Inkjet printheads: technology basics. What is thermal inkjet printing?

Inkjet printers are one of the most popular among consumers today. Moreover, in most cases, such a printer is purchased as a peripheral to a home computer. There are reasons for this, and first of all low price and the ability to print color documents. Meanwhile, according to sellers of a number of salons computer equipment, most users have more than a vague understanding of the principles of inkjet printing. If everything is more or less clear to their owners about the operation of matrix or laser printers, then about inkjet printers, as a rule, all they can say is that the image is formed by sprinkling small drops of ink on the paper.

To begin with, it’s probably worth explaining what an indicator like dpi is, which turns out to be more important than, for example, printing speed. DPI (dots per inch) is the so-called number of drops per inch, a function of the frequency with which the drops are ejected and the speed at which the printer's print head moves along the horizontal axis. The controlled nozzle discretely ejects drops of ink at certain moments and thus draws a line. The main challenge for the printer manufacturer is the combination of quality (maximum droplet emissions per line) and speed (minimum droplet emissions per line to achieve higher speeds). The droplet emission rate ranges from 10 to 20 thousand per second. By changing this frequency or the speed of movement of the print head carriage, you can achieve the optimal density of horizontal placement of drops, and therefore print quality.

Resolution is a parameter determined by the size of the ink droplets. When applying smaller drops, the image clarity will be higher when compared to an equal surface area filled with fewer larger drops. It is clear that in this case, higher quality will require lower printing speed, and vice versa.

Inkjet printers vary in their printing method.

There are three main printing methods that are quite widespread.

Thermal inkjet printing

The development of thermal inkjet technology began back in 1984. The pioneers then were HP and Canon. But things went slowly, and to come to necessary results It didn't work out for a long time. Only in the 90s was it finally possible to achieve an acceptable level of quality, speed and cost. Later to HP and Canon with the aim further work Lexmark joined in on thermal printers, leading to the creation of today's high-resolution printers.

As the name implies, the basis of thermal (more correctly, electrothermal) formation of a jet is an increase in the temperature of liquid ink under the influence of an electric current. This temperature increase is provided by a heating element located in the ejection chamber. When heated, some of the ink evaporates, excess pressure quickly builds up in the chamber, and a small drop of ink is ejected from the ejection chamber through a precision nozzle. Within one second, this process is repeated many times. The most important thing for the success of this technology. This is to select the configuration of the ejection chamber as accurately as possible, as well as the diameter and accuracy of the nozzle. The behavior of ink when heated and ejected from the nozzle, along with the characteristics of the ink itself (its viscosity, surface tension, ability to evaporate, etc.), is also influenced by the characteristics of the channel leading to the nozzle and the point of exit into the nozzle. Of great importance for ensuring the correct ejection of ink from the nozzle are also the nature of the change in the ink meniscus in the nozzle after ejection and the refilling of the ejection chamber. Let's take a closer look at the stages of droplet formation and ejection. The formation of the thermal ink jet begins in the print head of the cartridge. The electrical impulse generates a heat flux equivalent to more than two billion watts per square meter on the heating elements. This is about 10 times greater than the flux on the surface of the Sun. However, since the duration of the thermal pulse is only 2 millionths of a second, then, although the temperature during this time increases at a rate of 300 million degrees per second, the surface of the heating element only manages to heat up to about 600 ° C during this time. Since the heating is extremely rapid, in reality the temperature at which the ink can no longer exist as a liquid is reached only in a layer less than one millionth of a millimeter thick. At this temperature (approximately 330°C), a thin layer of ink begins to evaporate and a bubble is pushed out of the nozzle. A vapor bubble is formed at a very high temperature, and therefore the vapor pressure in it is about 125 atmospheres, i.e. four times the pressure created in modern gasoline internal combustion engines. Such a bubble, possessing enormous energy, acts like a piston, throwing ink from the nozzle onto the page at a speed of 500 inches per second. The resulting droplet weighs only 18 billionths of a gram. According to commands coming from the printer driver, several hundred nozzles can be activated simultaneously in any combination. The reservoirs from which ink is supplied to the print head can be divided into two design types. First, the monoblock system, which combines a built-in ink tank and an ejection unit, is widely used. It has the advantage that every time the ink tank is changed, the print head is also replaced, which helps maintain high print quality. In addition, it is simpler in design and easier to replace. In the second, more complex system, the print head is separated from the ink reservoir, and here only this reservoir is replaced when it is empty. The foam in the ink reservoir acts as a sponge to absorb liquid ink so that ink is continuously supplied to the print head without unwanted leakage from the cartridge due to gravity or leakage of ink from the print head itself. On the base of the monobloc cartridge there are electrical contacts and a print head. a key element of the entire inkjet printing process; ink is supplied to the print head through a set of channels coming from the reservoir. Manufacturing of the print head. This is a complex process carried out at the microscopic level, where the measurement accuracy is determined in microns. The basic materials used to make the ejection chamber, ink channel, electronic control circuit and heating elements are similar to those used in the semiconductor industry, where the finest conductive metal and insulating layers are precision-machined laser processing. This technology requires large investments in both development and production, and this is one of the main reasons that very few companies decide to act in this area. The print head is a collection of multiple micro-assemblies consisting of ejection chambers and associated nozzles, arranged in a checkerboard pattern to increase the vertical density of the nozzles. With this arrangement of nozzles, their number at a distance of approximately 1.27 cm can reach 208, as is the case, for example, in the black cartridges of Lexmark Z models, so that a resolution of 1.44 million dots can be achieved. Print quality is determined by many factors, but the main ones are. these are the size of the point, the vertical density of the points and the frequency of droplet ejection through the nozzle; These indicators are the main criteria for further work on print heads, be they thermal or piezoelectric heads. Thermal heads have some advantages over electromechanical heads because the key technology for their manufacture is similar to that used in the manufacture of microprocessor chips and other semiconductor electronics products. Rapid progress in these areas is benefiting thermal technology, and we can expect even higher resolutions and faster printing speeds to be achieved in the coming years. Thermal inkjet printing has several advantages over competing piezo technology. For example, the simplicity of the design and the close analogy with semiconductor manufacturing: this means that the marginal cost of production here will be lower than for competing technology. The configuration of the ejection chambers allows the nozzles to be placed closer to each other, which makes it possible to achieve more high resolution.

Piezoelectric technology

The piezoelectric system, created on the basis of an electromechanical device and brought to commercial readiness by Epson, was first used in Epson inkjet printers not so long ago. in 1993. Piezotechnology is based on the property of certain crystals called piezocrystals (an example is quartz crystals in common quartz crystals). wristwatch), deform under the influence of electric current; thus the term defines an electromechanical phenomenon. This physical property allows the use of certain materials to create a miniature "ink pump", in which a change from positive to negative voltage will cause a small volume of ink to be compressed and vigorously ejected through an open nozzle. As with the formation of an ink jet due to thermal effects, the size of the drop here is determined by physical characteristics ejection chamber and the pressure created in this chamber due to the deformation of the piezocrystal. The droplet size is changed by changing the amount of current flowing through the ejection mechanism. As in thermal printers, the ejection frequency due to the piezoelectric effect depends on the potential frequency of the electrical pulses, which, in turn, is determined by the time the camera returns to its “quiet” state, when it is filled with ink and ready for the next work cycle. Piezo technology is highly reliable, which is very important because the print head is clean economic reasons cannot be part of a replaceable ink cartridge, as in thermal systems, but must be rigidly connected to the printer. For both thermal and piezoelectric systems, the quality of operation is determined by many factors. The ability to change the size of the dot gives piezo technology certain advantages. On the other hand, piezo technology faces some purely physical limitations. For example, the large dimensions of the electromechanical ejection chamber mean that the vertical density of the nozzles must be less than that of thermal analogues. This not only limits the prospects for further development, but also means that achieving higher resolution and uniformity in high-quality printing requires multiple passes of the print head over the same page.

A stationary print head is somewhat cost-effective because it does not have to be replaced. However, this advantage is partially offset by the risk of air entering the system when changing the cartridge. This causes the nozzles to become clogged, print quality deteriorates, and several cleaning cycles are required to restore the system to normal operation. Another current limitation for piezo systems concerns the use of dye-based inks: when using colored (pigment) inks, which are of a higher quality but also have a higher density, there is also a risk of nozzle clogging. A piezoelectric printhead based on pre-existing technology has lower development costs, but is significantly more expensive to manufacture. Currently, the advantages of piezoelectric heads, such as high reliability and the ability to change droplet sizes, are very significant and allow the production of very high quality products. However, as the prices of thermal inkjet printers are continuously decreasing, and they are increasingly taking over the printer market entry level, then for piezo systems there remains a market for middle and high class products.

Bubble inkjet printing

The principle of Canon Bubble-Jet printing, invented in the late 70s, is ingeniously simple. In each nozzle, the thinnest channel in which ink droplets are formed, there is a microscopic heater. Electrical pulses applied to it cause the ink to boil with the formation of air bubbles, and with each pulse these bubbles push equal volumes of ink out of the nozzle. The heating stops, the bubble disappears, a new portion of ink is drawn into the nozzle, and it is ready for a new cycle!

However, it took about 8 years for the first bubble jet printer became available to users. In 1981, the promising Canon Bubble-Jet technology was first presented at the Canon Grand Fair and immediately attracted the attention of specialists. But it was only in 1985 that the first commercial model of the Canon BJ-80 monochrome printer appeared, and the first full-color BJ printer BJC-440 (A2 format, with a resolution of 400 dpi) appeared in 1988.

Inkjet technology appeared in the mid-1980s as a result of an attempt to get rid of the shortcomings of the two dominant printing methods at that time: matrix and laser (electrographic). Laser printing was unacceptably expensive, and color was not even dreamed of (and even today, although color laser printers have become available, they have no chance of outperforming inkjet printers in the field of photo prints). And inkjet printing arose as a cheap alternative for printing office documents, devoid of the disadvantages of dot matrix printers - slow, noisy and producing low-quality prints.

The idea, which apparently occurred almost simultaneously (around 1985) to engineers at Hewlett-Packard and Canon, was to replace the needle that hits the paper through the ink layer on the ribbon in dot matrix printers with a drop of liquid ink. The volume of the drop had to be calculated so that it would not spread and create a point of a certain diameter. Real life This technology came about when they came up with a convenient way to form a dosed drop - thermal.

The thermal inkjet printing method is virtually monopolized by Canon and Hewlett-Packard, which own the majority of patents for this technology, other companies only license it, making their own minor changes. At the same time, HP uses the term “thermal ink-jet” printing method, while Canon prefers the term “bubble-jet”.

Although there are differences between them, they are fundamentally identical.

In Fig. Figure 1 shows the thermal inkjet printing process in the form of a conventional filmogram of the operation cycle of the nozzles (sometimes they are called ejectors). A miniature heating element is built into the chamber wall (highlighted in red in the top frame), which very quickly heats up to high temperature(500 °C). The ink boils (second frame), a large steam bubble forms in it (the next two frames) and the pressure rises sharply - up to 120 atmospheres, causing the ink to be pushed out through the nozzle at a speed of more than 12 m/s in the form of a drop with a volume of about 2 picoliters (that's two thousandths from a billionth of a liter). The heating element is turned off at this moment, and the bubble collapses due to a drop in pressure (lower frames). Everything happens very quickly - in a few microseconds. Ink is supplied to the nozzle by capillary forces (which is much slower), and after filling the nozzle with a new portion, the system is ready for use. The entire cycle takes approximately 100 ms, that is, the drop frequency is 10 kHz, and in modern printers it is twice as much.

This autonomously controlled nozzle is part of a print head located on a carriage moving across the sheet, similar to the print unit of a dot matrix printer. With a nozzle diameter of 10 microns, the placement density is 2500 nozzles per inch; one head can contain from several hundred to several thousand injectors. In modern high-speed devices, fixed heads began to be used - in order to eliminate the slowest stage of the transverse movement of the carriage in this entire process. For example, HP produces high-performance photo kiosks in which the heads are arranged in blocks across the entire width of the sheet.

In Canon printers, the thermal element is located on the side of the camera (as in Fig. 1), while in HP (and Lexmark) it is on the back. Perhaps this difference is due to the original ideas: according to corporate legends, a Canon engineer dropped a soldering iron on a syringe with paint (that is, the syringe heated up from the side), and the HP researchers borrowed the principle from an electric kettle, which is heated from the end. Whether this is true or not, the side-mounted arrangement allows Canon to install two thermal elements per nozzle, which improves performance and droplet size control, but makes the design more complex and expensive.

The more expensive Canon bubble heads are reusable and built into the printer. HP heads are easier to manufacture, so they were traditionally built directly into the cartridge and thrown away with it. This is much more convenient, as it guarantees print quality (the head simply does not have time to exhaust its resource) and high reliability of the unit. However, with this approach, improving the heads leads to higher prices for cartridges, so many modern HP printers have separate heads, like Epson or Canon. Thus, the Photosmart Pro B9180, today's flagship "home" photo printer from HP, has replaceable individual heads, while its cheaper counterpart, the Photosmart Pro B8353, has heads built into the cartridge.

There are two main printing technologies common in the inkjet printing market: piezoelectric and thermal inkjet.

The differences between these systems are in the method of depositing a drop of ink onto the paper.


Piezoelectric technology was based on the ability of piezocrystals to deform under the influence of electric current. Thanks to the use of this technology, complete control of printing is achieved: the size of the drop, the thickness of the jet, the speed of drop ejection onto the paper, etc. are determined. One of the many advantages of this system is the ability to control the droplet size, which allows for high-resolution prints.

The reliability of the piezoelectric system has been proven to be significantly higher compared to other inkjet printing systems.

The print quality when using piezoelectric technology is extremely high: even universal, inexpensive models allow you to get prints with almost photographic quality and high resolution. Another advantage of printing devices with a piezoelectric system is the naturalness of color rendering, which becomes really important when printing photographs.

The print heads of EPSON inkjet printers have a high level of quality, which explains their high cost. With the piezoelectric printing system, it is ensured reliable operation printing device, and the print head rarely fails and is installed on the printer, and is not part of replaceable cartridges.

The piezoelectric printing system was developed by EPSON, it is patented and its use is prohibited by other manufacturers. Therefore, the only printers that use this system printing is EPSON.

Thermal inkjet printing technology used in Canon, HP, Brother printers. Ink is supplied to paper by heating it. The heating temperature can be up to 600°C. The quality of thermal inkjet printing is an order of magnitude lower than piezoelectric printing, due to the inability to control the printing process due to the explosive nature of the drop. As a result of such printing, satellites (satellite drops) often appear, which interfere with obtaining high quality and clarity of prints, leading to distortion. This drawback cannot be avoided, since it is inherent in the technology itself.

Another disadvantage of the thermal inkjet method is the formation of scale in the print head of the printer, since ink is nothing more than a combination of chemical substances, dissolved in water. The resulting scale clogs the nozzles over time and significantly deteriorates the print quality: the printer begins to streak, color rendition deteriorates, etc.

Due to constant temperature changes in devices using thermal inkjet printing technology, the print head is gradually destroyed (burns out under the influence of high temperature when the thermoelements overheat). This is the main disadvantage of such devices.
The service life of the print head of EPSON printers is the same as the device itself, thanks to the high quality of manufacturing of the PG. Users of devices with thermal inkjet printing will have to buy a new print head each time and replace it, which not only reduces the durability of the printer, but also significantly increases printing costs.
The quality of the print head also matters when using non-original consumables, in particular CISS.

The use of CISS allows the user to increase print volumes by 50%.
The print head of EPSON printers, as has been mentioned more than once in this article, is of high quality, due to which an increase in print volumes does not negatively affect the operation of the printer, but on the contrary allows the user to get maximum savings without compromising print quality.

Due to the characteristics of printing devices using thermal inkjet technology, an increase in printing volumes can lead to the failure of the PG printer.

As observations show, to obtain maximum savings with perfect print quality, it is more advisable to use EPSON printing devices with CISS. EPSON printers operate with a continuous ink supply system more consistently than printing devices from other manufacturers.

Until a certain period, the word “printing” was associated either with the work of a printing house or with laser regulars in large offices. Inkjet printing was different in that it was a process of transferring a picture or text using a plate of nozzles and liquid dye.

It would seem that the concept of inkjet printing began to come into use only recently, after inkjet printers became available to the average user. However, the history of their development spans almost 200 years.

The figure below illustrates the evolution of inkjet printing from its inception to the present day.

Stages of development of inkjet printing

Theoretical developments

The theoretical foundations of inkjet printing technology go back to 1833. It was then that Felix Savard, a French physicist and inventor, discovered an interesting pattern: as a result of spraying liquid through holes with a microscopic diameter (nozzles), perfectly even drops are formed. And only 45 years later, in 1878, this phenomenon was mathematically described by Lord Reilly, Nobel Prize laureate.

However, earlier, in 1867, William Thompson patented the idea of ​​​​a continuous supply of ink (Continuous Ink Jet). He used electrostatic forces to control the spraying of ink and liquid dye onto a paper medium. Based on this principle, William Thompson designed the recording instruments needed to operate electric telegraphs.

Continuous printing

The year 1951 was significant for inkjet printing technology - Siemens received a patent for an inkjet printer, the first of its kind. It was based on the technology of continuous ink supply. A little later, many global manufacturers of printing equipment adopted this technology and continued to improve it.

The predecessors of modern inkjet printing devices were quite bulky, equipped with various cylinders, pumps and other moving parts, difficult to use and, moreover, expensive big money. Such printers worked very slowly, and were not without their drawbacks: they could leak ink when printing, which was not very convenient or safe.

Print on demand

The process originated in the 60s of this century, when a professor from Stanford University managed to obtain ink drops of equal volume and equally spaced from each other. To do this, he used pressure waves produced by the movement of a piezoceramic element. This system was called “Drop-on-demand”, translated from English as “drops on demand”. The technology made it possible to move away from the use of a complex ink recycling system, charging system, and also eliminate droplet deviations.

Printing on demand was first used in 1977 in PT-80 printing devices from Siemens, and some time later (1978) in a Silonics printer. Later this method printing continued its evolution: the technology developed and became the basis of more and more new models of inkjet printers for commercial use.

The most expensive part in the printer was, and still is, the print head. It was impossible to replace it “painlessly”, as was the case with the cartridge. Therefore, users found new interaction algorithms. For example, in order to prevent the print head nozzles from clogging with air bubbles or dried ink residues, they tried to use the printer even when there was no particular need for it. And all in order to prevent long-term downtime of the printing device.

Back in the 70s of the twentieth century, the prerequisites for color printing appeared. Swedish professor Hertz has found a way to reproduce all kinds of shades of gray thanks to a method of adjusting the density of the droplets. This made it possible to print not only text, but also various images, conveying gradations of gray color.

Bubble Seal

We owe our bubble printing technology to Canon. In the late 70s, its specialists introduced the world to a previously unknown inkjet printing technology - “Bubble Jet” or “bubble printing”. The operating principle of these inkjet printers is as follows: a microscopic thermoelement is placed in the nozzle, which instantly heats up to 500°C as soon as current is applied to it. When heated, the ink boils, air bubbles form inside the chamber, under the influence of which equal volumes of ink are pushed out of the nozzle onto the paper. As soon as the ink stops heating and cools to its previous temperature, the bubbles burst and the next portion of ink is drawn into the nozzle. This ensures continuous printing.

Principle of bubble jet printing technology

As soon as Canon introduced bubble jet technology at the Grand Fair in 1981, the public immediately became interested. And already in 1985, the Canon BJ-80, the first monochrome bubble printer, saw the light of day. 3 years later the Canon BJC-440 appeared, the first large format printer using the same technology. He could already print in color with a resolution of 400 dpi.

Printing costs with bubble inkjet technology are relatively low. However, printer maintenance costs increase because the print head is built into the ink cartridges rather than into the printer. But there is also the other side of the coin: the device remains operational if a non-original cartridge is used.

Thermal printing

The era of thermal printing began towards the end of the 90s, although HP and Canon began developing it back in 1984. The whole point is that it was not possible to achieve the required combination of quality and cost of printing, as well as speed. A little later, Lexmark joined the industry giants. In this tandem these largest companies achieved high resolution printing and created something similar to modern printers.

The resulting technology became known as “thermal inkjet”. This technology was used by HP's first line of inkjet printers, the ThinkJet.

HP THinkJet Inkjet Printers

The principle of thermal printing is to increase the volume of ink when heated. The temperature of the heating element inside the print head increased under the influence of the heating element. Ink located close to the heating element begins to evaporate when heated. Bubbles are formed, which push a certain number of them out of the nozzle. As a result of the decrease in pressure, the same volume of ink enters the print head. This process is repeated with high cyclicity up to 12 thousand refills per second. The print head based on thermal inkjet technology consists of a large number of microscopic nozzles and ejection chambers.

HP has chosen an unusual course - it has manufactured a replaceable print head, which is part of the cartridge and is thrown away without much regret along with it. This step solved the problem of printer durability.

The working principle of a thermal printer

Bubble and thermal inkjet printers had an affordable price, were compact, operated silently and provided a wide color range, thanks to which they flooded the market of affordable printing devices and practically ousted dot matrix printers from the market.

Piezoelectric printing

Piezoelectric Ink Jet technology appeared in 1993 thanks to Epson, which was the first to use it in its printers. The principle of piezoelectric printing is based on the property of piezocrystals to change their volume and shape under the influence of current. In the structure of the cartridge, one of the walls is a piezoelectric plate. It bends under the influence of current and thereby reduces the volume of the ink chamber. As a result, a certain amount of ink is pushed out of the nozzle.

Principle of Piezoelectric Printing Technology

The advantage of a stationary print head is its cost-effectiveness, because it does not have to be changed as often as cartridges. However, there is a small chance that when changing a cartridge, air may enter the print head and clog the nozzles, affecting print quality.

Modern traditions

Advances in technology have now made inkjet printers even more popular. They are purchased for both office and home use thanks to their affordable price and compactness. Sometimes users buy inkjet printers for color printing as a complement to monochrome laser printers. There is an opinion that laser devices are faster and cheaper when printing text documents, while inkjet devices are faster and cheaper when printing color photographs.

Currently, the standard print resolution for modern inkjet printers is 4600x1200 dpi. But there are already devices that exceed this indicator. Other capabilities of inkjet printers include borderless printing, as well as a built-in LCD display or a port for reading memory cards.

Advantages of inkjet printers.

The most important advantage of inkjet printing devices is the high quality of color printing. You can recreate vibrant, lifelike photos with excellent detail and midtone rendering. In addition, inkjet printers are practically silent, do not require a long time to warm up, are presented in a wide range of models and are available in different modifications.

Disadvantages of inkjet printers.

The main reason for not using an inkjet printer is the high cost of original cartridges, the fragility of prints due to fading or spreading of ink when liquid gets in, as well as clogged print heads. Although the solutions to all these shortcomings are very simple. Blockages can be eliminated by standard head cleaning, and prints can be made more durable by using pigment ink. But alternative ones will help you avoid overpaying for original cartridges Consumables and the ink that is on this moment achieved high quality indicators. The difference from the original ink is no more than 2-5%, due to which the difference in printing results is indistinguishable to the naked eye.

You can read a lot of news about the development of modern printers, MFPs and plotters.

Today, there are two main printing technologies on the printing device market: piezoelectric and thermal inkjet.

Piezoelectric printing technology is developed on the ability of piezocrystals to deform under the influence of electricity. Due to the use of this technology, it has become possible to control printing, namely: monitor the size of the drop, the speed of its exit from the nozzles, as well as the thickness of the jet, etc. One of the advantages of such a system is that the droplet size can be controlled. This ability allows you to obtain higher quality images.

To date, experts have proven that the reliability of such systems is much higher than other inkjet printing systems.

When using this technology, the print quality is very high. Even universal and inexpensive models allow you to obtain images highest quality and high resolution. Also, the most important advantage of PU with a piezo system is its high color rendering, which allows the image to look bright and rich.

Epson technologies - time-tested quality

The print heads of EPSON inkjet printers are high-quality designs, which actually explains their high price. If you use a piezoelectric printing system, then you are guaranteed reliable operation of the printing device, and the print head does not dry out or become clogged, due to the fact that it has minimal contact with air. The piezoelectric printing system was developed and implemented by EPSON; only EPSON has a patent for the use of this system.

The thermal inkjet printing principle is used in Canon, HP, and Brother printing devices. By heating the ink, it is applied to the paper. By means of an electric current, liquid ink is proportionally heated, which explains the name this method printing - thermal inkjet. The increase in temperature is produced by a heating element located inside the thermal structure. With a strong increase in temperature, the main part of the paint evaporates, the pressure in the structure quickly increases, and a small drop of paint comes out of the heat chamber through a precision nozzle. This process is repeated repeatedly after one second has elapsed.

The main disadvantage of the thermal inkjet method is that with such a printing technology, enough a large number of precipitation, which over time can cause it to fail. Also, this scale clogs the nozzles over time, which leads to a loss of quality and print speed of the printer.

Also, devices that use thermal inkjet printing, due to constant temperature fluctuations, deteriorate the print heads, as it simply burns out under the influence of extreme temperatures. This is the main disadvantage of such devices. The service life of the Epson PG MFP is absolutely identical to the service life of the device itself. This became possible thanks to the high-quality materials from which the print head is designed. Buyers who use thermal inkjet printing will often have to change the print head, since due to the high temperature it will often burn out, which will significantly increase financial costs. The quality of the print head will also make a huge difference if users are using refillable cartridges.

Using an Epson inkjet printer in conjunction with refillable cartridges is very beneficial, as the quality of the printer’s operation increases and the cost of each printed image decreases.

The print head of EPSON printers is of great importance not only for the stable operation of the printer. The quality of PG allows you to increase the quality of printing and its speed. Also, if the print head does not come into contact with air and dry out, the user will not have to change it, and therefore waste money in vain. Devices that use the thermal inkjet operating principle can overheat greatly, and accordingly the print head can also overheat, which can simply burn out if overheated too much and get out of standing.

As numerous checks and tests show, in order for printing to be as economical as possible and at the same time to be bright and effective, engineers recommend using EPSON printing devices with CISS. EPSON devices work with the CNC system much longer and more efficiently than other PUs of the same price from other manufacturing companies.

Epson is a reliable manufacturer of quality products that will make your work easier and more productive.