Education future perfect. Scheme of an interrogative sentence in the Future Perfect

There are quite a few ways to express future events in English, and each of them is responsible for its own, strictly limited, domain. Today we will study the aspect that allows us to indicate the completion of a given action by a specified future time. Expressions with this meaning are typical examples of the future perfect, often found both in texts and in English speech. Let's get acquainted with their design, situations of use and the contexts they convey. The form of this tense is not at all complicated, but very useful for enriching speech.

English grammar allows you to use the future perfect in both active and passive predicates. Let us consider separately how these types differ and what their construction patterns look like in sentences of various types.

Active voice

If it is necessary to express the action of the subject in the affirmative form, then to compose the predicate you will need to take three elements: the founding verb of the future tense will, the auxiliary have and the past participle (participle II). According to the meaning of the aspect, translation into Russian will be carried out using perfective verbs.

• Our workers (1) will (2) have (3) finished (4) excavations by the next Friday Our workers will complete the excavation by next Friday.

The construction will be the same for all numbers and types of persons of nouns and pronouns, as evidenced by the example sentences below.

• She will have cooked the chicken by 7 o’clock –Shewill cookchickenby 7hours.
• I will have watched the film before the guests come –II'll watch itmoviebeforeTogo,Howwill comeguests.

Do not forget that when using subordinate clauses in the future tense, their predicate cannot have the form with will, therefore it is always expressed in one of the present forms.

When creating questions, the perfect future aspect is no different from other future tenses and also moves will to the beginning of the phrase. If a sentence contains a special question, then it takes first place, and will comes after it.

• Will you have learned the unit by the evening? –Youyou'll learnthistopicToin the evening?
• When will he have written his book? –WhenHewill writemya book?

Expressions of negative shades are also constructed according to the rule already known to us: will + not; for the first person, the use of shall + not is rare. Both in writing and in colloquial speech Abbreviations like won’t/shan’t are often used.

• Weshallnothaveopenedtheshopuntilwe lay out the goods “We won’t open the store until we distribute the goods.”
• The train won’t have yet arrived by the time I finish work –TrainmoreNotwill comeTothattime,HowII'll finishwork.

And the last possible construction is interrogative sentences for negation in the future perfect. Their use can often be found in colloquial speech, meaning “isn’t it ...?”. Pay attention to the behavior of the particle not in the full and abbreviated forms of the predicate.

• Will you not have yet sent the fax by Wednesday? –Isn't itYoumoreNotyou will sendthisFaxToenvironment?
• Won'tshehavecutherhairbeforeshegoestothebirthday? “Won’t she get her hair cut before she goes to the birthday party?”

Let us dwell a little on the application of this aspect, although the main purpose of the future perfect has already been outlined by the examples given in the material. In the active voice, its use is dictated by only one situation: it is necessary to express an event that will begin in the future and end by the time period specified in the expression. This period can be indicated either by a specific time moment or by the presence of a second action.

However, sometimes moments arise that require the use of this construction, but in the passive. Let's consider them further.

Passive voice

Predicates of such forms express actions performed on an object, but not by himself, but by a third party. Since in passive sentences the object of actions comes to the fore, the subject performing these actions will be expressed not by the subject, but by the object. In addition to syntactic rearrangements, the basic form of the predicate also changes.

To construct the future perfect passive, you need to take the construction of the active voice statement and add just one element to it - the third form of to be.

• The building (1) will (2) have (3) been (4) built (5) by the company “Leen” in two years(6) – This building will be built by the Lin company in two years.

Please note that in these constructions the preposition by helps to denote not only time, but also the main performer. Often actor for various reasons it may not be indicated at all.

• The picture will have been exhibited in the city’s museum by the next month –TOnextmonththispaintingwillexhibitedVurbanmuseum.

Such sentences can also have interrogative and negative forms.

• Will the album have been recorded by Jack MacGrain by the 2019 year? –Thisalbumwillrecorded byJackMcGraneby 2019year?
• The film won't have been shown by the Second Channel until autumn begins –ThismovieNotwillshownSecondchannel,ByeNotwill beginautumn.

So, we have analyzed both voices, which will be quite enough for an average level of knowledge of English. For those who claim a higher grammatical level, it would not be amiss to mention one more meaning of this aspect of time.

There is a special case of putting sentences in the future perfect of the active voice. We are talking about its use to convey the modal expression must have done. In Russian, the analogue of this combination will be the introductory words “ more likely», « probably», « there must be", i.e. the speaker assumes that the specified actions were performed. It is noteworthy that in this construction the meaning is the opposite of the form: the future tense expresses past events.

• They will have noticed many mistakes in my letter –They,Maybe,noticeda buncherrorsVmyletter.
• Shewillhavereadaboutthesecasesinthemagazines “She must have read about these cases in magazines.”

Note that such expressions are extremely rare in speech, but are quite actively used in journalistic, scientific and artistic texts.

Future Perfect examples of time indicators

Each category of tenses in English has its own signal words, i.e. circumstances of the time by which it is easy to determine the use of this group. Here is a short list of satellites of the future perfect tense, expressed by prepositions and subordinate conjunctions.

• by the time, by the end, by …day, month, year and etc. - by this time, by the end, by day, month, year, etc. The most frequently used preposition with the perfect future;
• until/till – as long as (indicates the onset of the second action);
• before – before, before;
• when – when, while.

Hello my beloved readers.

What do you remember about time Future Perfect? Of course, it’s sad if the pain is not enough, but don’t despair. Today I will remind you of everything. This tense cannot be confused with anything - neither Simple nor Continuous. Because it's special. And I'll tell you why. We are waiting for rules and examples, a couple of useful exercises, and so many useful things that you will not forget about this time.

How is it formed

Let's start, perhaps, by finding out what the Future Perfect Tense looks like in a sentence. The procedure for its formation is very simple. See:

Subject + auxiliary verb will\shall + have + predicate in the 3rd form + object and circumstances.

Let's look at example sentences.

She will have read the book until the end of next week. - By the end of next week she will have finished reading the book.

They will have moved in by Wednesday evening. - They will be moving in by Wednesday evening.

We shall have repaired the car by the end of next week. - By the end of next week we will finish repairing the car.

And in the table you can see how a sentence can change depending on its affirmative, negative or interrogative form.

The negative form is formed by adding a particle not .

Well, to create a question, you just need to move the auxiliary verb will to the first place, leaving everything else in its place.

As I said, there is nothing complicated here. Now that we know what our time looks like, we can move on to practice.

When to use: beginner level

As with any time, Future Perfect has its own indicators, by which it is easy to calculate that this is exactly it.

He will have graduated from school by that time. - By this time he has already finished school.

• Tense is used mainly when we are talking about an action that starts in the future and ends there.

She will have watched the movie by Saturday evening. - By Saturday evening she will have already watched the film.

They will have opened a brand new factory by the next month. - By next month they will have opened a completely new factory.

• We can also use the Future Perfect when talking about a situation that continues until a certain time.

This time next week I shall have worked at this factory for 15 years. - At this time next week, I will have been working at this plant for 15 years.

This time tomorrow he will have traveled the world non-stop for 3 years. - Tomorrow at this time he will be traveling around the world non-stop for 3 years.

This time next January I shall have moved to another country. - This time next January I will move to another country.

When to use: Professional level

Using the Future Perfect becomes not so easy when you reach a high level of knowledge in English.

• For those who are far from new to this tense, it will be useful to know: sometimes the Future Perfect can act in the meaning of a modal phrase must have done, the translation of which can be defined as “must be\probably.”

You will have seen what happened to them. “You must have seen what happened to them.”

They will have moved to another city. - They must have moved to another city.

As you probably already guessed, this time does not have many functions. Therefore, it will not be difficult for you to remember it. But it will be extremely useful to consolidate what you have learned. Now you can test your knowledge. and what I have prepared for you. Go through them and share your results in the comments.

And if you have questions, write. I will be happy to answer them. And I will be glad to see the most determined ones among my blog subscribers. You will receive the latest and useful information from the world of English.

And that's all for me.

Until next time, my dear readers.

How often do we plan to achieve any success in the future, discuss, and set deadlines for implementation. Future Perfect will help convey your aspirations, goals and intentions in English.

Like all other perfect tenses, Future Perfect speaks of the completion of some action, but in the future. The form is very similar to its Perfect counterparts, but has fewer uses. And some of them have a spicy twist.

Education

As with all future tenses, you will need auxiliary verbs will/shall. Remember that shall is used with the subjects I and we, and will with all others. Although this feature slightly contradicts itself. The rules of modern English allow the use of will with all pronouns. Besides this, we will need have, which at this time also functions as an auxiliary verb. The predicate is in the form V 3 or V ed(3rd column irregular verbs or, if the verb is correct, then add - ed). Let's look at how all this coexists in different types of sentences.

And of course, to help your speech reach your interlocutor’s thoughts faster, you can use short or abbreviated forms . They are absolutely standard.

I shall = I’ll, They will = they’ll

I shall have spent = I’ll have spent

shall not= shan’t

will not = won't

He won't have spent

Using Future Perfect Tense

Fortunately, this tense has only two uses that are easy to understand.

• Action will end at some point in the future , which can be indicated by a time circumstance, for example, before (before), by (to), by the time (by that time), by then (by that time or then) or another future action. Often used are conjunctions such as till/untill, which are used only in negative sentences. Let's look at examples of the Future Perfect in this meaning.

The match will have been finished by 9.30. — The match will end at 9.30.

Tomorrow is Ted and Ann’s wedding aniversary. Tomorrow these man and woman will have been married for 25 years. — Ted and Anna have an anniversary. Tomorrow this man and woman will have been married for 25 years.

I think the game will have finished by the time when he comes. - I think the game will end when he arrives.

Chuck came to Russia some years ago. Next week he will have been here two years. — Chuck came to Russia several years ago. Next week it will be 2 years since he has been here.

When Tom arrives, Jill will have gone to bed. — When Tom arrives, Jill will be sleeping.

I will not have finished this work till you bring me my books. I won't finish my work until you bring my books.

Unfortunately, she will not have spoken to him untill he calls. “Unfortunately, she won’t talk to him until he calls.”

• Another case of use, which slightly complicates the picture of the perfect future tense with its specific features, can be called transfer past intended action. It is translated into Russian as “probably”, “should be”. But, you can immediately calm down, you don’t often come across such a phrase in colloquial speech. This construction, with a probability value, is more used in newspapers, magazines and other articles.

Everybody will have read in the papers about the president’s decision. “Everyone must have read in the newspapers about the president’s decision.

The reader will have noticed crazy prices on the market. — The reader probably noticed crazy prices on the market.

Comparison of future tenses with Future Perfect

This tense is also used in Passive Voice. The usage cases are identical to the active voice, but the form is slightly different.

will/ shall + have + been + V 3 (V ed)

The text will have been translated by the next lesson. — The text will be translated for the next lesson.

The composition will have been written by 5 o’clock tomorrow. — The letter will be written by 5 o’clock.

This is all the information on Future Perfect. In terms of education, you will have to strain a little and remember, but using this time the task is much easier. If a moment or event is indicated by which the main action will be completed, then feel free to use the future completed tense.

Affirmative form The Future Perfect is formed using the auxiliary verb to have in the simple future tense (Simple Future/Future Indefinite: shall/will have (shall for 1st singular and plural, will for all other singular and plural persons. ) and the past participle (Participle II) of the semantic verb.

shall have, will have + Participle II

I shall have written the letter. I will write a letter.
He will have written the letter. He will write a letter.

IN interrogative form auxiliary verbs shall/will are placed before the subject.

Shall I have written the letter? I will write a letter?
Will he have written the letter? Will he write a letter?

Use

Future Perfect is used:

• 1. To express an action that has already taken place and will be completed at a certain point in the future. This specific time in the future is indicated by expressions such as: by that time - by that time, by Monday - by Monday, by the end of the month (year, week) - by the end of the month (of the year, weeks).

I shall have read this book by the end of this week. I will read this book by the end of this week.
By the end of the year your little daughter will have broken all your cups. By the end of the year, your little daughter will break all your cups.
The head of the expedition thought, “By the end of the month we shall have spent all our supply of provisions. May be by that time some plane will have found us on this small island." The expedition leader thought: “By the end of the month we will have used up our entire food supply. Perhaps by this time some plane will find us on this small island.”

• 2. To express an action that will be completed before another action begins in the future. This other action (in a subordinate clause) is expressed through Simple Present/Present Indefinite.

I hope you will have made up your mind when I come back.
I hope you come to some kind of solution when I get back.

Please note:

• 1. To express a completed action in the future in subordinate clauses of time and condition after the conjunctions when - When,after- after., as soon as - as soon as, till - before, until - until, how (not) if - If Present Perfect is used instead of Future Perfect, and in main sentences Simple Future/Future Indefinite is usually used. When translated into Russian, the verbs of the main and subordinate clauses are translated into verbs in the future tense.

Didn't think, "What shall I tell him when (if) he has asked me about it?”
He thought, “What will I tell him when (if) he asks me about this?”

One of the most difficult tenses in English for a Russian-speaking person is the Future Perfect. Continuous Tense. This is due to the fact that there is simply no analogue of the future perfect continuous in Russian. In the Future Perfect Continuous we are always talking about two actions in the future, one of which will begin earlier, but will continue at the time the other occurs. In Russian, this time corresponds to phrases like: “I will have been working on this project for three hours by the time my colleague returns” or “At night I will have already been asleep for two hours when your plane lands.” Of course, Russian people sometimes think in this way, but in general it is not very common for us to compare two actions in the future. However, native English speakers do not refer to this time too often.

In fact, making friends with the Future Perfect Continuous is not at all difficult. After all, there are very few cases of using this tense in English. All you have to do is remember the scheme for constructing sentences with the future perfect continuous. A, which are quite easily recognizable and often intuitive, will help to accurately determine that we are talking about exactly this tense.

In what cases is the Future Perfect Continuous used?

As we have already said, there are very few situations in which we turn to the Future Perfect Continuous, and to be precise, only two:

1. If we are talking about continuous actions, the duration of which is indicated at a certain point in the future. For example, By the time of his birthday they have been dating for 5 years. - By his birthday they will have been dating for 5 years.
2. If a long-term action that began earlier will cause a subsequent action in the future. For example, She will be tired when she gets home because she will have been traveling for over 24 hours. - She will be tired when she returns home, because by that time she will have been on the road for more than 24 hours.

It is also important to understand here that if in a subordinate clause in a statement with the Future Perfect Continuous there is a conjunction when (when), then we are turning not to the Future Simple, but to the Present Simple:

When I finish(not I"ll finish) my work she will have been sleeping for over an hour. - When I finish my work, she will have been sleeping for over an hour.

How are sentences constructed in the future perfect continuous tense?

Future Perfect Continuous from the point of view of grammar is a fusion of three tenses: future simple (Future Simple), perfect (Perfect) and simple continuous (Continuous). Therefore, elements of all three of the above English tenses will participate in the formation of this temporary structure. From the future Future Perfect Continuous takes the auxiliary verb will, from the perfect - have been, and from the continuous - the ing form of the semantic verb. We can also say that we obtain the future perfect continuous tense by adding the auxiliary verb to be in the form Future Perfect (will have been) to the semantic verb ending in ing. From here we derive a simple formula for constructing an affirmative sentence in the Future Perfect Continuous:

Subject + will have been + semantic verb ending in ing.

Johnny will have been studying for 3 hours by the time she arrives. - Johnny will have been studying for 3 hours by the time she arrives.

By the end of the year Jane will have been teaching us for 5 years. - By the end of the year, Jane will have been teaching us for 5 years.

By the time she gets here, we will have been working for 12 hours. - By the time she gets here, we will have been working for 12 hours.

At the same time, in most often act as adverbs of time and are placed both at the beginning and at the end of a sentence.

The question is constructed by rearranging the subject and the auxiliary verb will:

Question word (if present) + will + subject + have been + Ving?

Will they have been eating cake for 15 minutes by the time you bring them coffee? - Will they have been eating the cake for 15 minutes by the time you bring them coffee?

Will I have been feeling better by the time the exams start? - Will I feel better by the time the exams start?

Will I have been working for 5 hours when he finds us? - I’ll have been working for 5 hours already, when will he find us?

In order to express any negative thought, you will need to place the negative particle not (in the abbreviated version won"t) between will and have been:

Subject + will + not + have been + Ving.

By the end of the year Kate will not have been studying Spanish for 3 years. - By the end of this year, Kate will not have studied Spanish for three years.

By the time you bring them coffee they will not have been eating cake for 15 minutes. - By the time you bring them coffee, they won’t eat the cake for 15 minutes.

We won't have been living here for 5 years by next June. - We will not have lived here for 5 years by next June.

Future Perfect Continuous: markers

Future Perfect Continuous markers- these are most often whole phrases, that is, quite cumbersome constructions, although there are also individual words. It is not difficult to remember the indicators of the future perfect continuous tense. In fact, the list of markers of this time includes a couple of words and several similar constructions.

Time indicators Future Perfect Continuous. List

• Till and until (not yet).I will have been watching TV until you come. - I'll watch TV until you come.
• for 2 (3, 4, 5...) hours (for/already 2, 3, 4, 5... hours).When you arrive, Julia will have been working for 5 hours. - When you arrive, Julia will have been working for 5 hours.
• for 2 (3, 4, 5...) weeks (for/already 2, 3, 4, 5... weeks).By the end of the summer the workers will have been constructing this swimming pool for 3 weeks. - By the end of summer, workers will have been building the pool for 3 weeks.
• for a year (2, 3, 4... years) - during the year (2, 3, 4 years).By the end of the year they will not have been dating for 2 years. By the end of the year, they will not have dated for 2 years.
• by the end of the hour (by the end of the hour).By the end of the hour she will have been waiting for him for 30 minutes. - By the end of the hour she will have been waiting for him for 30 minutes.
• by the end of the morning/evening (by the end of the morning/evening).By the end of the morning I will have been waiting for more than 3 hours. - By the end of the morning I will have been waiting for more than 3 hours.
• by the end of the day (by the end of the day).By the end of the day my mother will have been cooking for 5 hours. - By the end of the day, my mother will have been cooking for 5 hours.
• by the end of the month (by the end of the month).By the end of the month I will have been studying English for 10 days. - By the end of the month I will be learning English for 10 days.
• by the end of the year (by the end of the year).By the end of the year John will have been working there for 10 month. - By the end of the year, John will have been working there for 10 months.

It turns out that to identify Future Perfect Continuous is helped by indicator words till/until and phrases starting with the prepositions for and by. That is, if the statement says that by the end of a certain period or/and during a certain time interval actions will take place, then most likely we are talking about the future perfect continuous tense.

Examples with Future Perfect Continuous

In order to get used to the peculiarities of this time, it is recommended to read as much as possible and compose sentences on your own. To begin with, you can take ready-made examples, adapting them to your life situations. When buildingFuture Perfect Continuous indicator wordsextremely important. Without them, the sentence of the future perfect continuous will be incomplete. By this time we can turn to describe both ordinary situations related to work, study, leisure, and to predict some important events from the world of science and art that will happen in the future. Here are some more example sentences with the Future Perfect Continuous:

1. Betsy won't have been living in London for five years next summer. - By next summer, Betsy won't have lived in London for five years.
2. By 10 o"clock Jacky will have been writing the article for 3 hours non-stop. - By 10 o'clock Jacky will have been writing the article for three hours non-stop.
3. They won't have been waiting for more than 3 hours when their train finally arrives. - They won't wait more than 3 hours when their train finally arrives.
4. By the end of the month my aunt will have been living with her husband for 10 years. - By the end of the month, my aunt will have been living with her husband for 10 years.
5. Next week this American scientist will have been studying the human brain for 5 years. - Next week it will be 5 years since this American scientist has been studying the human brain.
6. For how many years will James have been taking part in the Film Festival in Moscow by that time? - How many years will James take part in the film festival in Moscow by then?
7. When my parents come home my brother will have been talking to his friend for 3 hours. - When my parents come home, my brother will talk to his friend for 3 hours.
8. How long will you have been talking to your friend when the film starts? - How long will you talk to your friend when the movie starts?
9. She won"t have been listening to music for 2 hours when you come. - She won’t listen to music for 2 hours when you come.
10. By the end of the year people will not have been living on the moon for a year. - By the end of the year, people will not live on the moon for a year.
11. By July I will have been studying English for five months. - By July I will have been studying English for five months.
12. He will have been working at that company for 5 years when it finally closes. - He will work for this company for 5 years when it finally closes.

In addition to the above-mentioned time markers starting with the words by the end, the preposition for, as well as the conjunction when (when), in the presented examples you can also notice the followingFuture Perfect Continuous tense indicators, such as the adjective next, which is generally characteristic of the future.

It is important to understand that some sentences in the Future Perfect Continuous may sound ridiculous when translated literally into Russian. A Russian-speaking person is unlikely to say that by the end of this month his aunt will have been married to his uncle for 10 years. After all, this same idea can be formulated much more simply by saying that at the end of the month it is the relatives’ wedding anniversary. This is why translating phrases with the Future Perfect Continuous can sometimes cause some difficulties. To avoid this, it is important to understand in what cases this tense is used.