home » Autumn clothes » Predicate verbs in Russian. The predicate is the main member of the sentence

Predicate verbs in Russian. The predicate is the main member of the sentence

Simple predicate

Simple verb predicate

A simple verbal predicate is a predicate expressed by one verb in any mood:

Wind sways grass
Sun disappeared behind the cloud.
I I'll go in the forest.
He I would go in town.
You to me write letter immediately!
In the shadows for a long time was heard whisper.

Compound predicate

Compound predicate can be verbal or nominal. It consists of two parts: a copula and a verbal or nominal part.

Compound verb predicate

A compound verbal predicate consists of a copular part and an indefinite form of the verb. Answers questions: What does it do? what to do? what did you do? The ligamentous part can be:

phase verb (start, continue, become, quit);
modal word (wants, ready, forced, maybe unable).

He wants to enroll in the Institute.
I'm long could not with them meet.
You must study.
I was unable to think about it.

Compound nominal predicate

A compound nominal predicate is a predicate that consists of a nominal part and a linking verb.

The most commonly used is the linking verb be, are less commonly used, but other linking verbs are also possible.

The connective in the sentence can be omitted.

When parsing, the predicate is indicated by two horizontal lines.

The nominal part of a compound predicate is expressed in different ways:

adjective: weather was good;
noun: book - faithful Friend;
comparative degree of an adjective: he has character harder become;
short version of the passive participle: grass beveled;
short adjective: evening quiet;
adverb: error was obvious;
numeral: twice two - four;
pronoun: this notebook my;
syntactically integral phrase: he sat in a puddle;
phraseological unit: he was the talk of the town.

Also in the example:

the weather was good;

Weather - what did you do?- was - which?- good.

Notes

Literature

Russian language. Textbook for 8th grade educational institutions. S. G. Barkhudarov, S. E. Kryuchkov, L. Yu. Maksimov, L. A. Cheshko and others. 28th ed. - M.: Education - JSC "Moscow Textbooks", 2005-2008 pp.: ill. - ISBN 5-09-013740-4

Links

Arutyunova N. D. Predicate // Linguistic encyclopedic Dictionary, M., 1990
Website about the Russian language - predicate (Russian)

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Synonyms:

See what “Predicate” is in other dictionaries:

PREDICATE, predicate, cf. 1. One of the two main members of a sentence, containing a statement, making the expression of a thought complete (gram.). A simple predicate. Compound predicate. In the sentence plant works, the word works is the predicate. 2... Dictionary Ushakova

Predicate, word. Ant. subject, subject Dictionary of Russian synonyms. predicate adj. predicate Dictionary of Russian synonyms. Context 5.0 Informatics. 2012… Synonym dictionary

- (predicate) one of the main members of a sentence. In a two-part sentence, the predicate relates to the subject and expresses its actions, properties, states... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

PREDICATE, wow, cf. In grammar: main member sentences, denoting the attribute of the subject, named in the subject, and together with the subject forming the grammatical basis of a simple sentence. | adj. predicate, oh, oh. Dictionary… … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

Predicate- PREDICATE or predicate. The term S. is used in different meanings: 1. psychological S. or S. (predicate) of a judgment is what is thought about the subject of the judgment or the so-called. psychological subject (see Subject), i.e. that representation that ... Dictionary of literary terms

The main member of a two-part sentence, grammatically dependent on the subject, denoting the active or passive attribute of the subject that is expressed by the subject. Simple verb predicate. Compound verb predicate. Nominal compound... Dictionary linguistic terms

Predicate- The predicate is one of the two main members of the sentence in which what is being communicated is expressed; correlates with the subject and is connected with it by a predicative relation (see Predicate, Sentence). The dominant element (usually a verb) of the predicate composition (predicate ... Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary

The main member of a sentence, meaning an event. Expressed by a verb (simple verbal predicate), as well as a noun, adjective, adverb (compound nominal predicate); Wed: He is sad/He is sad/It was a good year. Compound verb... ... Literary encyclopedia

Wow; Wed Linguistic One of the two main members of a sentence, denoting the action or state of the subject expressed by the subject. Subject and p. Simple, complex c. Verb p. ◁ Predicate, oh, oh. With oh meaning. Usage of the word... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

predicate- The main member of a two-part sentence, correlative with the subject, grammatically subordinate to it. The formal dependence of the predicate on the subject is manifested in the predicative connection: So the moon has risen. The ideal means of expressing the predicate is... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

Books

Set of tables. Russian language. Grammar. 22 tables, . Educational album of 22 sheets. Art. 5-8682-022. Connection of words in a phrase. Types of simple sentences. Punctuation marks in sentences with homogeneous members. A dash between the subject and...

Definition of predicate

The predicate is the main member of a sentence, which denotes what is said about the subject of speech (the subject of speech in a sentence denotes the subject). The predicate usually agrees with the subject and answers general question: what is said about the subject of speech?(In most cases, more specific questions can be asked about the predicate - what does the item do? what's happening to him? what is he like? what is he? who is he? and etc.) To me will be remembered the melting of snow in this bitter and early spring.(what does it say about snow melting?) . Child coming barefoot along the path, carries strawberries in an open basket(what is the child doing?). Like a golden bird trembling fire in the dark(what happens to the fire?). AND yellowish And red V last quarter moon(what is the moon like?). We are an early taste of nature(what are we?) . I'm a fisherman(Who am i?) , and the nets were carried out to sea.(A.A. Tarkovsky)

Exercise. Find the predicates and highlight them.

Sir, I am a hat and hat maker. I make the best hats and caps in the world. Today I worked all night for you, sir, and cried like a child with grief. This is such a tragic, special style. This is an invisibility hat. As soon as you put it on, you will disappear, and the poor master will never know whether it suits you or not. Take it, just don’t try it on in front of me. I can't stand this! (E.L. Schwartz)

Answer. Sir, I am engaged in hat and hat business master. I I do the best hats and caps in the world. Today I'm up all night have worked at you, sir, and cried like a child, with grief. It's so tragic, special style. This invisible hat. As soon as you put it on, so disappear, and the poor master forever won't know, coming whether she is for you or not. Take it, only don't try it on with me. I this I can't bear it! (E.L. Schwartz)

Lexical and grammatical meaning of the predicate

Each predicate has lexical and grammatical meanings. The lexical meaning of the predicate is the name of the action (I go to that familiar mountain a hundred times a day I'm coming. V.A. Zhukovsky), states (Already turns pale day, hiding behind the mountain. V.A. Zhukovsky), quality (Like the sun behind the mountain captivating sunset... Silent And sad dear Svetlana. V.A. Zhukovsky), generic concept (Love There is sky gift. V.A. Zhukovsky) and etc.
The grammatical meaning of the predicate is tense and mood.
Lexical and grammatical meanings can be expressed in one word, or in two or more words.

Simple verb predicate

A predicate in which the lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in one word - a verb in the form of some mood - is called a simple verb. Grasshopper in the meadow chirps in his protective raincoat.(A.A. Tarkovsky) – exc. on, present vr. Sergey Sergeich, I I'll go And will wait you in the office.(A.S. Griboyedov) – excised. on, bud. vr. (the first verb is in the form future simple, the second – the future composite; both predicates are simple verbs). My father's house is still in the spring of my days left I.(V.A. Zhukovsky) – excised. on, elapsed time You, fellow youths, take the horse. (A.S. Pushkin) – rev. incl. I never I wouldn't know you, I wouldn't know bitter torment...(A.S. Pushkin) – conditional. incl.
A simple verb predicate can be expressed phraseological turn, which contains a verb in some mood. Deceased With went crazy eight times.(A.S. Griboedov) Hussar Pykhtin visited us; how he was seduced by Tanya, how crumbled into a little demon! (A.S. Pushkin)

Simple verbs also include predicates that do not have a formal indicator of mood, tense and grammatical subordination to the subject. These are predicates, expressed

truncated verb forms: push, grab, bam etc. ... Lighter than a shadow Tatyana jump to another entryway, from the porch to the yard...(A.S. Pushkin); And you, madam, are just out of bed jump, with a man! with the young one!(A.S. Griboyedov); ...And Prince Guidon from the shore with a sad soul accompanies their long run; lo and behold– on top flowing waters white swan swims.(A.S. Pushkin); I'm hurrying here grab, hit the threshold with his foot and stretched out to his full height.(A.S. Griboyedov); But princess in both hands grab- caught it.(A.S. Pushkin);

infinitive in the meaning of the indicative mood: And the queen laugh, and shoulders shake, And wink with your eyes, and snap fingers, and spin, akimbo, looking proudly in the mirror.(A.S. Pushkin)

It happens that in simple verbal predicates they use verb forms one mood in the meaning of another; then additional semantic shades arise. For example, in the sentence She doesn't notice him like he don't worry, though die (A.S. Pushkin) the form of the imperative mood is used in the indicative meaning (cf. no matter how he fought), but with the additional meaning of conditional (cf. no matter how he fights).
In a sentence ...You put your foot in the stirrup and rush around on a greyhound stallion; autumn wind blow either from the front or from the rear(A.S. Griboyedov) the imperative mood in the indicative sense creates an additional shade of possibility (the wind can blow from anywhere - it will not interfere with anything).

Compound verb predicate

A compound verbal predicate consists of an auxiliary verb and a verb in the indefinite form (in the infinitive). Basics lexical meaning expressed by a verb in the infinitive, and the auxiliary verb expresses the general grammatical meanings of mood, tense, person, as well as additional meanings.

In a compound verbal predicate, two types of auxiliary verbs can be used:

phase(indicating the beginning, continuation or end of an action): start, become, continue, finish, stop, cease, quit. Oh my god! What will start talking Princess Marya Aleksevdatsya, and people can deceive

on the!(A.S. Griboyedov);

I said something - he started laughing. (A.S. Griboyedov);

modal(with the meaning of possibility, desire, etc.): be able, want, wish, prepare, strive, decide, be able to and etc. He's nice knows how to make you laugh everyone. Not with him bold I die uh, you have ask, on you take a look. We, Alexey Stepanych, are with you couldn't say two words. Ranks by people

there is. Ah, Chatsky! Love you are all fools dress up... (A.S. Griboedov) Chichikov, as we have already seen, made up his mind at all don't stand on ceremony... Got it in my head it was for the night make a wish on the cards after prayer...(N.V. Gogol) But why with a rhymer to roam across the world in defiance of the elements and the mind so I want to and at the hour of death of the poet? I have done so little for the future, but I only yearn for the future and I don't want to start at first...(A.A. Tarkovsky)

Modal meaning can be expressed not only by auxiliary verbs, but also by some short adjectives and participles, adverbs (words of the state category), nouns: glad, must, ready, obliged, capable, forced, necessary, possible, impossible, master, able, able etc. Molchalin for others himself ready to forget. She didn't give birth, but according to my calculations, must give birth. And you glorify This glad? After all necessary and depend from others. Not a craftswoman I'm on the shelves distinguish. (A.S. Griboedov)
In this case grammatical meaning mood and tense expresses linking verb be in the required form, so that the predicate consists of 3 words: 1) connective; 2) an auxiliary component expressed by a short adjective or participle, adverb, noun; 3) a verb in an indefinite form (the absence of a copula, as in the examples given above, indicates the present tense of the indicative mood; it would be more correct to say that in such sentences the copula is zero). Entering the hall, Chichikov had for a minute close your eyes eyes, because the shine from candles, lamps and ladies' dresses was terrible. ...Alcides, closing his eyes and opening his mouth, was ready to cry in the most pathetic way, but feeling that it was easy could have lost dish, brought his mouth back to its previous position and began gnawing a lamb bone with tears. Fetinya, as you can see, was a whip master There are feather beds. The coachman, noticing that one of them was big hunter become on his heels, lashed him with a whip...(N.V. Gogol)
A compound verb predicate can have a complicated form; in this case, in addition to the infinitive of the main verb, the infinitive of the auxiliary verb is used: In my summer shouldn't dare your judgment have. (A.S. Griboedov)

Exercises

1. Find compound verb predicates.

How I want to breathe into a poem
This whole world changing shape...

I'm afraid it's too late
I began to dream about happiness.

I won't sleep New Year's Eve,
New notebook I'll start today.

I wrote down a long address on a piece of paper,
I still couldn’t say goodbye and kept the piece of paper in my hand.
Light spread across the paving stones. On eyelashes and on fur,
And wet snow began to fall on the gray gloves.

(A.A. Tarkovsky)

Answer:I want to breathe, I started dreaming, I couldn’t say goodbye, I started falling.

Predicate I will not sleep simple verb, because this is the future compound tense of the verb. Verb I'll start can be taken as a phase auxiliary, but there is no infinitive verb in the sentence, so I'll start– a simple verbal predicate.

2. Find simple and compound verb predicates.

They saw a young nobleman beating a servant with anything. The stranger's entire appearance was remarkable, but the first thing that caught your eye was his huge nose. “What do you allow yourself?” – the philosopher asked sternly and heard in response: “I want to listen to the lectures of the great Gassendi, and this whip is spread out in my way. But, I swear on my nose, I will listen to this smartest man, even if I have to pierce this fool or someone else with a sword!” Gassendi's voice noticeably warmed: “Well, perhaps I can help you. What’s your name, young man?” “Savignon de Cyrano de Bergerac, poet,” the guest answered proudly. (A.L. Tsukanov)

Answer: simple verbs - saw it, it caught my eye(stable expression), allow me, I heard, I spread out, I will listen, I warmed up, they are calling, I answered; compound verbs – I want to listen, I’ll have to pierce it, I’m able to help.

It is important to draw students' attention to the fact that not every combination of a conjugated verb and an infinitive constitutes a compound verbal predicate. In a sentence Here began He to yawn And ordered take yourself to your room(N.V. Gogol) the first predicate is a compound verb (phasic verb in the past tense + main verb in the infinitive), and the second is a simple verb; action indicated in the infinitive take away refers not to the subject, but to some other person, servant or innkeeper, therefore the infinitive take away serves as a complement here. In a sentence He went look at the river flowing through the middle of the city(N.V. Gogol) infinitive of purpose take a look is a circumstance with a simple verbal predicate expressed by a verb of motion.

One young Athenian went to court. He claimed that his decrepit father had lost his mind and was therefore unable to manage the family’s property. The old man did not make excuses - he just read the tragedy that had just ended to the judges. After this, the dispute was immediately resolved in his favor, and his son was recognized as a shameless liar. The tragedy was called "Oedipus at Colonus", and the old man's name was Sophocles. (O. Levinskaya)

1) went to court– simple verb;
2) survived– simple verb;
3) unable to manage– compound verb;
4) didn't- simple verb.

Answer: 3.

Compound nominal predicate

In a compound nominal predicate there is a verbal connective expressing the grammatical meaning, and a main (nominal) component - words or phrases different parts speeches (most often nouns or adjectives) that contain the lexical meaning of the predicate.

The verb is most often used as a connective in a compound nominal predicate be in the form of some kind of inclination. He's in Rome there would be Brutus, in Athens - Pericles (A.S. Pushkin) – conditional. incl. In a harsh fate be stubborn, be gloomy,poor And bent... (N.S. Gumilyov) - command. incl. His voice was a song fire and earth...(N.S. Gumilyov) - will express. onc., past vr. Destructive will be crushed, knocked over fragments of slabs...(N.S. Gumilyov) - will express. on, bud. vr.
Present tense verb be usually absent; in other words, the copula is zero: Not a sinner he is in nothing, you are a hundred times more sinful. Liar He, gambler, thief. (A.S. Griboedov) However, there is also a copula in the present tense form of the verb be: Daughter of Hell, Malice There is co-maker countless cruel troubles.(V.A. Zhukovsky) Thought spoken there is a lie. (F.I. Tyutchev)
Other linking verbs can also be used in a compound nominal predicate: to appear, to remain, to become, to become, to be made, to be considered, to be called, to seem, to appear, to introduce oneself and so on.; they differ in meaning. The estate is ours was called a farm, – Kamenka farm, – main estate ours was considered Zadonskoe, where my father went often and for a long time, and to farm it was small, mongrel small in number.
In total it turned out to be more striking wax in the city.
Then my childhood life becomes more diverse . (I.A. Bunin)
Made our generals cheerful, loose, well-fed, white. Atrocities are large and serious often are called shiny... The atrocities are small and comic are called shameful... (M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin) AND Seems at all not difficult, whitening in the emerald thicket, the road I won’t say where.(A.A. Akhmatova)

It can be difficult to correctly determine the boundaries of the predicate and its type if the sentence contains a verb be in conjugated form. It is necessary to remind students that this verb can be not only a connective in a compound nominal predicate. If it is used in the meaning of “to have”, “to be”, “to occur”, then it is a simple verbal predicate in the sentence. Yesterday was ball, and tomorrow will two.(A.S. Griboedov) Left was gloomy forest, to the right - Yenisei.(N.A. Nekrasov) Here were relatives of those who went to where I was in a hurry. (N.A. Nekrasov)
Verb be is not used as an auxiliary in a compound verbal predicate: will fly, we will remember - this is the compound future tense of the verb and, therefore, in a sentence it is a simple verbal predicate. We we will remember and in the cold of Lethea, that the earth cost us ten heavens.(O.E. Mandelstam)

The nominal part of a compound nominal predicate is usually

short adjectives and participles – House of greenery painted (participle) in the form of a grove. Myself thick (adjective) , its artists skinny (adjective) (A.S. Griboyedov);

nouns in the nominative or instrumental case – Deceased was venerable chamberlain. (A.S. Griboedov) Marriage to us it will be torture. (A.S. Pushkin) Lace, stone, be And become a web... (O.E. Mandelstam);

full names adjectives in the nominative or instrumental case –After all crazy your father...(A.S. Griboedov) Am I really real and will death really come? In such moments and the air to me seems brown... (O.E. Mandelstam) I I won't more young. (S.A. Yesenin);

comparative adjectives superlatives – Ah, evil tongues scarier pistol. Well, constant taste in husbands most expensive! (A.S. Griboedov)

In addition, the nominal part of the predicate can be expressed by prepositional case forms of the noun – And I'm in front of her V unpaid debt. (A.A. Tarkovsky) Mind with heart out of tune. (A.S. Griboyedov); pronoun – Like all Moscow residents, your father that's how it is... My custom such: signed, off your shoulders.(A.S. Griboyedov); adverb – After all, I am a little to her akin. (A.S. Griboyedov); infinitive – His joy is in the forests wander for the animals.(V.A. Zhukovsky); phraseological turn – He out of my mind. Dearest! You not at ease. (A.S. Griboedov)
The nominal part can be expressed by a phrase, the main lexical meaning of which is contained not in the main word, but in the dependent word. All old ladies - people are angry. He noticeable person... My husband - lovely husband... Ball good thing, bondage is bitter.(A.S. Griboedov)
The nominal part may include conjunctions as if, as if etc., introducing the meaning of comparison into the predicate. Your every verse - like a bowl poison, What's up, burned by sin.(A.A. Tarkovsky)

Exercise.Find compound nominal predicates.

Vaska Pechenkin’s favorite pastime is flying a kite. From this peaceful occupation he made himself a robbery. When his kite is flown, Vaska feels like the only master of the sky, and in front of him our poor snakes are like sparrows in front of a kite. Pechenkin's serpent is powerful and huge. (K.I. Chukovsky)

Answer:launched, launched, feels like a master, like sparrows, powerful and huge.

A compound nominal predicate can have a complicated form if the copula is used in the infinitive and is supplemented by a conjugated auxiliary verb, which adds additional meaning to the predicate. Yes a smart man can't help but be a rogue. (A.S. Griboedov) Those who think that only those minnows believe incorrectly may be considered worthy citizens, which, mad with fear, sit in holes and tremble.(M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin) So don't try to be smarter ... (O.E. Mandelstam)
There are predicates in which the lexical meaning is expressed not only by the nominal part, but also by a full-valued verb used instead of a connective. Typically it is a verb of movement or state: He will raise a cloud of dust, rustle with paper leaves and will not return at all - or he will come back at all another. (O.E. Mandelstam) In this sentence, it is equally important that it (rhythm or wind) will return (this would be a simple verbal predicate) and that it will become different (compound nominal). And you sat sadly (A.S. Pushkin) (sat and was sad). In school textbooks, such predicates are called a type of compound nominal predicate.

Exercises

1. Find simple verbal predicates expressed by 1) verb be in the required form; 2) phraseological use; 3) compound nominal predicate with a linking verb be.

The bear cub was quite tall, with intelligent eyes, a black muzzle, and he lived in a booth in the lyceum courtyard. It belonged to General Zakharzhevsky, manager of the Tsarskoye Selo palace and palace garden. Every morning, lyceum students saw how, when preparing to go around, the general patted the bear cub on the head, and he tried to break free from the chain and follow him.
And then one day, before the eyes of the lyceum students, an event occurred that brought the bear cub into political history Lyceum
General Zakharzhevsky, passing by the booth one day, to his horror, discovered that the booth was empty: the bear cub had broken free from the chain. We started looking, but to no avail: there was no bear cub either in the yard or in the garden. The general lost his head: two steps away was the palace garden... (Yu.N. Tynyanov)

Answer: 1) ...there is neither a bear cub in the yard nor in the garden did not have; two steps away was palace garden; 2) lost his head; 3) was quite tall, with intelligent eyes, a black muzzle….

2. Find 1) compound verbal predicates; 2) compound nominal predicate.

Alexander the Great crossed Persia with his sword, subjugated Egypt to his power, and reached the shores of Indian Ocean. On the vast territory of the state he formed, he established Greek language. On its basis, Latin writing arose in the second century BC. For about a thousand years the Greek language was state language Byzantine Empire.
But in Western Europe Only in the fourteenth century did they begin to study the language of the great thinkers of antiquity. Only then did it become a sign of learning for the enlightened people of his time.

(According to E. Vartanyan)

Answer:1) was the official language; became a sign; 2) began to study.

3. Find the predicate that is highlighted and characterized incorrectly.

He was a thoughtful hare, he looked for a daughter from a widow, a hare, and wanted to get married. (M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)

1) was thorough– compound nominal;
2) looked out– simple verb;
3) wanted to get married- compound verb.

Answer: 1.

4. Find the predicate that is highlighted and characterized correctly.

He was an old campaigning beast, he knew how to build dens and uproot trees; Consequently, to some extent he knew the art of engineering. (M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)

1) was– simple verb;
2) knew how to build– compound verb;
3) uproot– compound nominal;
4) knew art– compound nominal.

Answer: 2.

Dash between subject and predicate in a simple sentence

A dash is often placed between the subject and the compound nominal predicate with a zero connective. The presence or absence of a dash is determined by what parts of speech the main members are expressed and what words stand between them in the sentence.
A dash is placed if the subject and predicate are expressed by nouns in the nominative case: Grushnitsky - cadet. Nature is a fool, fate is a turkey, A life is a penny! My answer – title this book.(M.Yu. Lermontov) Love- saint keeper ily il formidable fighter spiritual purity. Immortality... a quiet, bright shore; our path- to him aspiration. (V.A. Zhukovsky) Oh! My God! Am I really one of those people who target all life - laughter? (A.S. Griboedov) The predicate can be expressed by a phrase with the main word - a noun in the nominative case: Taman – the worst little town from all the coastal cities of Russia.(M.Yu. Lermontov)
There can be words before the predicate this means; a dash is placed before these words: Learning is the plague, learning is the reason that today there are more crazy people, deeds, and opinions than ever before.(A.S. Griboedov)
If the predicate contains a linking verb, the dash is not placed: Providence was secret feedman is yours.(V.A. Zhukovsky) Expectation no violent death There is is it already real disease? (M.Yu. Lermontov)
A dash is not placed if there is a difference between the subject and the predicate.

particle (the most common negative particle is Not) : Sin is not a problem word of mouth is not good.(A.S. Griboedov) But bad pun is no consolation for a Russian person... Passions nothing more than ideas at its first development...(M.Yu. Lermontov);

conjunction (comparative or any other): The bazaar is like a field, sown alternately with rye, oats, and buckwheat,(O.E. Mandelstam) At least ours Kabardians or Chechens although robbers, naked people, but desperate heads... (M.Yu. Lermontov);

introductory word: This Human, without a doubt, Jonah.

If the subject and predicate are expressed as nouns in the nominative case, but the predicate is before the subject, a dash is not placed between them: This valley is a wonderful place! These Asians are terrible beasts!(M.Yu. Lermontov) (in these sentences the words valley And Asians are subject, and nice place And terrible beasts– predicates). In the remark of the heroine of the poem by V.A. Zhukovsky Prince of Kyiv is my parent subject parent because she answers the question about herself, not about Kiev prince; therefore, the dash is not needed.

Exercise. Find among the sentences given while preserving the author's punctuation one in which the placement of punctuation marks corresponds to the rules.

1. ...And his saber is a real gurda: put the blade to your hand, it will dig into your body...
2. Admit it, however, that Maxim Maksimych is a person worthy of respect?
3. His arrival in the Caucasus is also a consequence of his romantic fanaticism...
4. My soldier’s overcoat is like a seal of rejection.
5. ...Vera's husband, Semyon Vasilyevich G...v, is a distant relative of Princess Ligovskaya.

(M.Yu. Lermontov)

A dash is placed between the subject and the predicate if one of the main members is expressed by a noun in the nominative case, and the other by a verb in the indefinite form (or a phrase with the main word - a verb in the indefinite form): to you in the world living is a disaster... Untested joy– by them live, for them breathe. Otrada to us - tears of happiness pour! To be great, to be wise- your definition... (V.A. Zhukovsky) Produce effect - their pleasure. His target – become a hero novel.(M.Yu. Lermontov)
It is also necessary to put a dash in the case when both main members of the sentence are expressed by verbs in an indefinite form: Scientist learn- only spoil.

A dash is usually not placed if the subject is expressed by a personal pronoun: I'm pathetic, I'm funny I'm ignorant,I'm a fool. (A.S. Griboedov)
A dash is placed if both main members are expressed in the nominative case of a cardinal number (or a phrase with a numeral) or one – in the nominative case of a cardinal number, and the other – in the nominative case of a noun: Wheel – one of the most brilliant inventions in the history of mankind. Three times three – nine.

Exercises

1. Find among the sentences given while preserving the author's punctuation those in which the placement of punctuation marks does not comply with the rules.

1. Alien hordes are food for swords... (V.A. Zhukovsky)
2. O my friend! The mind is the executioner of all joys! (V.A. Zhukovsky)
3. Love – self-oblivion! (V.A. Zhukovsky)
4. All your disasters are dreams of the imagination... (V.A. Zhukovsky)
5. Dear friend, don’t you hear that the crackling noise of life is only a distorted response of triumphant harmonies? (V.S. Soloviev)
6. I am a parrot from the Antilles... (N.S. Gumilyov)
7. She is not a pale wife, but a crowned goddess. (N.S. Gumilyov)
8. All of us, saints and thieves, from the altar and the prison, we are all funny actors in the theater of the Lord God. (N.S. Gumilyov)
9. A star ray is like salt on an ax... (O.E. Mandelstam)

Answer: 2, 5, 6, 8, 9.

2. Find the incorrect statement.

There is no dash between the subject and the predicate, pronounced nouns in the nominative case, if the predicate is preceded by

1) particle;
2) agreed upon definition;
3) introductory word;
4) linking verb.

Answer: 2.

3. Find among the sentences given while preserving the author's punctuation, one in which the placement of punctuation marks corresponds to modern rules.

1. Werner is a wonderful person for many reasons.
2. Of two friends, one is always the slave of the other...
3. According to local scientists, this failure is nothing more than an extinct crater...
4. Maybe you don’t know what “opportunity” is? This is a cover consisting of half a company of infantry and a cannon, with which convoys travel through Kabarda from Vladikavkaz to Yekaterinograd.
5. The history of the human soul, even the smallest soul, is perhaps more curious and useful than the history of an entire people, especially when it is a consequence of observations of a mature mind over itself...

(M.Yu. Lermontov)

Answer: 3.

4. Find among the sentences given while preserving the author's punctuation one in which the placement of punctuation marks does not correspond to modern rules.

1. But he only answered me that the wild Circassian woman should be happy, having such a sweet husband like him, because in their opinion he is still her husband, and that Kazbich is a robber who needed to be punished.
2. One word is a whole story for us...
3. Ideas are organic creations...
4. Is it really possible, I thought, that my only purpose on earth is to destroy other people’s hopes?
5. Mountain rivers, the smallest ones, are dangerous, especially because their bottom is a perfect kaleidoscope...
6. I am like a man yawning at a ball who does not go to bed only because his carriage is not yet there.

(M.Yu. Lermontov)

Answer: 6.

It is worth drawing students' attention to the fact that they need to distinguish between sentences with the word This between subject and predicate: Irpen is a memory of people and summer, of freedom, of escape from bondage...(B.L. Pasternak) – and sentences where the pronoun This– the subject and the dash are not placed between it and the predicate: This is truly a new miracle, it is spring again, as before.(B.L. Pasternak)
The teacher must be prepared for puzzled questions from students who have discovered that the rules for placing a dash between the subject and the predicate are very often violated in printed texts. There are at least two explanations for this. Firstly, not all cases described in detail in handbooks for press workers are considered in school. For example, reference books indicate that you should not put a dash if there is an adverb between the subject and the predicate: But this calmness is often a sign of great, albeit hidden strength...(M.Yu. Lermontov) Secondly, most formulations include the words as a rule, usually those. Variable punctuation is allowed; the presence or absence of a dash is determined by intonation, the presence or absence of a pause, and the need for logical emphasis. But in exam papers, students and applicants should not deviate from the rules; copyright marks are considered as errors.

Predicate as a member of a sentence.

At school, each of us studied a subject such as the Russian language. Very important role was given suggestions. Let's try today to remember the analysis of the proposal for components. The grammatical basis of a sentence is the predicate. Let's look at the predicate in more detail.

Predicate- one of the main members of the proposal. Let's look at the questions that the predicate answers.

What questions does the predicate answer?

The predicate denotes the action of the subject. Answering the questions “what to do?”, “what to do?”, “what is the subject?” and “who is he?” a predicate can describe not only an action, but also a state. A characteristic feature of the predicate is that it is most often represented by such a part of speech as a verb. Although, there are exceptions. This member of the sentence can easily be a participle, an adjective, or even a noun. Let's give an example: “The baby smiled, looking at his mother,” the predicate will be the word “smiled,” this word is a verb and denotes the action of the subject, that is, “baby.”

Types of predicates.

There are three types of predicates. Let's take a closer look at them.

Simple verb predicate.

In the first case, the predicate is represented by an ordinary verb. It can be in any mood, for example, “he is sitting " or "he lying " The big misconception is that if the predicate is represented by one word, then it is necessarily a simple verb. But no! A simple verbal predicate can be represented as two or three words. For example, " I'll go play " or "Alice waited, waited summer and didn't wait ».

Compound verb predicate.

The second situation represents the predicate in the form of an indefinite form of a verb and an auxiliary verb. Again, the predicate can consist of three words. Most often used as an auxiliary verb modal verbs or verbs indicating the phase of action. Here are some examples: “He wants to go to the party" or "I yesterday I could not with her see you ».

Compound nominal predicate.

In the case when the predicate is a compound nominal, it contains a linking verb and a nominal part. The nominal part can be expressed by almost any part of speech, and the most common linking verb is “to be.” Examples: “Food it was tasteless ", "His connection with underworld was obvious ».

Subject and predicate are linguistic concepts associated with the study of sentence structure. Both of these members are recognized as the main ones and represent sentences, its semantic center.

There is a close grammatical and lexical connection between them. Often you can find the predicate in a sentence through its relationship to the subject, and the subject through its connection with the predicate.

Semantic features of the predicate

If the subject names an object, then the predicate names the attribute that characterizes this object. This may be a certain action, state, property, quality, quantity, generic concept or accessory. Let's give examples.

"Father came to the window." The predicate “came up” expresses the action of the object named by the subject “father”.
"Veronica was happy." The compound predicate “was happy” denotes the state of the object expressed by the subject “Veronica”.
“Raindrops sparkle like gems in the sun.” Here the predicate is the phrase “shimmer with gems”, it characterizes the property of raindrops in the sun.
“The clothes were worn.” The predicate “turned out to be worn” expressed the quality of the object designated by the subject “clothes”.
"Three times three is nine." Here both main terms are expressed as numerals. The predicate expressing quantity is the word “nine”.
"Potato - vegetable crop" The predicate “vegetable crop” is a generic concept.
“The bow is Anyutkin, the shoes are mine.” IN this proposal with two stems, the predicates “Anyutkin” and “mine” are expressed as a noun and a pronoun, respectively, and they denote belonging.

Three semantic tasks of the predicate in a sentence

“What does the object do? What's happening to him? Who or what is he? What is he like? - these are the questions that can be asked to the predicate. Thus, this member of the sentence is capable of solving three main tasks:

Names the action that the subject performs: “The pain has subsided.”
Names the action that the subject experiences on himself: “The house was completely inhabited by people.”
Fixes the subject as the owner of a certain attribute: “His intentions were serious.”

As a predicate

Most often, the performer of the role of the predicate in a sentence is a verb. The predicate may consist of one or more verbs in the personal form. Example: “The bird sang and began to sing.”

The predicate may well be expressed by other parts of speech and syntactic constructions.

Nouns: “London is the capital of Great Britain.”
Adjectives: “Southern night - warm, velvety.”
Numerals: “Five five is twenty five.”
Adverbs: “Hands together, legs apart.”
Participle: “The tea has been drunk, the cheesecakes have been eaten.”
Pronoun: “Ten percent of the deal is mine.”
In phraseological phrase: “Frightened, Kostya saw only him.”
In a whole sentence: “Good health is when you forget about it.” IN in this case a predicate is a construction consisting of the sentence “this is when you forget about it.”

Varieties of predicate

It can be both simple and compound.

The simple has a name because it can be expressed by verbs in its different forms - in all three tenses (present, future, past), in the imperative and in the indefinite form, in the inconjugated form of the verb “is”.

A compound predicate combines two elements, one of which is main and the other is auxiliary. Such a predicate is divided into two types - compound nominal and compound verb. In the first, the connective part of the predicate is expressed by one of the names - a noun, numeral, adjective, adverb, pronoun, participle, and in the second - by an infinitive. Examples:

“Vera Ivanovna began to lecture me.” Composition verb the predicate is expressed by the verb wives. kind, units h., passed. time “began” and the infinitive “to read”.
“The holiday will be great!” Here is the compound. names the predicate is a combination of the verb future. time, 3 l., units. h. “it will work out” and the adjective “magnificent”.

Homogeneous predicates

Homogeneous are those members of a sentence that equally refer to the same word. For example, homogeneous predicates are lexemes that refer to the same subject and answer the same question. They can be connected by conjunctions or separated by commas, and are marked by enumerative intonation. Examples:

“He asked, begged, convinced, but she did not flinch or give in.” The predicates “asked, begged, convinced” are homogeneous. They, answering the question “what did you do?”, refer to the subject “he”. The predicates “did not falter and did not yield” are also homogeneous, they are connected by the conjunction And, refer to the subject “she”. We ask them a question: “What did you do?”
“Maxim saw Lilya and stood rooted to the spot.” In this sentence, the simple predicate “saw” and the stable expression “stood rooted to the spot” are homogeneous. They both refer to the subject “Maxim” and answer the same question: “What did you do?”

We always emphasize the predicate with two features, no matter how many there are in the sentence.

Predicate along with the subject, it is an element of the grammatical basis of the sentence. The predicate denotes the action that the subject performs, as well as its state or attribute, therefore, the predicate answers questions what to do? what to do? what happens to the item? what is the subject? what is he? who is he? As a rule, the predicate is expressed by a verb, but there are other ways of expressing it - noun, adjective, pronoun, participle, etc.

The predicate of the Russian language is represented by three types - simple verbal predicate, compound verb and compound nominal. In order to quickly and correctly determine the type of predicate in a particular case, it is necessary, firstly, to present a diagram of the composition of the predicate, and secondly, to be able to apply the theoretical scheme to specific linguistic material. Let's look at the types of predicates, briefly describe each of them and follow the implementation with an example.

1. Simple verb predicate.

This is the simplest type of predicate - it is expressed by a verb in some mood. For example, he plays; would have come earlier etc. Most often, this type is remembered using the formula: one word in the predicate, which means the predicate is a simple verb. It is not difficult to guess that this formula is erroneous: this type includes predicates that contain 2, 3 or even more words. For example:

He will for a long time recall about the past(future complex).

Let stars forever illuminate your long, long winter journey(imperative mood).

He lost his temper (phraseologism).

They waited, waited And didn't wait (repetition of one verb in different forms).

Spring waited, waited nature(repetition of the same verb forms).

Don't be offended, but it will still be in my opinion(repetition of one verb with the particle not).

I'll go for a walk (combination different verbs in the same form).

2. Compound verb predicate.

This predicate is built according to the scheme: auxiliary verb + infinitive. All these elements must be present in the predicate so that we can call it a compound verb! Again, you should not think that this predicate consists of 2 components - there may be more.

He wants to enroll in the Institute.

I'm long could not with them meet.

You must study.

He was looking to have fun.

I was unable to think about it.

Note that phase verbs (those that denote the phase of action) most often act as auxiliary elements - start, continue, become, quit) or modal words ( must, must, wants).

3. Compound nominal predicate.

Such a predicate consists of a linking verb and a nominal part. The most common linking verb be, but you can also find other connections. The nominal part is expressed as an adjective. Noun, adverb, participle, pronoun, etc.

Weather was good.

The book is true Friend.

He has character harder become.

Grass beveled.

Evening quiet.

Error was obvious.

Two by two - four.

This notebook my.

As you can see, determining the type of predicate is not a difficult task; you just need to confidently and completely know the material and, most importantly, be able to navigate it.

website, when copying material in full or in part, a link to the source is required.

Views