Atlas of ornamental trees and shrubs. Computer identification of trees and shrubs in the autumn-winter period Atlas-identifier of indoor plants
This plant identification atlas is almost unique. Firstly, it is for children, and secondly, it contains only the most famous and popular plants that a child encounters in life. The question invariably arises, what is the name of this herb or this flower and, often, parents cannot answer their child’s question. Now the student can find the answer himself. Plants in the atlas are conveniently arranged by growth, and if the plant of interest grows in our home, most likely we need to look for it in the “houseplants” section and so on. The identification atlas is also required for preparation homework on the surrounding world for grades 1, 2, 3 and 4 to students under the Perspective and School of Russia programs, where Pleshakov’s textbooks are used.
Atlas-identifier of indoor plants
Houseplants are plants designed to decorate our living space, they are beautiful and remain so all year round. In fact, these are plants from tropical countries, where it is warm all year round and the plant does not need to “fall asleep” or wither in the fall. True, in nature they grow much larger in size. Such herbs and flowers settled in our pots on the windows. Some of them have beautiful leaves, and some delight us with their bright flowers.
Plants with beautiful leaves
Aloe, asparagus, aspidistra, aucuba, begonia, dracaena, tradescantia (zebrina), kalanchoe, saxifrage, coleus, ivy, sansevieria (pike tail), coffee tree, lemon, spurge, monstera, chamerops palm, scindapsus, sedum, Crassula, ficus , date palm, chlorophytum, cyperus, cissus (indoor grape).
More than 300 species of aloe are known, most of them grow in wildlife- in Africa, South America, Madagascar, the Arabian Peninsula. The height of individual representatives of the species reaches 15 meters. Aloe blooms in the wild. The bush shoots a long arrow from a rosette of its fleshy leaves, at the end of which a spike-shaped flower with tubular petals blooms.
Numerous representatives of the asparagus genus are perennial herbs, shrubs and vines. Their stems are thin and flexible, leaf-shaped shoots resembling needles serve as leaves. From a distance it seems that the branches are fluffy and resemble feathers. Asparagus flowers are light, small, and after flowering red berries are formed. Asparagus is an unpretentious plant.
This evergreen plant is native to East Asia. Aspidistra is shade-loving. The name is translated into Russian as “snake indicator”. The shaded, cool places where it grows in nature are often inhabited by snakes, and the gray curved rhizome of the aspidistra also resembles a snake. The popular name of the plant is “friendly family”.
Its evergreen shrubs with reddish-brown flowers and leathery leaves that are neatly gathered in a bunch grow wild in China, the Himalayas, Korea and Japan. Due to its indescribable beauty, ease of cultivation and care, the plant spreads very quickly and widely in Russian culture. Aucuba has an original color of leaves that are strewn with yellow spots as if sprinkled with gold. For this reason, aucuba received the popular name golden tree. For reproduction you need 2 plants - male and female.
Begonia. In the 17th century, during an expedition to the island of Haiti, the French monk Plushier discovered and described a plant unfamiliar to him, which he named begonia in honor of the island's governor and flower collector Michel Begon. The colorful and vibrant leaves of this plant are so varied that it can sometimes be difficult to determine that it is a begonia. There are many varieties of begonias with different leaf colors. However, these plants are characterized by a creeping rhizome, creeping along the surface or located shallowly underground and small, pale pink flowers.
is a beautiful evergreen shrub native to Africa. It also grows on the Canary Islands, where there are even legends associated with it: for example, one of them says that the Dragon tree (this is the second name for dracaena) grew from a drop of the blood of a fantastic animal - a dragon. And indeed, the plant has reddish sap. It looks like a palm tree with a bare trunk formed after the lower leaves dry out. The plant is quite unpretentious.
came to us from distant America. The famous botanist John Tradescant developed this wonderful plant together with his son, John Jr. This plant was named in their honor. Tradescantia is the most popular and easy to care for indoor plant. The main decoration of the plant is its amazing leaves.
They grow on straight shoots of great length, with numerous branches, forming a lush bush. The color of the leaves can be green, silver, with a purple tint. The flowers are small, of different shades. Some varieties of Tradescantia have original striped leaves; such plants are called zebrafish.
initially became a resident of window sills not for beauty, but for beneficial features. The Aborigines used it as a healer and savior from thirst in a hot climate, hence its second name - the tree of life. The leaves of almost all species of this plant are thick and fleshy, and the stems can be either creeping or erect. Easy to care for. The leaves of Kalanchoe produce small new plants with stems and roots, which fall to the ground and grow into new plants.
IN natural environment it can be found in China and Japan. In nature, saxifrage grows on rocky embankments, in rock crevices and among low-lying meadows. The plant is interesting because it produces long tendrils with a shoot of a new plant at the end, the shoot takes root and a new plant grows from it, away from the mother one.
Coleus (nettle). In nature, there are about 60 species of this plant. Coleus is a flowering plant, but its flowers are so inconspicuous that they do not have any decorative interest, although they smell very pleasant. But its leaves have a very impressive bright and variegated color. The shape of the leaves is similar to a nettle leaf, but they are not as prickly. Coleus is unpretentious, although it is heat-loving and light-loving. In winter, when the temperature drops sharply, it may shed its leaves. It is propagated by seeds and cuttings.
Ivy (chedera). A climbing evergreen plant that reaches thirty meters in length in nature. About fifteen species of ivy are known, growing in the subtropics of Europe, Asia, Africa and the Americas, mainly in shady, moist forests. Ivy has been known to mankind since time immemorial: among the ancient Greeks it was an emblem of fun and love, poets wore ivy wreaths at celebrations and feasts. Evergreen ivy was also popular as a medicinal plant. The stems of the plant are long, creeping, with tendrils. Decorative ivy has more than 100 varieties, which differ in size, leaf shape and color. At home, ivy does not bloom, but in nature it produces small yellow flowers.
Sansevieria (pike tail) takes its ancestral roots from the poor and rocky soils of Sri Lanka, Central Africa, Asia, India and Madagascar. The plant has been known since the 18th century; it received its name in honor of the Neapolitan prince Sanseviero, who made a great contribution to the development of the science of botany. This is one of the hardiest indoor plants. Sansevieria have terrestrial creeping shoots and shallow roots, so they can be planted in flat containers. Sansevierias differ in the color of the leaves, their length and the shape of the rosette. Its color is influenced by sunlight; the more of it, the more pronounced the stripes on the leaves. In nature, Sansevieria blooms, the flowers are small, white, collected in a panicle.
From left to right: 1-coffee tree, 2-lemon, 3-euphorbia, 4-monstera, 5-chamerops palm, 6-scindapsus, 7-sedum, 8-crassula, 9-ficus, 10-date palm, 11-chlorophytum, 12-cyperus, 13-cissus (indoor grapes).
Indoor flowers
Abutilone, balsam, upstart, geranium (pelargonium), hippeastrum, gloxinia, hydrangea, calla lily, calceolaria, Chinese rose, clivia, bluebells, Amazon lily, passionflower, Saintpaulia, fuchsia, cyclamen, cacti (zygocactus, prickly pear).
In the wild, it can be found in Asia and Africa. The flower is completely unpretentious and blooms almost constantly. Among the people, it received many other names, such as: light, evergreen, touch-me-not, Vanka-wet. Its fleshy leaves with wavy edges are green-reddish, green or bronze in color. Drops of liquid may form on the tips of the leaves when humidity increases, which is why this plant is popularly called Vanka-wet. Impatiens flowers are found in the axils of the leaves. The color of the flowers is varied. So, you can find varieties with pink, red, white, orange, purple flowers, and they may also have spots or stripes.
Geranium or pelargonium has long and firmly occupied many window sills as an unpretentious and beautiful plant. The scientific name pelargonium is translated from Greek as “stork” or “crane”. This unusual name The plant got it because of its fruits, which are as long as a bird’s beak. There are more than 400 species of geranium in the world, which can be found almost all over the world. Large geranium flowers have 5 regularly spaced small flowers. They can be terry and smooth; shades include white, red, purple and blue geranium. The smell of geranium is sharp and recognizable.
Hippeastrum. Translated, the name of the flower sounds like “Cavalry Star”. The homeland of this plant is tropical Africa and America. Breeders have created more than 2,000 different varieties of hipperastrum, differing in flower size and petal color. Hippeastrum has a large fleshy bulb and wide-linear leaves, reaching a length of 50-70 cm. Flowers on a long straight stem are collected in an umbrella of 2-3 pieces, the flowers are large and brightly colored: from white to dark red. Hippeastrum is a light-loving plant.
In the wild, calla lilies are found in South Africa and most often grow near bodies of water or in swampy places. Often the root and some of the shoots are in water. The heart-shaped calla leaves are located on very long petioles and are quite large in size. Their color is either green or variegated, with the spots having a cream or white tint. The shoots are erect, with one flower at the top. The inflorescence has the shape of a spadix, as if wrapped in a blanket, the length of which is approximately 15 centimeters. It comes in yellow, pink, white, cream, and purple. Calla loves warmth and moisture.
- This is the most common genus of Cactus plants. This family has about 300 species. Prickly pear considers South America to be its homeland, but recently it has taken root well on the warm southern coast of the Crimean Peninsula. This cactus has fleshy shoots and spines all over its surface. The cactus blooms with large flowers of pink or yellow shades. After the plant has flowered, a fruit appears - a plump berry with a pleasant sweet taste. They are also called “Indian figs” - which can be eaten.
Abutilon (indoor maple) has a length of up to 2 m. Blooms from spring to autumn. The flowers are numerous, hanging down.
Amazon lily (eucharis) native to South America. The name eucharis means "pleasant, lovely." This plant has large white, fragrant flowers.
Gloxinia (sinningia) also brought from South America. The plant has large flowers and velvety leaves.
Calceolaria grows up to half a meter in height. Its flowers look like shoes and appear in the spring. The name translates as “shoe-like.” Homeland of the plant - South America.
Saintpaulia (Usambara violet) originally from Africa, from the Uzambara Mountains. It blooms almost all year round with numerous flowers. And its leaves are fleshy and covered with hairs.
Fuchsia notable for its flowers that hang down like earrings. The homeland of fuchsia is South America. This plant blooms all summer.
Aquarium plant guide
1-vallisneria, 2-cabomba, 3-cryptocoryne, 4-hornwort, 5-pistia, 6-richcia, 7-rotala, 8-sitnyag, 9-elodea.
Plants live not only on land, but also in water. In our aquariums, they not only serve as decoration, but also release oxygen, which is necessary for fish to breathe, serve as their shelter, and also serve as food for some fish. In their structure, algae differ from other plants. Their body is not divided into roots, stems and leaves, but is represented by a thallus.
Elodea (hornwort)- the most popular aquarium plant. It is unpretentious and grows well. Floats in the water column. Distributed in many bodies of water.
Lives in nature in warm water bodies. It has long thalli twisted into a spiral and coming from the ground.
It has long thalli, dissected towards the ends into smaller ones, like dill. Grows in the ground. She is originally from America.
From tropical Asia, its thallus is thin and branched. Grows from the soil.
Algae similar to bushes of thin tall grass. It can be found in nature in swamps and along the banks of reservoirs.
Conferva. Unlike other algae, it does not take root at the bottom of the aquarium, but floats on the surface of the water. Found everywhere in Russian water bodies.
Pistia (water salad) also floats on the surface. Its thalli are quite large, about the size of a palm. The plant's homeland is Africa.
Atlas-determinant of ornamental plants of the flower garden
Plants with colorful flowers: crocus (saffron), noctule, primrose, daisy, iris, tulip, tobacco, lily, astilbe, sweet pea, petunia, cosmos, zinnia, Turkish carnation, dicentra, columbine, salvia, nasturtium, pansy, mouse hyacinth, delphinium, aconite, phlox, gladiolus, peony, rudbeckia "Golden Ball", dahlia, aster, chrysanthemum, marigold, physalis.
Flowers in shades of yellow: doronicum, narcissus, daylily, calendula, snapdragon, goldenrod.
Climbers: clematis, echinocystis, virgin grapes, hops.
When summer ends, the flower beds are painted with all the colors of the rainbow. The asters are blooming. The petals of these beautiful flowers have a wide variety of colors - white, red, pink, purple, yellow. The size of the inflorescences ranges from very small to large. Some flowers look more like colored daisies, while others are fluffy, like chrysanthemums. Bushes also vary depending on the variety: from low and compact to tall. The history of the spread of many wonderful flowers is like a detective story. So, several centuries ago, China kept the secrets of its plants as state secrets. To obtain rare seeds, Europeans went to various kinds tricks. Thus, back in the first half of the 18th century, the monk Nicolas Incarville from France, who received initial knowledge of botany and an assignment from the director of the Royal Garden of Versailles, went to preach in China. While traveling around the country, he collected and secretly sent seeds of various plants to his homeland. Thus, the seeds of beautiful asters came to Europe.
. The chrysanthemum, like the aster, came to us from the East. The chrysanthemum is similar to the aster; their leaves are distinguished by the shape of their leaves: the aster has thin, elongated leaves, while the chrysanthemum has carved leaves, a little like oak leaves, only much smaller in size. The size and color of these flowers can also be very diverse depending on the variety and growing conditions. Chrysanthemums bloom all summer long late autumn. The plant blooms even when many flowers have already withered after the first frost. The plant is perennial, which means that chrysanthemums will grow again in the same place in the spring.
. Russian name dahlia was given to the flower in honor of the St. Petersburg botanist, geographer and ethnographer I. Georgi. There are several species of this plant, distributed mainly in the mountainous regions of Mexico, Guatemala, and Colombia. According to one legend, dahlias used to grow only in the royal garden and were protected like the apple of their eye. One day, a young gardener stole a flower and planted it under his beloved’s window. The gardener was thrown into prison, but the flower ceased to be a beautiful secret and became available to ordinary people. According to another legend, the dahlia grew when the ground thawed after ice age, on the site of the last extinct fire. Her appearance became a kind of symbol of the victory of life and the beginning of a new era.
Dahlia is a tall plant with large lush flowers, larger than a man's fist. And if the dahlia’s petals seem to be lined up in even rows according to height, petal to petal, forming the correct pattern - this is pompon dahlia. Its spherical inflorescences reach a diameter of about 7 cm. The difference from other dahlias is clearly visible in the shape of the petals, which are rolled into a tube along the entire length. In some varieties, they are folded inward and overlapped, resembling roof tiles. Dahlias can come in a variety of colors: red, burgundy, pink, yellow, orange, white and even two-colored, in which the edges of the petals are lighter than the centers.
. The homeland of marigolds is America. They have long been used in rituals of local Indian tribes, as well as to get rid of various diseases. Marigolds came to Europe in the 16th century and were one of the first overseas flowers to appear in Russia. The flowers received the Russian name “marigolds” because of their petals, the surface of which resembles velvet. The British call this plant marigold, which means “Mary’s gold”, the inhabitants of Germany know it as studentbloom - student’s flower, and in Ukraine these beautiful flowers are called Chernobrovtsy. For the people of China, these flowers are a symbol of health and longevity; it is not for nothing that they are called “flowers of a thousand years.” Marigolds have flower baskets in different shades of yellow, brown and orange flowers. The peculiarity of the plant is that its leaves smell stronger, not the flowers. Marigolds bloom very profusely from June until the first frost.
. Africa is considered the birthplace of gladioli. The flower received its second name “sword” from the similarity of its long narrow leaves to swords, and the stem itself, tall and straight, resembles a gladiator’s sword. Each gladiolus flower is assembled from six lobes, fused at the base, and is shaped like a funnel. The color can be very different, from light yellow to dark burgundy, almost black, there are also blue flowers and even two-color ones. The corms of the flower were spoken of in ancient treatises as medicinal and magical, capable of curing diseases and protecting from enemies.
Sign No. 6: Dismemberment of the leaf (leaf blade). Based on this characteristic, all plants included in the guide are divided into 11 categories:
1 - Simple one-piece: the sheet is called simple , if there is only one leaf blade, regardless of the degree of its division. Whole the sheet is called if the cuts do not exceed one quarter leaf blade:
2 - Simple trifoliate: the sheet is called simple Bladed leaf. Threesome -the bladed leaf has three blades:
3 - Simple finger-lobe: the sheet is called simple , if there is only one leaf blade, regardless of the degree of its division. Bladed the sheet is called if the depth of the cut more than a quarter and less than half leaf. U fingered -lobed leaf lobes and cuts emerge as if from one point and the number of leaf lobes is more than three:
4 - Simple pinnately lobed: the sheet is called simple , if there is only one leaf blade, regardless of the degree of its division. Bladed the sheet is called if the depth of the cut more than a quarter and less than half leaf. Peristo - the bladed sheet has cuts located along the central axis of the sheet:
5 - Simple trifoliate: the sheet is called simple , if there is only one leaf blade, regardless of the degree of its division. Separate . Threesome - a separate sheet has three parts:
6 - Simple pinnately divided: the sheet is called simple , if there is only one leaf blade, regardless of the degree of its division. Separate the sheet is called if the cuts exceed half the blade, but do not reach the midrib or base of the leaf. Peristo - the separated sheet has cuts located along the central axis of the sheet:
7 - Simple trifoliate-dissected: the sheet is called simple , if there is only one leaf blade, regardless of the degree of its division. Dissected the sheet is called if the cuts reach to the midrib or base of the leaf. Threesome - the dissected leaf has three lobes:
8 - Complex ternary: complex leaves compound sheet . Trifoliate the leaf has three leaflets:
9 - Complex finger: complex a leaf is called when it contains several leaf blades, which are called leaves compound sheet . Palmate the leaf has from three to seven leaflets:
10 - Compound pinnate: complex a leaf is called when it contains several leaf blades, which are called leaves compound sheet . Pinnate In pairs A leaf that does not have a terminal leaflet is called pinnate (in contrast to an imparipinnate leaflet that ends with one leaflet, see paragraph 11 of this characteristic). Often in place of the terminal leaf there is a spine or tendril:
11 - Complex imparipinnate: complex a leaf is called when it contains several leaf blades, which are called leaves compound sheet . Pinnate the leaf has many leaflets located on an elongated petiole. Unpaired A leaf ending in one unpaired leaf is called pinnate:
In respect of species composition forests temperate climate are greatly inferior to tropical ones. Trees middle zone Russia are few in number and, it would seem, should be known to everyone. But that's not true. Of course, everyone can easily recognize a birch, pine or spruce, but not everyone can distinguish an elm from a maple or be able to describe what a linden tree looks like. It is also necessary to note that some trees predominate in forests, while others predominate in cities. This article will focus primarily on forest species.
Trees of central Russia: names
The most common coniferous tree of the East European Plain is pine. The common spruce is slightly less popular. White fir and deciduous larch are sometimes found. But the dominant position belongs to deciduous ones. They grow faster than conifers and adapt more easily to environmental changes, thanks to which they take root even in large cities. According to studies conducted on the territory of the Central Russian Upland, the predominant indigenous species are heart-leaved linden and common ash. Of course, birch and aspen are found everywhere. Various types of willows and black alder grow along the banks of forest rivers. In shady places you can find rough elm (also known as mountain elm). Typical trees of central Russia include various maples, common mountain ash, and forest apple trees. Decorative forms of apple trees, black and white poplars, and horse chestnut are common in cities.
Common ash
One of the most impressive in our forests: it reaches a height of forty meters. Ash has a straight trunk; the bark is gray-greenish. The tree prefers moist, but not swampy soils, so it often grows along streams and rivers. Young ash trees, unlike adults, are not demanding of light. In winter, the tree is easily identified by its large black buds. The crown of the ash tree is set high, openwork, beautifully shaped. It has very recognizable leaves - long (up to 35 cm), odd-pinnate.
In general, central Russia is the most accessible material for identification. By analyzing their shape, it is relatively easy to determine the species.
Linden cordifolia (small-leaved)
It is a fairly tall (up to 35 meters) tree. It grows on plains and in the foothills, often on cliffs and slopes. It takes root well in cities and is therefore often used as an alley plant. The linden has a straight trunk with wrinkled grayish bark. Trees that grow in clearings have powerful egg-shaped crowns. Linden is a honey tree. It blooms late, in mid-summer. Small white-yellow flowers have a distinct sweetish aroma and attract bees. In addition, they are medicinal.
The flowers are collected in a bunch, at the base of which there is a long leaf - the lionfish. Linden fruits are round nuts. The leaves are rounded, heart-shaped, slightly reminiscent of poplar. Deciduous trees in central Russia, as a rule, are not particularly durable, but the heart-leaved linden can live up to 800 years.
Black (sticky) alder
This tree doesn't mind high humidity. It is found in river valleys and even in swamps. Alder grows up to 30 meters. Its trunk is dark, with deep “wrinkles,” and the wood is reddish-yellow. The leaves are rounded, with a notch opposite the stem. Alder blooms in mid-spring, just during high water. Male trees have flowers collected in long yellow-violet catkins. Female inflorescences are shaped like hard cones.
Black alder loves light and it useful plant. Its wood is suitable for use in conditions of high humidity.
English oak
Trees in central Russia are medicinal, and individual parts of them are often used in medicine. Oak with its dark and very rough, but healing bark is no exception. This tall tree grows both on hills and in valleys. It has gnarled branches and easily recognizable leaves, which are called pinnate because they consist of several pairs of fused lobes.
Oak trees bloom in late spring. The fruits are light brown-yellow acorns (2-3 pieces on a long petiole). Oaks live long, their wood is hard and does not rot. For this reason, expensive furniture “for centuries” is made from it.
Rough elm (mountain elm)
Due to the abundance of longitudinal cracks in its bark. The height of the elm is 30 meters, and the plant is very slender, with a long strong trunk and a relatively wide crown. The trees of central Russia are distinguished by their unpretentiousness: for example, the rough elm produces abundant growth both in damp lowlands and in the mountains, climbing to a height of 1000 meters above sea level and taking root on rocky steeps. Elm is demanding not so much on ambient temperature as on soil fertility. It has large, rough and not very symmetrical oblong leaves with a double-serrate edge.
The rough elm appreciates partial shade, so you will not find it in open spaces. It blooms very early; purple-red flowers are collected in dense small bunches. By summer, the elm fruits ripen and fall. They are flattened nuts surrounded by two fused wide lobes.
Poplar and aspen
Almost everyone can identify these plants; a tree identification guide for central Russia is unlikely to be needed here. But still, speaking about the most common plants in our country, we cannot ignore these species. By the way, not everyone knows that the second name for aspen is trembling poplar. This tree is very undemanding to soil, but loves the sun. Aspen is rapidly taking over fresh fellings and clearings, but its age does not exceed 90-100 years. The trunk is long and smooth, with gray-greenish bark. The crown is small, sparse and located high. The leaves are almost round, with an uneven edge. The slightest breath of wind makes them tremble, which is due to the special structure of the petiole. Dark green above, gray below. In autumn they acquire a rich burgundy color.
Better known as a "cultivated" tree. It is more often found in cities along highways or on village streets than in forests. Poplar appreciates sun and moisture. At favorable conditions the tree grows up to 40 meters. The bark is gray, rough, with longitudinal cracks. The crown is extensive. The leaves are heart-shaped.
Conclusion
So, the article briefly described the trees of central Russia, the names of which are well known to everyone. Look at the photos, practice a little - and distinguishing one plant from another will not be difficult. Fortunately, as already noted, the forest flora of temperate climates is not so numerous.
EcoGuide: Guide to Ecosystems
EcoGuide: Guide to Ecosystems
Computer atlas-identifier of trees and shrubs of the central zone of the European part of Russia
in autumn-winter period
(identifier for buds and shoots in a leafless state)
Determinant
represents computer program, which “produces” a list of identifying morphological characteristics characteristic of all objects of a given Atlas-identifier. In this determinant, 16 characteristics () are used as defining ones.
To work with the determinant, the user must select features (in any order) and answer options (sign values) - checking with his object (it, of course, must be in front of the researcher). In this case, a list of all species included in the Key’s database will always be visible on the right side of the screen. With each answer, the number of species on this list will decrease until it comes to two or three or, ideally, one.
Textbook, or Handbook of Plant Morphology, contains information about the morphological structure of the objects included in the key. In relation to this determinant, the reference book includes information about shoot morphology And kidney morphology(see example below)
Sample description of morphological characteristics in the Textbook At the place where the fallen leaf is attached to the stem, it remains leaf scar(1 ), which has the appearance of a more or less sharply defined print-like spot or depression.
Leaf scars can be narrow or wide depending on the size of the petiole. The leaf scar is usually placed under the bud on a raised area called sheet pillow (2 ).On the leaf scar visible in the form of more or less large dots or tubercles leaf traces(3 ), which are traces of vascular bundles passing from the stem to the leaf petiole. There can be a different number of leaf traces: one, three, five or many. Sometimes leaf marks are not clearly visible, then you should make a thin section from the leaf scar (no more than 0.1-0.2 mm thick) and examine them with a magnifying glass. Since leaf scars and leaf marks are quite characteristic of each species, they have great importance when identifying woody plants in a leafless state. Sample description of identifying characteristics in the Textbook: Sign No. 13: Stem surface. Based on this characteristic, all plants included in the guide are divided into 7 categories: 1 - Angular, with ribs or grooves: The surface of the stem has longitudinal edges, ribs or grooves:
2 - Warts: The surface of the stem is covered with cork or wax warts:
3 - Cork wings: The stem has corky growths (integumentary periderm), the growth of which can be uneven, resulting in the formation of longitudinal comb-like outgrowths:
4 - Peeling film or bark: The surface of the stem is covered with a flaky film or bark:
5 - Waxy coating: The surface of the stem is covered with a waxy coating (white, bluish), which can be easily wiped off with a finger:
6 - Scales (scabs): The surface of the stem is covered with small scales (scabs):
7 - The stem is flattened at the nodes: The shoot has uneven thickness in different places– at the internodes it is round (in a cross section), and at the nodes it is flattened (oval in cross section):
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Computer identifier of woody plants Can purchase in our non-profit online store.
There you can purchase colored laminated definition tables: trees in summer and trees in winter, shrubs in summer and shrubs in winter, as well as similar graphic dichotomous wanderer identifiers: trees in summer, shrubs in summer, trees in winter and shrubs in winter.
Application.
List of woody plant species included in the guide:
(species are listed in alphabetical order)
| Actinidia kolomikta Aronia Michurina Common barberry Fluffy birch Hawthorn blood red Common horse chestnut Common raspberry Gray alder Black currant Pennsylvania ash |
Actinidia kolomikta Aronia mitschurinii Berberis vulgaris Betula pendula Betula pubescens Euonymus verrucosa Euonymus europaea Crataegus sanguinea Crataegus oxyacantha Crataegus monogyna Crataegus sp. Vaccinium vitis-idea Sambucus racemosa Calluna vulgaris Parthenocissus quinquefolia Cerasus vulgaris Daphne mezereum Ulmus laevis Ulmus pumila Ulmus glabra Vaccinium uliginosum Pyrus communis Swida alba Swida sanguinea Quercus robur Picea abies Picea pungens Lonicera xylosteum Lonicera tatarica Salix alba Salix caprea Salix viminalis Salix fragilis Salix myrsinifolia Salix acutifolia Salix aurita Amelanchier spicata Viburnum opulus Caragana arborescens Cotoneaster melanocarpus Acer platanoides Acer ginnala Acer tataricum Acer negundo Aesculus hippocastanum Frangula alnus Grossularia reclinata Corylus avellana Tilia platyphyllos Tilia cordata Larix decidua Rubus idaeus Juniperus communis Hippophae rhamnoides Alnus incana Alnus glutinosa Solanum dulcamara Physocarpus opulifolius Sorbus aucuparia Syringa josikaea Syringa vulgaris Prunus domestica Ribes rubrum Ribes spicatum Ribes nigrum Symphoricarpos albus Pinus strobus Pinus sylvestris Spiraea salicifolia Spiraea japonica Populus balsamifera Populus alba Populus tremula Populus nigra Thuja occidentalis Humulus lupulus Padus virginiana Padus maackii Padus avium Vaccinium myrtillus Philadelphus coronarius Rosa majalis Rosa rugosa Rosa canina Malus sylvestris Malus domestica Fraxinus excelsior Fraxinus pennsylvanica |
Full descriptions and thumbnail images of all species included in this guide can be viewed/downloaded in the sections Abstracts And Nature Ecosystem website.
Computer identifier of woody plants Can purchase in our non-profit online store.
There you can purchase colored laminated definition tables: trees in summer and trees in winter, shrubs in summer and shrubs in winter, as well as similar graphic dichotomous wanderer identifiers: trees in summer, shrubs in summer, trees in winter and shrubs in winter.
List of identifying characteristics and their meanings:
| 1. Growth form 1 - tree 2 - bush 3 - shrub 4 - liana 5 - erect |
2. Deciduousness 1 - overwinters with leaves 2 - overwinters without leaves 3 - aboveground shoots die off |
3. Sheet type (if any) 1 - sheet 2 - needle-shaped needles 1 each 3 - needle-shaped needles, 2 each 4 - needle-shaped needles 5 each 5 - scale-like needles |
4. Number of kidney scales 1 - no scales 2 - one (two fused) 3 - two 4 - three to five 5 - five-eight 5 - more than eight |
| 5. Kidney shape 1 - oval 2 - ovoid 3 - conical 4 - fusiform 5 - round 6 - lanceolate 7 - no kidney |
6. Kidney size 1 - less than 3 mm 2 - 3-7 mm 3 - more than 7 mm 4 - no kidney |
7. Number of buds at the top of the shoot 1 - one 2 - two 3 - three 4 - more than 3 5 - no kidneys |
8. Location of the kidneys 1 - regular, one bud per node 2 - regular, several buds in a node 3 - opposite, one kidney on both sides of the node 4 - opposite serial 5 - oblique 6 - whorled |
| 9. Features of the kidneys 1 - kidney on a leg 2 - sessile kidney 3 - bud in the leaf cushion 4 - no kidneys |
10. Pubescence of the shoot 1 - total escape 2 - kidneys only 3 - edges of ground scales 4 - no pubescence |
11. Additional education escape 1 - thorns or prickles 2 - spikes 3 - spines 1 each 4 - spines 2 each 5 - spines 3 each 6 - spines 5 each 7 - antennae 8 - the shoot ends with a thorn 9 - no |
12. Shortened shoots 1 - yes 2 - no |
| 13. Surface of the stem 1 - angular or with ribs 2 - grooves 3 - warts 4 - cork wings 5 - flaky film or bark 6 - waxy coating 7 - scales (scabs) 8 - the stem is flattened at the nodes 9 - no features |
14. Bark color 1 - gray 2 - brown 3 - black 4 - green 5 - red 6 - yellow 7 - purple 8 - reddish 9 - yellow-brown 10 - red-brown 11 - gray-brown 12 - greenish-brown |
15. Core 1 - round 2 - oval 3 - triangular 4 - angular 5 - hollow |
16. Additional signs 1 - strong unpleasant odor 2 - the smell of black currant 3 - branches are brittle 4 - lemon color under the bark 5 - twig-like shoots 6 - “weeping” crown 7 - there are inflorescences |
Norway spruce and Scots pine are the most famous coniferous trees. Cedar pine grows in Siberia. People often call it Siberian cedar. Larch is different from others coniferous trees soft needles that fall off in the winter. Fir is similar to spruce, but the fir needles are flat and have two rows of stripes at the bottom. When we hear the name "maple", we imagine a tree with large, beautifully carved leaves.
Norway spruce And Scots pine- the most famous coniferous trees.
Cedar pine grows in Siberia. People often call it Siberian cedar.
Larch differs from other coniferous trees in its soft needles that fall off in the winter.
Fir- similar to spruce, but fir needles are flat and have two rows of stripes at the bottom.
When we hear the name" maple", we imagine a tree with large, beautifully carved leaves. However, there is Tatarian maple with oval leaves with small protrusions, American maple, in which each leaf consists of 3 or 5 separate leaflets.
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