United Nations message. History of the United Nations (UN) - topic in English

More meanings of the word and translation of UN from English into Russian in English-Russian dictionaries and from Russian into English in Russian-English dictionaries.

More meanings of this word and English-Russian, Russian-English translations for the word “UN” in dictionaries.

• UN - UNO (United Nations Organization)
  English-Russian-English dictionary of general vocabulary - Collection of the best dictionaries
• UN - (United Nations Organization) uno (unified nations organization) abbr. from the United Nations U.N.O. (United Nations Organization)
  
• UN - abbr. from the United Nations U.N.O. (United Nations Organization)
  Russian-English dictionary of general topics
• UN
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• UN - (United Nations Organization) UNO (United Nations Organization)
  Russian-English Smirnitsky abbreviations dictionary
• UN - (united nations organization) uno (unated nations organization)
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• UN - UNITED NATIONS, UN The International Court of Justice was created in 1945 as part of the UN system. The court replaced the Permanent Court of International Justice of the League...
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• UN - UNITED NATIONS, UN In 1945, more than 750 million people - approximately a third of the world's population - lived in the territories power...
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• UN - UNITED NATIONS, UN Membership and functions. The composition of the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOS) was initially limited to 18 members. IN …
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• UN - UNITED NATIONS, UN Australia Austria 1955 Azerbaijan 1992 Albania 1955 Algeria 1962 Angola 1976 Andorra 1993 Antigua and Barbuda ...
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• UN - UNITED NATIONS, UN The UN has entered into agreements with a number of intergovernmental specialized agencies and international non-governmental agencies that carry out wide-ranging activities...
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• UN - UNITED NATIONS, UN The United Nations Institute for Training and Research is headquartered in New York. Created in 1965 as an autonomous institution...
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• UN - U.N.O.
  Russian-English explanatory dictionary of terms and abbreviations for VT, Internet and programming
• UN
  
• UN - abbr. from the United Nations U.N.O. (United Nations Organization) (United Nations Organization) UNO (United Nations Organization)
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• UN - un uno
  Russian-English Dictionary Socrates
• SOMALIA - SOMALIA Somalia has a developed network of roads, mostly unpaved. The main road links Mogadishu and Hargeisa. In Mogadishu...
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• DISARMAMENT - DISARMAMENT The Second World War, which was the culmination of the forces and tendencies that disrupted the League of Nations Disarmament Conference, did not...
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• PEARSON - (Pearson, Lester Bowles) (1897-1972), Canadian statesman and diplomat, 14th Prime Minister of Canada (1963-1968). Pearson was among the main supporters of NATO...
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• THE ORGANIZATION is an international organization founded in 1945 and headquartered in New York. The UN was created by the victorious Allied powers after the end of World War II. Her tasks...
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• CAMEROON - Republic of Cameroon, a state in West Africa. The western coast is washed by the Bight of Biafra (the eastern part of the Gulf of Guinea). It borders in the northwest with...
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• CAMBODIA - The Kingdom of Cambodia, a state in Southeast Asia. In the north and west it borders with Thailand and Laos, in the east and southeast - ...
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• INDONESIA - INDONESIA Revolution. On August 17, 1945, Sukarno proclaimed the independence of the new Republic of Indonesia. He took over as president and Mohammad Hatta became vice president. ...
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• DEMOCRATIC - DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO, DRC Before the establishment of colonial rule in the south, west and east of modern DRC, there were a number of state entities, some ...
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The term "United Nations" was coined by Franklin D. Roosevelt during World War II, to refer to the Allies. Its first formal use was in the January 1, 1942 Declaration by the United Nations, which committed the Allies to the principles of the Atlantic Charter and pledged them not to seek a separate peace with the Axis powers. Thereafter, the Allies used the term "United Nations Fighting Forces" to refer to their alliance.

The idea for the United Nations was elaborated in declarations signed at the wartime Allied conferences in Moscow, Cairo, and Tehran in 1943. From August to October 1944, representatives of France, the Republic of China, the United Kingdom, the United States, and the USSR met to elaborate the plans in Washington, D.C. Those and later talks produced proposals outlining the purposes of the organization, its membership and organs, as well as arrangements to maintain international peace and security and international economic and social cooperation. These proposals were discussed and debated by governments and private citizens worldwide.

On April 25,1945, the United Nations Conference on International Organizations began in San Francisco. In addition to the Governments, a number-of non-government organizations were invited to assist in the drafting of the charter. The 50 nations represented at the conference signed the Charter of the United Nations two months later on June 26. Poland, which was not represented at the conference, but for which a place among the original signatories had been reserved, added its name later, bringing the total of original signatories to 51. The UN came into existence on October 24,1945, after the Charter had been ratified by the five permanent members of the Security Council - Republic of China, France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States — and by a majority of the other 46 signs.

The United Nations headquarters building was constructed in New York City in 1949 and 1950 beside the East River on land purchased by an 8.5 million dollar donation from John D. Rockefeller, Jr., and designed by architect Oscar Niemeyer. UN headquarters officially opened on January 9, 1951. While the principal headquarters of the UN are in New York, there are major agencies located in Geneva, The Hague, Vienna, Montreal, Bonn.

UN membership is open to all peace-loving states that accept the obligations of the UN Charter and, in the judgment of the organization, are able and willing to fulfill these obligations.

Text translation: The History of UN - History of the United Nations (UN)

The term "United Nations" (UN) was coined by Franklin Roosevelt in his addresses to his allies. The first formal use of the term was on January 1, 1942. The 1942 United Nations Declaration bound the Allies to the principles of the Atlantic Treaty and committed them to achieving a separate peace with the Axis powers. The Allies then used the term "United Nations fighting force" to refer to their allies.

The idea of ​​the United Nations was developed in declarations signed during the war at the Allied conferences in Moscow, Cairo and Tehran in 1943. From August to October 1944, representatives of France, the Republic of China, Great Britain, the USA and the USSR met in Washington, D.C.
Colombia, to develop plans. These, as well as subsequent negotiations and proposals, built the goals of the organization, its bodies and members of this organization, as well as agreements to maintain peace and security, international economic and social cooperation. These proposals have been discussed and contested by governments and individuals around the world.

On April 25, 1945, the UN conference began in San Francisco. In addition to governments, numerous non-governmental organizations were invited to draft the UN Charter. Fifty states present at the conference signed the UN Charter two months later, on June 26. Poland, which was not present at the conference but for which a place among the founding countries was reserved, added its name later, thus bringing the number of founding countries to 51 states. The UN came into existence on October 24, 1945, following the ratification of the UN Charter by the five permanent members of the Security Council - the Republic of China, the USSR, Great Britain, France and the United States - and most of the other founding countries.

The UN headquarters building was built in New York in 1949-50 near the East River on land purchased for $8.5 million donated by D. Rockefeller Jr. The building was designed by architect Oscar Niemeyer. The headquarters officially opened on January 9, 1951. While the main UN headquarters is in New York, there are also main agencies in Geneva, The Hague, Vienna, Montreal, Bonn.

Membership in the UN is open to any peace-loving country that accepts the requirements of the Charter of the United Nations and, in the judgment of that organization, is able and willing to fulfill those obligations.

References:
1. 100 topics of English oral (Kaverina V., Boyko V., Zhidkikh N.) 2002
2. English for schoolchildren and those entering universities. Oral exam. Topics. Texts for reading. Exam questions. (Tsvetkova I.V., Klepalchenko I.A., Myltseva N.A.)
3. English, 120 Topics. English language, 120 conversation topics. (Sergeev S.P.)

OSN special forces unit of the UN Dictionary: Dictionary of abbreviations and abbreviations of the army and special services. Comp. A. A. Shchelokov. M.: AST Publishing House LLC, Geleos Publishing House CJSC, 2003. 318 p. OSN Dictionary: Dictionary of abbreviations and abbreviations of the army and... ... Dictionary of abbreviations and abbreviations

UN- UN, see United Nations... Modern encyclopedia

UN- see United Nations... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

UN- UN, see UNITED NATIONS. Source: Encyclopedia Fatherland ... Russian history

UN- (Greek). The inscription on the icon of the Savior, which means this, that is, the existing, name of God. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910 ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

UN- noun, number of synonyms: 1 organization (82) ASIS Dictionary of Synonyms. V.N. Trishin. 2013… Synonym dictionary

UN- See United Nations EdwART. Dictionary of terms of the Ministry of Emergency Situations, 2010 ... Dictionary of emergency situations

UN- UN, see United Nations... Demographic Encyclopedic Dictionary

UN- UN, see United Nations. ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

UN- The "UN" request is redirected here. See also other meanings. Coordinates... Wikipedia

UN- and Japan. Policy towards the United Nations can be considered one of the main elements of Japan's post-war diplomatic efforts to play a role in the affairs of the world community that was appropriate to its place ... All Japan

Books

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• UN and peacekeeping. Lecture course. , Zaemsky Vladimir Fedorovich. In the modern world, when the problems of conflicts and confrontation become acute, the tasks of peacekeeping, the foundations of which, laid in ancient times, are developing and...

United Nations- is the largest - universal in the range of problems considered and worldwide in territorial coverage.

The name was proposed during World War II by US President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Created by 50 countries on October 24, 1945, The UN united 191 countries by 2005.

In accordance with the UN Charter, its main goals are:

• maintaining international peace and security;
• development of friendly relations between nations based on respect for the principle of equality and self-determination of peoples;
• implementation of cooperation in resolving international problems of an economic, social, cultural and humanitarian nature and respect for human rights;
• coordination of actions of nations in achieving common goals.

The basic principles of the UN: sovereign equality of all members, conscientious fulfillment of accepted obligations, peaceful resolution of international disputes, refraining from the threat of force. The UN Charter does not give the right to intervene in matters within the internal competence of an individual state.

The UN system has a complex organizational structure:

1. The main bodies of the UN (the UN itself).
2. UN programs and bodies.
3. Specialized agencies and other independent organizations within the UN system.
4. Other organizations, committees and related bodies.
5. Organizations that are not part of the UN system, but are associated with it through cooperation agreements.

UN bodies

Established by the Charter six main organs of the United Nations: General Assembly, Security Council, Economic and Social Council, Trusteeship Council, International Court of Justice, Secretariat.

General Assembly(GA) is the main deliberative body of the UN. She consists of representatives of all member countries having one vote each. Decisions on issues of peace and security, admission of new members, and budget issues are made by a two-thirds vote. For other issues, a simple majority vote is sufficient. Sessions of the General Assembly usually take place in September each year. Each time a new chairman, 21 vice-chairmen, and chairmen of the six main committees of the Assembly are elected. The first committee deals with issues of disarmament and international security, the second with economics and finance, the third with social and humanitarian issues, the fourth with special political issues and decolonization, the fifth with administrative and budgetary issues, and the sixth with legal issues. The post of Chairman of the Assembly is occupied in turn by representatives of African, Asian, Eastern European, Latin American (including the Caribbean), and Western European states. The decisions of the GA are not legally binding. They express world public opinion on a particular issue.

Security Council(Security Council) is responsible for maintaining international peace. It investigates and recommends methods for resolving disputes, including urging UN members to use economic sanctions to prevent aggression; takes military action against the aggressor; plans arms regulation; recommends the admission of new members; provides guardianship in strategic areas. The Council consists of five permanent members - China, France, the Russian Federation (successor to the USSR), Great Britain and the United States of America - and ten members elected by the General Assembly for two-year terms. A decision on procedural issues is considered adopted if at least 9 out of 15 votes (two thirds) vote for it. When voting on issues of substance, it is necessary that out of 9 votes, all five permanent members of the Security Council vote in favor - the rule of “unanimity of the great powers”.

If a permanent member does not agree with the decision, he can veto (ban). If a permanent member does not want to block a decision, she can abstain from voting.

Economic and Social Council coordinates related issues and specialized agencies and institutions, known as the “family” of UN agencies. These bodies are connected with the UN by special agreements and submit reports to the Economic and Social Council and (or) the General Assembly.

The ECOSOC subsidiary mechanism includes:

• nine functional commissions (Commission for Social Development, etc.);
• five regional commissions (Economic Commission for Africa, etc.);
• four standing committees: Committee on Program and Coordination, Commission on Human Settlements, Committee on Non-Governmental Organizations, Committee on Negotiations with Intergovernmental Organizations;
• a number of expert bodies;
• executive committees and councils of various UN bodies: UN Development Program, World Food Program, etc.

Guardianship Council monitors the trust territories and promotes the development of their self-government. The Council consists of five permanent members of the Security Council. In 1994, the Security Council terminated the Trusteeship Agreement as all 11 original trust territories gained political independence or joined neighboring states.

international Court, located in The Hague (Netherlands), resolves legal disputes between states that are parties to its Statute, which automatically includes all members of the UN. Private individuals cannot appeal to the International Court of Justice. According to the Statute (statute of rights and duties), the Court uses international conventions; international custom as evidence of general practice; general principles of law recognized by nations; court decisions of the most qualified specialists from different countries. The court consists of 15 judges elected by the General Assembly and the Security Council, who vote independently. They are elected on the basis of qualifications, not citizenship. There cannot be two citizens from the same country on the Court.

UN Secretariat has the most diverse functions. This is a permanent body that carries out all document flow, including translations from one language to another, organization of international conferences, communication with the press, etc. The Secretariat staff consists of about 9,000 people from around the world. The UN Secretary-General, the chief administrative officer, is appointed by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council for a five-year term and may be re-elected for a further term. Kofi Annan (Ghana) took office on January 1, 1997. On January 1, 2007, a new Secretary General, Ban Ki-Moon (former head of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of South Korea), took office. He spoke out in favor of reforming the UN for the sake of the future of this organization. The authority of the Secretary-General is very essential for the implementation of preventive diplomacy in order to prevent the emergence of international conflicts. All Secretariat personnel have the status of international civil servants and take an oath undertaking not to carry out instructions emanating from any state or organization other than the UN.

UN budget

The regular budget of the UN, excluding specialized agencies and UN programs, is approved by the GA for a two-year period. The main source of funds is contributions from member states, which are calculated based on the country's solvency, in particular according to criteria such as share in and per country. The scale of assessment of contributions established by the Assembly is subject to change from 25% of the budget to 0.001%. Share contributions to the budget are: USA - 25%, Japan - 18%, Germany - 9.6%, France - 6.5%, Italy - 5.4%, UK - 5.1%, RF - 2.9% , Spain - 2.6%, Ukraine - 1.7%, China - 0.9%. States that are not members of the UN, but participate in a number of its activities, can participate in UN expenses in the following ratio: Switzerland - 1.2%, Vatican - 0.001%. The revenue side of the budget fluctuates on average around $2.5 billion. Of the 13 expenditure items, more than 50% of expenditures are for General Policy Implementation, Direction and Coordination; general support and support service; regional cooperation for development.

UN programs

However, the UN “family” or the UN system of agencies is broader. It covers 15 institutions and several programs and bodies. These are the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), as well as such a specialized organization as the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). These bodies are connected with the UN by special agreements and submit reports to the Economic and Social Council and (or) the General Assembly. They have their own budgets and governing bodies.

UNCTAD

UN Conference on Trade and Development(UNCTAD). It was established in 1964 as the main GA body on these issues, primarily to accelerate trade and economic development, which, having gained political independence, have significant problems in establishing themselves in world markets. UNCTAD has 188 member states. The Russian Federation and other countries are members of this organization. The annual operating budget, financed from the UN regular budget, is approximately $50 million. The headquarters is located in Geneva (Switzerland).

Organizational structure of UNCTAD

UNCTAD Conference- the highest governing body. Conference sessions are held every four years at the ministerial level to determine the main directions of work.

Trade and Development Council— an executive body that ensures continuity of work between sessions. Working groups on medium-term planning and financing of programs. Joint Consultative Group on the Activities of the UNCTAD-WTO International Trade Centre.

Standing committees and temporary working groups. Four standing committees were created: on commodities; on poverty reduction; on economic cooperation between developed countries; Development Committee, as well as the Select Committee on Preferences and the Intergovernmental Panel on Restrictive Business Practices.

Secretariat is part of the UN Secretariat. It includes policy coordination and external relations services, nine departments(commodities, services development and trade efficiency, economic cooperation among developing countries and special programs, global interdependence, and science and technology, least developed countries, program management and support services) and integrated units working with regional commissions. The Secretariat serves two subsidiary bodies of ECOSOC— Commission on International Investment and Transnational Corporations and Commission on Science and Technology for Development.

Under the auspices of UNCTAD, a number of international commodity agreements have been concluded, study groups on commodities have been created with the participation of producing and consuming countries, a Common Fund for Commodities has been established, and dozens of conventions and agreements have been signed.

From 14 to 18 July 2004, the XIth session of the UNCTAD Conference was held in Sao Paulo (Brazil) - “Increasing coherence between national strategies and global economic processes for the benefit of developing countries in particular.” showed their desire for full participation in international trade and self-reliance, including through the expansion of South-South trade. Consolidation on the issue of agricultural subsidies used by developed countries allowed the Group of 77 to express their joint position at the 6th WTO Conference. UNCTAD uses a group principle of work: member states are divided into groups according to socio-economic and geographical principles. Developing countries are united in the Group of 77. As a result of the XI session, a document was adopted - the “Consensus of Sao Paulo”, aimed at promoting the adaptation of national development strategies to the conditions of globalization and strengthening the potential of developing countries. The 3rd round of trade negotiations was announced under the auspices of UNCTAD under the Global System of Trade Preferences (GSTP), which has been in place since 1971. This system provides for the reduction or elimination of customs duties by all industrialized countries (IDCs) on trade with developing countries by on a non-reciprocal basis, i.e. without the requirement of reciprocal trade and political concessions. In practice, many industrialized countries have achieved various exemptions from their preference schemes. However, the Global System of Trade Preferences promotes the expansion of exports of processed products from economically weak countries.

Independent UN agencies

Independent specialized agencies operating within the UN system include International Labor Organization(ILO), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), (IMF), World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), etc.

The growing gap between poor and rich countries, the increasing danger of global conflicts (the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 in the USA) stimulate the search for solutions to the problems of regulation and financing of development around the world. In this context two forums were held under the auspices of the UN in 2002: World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg (South Africa) - from August 26 to September 4 and the International Conference on Financing for Development in Monterrey (Mexico) - from March 18 to 22. As a result of the meetings, the Johannesburg Declaration and the Monterrey Consensus were adopted, respectively. At a meeting in South Africa special emphasis was placed on collective responsibility for socio-economic development, ecology at all levels from local to global. The need for cooperation in areas such as water supply and sanitation, energy, health, agriculture and biodiversity was noted. In Mexico, the problem of sustainable development of the world was considered from the point of view of its financing. It is recognized that there are severe shortages of resources needed to achieve the goals of overcoming poverty and inequality set out in the UN Millennium Declaration. Methods for solving the problem corresponding to the liberal idea of ​​development are proposed:

Mobilization of national financial resources of developing countries through improved efficiency and consistency and fight against corruption at all levels.

Mobilization of international resources, including (FDI) and other private resources.

- the most important and often the only external source of development financing. It is recognized that there are serious trade imbalances caused by export subsidies from industrialized countries and the abuse of anti-dumping, technical, sanitary and phytosanitary measures. Developing countries (DCs) and countries with economies in transition (ETCs) are concerned about tariff spikes and tariff escalation by industrialized countries (IDCs). It is recognized that it is necessary to include effective and functional provisions for Special and Differential Treatment for developing countries in trade agreements.

Increased international financial and technical cooperation for development means an increase in official development assistance (ODA). The Conference called on the DSP to make concrete efforts to achieve the target of 0.7% of ODA for developing countries and 0.15-0.2% of their GNP from developed countries for the needs of least developed countries.

It is an element of resource mobilization for public and private investment. It is recognized that debtors and creditors must share responsibility for preventing and resolving situations involving unsustainable levels of debt.

Improvement global economic governance systems involves expanding the circle of participants in the decision-making process on development issues and eliminating organizational gaps. It is necessary to strengthen the involvement of developing countries and countries with economies in transition in the decision-making process in the Bank for International Settlements, the Basel Committee and the Financial Stability Forum

Critics of the Monterrey Consensus point out that, as in the case of the Washington Consensus, developed countries proceed from a liberal model of development, emphasizing the need to find resources for development within developing countries and with the help of the private sector. Developed countries themselves do not make any clear commitments regarding the redistribution of resources. Accordingly, it is almost impossible to bridge the gap between poverty and wealth.

The issue of fair representation in the Security Council and the expansion of its composition, which was brought up for discussion by the UN General Assembly, was not resolved.

The Russian position is to support any expansion option, subject to broad agreement between all interested countries.

Thus, there are several mutually exclusive approaches to reforming the UN Security Council, which implies an indefinite duration of the transformation process.