other industries focused on the immediate needs of the population;
high proportion of branches of the military-industrial complex.

There are two large economic zones on the territory of the Russian Federation:

Western, including the European part of the country together with the Urals, which is characterized by a shortage of fuel, energy and water resources, a high concentration of industrial production and the prevailing development of manufacturing industries;
Eastern, which includes the territory of Siberia and the Far East, which is distinguished by the presence of large reserves of fuel and energy and mineral resources, poorly developed territory and the predominance of extractive industries.

This division into large economic zones is used in the analysis and determination of the promising territorial proportions of the country's economic complex.

Industrial areas are large territories with relatively homogeneous natural conditions, with a characteristic direction of development of productive forces, with a corresponding existing material and technical base, production and social infrastructure.
On the territory of Russia, there are about 30 industrial regions, of which 2/3 are located in the Western zone of the country.

The majority of industrial centers do not have technological links with each other, therefore, such location reduces the possibilities for the development of cooperation, and therefore, their growth efficiency. Regional centers are an example.
An industrial center is understood as a territory within which one or more enterprises of the same industry are located (small towns and workers' settlements).

Today in Russia there are more than 250 largest industrial centers that make up the industrial framework of the country.
On the territory of Russia, there are five groups of industrial centers that affect the economy in different ways, have different development prospects and differ in their size.

The first group includes "old" industrial centers that were built in Soviet times and which were able to independently modernize their production facilities. It includes the oil and gas and metallurgical sectors, which are owned by large Russian companies. This group includes one hundred and forty cities, including Tomsk, Surgut, Krasnoyarsk, Baku and many others.
The second group of industrial centers includes the industrial centers of the "consumer industry". They are linked to eight large urban agglomerations in Russia. The first place in this group is occupied by the Moscow agglomeration.

The third group of industrial centers includes old industrial cities that were unable to fully modernize and restore the Soviet industrial potential. This so-called "industrial stagnation" group has gained its popularity and has achieved a good standard of living thanks to the trade sector and logistics and due to its advantageous geographical location.

In the cities that are classified in this industrial group, there are large ports, railway stations and road junctions, agricultural and tourist areas.

The fourth industrial group includes cities and centers of "industrial innovation", which are partially or fully owned by the state. These cities and centers have assembled Russia's own technological and industrial potential, the most needed and demanded innovative technologies.
The fifth industrial group is Moscow and St. Petersburg - the largest industrial centers in Russia, which have a great influence on the entire industry of the state.

The rating of the 250 largest Russian industrial centers after joint research was published by two authoritative organizations: the Urbanika Institute for Spatial Planning and the Union of Architects of Russia. Previously, the specialists carried out a comparative analysis of statistical data on the volume of industrial production, studied the indicators of financial statements.
The top lines of the rating are occupied by Moscow and St. Petersburg. During the post-Soviet period, many factories were closed in the capitals, but cities quickly took a leadership position thanks to the creation of multinational corporations and enterprises belonging to the medium-sized business sector. The first place in terms of the number of cities included in the rating table was taken by the Moscow region, which unites 30 large settlements.

It should be noted that priority industrial centers and “growth points” are adjacent to the largest megacities - this pattern was revealed by analytical studies. The leader in terms of total industrial production is the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug. The most significant in the ranking are oil and gas and metallurgical centers. The first ten rows of the table (except for two capitals) were occupied by Surgut, Nizhnevartovsk, Omsk, Perm, Ufa, Norilsk, Chelyabinsk, Novokuznetsk.

The centers of progressive industries and innovative technologies, with the exception of Moscow and St. Petersburg, were awarded more modest positions. In 17 constituent entities of the federation, there are no cities at all that are among the 250 largest industrial centers.

Uralvagonzavod. Altai Territory, Rubtsovsk

Types of industry in Russia: Nuclear, Military, Gas, Aviation, Machine-building complex, Metallurgical complex, Oil, Fuel, USA, Rocket and space, Fish, fuel and energy complex, Heavy production, Coal industry of Russia, Khimprom, Machine-building centers, Environmental problems, Mining diamonds

Industry, Economy of Russia

About Russian industry

Currently, the Russian industry includes the following competitive industries: oil and gas, mining, processing of precious stones and metals, aircraft construction, rocket and space production, nuclear industry, production of weapons and military equipment, electrical engineering, pulp and paper industry, automotive industry, transport, road and agricultural mechanical engineering, light and food industries.

Machine-building complex

Mechanical engineering is the leading industry in Russia and is concentrated in large centers - Moscow, St. Petersburg, the Urals, the Volga region, and Western Siberia. It provides all sectors of the economy with various equipment and machines. Further…

Chemical and petrochemical industry

The chemical industry in Russia plays an important role in the development of the entire national economy. As part of the chemical industry, the extraction of mining and chemical raw materials (apatites and phosphorites, sodium chloride and potassium salts, sulfur and a number of other products), basic chemistry and chemistry of organic synthesis are distinguished. Further…

Fuel and energy complex

The fuel and energy complex supplies fuel and electricity to all sectors and ensures the development of the economy. Fuel and energy complex products are currently the main export item in Russia. Further…

Metallurgical complex

The metallurgical complex of Russia includes the extraction of metal ores, their beneficiation, metal smelting, and the production of rolled products. This industry includes ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy.

Agro-industrial complex

The agro-industrial complex of the Russian Federation includes industries specializing in the production of agricultural products, their processing and storage, as well as providing agriculture and the processing industry with means of production. Further…

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE ECONOMIC AREAS OF RUSSIA. \ typical features of EGP, resources, specialization industries \

WESTERN ECONOMIC ZONE.

1. NORTH-WESTERN DISTRICT.

- relatively small in area, "compact" area with very convenient EGP \ proximity to the western border, access to the Baltic, etc. \,

- relatively poor in resources \ bauxite \ Boksitogorsk \, shale \ Shale \, phosphorite \ Kingisepp \, peat \,

- a pronounced economic center of the region yavl. agglomeration of St. Petersburg,

- one of the most important machine-building bases of the CIS and Russia with a particularly high level of development of the "upper floors",

- presented: shipbuilding \ nuclear icebreakers, passenger ships, tankers, timber carriers, trawlers, etc. \, power and electrical engineering \ more than 50% of all hydraulic and steam turbines produced in the country \, machine tool construction, instrument making, tractor engineering \ PO "Kirovsky plant "\, car building; St. Petersburg is one of the largest R&D centers in the country, an "elite" region in terms of personnel training for industry and especially for mechanical engineering,

- from other industries are: chemical \ "upper floors" based on oil refining \ Kirishi \, microbiology, pharmaceuticals, household chemicals \, nonferrous metallurgy \ alumina production \ Boksitogorsk \, aluminum smelting \ Volkhov, Tikhvin \; North-West is one of the traditional regions of light industry \ linen \ Velikiye Luki, Pskov \, sewing, etc. \,

- St. Petersburg is one of the most important foreign trade ports of the CIS and Russia, the largest cultural and scientific center,

- agriculture has an intra-district orientation \ dairy and milk-and-meat animal husbandry, flax growing, potatoes, suburban farming \.

2. NORTHERN DISTRICT.

- the largest area of ​​the Western economic zone, with rather difficult, and in some places - extreme natural conditions;

- the contrast of the EGP of different parts of the region is characteristic: the western and southwestern regions have the most advantageous position / proximity to the state. border, Center \, relatively favorable EGP near the Arkhangelsk and Murmansk regions \ access to important sea routes, Murmansk is an ice-free port \, at the same time, the northern and eastern parts of the region are much less favorable for development,

- resource region, one of the richest regions of the European part of the CIS, both in volume and in the "range" of resources \ hard coal \ Pechora \, oil, gas \ Timan-Pechora region \, iron ores \ Kovdor, Olenegorsk, Kostomuksha \, nickel , copper, aluminum \ nepheline \ ore, apatite \ Khibiny, Monchegorsk, Pechenga \; the area is very rich in forest and provided with water resources,

- the region is relatively sparsely populated with a pronounced concentration of the population and the entire "economic life" in industrial centers, especially Arkhangelsk, Murmansk, Vologda,

- the most important fuel and "ore" base of the European part of the CIS and Russia, especially the Non-Black Earth Zone \ North-West, Central, Volgo-Vyatka regions \, represented: coal, oil and gas industries, mining of metallurgical and chemical raw materials,

- ferrous metallurgy \ Cherepovets \ - the base of mechanical engineering of the Central and North-Western regions,

- nonferrous metallurgy \ "Severonickel" in Monchegorsk \ copper, nickel, cobalt, etc. \, aluminum smelting \ Kandalaksha, Nadvoitsy \,

- timber industry \ the whole complex of subsectors is represented, one of the largest "forest", timber processing and "paper" \ Kondopoga and others \ regions of the CIS,

- mechanical engineering as a whole is represented relatively little, but individual subsectors have a "union" meaning:

- tractors for the timber industry, paper machines \ Petrozavodsk \, shipbuilding and ship repair \ Murmansk \,

- fish industry. \ Murmansk \,

- agriculture: the most developed is only the south of the region \ Vologda region. \ - one of the regions of "union significance" for breeding dairy cattle, production of butter, cheese; also - one of the largest regions of flax growing.

- the modern stage is characterized by an increase in the economic role of the region, primarily as a "foreign trade outpost" of Russia \ Murmansk, Arkhangelsk \.

3. CENTRAL REGION.

- the historical center of Russia, the region of the origin of the Russian state and the Russian economy, the "old" industrial area

- already in the 19th century. stood out as an area of ​​developed textile industry,

- the leading region of Russia in terms of population, industrial, cultural, scientific and "university" potential; on the territory of the district, the Moscow metropolitan region stands out with its inherent administrative functions of "union" significance,

- a characteristic feature of EGP yavl. the "centrality" of the region, its proximity to all the most important economic regions of Russia and the CIS,

- the region is poor in mineral resources \ phosphorites \ Voskresensk \, peat, etc., but it is provided with personnel at a very high level of their training,

- it stands out for its diversity and a very high level of industrial development, with the dominance of the "upper" floors, \ especially in mechanical engineering, which "serves" almost all sectors of the economy \,

- presented: radio electronics, machine tool and tool industry., Instrument making \ incl. - optical \ Krasnogorsk \, electrical engineering, production of automated control systems and computer technology \ mainly - Moscow \, automotive \ Moscow, Yaroslavl \ tires, motors \, with \ economic machine. \ Lyubertsy \ including potato harvesters \, Tula, Bezhetsk \ flax harvesters \ and tractor construction \ Vladimir \, car building \ Mytishchi \, equipment for the textile industry \ Ivanovo \, diesel locomotive construction \ Kolomna \, aircraft construction \ Moscow, Smolensk \,

- chemical industry. - oil refining \ Ryazan, Yaroslavl \, production of SK \ Yaroslavl \ and chemical fibers \ Ryazan, Mytishchi, Tver, Serpukhov, Klin \, phosphorus fertilizers \ Voskresensk \, household chemicals \ Moscow \,

- a traditional region of light industry with a full range of subsectors \ especially developed cotton, linen and clothing industries \,

- printing industry \ Moscow, Tver \,

- Moscow is the largest transport hub in the CIS,

- s \ x has mainly intra-district orientation \ excl.

flax growing \, with a special development of the "suburban" type.

4. CENTRAL BLACK EARTH REGION

- "compact" forest-steppe and steppe region, very homogeneous in natural conditions,

- the main feature of the EGP is its proximity to the Center, as well as to the Donbass and the Dnieper region \ transit position on the "Center-South" axis \, now it is one of the "western" regions of Russia,

- the region is resource, but its "wealth" is one type of mineral raw materials - iron ore KMA \ one of the largest iron ore basins in the world \, as well as agro-climatic resources,

- a typical example of an industrial and agricultural region,

- leading industries: the extraction and processing of iron ores \ part of the concentrates the region "exports" to Cherepovets and even to the Urals \, ferrous metallurgy of the full cycle \ Lipetsk, also - Russia's largest electrometallurgical plant in Stary Oskol \, mechanical engineering \ relatively "new" for the Central Black Earth Region, an industry that is, as it were, in the "shadow" of the machine-building of the Center and is largely focused on the mining industry of the region and its agriculture; at the same time, individual subsectors have a "union" meaning \: mining \ incl. excavators \, lifting and forging equipment \ Voronezh \, agricultural machinery \ Voronezh \ and tractor construction \ Lipetsk \, equipment for the chemical industry \ Tambov \, machine-tool industry \ Voronezh \, aircraft construction \ Voronezh \, power engineering \ Belgorod \, precision mechanical engineering and instrument making \ Kursk \;

- chemical industry \ production of mineral fertilizers \ Lipetsk \, SK \ plus tire production \ Voronezh \, varnishes, paints, etc. \ Tambov \, chemical fibers \ Kursk \,

- food \ incl. sugar \ industry,

- CCR is one of the largest producers of various agricultural products in Russia \ wheat, sugar beets, sunflowers, corn, cattle breeding \ mainly dairy and meat production \, pig breeding.

5. VOLGO-VYATSKY DISTRICT.

- the main feature of the EGP is "transition" from the Center to the Volga region and the Urals,

- on the territory of the district is located the third industrial potential city of Russia - Nizhny Novgorod,

- a characteristic feature of the region - the contrast of natural conditions, settlement and economy of the northern \ "forest" \ part of the region \ Trans-Volga region \ and the southern; especially noticeable is the "shift" of the economic potential of the region to the Nizhny Novgorod agglomeration,

- the region is rich in forest and water resources, but practically devoid of mineral raw materials and fuel; at the same time, the resource situation is "softened" by the proximity of the Volga-Ural fuel base,

- an industrial region, the specialization of industry is influenced by: "raw material" Volga-Ural region, "machine-building and scientific" Center, as well as "own" forest resources,

- leading industries:

- mechanical engineering, especially developed automotive complex \ trucks and cars \ Nizhny Novgorod \, buses \ Pavlovo \, diesel engines \ Zavolzhye \, tires \ Vyatka \, auto glass production \ Bor \, shipbuilding and machine tools \ Nizhny Novgorod \ in t .h. production of woodworking machines \ Vyatka \, production of electrical equipment \ in the main. - lighting technicians \ Saransk \

- chemical industry \ incl. oil refining on the "transit" of Volga-Ural oil \ Kstovo \ and orgsintez \ Dzerzhinsk \, as well as - wood chemistry \ Vetluzhsky \,

- the timber industry \ one of the leading "timber" and "timber processing" regions of Russia, which stands out precisely for the "density" of production; on the territory of VVR, a "forest subdistrict" was formed in the northern \ Trans-Volga \ part and along the Volga, with a full complex - from timber harvesting to paper production \ Volzhsk, Balakhna, Pravdinsk \,

Socio-economic effects of HSR 1 for society

The positive effects from the implementation of high-speed rail projects are not limited to the direct effects of the development of the national transport system. The implementation of high-speed rail projects will also lead to the emergence of general economic effects due to the positive impact on employment, labor productivity and the pace of regional development. These effects are not considered in the standard calculation of user benefits. The implementation of high-speed rail projects will presumably lead to the following economic effects:

• Agglomeration effect;
• Growth in employment of the population;
• Regional development effects;
• The effect of employment in construction;
• Increasing the investment attractiveness of Russia in terms of foreign direct investment;
• Tourism development.

Agglomeration effect

Large-scale investments in transport infrastructure, such as investments in the construction of high-speed lines, usually lead to improved communication between administrative centers and peripheral areas, which leads to the centralization of the labor market and concentration of labor resources. It is known that there is a close relationship between the concentration of labor resources, the level of productivity and subsequent economic growth, explained by the following main factors:

• Increasing the size and depth of the labor market. More choice of employees for the employer and the possibility of reducing wage costs due to competition between employees;
• Increase in the number of competitors and potential contractors. Creation of additional incentives for the development of innovations and increasing efficiency, the development of specialization in service industries;
• Huge opportunities for the exchange of connections and knowledge (for example, in the field of scientific research).

Thus, the HSR is an important factor in helping to strengthen markets by improving access to financial, land and labor resources, which leads to increased productivity, positive economies of scale and growth of the regional economy.

These benefits complement the direct benefits for the HSR users and, as a rule, are not taken into account when calculating the generalized transport costs (due to the fact that the users do not realize such consequences of the HSR use).

A comprehensive study by the World Bank in 2007 showed that in the mid-2000s, the economies of many backward regions of Russia showed faster growth rates, while the economies of some resource-rich regions grew significantly slower. The statistical analysis supports the hypothesis that the strong effect of urban and regional agglomerations contributes to economic growth in the Central, North-West and South regions compared to the rest of the country. Improvement of transport infrastructure is expected to enhance the considered effect for the backward regions of the country, including those located outside the zone of passage of high-speed lines.

Employment growth

Transportation demand is a derived demand, that is, people only use transportation for the purpose of meeting another need (for example, holding a business meeting or commuting). Consequently, passengers travel only if the transport costs do not exceed the benefits of the activity at the destination. Before the HSR was put into operation, a number of economic zones could be inaccessible to many workers and organizations, since transport costs (in monetary and time terms) were too high and exceeded the benefits from activities at the destination.

The commissioning of the HSR will bring the areas of residence of labor resources closer to the areas of employment by reducing generalized transport costs. As a result, the previously unemployed will become participants in the labor market, as well as increased mobility among the working population, who will be able to work in areas more remote from their place of residence. This will help to increase the efficiency of the labor market and the level of economic activity of the population.

For example, it will become possible to build a high-speed rail station at a distance of 50-100 km from Moscow and create a new urban settlement nearby, which will reduce tensions on the Moscow housing market by increasing the supply of real estate. High-speed rail passengers will travel from such an urban settlement to the center of Moscow in no more than 30 minutes - faster than traveling by car from the outskirts of Moscow.

In the 1950s, a number of "new cities" were built near London along the main railways. Today, daily commuting from these cities to the capital is widespread. The launch of HS1 in the UK brought cities to the London job market that were previously considered too far from the capital for daily commuting.

Regional development effect

The construction of the high-speed rail will lead to the accession of vast territories to the zones of labor employment, increase the labor mobility of the population and, as a consequence, increase labor productivity. On the other hand, the construction of high-speed rail lines will also with a high probability increase the attractiveness of previously remote regions that are poorly included in the economic activity of administrative centers, which will lead to their economic development and an increase in the value of land and real estate.

The net effect of such processes is uncertain. It is necessary to carry out an accurate analysis as to whether economic activity in the main economic centers will decrease, whether there will be a redistribution of demand for residential real estate to new regions involved in economic activity, what will be the ratio of positive effects in zones of new activity and possible opposite effects in the main economic centers ...

The effects of regional development can be very significant, and a more detailed analysis is required before making any investment decision regarding high-speed rail projects.

An example is the city of Lille in northern France, which is located at the intersection of the London-Paris and London-Brussels high-speed lines. In the past, this city was a dying industrial and coal mining center with high rates of unemployment. As a result of the construction of the high-speed rail, Lille has now become the third most important commercial and financial center in France. The rise in economic benefits in this city is likely to have led to economic downturns in other centers. Nevertheless, in such a situation, a rational redistribution of economic activity from the most economically prosperous centers, such as Paris, is most likely, which should also be considered as a positive effect.

Direct foreign investments

There are a number of cities in Russia that are highly attractive for foreign direct investment. Foreign investors often prefer to develop their business in such cities, rather than in Moscow and St. Petersburg, where the cost of living and doing business is very high. The main disadvantage of regional cities, from the point of view of investors, is the limited supply of young professionals and senior managers in the labor market. The development of high-speed rail lines and the reduction of travel time to 1-1.5 hours will allow regional cities to be less dependent on the local labor market and local universities and overcome this barrier.

Foreign direct investment will have a significant positive impact on the economy of the Russian Federation.

Tourism development

The tourism industry in the Russian Federation is characterized by a significantly lower degree of development compared to most European countries. This situation is due to the influence of a number of factors, including the historically closed nature, the difficult visa regime and the large territorial size of the country, forcing tourists to travel huge distances by European standards.

The high-speed rail projects will unite into a single system a significant number of cities that have significant potential for the development of the tourism industry and are still poorly known outside the Russian Federation (for example, the historical center of Nizhny Novgorod). Accordingly, the HSR operator will have significant opportunities for the development of tourist traffic. In the course of this analysis, the quantitative development potential of the tourism industry was not considered. However, it should be noted that most foreign high-speed rail lines pay considerable attention to this market segment. Thus, the tourist flow to Malaga increased by 25% after the commissioning of the high-speed highway.

In accordance with the statements of the representatives of the Government of the Russian Federation, the visa regime for entry into the Russian Federation will be significantly simplified during the 2018 FIFA World Cup. lead to a general increase in the popularity of recreation in the Russian Federation.

Impact of the HSR 1 Project on the interests of society:

• Meeting the growing demand for transport services in the Moscow-St. Petersburg corridor;
• Creation of new jobs both at the high-speed rail itself and in related industries;
• Improving the reliability of passenger transport;
• Saving travel time on the Moscow-St. Petersburg route;
• Releasing transport capacities at the OKTZhD.

Impact of the HSR 1 Project on business interests:

• Opportunities for localization of technologies and production;
• Growth in the utilization of production capacities of industrial enterprises;
• Advanced training of Russian construction and design companies, loading and modernization of production facilities for the production of products required for the construction of high-speed railroad station 1 at the level of world standards;
• Growth of investment attractiveness of the regions adjacent to the highway.

Alexey Sergeev, Chairman of the Committee for Economic Development, Industrial Policy and Trade, tells the magazine in more detail about the progress of this process, as well as how the city sees the development of new industrial zones.

- At what pace is the industry moving out of the center today? Which companies have decided to move?
- The process of transferring industrial enterprises outside the historic center of the city has been going on for many years. At the same time, the functional purpose of the territories previously occupied by industry is changing. Among the largest projects are the relocation of the OJSC Petmol plant and the construction of a new workshop for the production of children's dairy products in the non-residential area of ​​Parnas. It is also the move of OJSC "Krasnoe Znamya" to the industrial zone "Vostochnaya" and OJSC "NPP" Burevestnik "to Rybatskoye. Among the pioneers were also the Vulkan Plant and the First Furniture Factory. The relocation of the terminal and logistics complex LLC "Modul" from the territory of the Varshavsky railway station is in the final stage.

In the near future, it is expected that Sestroretsk Tool Plant OJSC will move from Sestroretsk to the Konnaya Lakhta zone. The production of ZAO Space-Motor from the Northern Valley region is transferred to Horse Lakhta. Also JSC "Lenpoligrafmash" from the embankment of the Karpovka River is ready to move to the non-residential area "North-West".
The specialized committees of St. Petersburg supported the idea of ​​changing the functional purpose of a number of territories, giving them the status of residential development zones.
In particular, these are the production sites of the branch of OJSC Power Machines - the Electrosila plant, OJSC Optimed-invest and OJSC Klimov.

The territories occupied by OJSC "Compressor", FSUE "Zavod im. Kalinin ", Zavod Izmeron CJSC, Steel Rolling Plant OJSC, Nevskaya Manufactory OJSC. Such changes are a green street for investors who want to buy out the rights to the territory from enterprises for the purpose of redevelopment.
According to recent amendments to the General Plan of St. Petersburg, the area of ​​industrial territories is now 18 thousand hectares - 13% of the area of ​​the entire city.

- Which of the existing industrial zones are being developed most actively?
- Horse Lakhta, Metallostroy, Rybatskoye, Izhora plants, Novo-Orlovskaya, where the next residents of the SEZ will be accommodated.

Among the promising territories, it is worth highlighting Predportovaya-3, which will be set aside for the enterprises of the IT cluster, and Beloostrov.

- How is the land management and engineering preparation of new industrial zones carried out?
- In 2007–2010. for the construction of engineering infrastructure facilities KERPPiT as a state customer is allocated about 1.1 billion rubles. In 2007, 200 million rubles were spent for these purposes.
In 2008, 350 million rubles will be allocated. In 2009 - 350 million rubles. In 2010 - 200 million rubles.
Last year, planning projects and land-surveying projects were approved for the Krasnoselskaya and Shushary-2 zones, as well as the Neudorf and Novo-Orlovskaya SEZs. There are projects for planning and land surveying for the production zones Rybatskoye, Ruchyi, Obukhovo, Rzhevka, Predportovaya-3, partially for the territories Yugo-Zapadnaya, Beloostrov, Pushkinskaya, Kolomyagi "," Parnas ", IT park sites.
In the next two or three years, it is planned to carry out engineering preparation of the industrial zones "Metallostroy", "Predportovaya-3", "Horse Lakhta", "Parnas". This process will continue in Kamenka, Shusharakh-2, Rybatsky. The design of integrated sanitary protection zones for industrial areas began.

- Is it possible to motivate the owners and managers of enterprises to more actively withdraw their capacities outside the center? What is the effect of the applied economic levers?
- There is no diktat on the part of the city's executive power. Based on the economic benefits, the business decides for itself how expedient it is to transfer production facilities from the city center to industrial zones.
Today, land lease rates in the city center are much higher than in industrial zones, so it becomes ineffective to maintain an industrial site in the city center. Industrialists are beginning to count the lost profits. Residential building or business center in most of these cases show a high profitability. In addition, old enterprises need to update their machine park and technologies. Technical re-equipment allows the same volume and range of products to be produced in smaller areas.
The laws of St. Petersburg "On tax benefits", "On state support for investment activities in St. Petersburg" also provide for certain tax benefits.

For investors who, within one calendar year, made investments in fixed assets that were not previously in operation on the territory of St. Petersburg, in the amount of over 150 million rubles, the tax rate on corporate property for a period of 3 years is halved.
If the investment is 150-300 million rubles, the income tax rate is reduced from 24% to 22% for the same period. If more than 300 million rubles., The rate is reduced to 20% in the part that falls into the regional budget.
If the amount of investments in fixed assets within 3 calendar years of investment amounted to at least 3 billion rubles, then the city provides the investor with benefits for a period of 5 years. In particular, the company is exempt from property tax, and the income tax rate is also reduced to 20%.

The city also helps to find a site convenient for future production in the designated areas. All applications for the provision of land plots for industrial enterprises go to the St. Petersburg Investment Department.
The Office forwards the application to the City Industrial Investment Agency. The agency is actually engaged in individual support of projects. The size of capital investments, the scale of the project, its socio-economic significance for the city are the criteria by which a particular project is recognized as important or strategic.

- Does the integrated development of territories for industrial construction make urban planning and economic sense?
- The city's approach to the system of development of industrial territories is fixed in the Sectoral (cluster) scheme for the development and specialization of industrial zones of St. Petersburg. The document was developed by KERPPiT and KGA.

The main reason for the emergence of the cluster scheme was the shortage of large vacant plots (more than 10 hectares) for the placement of industrial facilities. Also, the need for such a document arose in connection with logistical and environmental restrictions, as well as with different volumes of land reserves within industrial zones.

In the process of forming industry specialization, the main and reserve functions of each industrial zone will be determined. Also, places for engineering infrastructure facilities will be tentatively designated.

Prepared by Natalia Andropova

Increasingly, in the strategic plans for the development of our country, the government is focusing on the need to move away from the status of a "raw material power". At the same time, the main focus is on the development of its own processing of raw materials and the establishment of production, and large industrial centers are attracting more and more attention.

We offer Top 10 largest industrial centers in Russia, compiled according to the Urbanica Institute for Spatial Planning.

10. Novokuznetsk

The volume of industrial production is 264 billion rubles.

The city has enterprises of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, coal industry. Among the owners of the leading industrial facilities are Evraz Group, UMMC, Sibuglemet, Rusal.

9. Chelyabinsk

277.3 billion rubles.

The city is a recognized leader in Russia in the field of ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering and food industry at a high level. The enterprises of OAO Mechel, the Chelyabinsk Pipe-Rolling Plant, the Cheboksary Electromechanical Plant, Coca-Cola, and the Russian Technologies State Corporation operate in Chelyabinsk.

8. Norilsk

RUB 312 billion

The life of this polar city is built around the activities of the leader in the field of non-ferrous metallurgy, MMC Norilsk Nickel.

7. Ufa

RUB 313.6 billion

The city received the status of a large industrial center thanks to the development of oil and gas processing, mechanical engineering, food and pharmaceutical industries. The owners of the leading enterprises are Bashneft OJSC, Russian Technologies State Corporation, Wimm-Bill-Dann, Pharmstandard.

6. Perm

331.3 billion rubles.

The city can boast of significant successes in the field of oil and gas processing, mechanical engineering, food and chemical industries. The owners of the leading industrial facilities are OJSC Lukoil, State Corporation Rostekhnologii and Roskosmos, Nestle, Henkel and others.

5. Omsk

348.4 billion rubles

The city has large enterprises operating in such industries as oil and gas refining, chemical and food industries, mechanical engineering. The main industrial facilities are owned by OJSC Gazprom Neft, Unilever, Wimm-Bill-Dann, Russian Technologies State Corporation and Roskosmos.

4. Nizhnevartovsk

481.6 billion rubles

It is one of the leading Russian centers for oil and gas production and processing. Industrial facilities of TNK-BP, Gazprom Neft, Russneft, Slavneft, SIBUR operate in the city.

3. Surgut

RUB 800.3 billion

A leader in the production and processing of oil and gas, the city also has large enterprises operating in the electric power, food processing and R&D industries. The main industrial facilities are owned by OJSC “Surgutneftegas”, OGK-2, OGK-4, SIBUR.

2. St. Petersburg

1282.7 billion rubles.

The northern capital has industrial facilities for the food and chemical industries, mechanical engineering, ferrous metallurgy, production of building materials, and research and development. The city has production facilities for Philip Morris International Inc., JTI, BAT, Kraft Foods, Procter & Gamble, United Shipbuilding Corporation, Russian Technologies, Toyota, Nissan, GM, HP, Rosatom State Corporation, Intel and many others.

1.Moscow

1895.2 billion rubles.

The largest enterprises in the capital operate in such industries as mechanical engineering, food and pharmaceutical industries, oil and gas processing, and research and development. The main industrial facilities are owned by Roscosmos, Rosatom, Rostekhnologii, Sukhoi KB, Renault, United Technologies, Volvo, Wimm-Bill-Dann, United Confectioners, Kraft Foods, Coca-Cola, Rushydro, GlaxoSmithKline.

Moscow, December 6 - “Vesti. Economy". The OneTwoTrip for Business service conducted its own research, on the basis of which a rating of the most popular business travel destinations in Russia was compiled. Below are the 10 largest business centers in Russia. 1.Moscow

Most often, employees of Russian companies go on short business trips: in 46% of cases they booked a hotel for one night, another 23% of orders are for reservations lasting 2-3 nights, 31% for 4-7 nights, the study notes. 2. St. Petersburg

St. Petersburg naturally took one of the leading places in the ranking of the most popular cities for business tourism. Business tourists are much more economical than usual ones: 51% of business travelers stayed in 3-star hotels, and in 42% of bookings the cost of their accommodation per night did not exceed 3000 rubles, according to the study. 3. Yekaterinburg

Seven out of ten participants in the rating are million-plus cities with developed economies, a large number of offices of large Russian and international companies, cities with economic ties both with Moscow and with other regional centers, the authors of the study note. 4. Novosibirsk

Novosibirsk is the third most populous city in Russia. The administrative center of the Siberian Federal District, the Novosibirsk Region and the Novosibirsk Region, which is part of it; the city is the center of the Novosibirsk agglomeration. The largest trade, business, cultural, industrial, transport and scientific center of Siberia. 5. Nizhny Novgorod

Nizhny Novgorod is an important economic, industrial, scientific, educational and cultural center of Russia, the largest transport hub and administrative center of the Volga Federal District. Nizhny Novgorod is one of the centers of Russian information technologies. Companies such as Intel, SAP Competence and Development Center, Mail.ru, Yandex, Huawei, NetCracker, Orange Business Services, MERA Networks, MFI Soft (ALOE Systems), Symphony Teleca and other smaller companies (Auriga, Exigen Services, Tecom, Devetel, Capvidia, Five9, Datanaut, NKT, SoftDrom, etc.). 6. Khabarovsk

The second part of the participants - Khabarovsk, Krasnodar, Kaliningrad - territories, the development of which has received increased attention recently, which also stimulates the demand for business trips to these cities, the authors note. Khabarovsk is a city in Russia, the administrative center of the Far Eastern Federal District of Russia and the Khabarovsk Territory. One of the largest political, educational and cultural centers of the Russian Far East. 7. Samara

A major economic, transport, scientific, educational and cultural center. The main industries are mechanical engineering, oil refining and food processing. Samara is a major center for mechanical engineering and metalworking, food, as well as the space and aviation industries. More than 150 large and medium-sized industrial enterprises operate in the city. 8. Kaliningrad

Kaliningrad is the second largest city in the Northwestern Federal District in terms of population (the first is St. Petersburg), the third (after Riga and Vilnius) in the Baltic States and the seventh among the cities on the Baltic Sea coast. Kaliningrad is one of the six main centers of internal migration attraction in Russia over the past two decades. The city is the core of the rapidly growing Kaliningrad agglomeration with a population of over 715 thousand people. 9. Krasnodar

Krasnodar is a large economic and cultural center of the North Caucasus and the Southern Federal District, the center of the historical and geographical region of Kuban. Krasnodar is one of the largest economic centers in Russia. In the industrial complex of the city, there are more than 130 large and medium-sized enterprises, which employ about 120.5 thousand people, or almost 30% of all employed in the city's economy. The main directions are instrumentation and metalworking, the production of building materials, sewing and knitted goods, furniture, tobacco products, food and agricultural products. High economic potential and favorable investment climate attract the attention of representatives of domestic and foreign business. Effective business relations are maintained with enterprises of the USA, Turkey, Ukraine, Germany, Belarus, Greece, Italy, France, Israel, Austria, Cyprus. 10. Kazan

Kazan is one of the largest religious, economic, political, scientific, educational, cultural and sports centers in Russia. The Kazan Kremlin is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Kazan is one of the largest industrial, financial, trade and tourist centers in Russia, the leading city in the Volga region in terms of investments in fixed assets and construction. The industrial basis of the city is made up of mechanical engineering, chemical and petrochemical industries, light and food industries. Among the largest enterprises in Kazan are the large-scale chemical complex Kazanorgsintez, the oldest in Russia Kazan powder plant and a cluster of three aviation industry enterprises unique in Russia - the aircraft manufacturing plants KAPO (the manufacturer of the world's largest strategic bomber Tu-160), helicopter engineering KVZ and engine building KMPO.