Alexander III and his government apparatus.

It was strange to look at this tall, broad-shouldered thirty-six-year-old man, who seemed like some kind of huge child, scared and confused. What happened then in this place was good for him famous room, it was incomprehensible and wild: the doctors were incomprehensible, these strangers with their sleeves rolled up, who walked around the room as if at home; It was not clear why Princess Ekaterina Mikhailovna was muttering some fragmentary French phrases in horror. And most importantly, the father was incomprehensible, who for some reason was lying on the floor and looking with still living eyes, without uttering a single word... Come on - is this the father? The bloody streak on the face changed the familiar features, and in this mutilated, legless and pitiful creature it was impossible to recognize the tall and brave old man.

It is strange that Sergei Petrovich Botkin calls this bloody body “His Majesty.”

Would you order, Your Highness, to extend His Majesty's life by an hour? This is possible if you inject camphor and more...

Is there no hope?

None, Your Majesty...

Then the Tsarevich ordered the valet Trubitsyn to remove the pillows that someone had placed from under the sovereign’s back. The wounded man's eyes stopped. He wheezed and died. The sovereign's dog, Milord, whined pitifully, crawling near the bloody body of the emperor.

We must escape from this terrible Winter Palace, where every footman, every stoker can be an agent of the mysterious and elusive Executive Committee. We must flee to Gatchina. There, Paul's palace is like a Vauban fortress. There are moats and towers. There are secret staircases leading to the royal office. There is an underground prison and a hatch. Through it you can throw a villain into the water, straight onto sharp stones, where his death awaits.

Anichkov Palace is also not reliable. But it can be secured. An underground gallery will be dug around it with electrical appliances. These sinister mole revolutionaries will die if they again decide to prepare a tunnel.

And Alexander III left for Gatchina and locked himself in it.

On March 3rd he received a letter from Konstantin Petrovich. “I cannot calm down from the terrible shock,” Pobedonostsev wrote. “Thinking about you in these moments, on the bloody threshold through which God wants to lead you into your new destiny, my whole soul trembles for you - with the fear of the unknown coming to you and to Russia , the fear of the great unspeakable burden that falls on you. Loving you as a person, I would like, as a person, to save you from the burden of a free life; but there is no human power for this, for God was so pleased. It was His holy will that you for this destiny you were born into the world and so that your beloved brother, going to him, will show you his place on earth.”

Alexander remembered how brother Nikolai died sixteen years ago. In the sixth week of Lent, in April, it became clear that the heir was not destined to live. Until then, it never occurred to Alexander that he should reign. He dreamed of a quiet and free life. And suddenly everything changed. He remembered how dear J. K. Grot, his teacher, came to him and began to console him, and he, Alexander, unexpectedly said to himself: “No, I already see that there is no hope: all the courtiers began to look after me.” . Having said this, he was horrified, for the first time imagining clearly that he would have to be a king. But he is not at all ready for the throne. He studied poorly and knows nothing. True, besides J. K. Grot, he had other teachers: he was taught a history course by S. M. Solovyov, law by K. P. Pobedonostsev, strategy by General M. I. Dragomirov. But he lazily and carelessly listened to them, not at all thinking about the Throne, about responsibility to Russia and the world.

Now it's too late to study. But you really need to know history, for example, in order to understand politics, in order to understand the meaning of this world drama, so cruel and gloomy. Well! He will have to look for people, listen to what those more experienced and knowledgeable than him say. Who to trust? Is it really Count Loris-Melikov? He remembered the Armenian nose and simple-minded eyes of this Mikhail Tarielovich, so well known to him, and a feeling of irritation and anger stirred in his heart. Didn't save my father. Simultaneously with Pobedonostsev’s letter, a note was received from Loris-Melikov: “The apartment from which on March 1 the two villains gave out the projectiles they used in the case was opened today before dawn. The owner of the apartment shot himself, the young woman who lived with him was arrested. Two projectiles were found and a proclamation regarding the last crime, herewith presented."

Alexander read the proclamation. “Two years of efforts and heavy sacrifices have been crowned with success. From now on, all of Russia can be convinced that persistent and persistent struggle is capable of breaking even the centuries-old despotism of the Romanovs. The Executive Committee considers it necessary to again publicly remind that it repeatedly warned the now deceased tyrant, repeatedly exhorted him to end their murderous arbitrariness and return Russia to its natural rights..."

Alexander did not understand this language. What's the matter? These people call the father a "tyrant". Why? Didn’t he free the peasants, reform the court, and give zemstvo self-government? What else do they want? Why are these people so impatient? Are they unhappy that the late father was in no hurry to give a constitution? They don't understand how complicated and difficult it all is. And they themselves interfered with reforms. Why did Karakozov shoot his father in 1866 or Berezovsky in Paris in 1867? For what? My father was hunted like an animal. Is it possible to think about reforms when you have to leave the palace with the Cossacks and wait for killers at every step?

Mikhail Tarielovich, however, convinced him, the Tsarevich, that it was necessary to involve zemstvo people in the discussion of state affairs. Alexander Alexandrovich believed the count that this was necessary. Here's a whole bunch of letters. Since about February last year, Mikhail Tarielovich corresponded with him, the heir, on the issue of a legislative advisory institution. And the father agreed to this. On the morning of March 1, the day of his death, he signed the “constitution.” From the point of view of these revolutionaries, the Loris-Melikov reform may not yet be a “constitution.” But you can’t do everything at once. He, Alexander Alexandrovich, knows history poorly, but these bomb throwers seem to know it worse than he does. What kind of “natural rights” of Russia is the author of this childish proclamation talking about? If he had listened to Konstantin Petrovich Pobedonostsev’s lectures on “law” or S. M. Solovyov’s arguments about history, then he probably would not have written his proclamation so cheekily.

However, all this is controversial and difficult, but one thing is clear: my father was torn to pieces by a bomb, that he will never smile or joke again, as he smiled and joked. Now I would like to forget about state affairs, not accept anyone, lock myself here in Gatchina, remember my childhood, youth, relationship with my father... I would like to forget all the grievances, my father’s abusive relationships with different women and this affair with the stupid Princess Dolgoruka, which lasted sixteen years... But You cannot think about your private family even in this hour of loss. What to do? Is it really possible to publish the “constitution” signed by my father? A year ago, the Tsarevich, and now the All-Russian Emperor, Alexander III, having learned that his father had approved Loris-Melikov’s liberal program, wrote to the minister: “Glory to God! I cannot express how glad I am that the Emperor so graciously and with such confidence accepted your note, dear Mikhail Tarielovich. With great pleasure and joy I read all the notes of the sovereign; now you can confidently go forward and calmly and persistently carry out your program for the happiness of your dear homeland and for the misfortune of the gentlemen ministers, who will probably be greatly offended by this program and the decision of the sovereign ", - God be with them! Congratulations from the bottom of my heart, and may God grant you a good start to lead you further and further and that the sovereign will continue to show you the same trust."

This was written on April 12, 1880, and weeks and months passed, and the matter did not move forward, because the well-intentioned Mikhail Tarielovich had to repeatedly report to the Tsar and the heir about arrests and assassination attempts, about intelligence information, about security - and all this prevented him from acting, and Loris-Melikov did not dare to present the final draft of his “constitution.”

“The cause of the nihilists,” he wrote to the heir on July 31, 1880, “is in the same position as it was during your Highness’s recent stay in Tsarskoe. Active actions, with the exception of one case, although not manifested, but this very lull encourages us to intensify supervision. Recently four very important arrests have been made in St. Petersburg. One of the detainees is the daughter of the retired guards captain Durnovo... The papers seized from Durnovo contain an indication of what was sent with her printing press... The charter of the federal society "Land and Freedom" was found with her... The second arrested, Zakharchenko, was taken on Liteiny, together with his common-law wife, the Jewish Rubanchik. Zakharchenko has already admitted that he worked in a tunnel...", etc., etc.

All these messages poured in as if from a cornucopia, and Mikhail Tarielovich did not dare to resume the conversation with the tsar about calling zemstvo leaders to participate in state affairs.

Meanwhile, “Narodnaya Volya” leaflets were distributed everywhere. “I decide to forward one copy of the leaflet to your highness, despite the fact that the entire second half of it is devoted to the most obscene mockery of me. I don’t know whether it has come to the attention of your highness that Goldenberg hanged himself in the his cell in the Peter and Paul Fortress, leaving extensive notes about the reasons that prompted him to commit suicide. The whole last week is remarkable in that, regardless of Goldenberg, there were three attempted suicides in the Peter and Paul Fortress and in the pre-trial detention center. Student Bronevsky hanged himself with a sheet, but was removed at the very beginning of the attempt. Khishchinsky was poisoned with a solution of phosphorus and was brought to his senses by timely medical aid, and finally, Malinovskaya, sentenced to hard labor, tried to take her own life twice, but was warned in time. I touched on these phenomena, as they lead to to the unfortunate conclusion that it is not only difficult, but also impossible to count on the healing of people infected with social ideas. Their fanaticism surpasses all belief; the false teachings with which they are imbued have been elevated to beliefs capable of leading them to complete self-sacrifice and even to a kind of martyrdom.”

So, the enemy is irreconcilable. And if Mikhail Tarielovich is right and the revolutionaries are really ready for anything, even martyrdom, then what concessions can calm and satisfy these people? Isn’t it obvious that the nihilists dream of something more serious and final than inviting zemstvo leaders to St. Petersburg meetings? Mikhail Tarielovich's "Constitution" will seem to them, perhaps, a pathetic sop, and it will serve as a reason for them to make new speeches. Shouldn’t we first destroy these enemies of order and legality, and then think about popular representation? Loris-Melikov, of course, is a respectable, intelligent and well-intentioned person, but he seems to look somewhat down on him, the Tsarevich. Konstantin Petrovich Pobedonostsev is no more stupid than Loris-Melikov, and as for education, it is difficult for Mikhail Tarielovich to compete with him, and yet this old teacher Alexander Alexandrovich not only does not have arrogance, but even feels the respect of a loyal subject. You can rely on Konstantin Petrovich. This one won't give out. And he, it seems, does not sympathize with Loris-Melikov’s plans.

And then came the terrible March 1st. Three days later, Loris-Melikov wrote to the emperor: “Today at two o’clock in the afternoon on Malaya Sadovaya a tunnel was opened from the house of Count Menden from a cheese shop. It is assumed that a battery has already been installed in the tunnel. Experts will begin the inspection. So far it has been discovered that the excavated earth was hidden in a Turkish sofa and barrels. This shop was inspected by the police until February 19 due to the suspicions that the shop owner, peasant Kobozev and his wife, who had recently arrived in the capital, aroused upon themselves; but during the inspection nothing was discovered at that time."

How is it “not detected”? No, it’s bad, it means they were protecting the person of the sovereign! But, in essence, Count Mikhail Tarielovich should be responsible for this...

On March 6, Alexander Alexandrovich received from Pobedonostsev long letter. “I am tormented by anxiety,” he wrote. “I myself do not dare to come to you, so as not to disturb you, for you have risen to great heights. ... The hour is terrible, and time is pressing. Either save Russia and yourself now, or never! sing the old siren songs about the need to calm down, the need to continue in the liberal direction, the need to give in to so-called public opinion - oh, for God's sake, don't believe it, Your Majesty, don't listen. This will be the death of Russia and yours, that's clear to me "As daylight. Your safety will not be protected by this, but will even decrease. The insane villains who destroyed your parent will not be satisfied with any concession and will only become furious. They can be appeased, the evil seed can be torn out only by fighting them to the stomach and to death, with iron and blood." . It was scary to read such a letter. Around the throne, it turns out, there are only “flabby eunuchs...”. “The latest story about the mine infuriates the people...” The people seem to see this as treason. He demands that the guilty be expelled... The traitors must be driven out. And above all, Count Loris-Melikov. "He's a magician and can also play doubles."

Meanwhile, a meeting of the Council of Ministers was scheduled for March 8 at two o'clock in the afternoon. At this meeting the fate of Loris-Melikov’s “constitution” was to be decided. At the indicated hour, the ministers and some invitees gathered in the malachite room of the Winter Palace. At exactly two o'clock Alexander III came out and, standing at the door, shook hands with everyone as the Council members passed him into the meeting room. There were twenty-five chairs around a table covered with crimson cloth. Only one of them was empty: he didn’t come to the meeting Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich... While still the heir, Alexander Alexandrovich wrote about this to his uncle Loris-Melikov: “If Nikolai Nikolaevich were not simply stupid, I would directly call him a scoundrel.” They had their own scores to settle, as you know. In the middle of the table, with his back to the windows facing the Neva, the king sat down. Loris-Melikov was placed opposite him.

The meeting has begun. Alexander Alexandrovich, as if somewhat embarrassed and awkwardly turning his huge and heavy body in a cramped chair for him, announced that those present had gathered to discuss one issue of the highest importance. “Count Loris-Melikov,” he said, reported to the late sovereign about the need to convene representatives from the zemstvos and cities. This idea, in general terms, was approved by my late father... However, the question should not be considered a foregone conclusion, since the late father wanted to convene before the final approval of the project for consideration by the Council of Ministers."

Then the tsar invited Loris-Melikov to read his note. It was compiled before March 1, and in the place where the successes achieved by the conciliatory policy in relation to society were spoken of, the tsar interrupted the reading.

It seems we were mistaken,” he said and blushed deeply, meeting the lynx gaze of Pobedonostsev, who was sitting next to Loris-Melikov.

After the memo, the first to speak was the almost ninety-year-old Count Stroganov. Mumbling and sputtering, he said that if the Minister of Internal Affairs’s project passes, power will end up in the hands of “various scoundrels who do not think about the common good, but only about their own personal benefit... The path proposed by the minister leads straight to the constitution, which I do not want either for the sovereign or for Russia...”

Turning in his chair so that it began to crack, Alexander Alexandrovich said gloomily:

I also fear that this is the first step towards a constitution.

Count Valuev spoke second. He tried to explain that Loris-Melikov’s draft was very far from the real constitution and that it should be adopted without delay, thereby satisfying the fair demands of society.

Then Milyutin spoke. In his opinion, the proposed measure is absolutely necessary. Karakozov's unfortunate shot interfered with the cause of reform, and the discord between the government and society is too dangerous. It is necessary to express attention and trust to society by inviting deputies to a state meeting. News of the proposed new measures also spread abroad...

Then Alexander Alexandrovich interrupted the minister: “Yes, but Emperor Wilhelm, who had heard a rumor that the priest wanted to give Russia a constitution, begged him in a handwritten letter not to do this...

In vain Milyutin, continuing his speech, tried to prove that there was not even a shadow of a constitution in the draft; the tsar looked at him with distrustful, incomprehensible eyes.

Postal Minister Makov spoke. This one did not skimp on such loyal exclamations that even Alexander Alexandrovich himself shook his head, as if his tie was strangling him.

Finance Minister Abaza, irritated by Makov’s lackeyness, supported the Loris-Melikov project, not without fervor, assuring the tsar that the autocracy would remain unshakable, no matter what.

Then Loris-Melikov spoke. He understands very well how difficult it is to meet the wishes of society in days of such trials and turmoil, but there is no other way out. He, Loris-Melikov, recognizes his guilt before Russia, because he did not save the sovereign, but, God knows, he served him with all his soul and with all his might. OR asked for his resignation, but His Majesty did not want to dismiss him, Loris-Melikov...

Alexander nodded his head:

I knew that you, Mikhail Tarielovich, did everything you could.

Now it’s Pobedonostsev’s turn. He was white as a sheet. With bloodless lips, choking with excitement, he pronounced a speech like an incantation. He's desperate. Once upon a time, Polish patriots shouted about the death of their homeland - “Finis Poloniae!” Now, it seems, we Russians have to shout - “Finis Russiae!” - "The end of Russia!" The minister's project breathes falsehood. It is obvious that they want to introduce a constitution without uttering a terrible word. Why will deputies express the real opinion of the country? Why? All this is lies and deception...

Yes,” said the sovereign, “I think the same.” In Denmark, ministers told me that the deputies sitting in the chamber cannot be considered the spokesmen of the real needs of the people.

Pobedonostsev drank a glass of water and continued:

They offer us to set up a talking shop like the French "Etats generaux". But we already have too many of these talking rooms - zemstvo, city, judicial... Everyone is chatting, and no one is working. They want to set up an all-Russian supreme talking shop. And now, when on the other side of the Neva, just a stone’s throw from here, lies in the Peter and Paul Cathedral the still unburied ashes of the benevolent Tsar, who was torn to pieces by the Russian people in broad daylight, we decide to talk about limiting autocracy! We must now not talk about the constitution, but publicly repent that we failed to protect the righteous. We all bear the stigma of indelible shame...

Alexander Alexandrovich's eyes were swollen, and he muttered:

The absolute truth. We are all to blame. I'm the first to blame myself.

Pobedonostsev fell silent. Abaza spoke:

Konstantin Petrovich's speech is a gloomy indictment against the reign of the late emperor. Is this fair? Regicide is not at all the fruit of liberal politics, as Konstantin Petrovich thinks. Terror is the disease of the century, and the government of Alexander II is not to blame for this. Didn’t they recently shoot at the German Emperor, didn’t they attempt to kill the King of Italy and other sovereigns? Wasn't there an attempt to blow up the Lord Mayor's office in London the other day?

After Abaza, D. M. Solsky, K. P. Posyet, Prince S. I. Urusov, A. A. Saburov, D. N. Nabokov, Prince P. G. Oldenburg, Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich, Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich spoke , but the matter was decided. The project was submitted to the commission. Pobedonostsev buried the constitution. Loris-Melikov's song was sung.

II

Alexander Alexandrovich left for Gatchina. It was not fun living here. Almost every day notes arrived from Loris-Melikov with messages about interrogations of those arrested, about new arrests, about new alleged assassinations and conspiracies... And then there was the trouble with Princess Yuryevskaya, who was pestering her with money, with buying some kind of house for her. And then again arrests and again warnings that you can’t leave Gatchina or, on the contrary, you need to leave there as soon as possible, but not at the appointed hour, but at another, in order to deceive some bomb throwers who seemed to be everywhere to the gendarmes who had lost head.

On March 11, Pobedonostsev’s letter arrived. “Precisely on these days,” he wrote, “there is no precaution that is unnecessary for you. For God’s sake, take into account the following: 1) When you are going to bed, please lock the door behind you - not only in the bedroom, but in all the following rooms, up to the entrance. A trusted person should carefully watch the locks and ensure that the internal latches on the swing doors are closed. 2) Be sure to observe every evening, before going to bed, whether the bell conductors are intact. They can easily be cut. 3) Observe every evening, inspecting under the furniture, is everything in order. 4) One of your adjutants should have spent the night close to you, in the same rooms. 5) Are all the people working under your majesty reliable? If anyone was even a little doubtful, you can find an excuse to delete it..."

And so on. These tiresome, loyal warnings made one feel sick and ashamed, but one actually had to lock the doors, fearing an unknown enemy, and look suspiciously at the lackeys, who were also embarrassed and turned away, realizing that the sovereign did not believe them. All this was very painful and difficult.

During these days, Alexander Alexandrovich’s whole life passed before him. This is how you remember your youth, your youth, everything that happened before, when you are sitting in solitary confinement and don’t know the future. At night, Alexander Alexandrovich slept poorly. He tossed and turned on his bed, which was cracking under the emperor’s heavy body. Sometimes it became unbearable, and the king lowered his huge bare feet to the floor, sat down on the bed, and for some reason the bed stood against a wall with a vault, and he had to bend down so as not to break his head: just like in prison. But Alexander Alexandrovich liked that the room was cramped. He did not like spacious rooms, he was uncomfortable in large halls, he was afraid of space. There was a lot of furniture in the room, and there was nowhere to turn. The washbasin stood next to the bookshelf, and it was inconvenient to wash, but the king became angry when the valet wanted to remove the extra chairs.

IN sleepless nights the past was remembered. Before it was easier and more pleasant to live, but then he wasn’t! king, - but even in those days there were a lot of sorrows, but sometimes some little things and stupid things were remembered.

For example, for some reason I remembered a trip to Moscow in 1861, when he was sixteen years old and did not think about the kingdom. He and his brother Vladimir were taken in a carriage to Vorobyovy Gory; there they were surrounded by young traders with cherries; Volodya joked very nicely with them, and he, Sasha, was embarrassed and shy, although he also wanted to chat with these pretty, laughing girls, who were not at all like the girls he saw in the palaces. Volodya then made fun of him. The family called Sasha either “pug” or “bull”.

Then I remembered this terrible year of 1865, when brother Nikolai died in Nice and he, Sasha, became the heir to the throne. The next year in June I had to go to Fredensborg. The Danish princess Dagmara, his late brother's fiancée, was now his fiancée. At first he was shy of King Christian and his daughter, just like five years ago the cherry traders on the Sparrow Hills, but then he got used to it, and he even liked this family, modest and bourgeois, where everyone was prudent and did not waste money, as in St. Petersburg. After the wedding with Dagmara, who, having converted to Orthodoxy, became Maria Fedorovna, he settled in the Anichkova palace, and it would be possible to live a calm and peaceful life. But the capital of the Russian Empire is not like provincial Fredensborg. Some kind of creepy, disturbing and secret life was felt behind the magnificent scenery of St. Petersburg. After the Karakozov shot on April 4, 1860, everything seemed fragile and ominous. Katkov hinted in his newspaper that Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich was involved in the Karakozov case.

But there were also pleasant memories. For example, how good it was on spring days in Tsarskoe Selo, when Count Olsufiev, General Polovtsov, Prince of Oldenburg and two or three more people formed a small orchestra. Alexander Alexandrovich first played the cornet, and then, when the orchestra grew larger, he ordered himself a huge copper helicon. Having thrown off his frock coat, the heir climbed his head into the instrument, placed the trumpet on his shoulder and conscientiously blew into the brass, playing the lowest bass part. Sometimes these concerts were held in St. Petersburg, in the premises of the Maritime Museum, in the Admiralty building. The huge helikon of the crown prince hummed wildly and drowned out all the other bass. It was fun to drink tea with. rolls after these musical exercises.

I also remembered something else - gloomy and shameful. For example, in 1870, this story with a staff officer, a Swede by birth... Alexander Alexandrovich once became so angry with this Swede that he obscenely scolded him, and he was stupid enough to send a letter demanding an apology from him, the Tsarevich, and threatening suicide if there will be no apology. And what! This officer actually put a bullet in his forehead. The late sovereign, angry, ordered Alexander Alexandrovich to go for the coffin of this officer, and he had to go. And it was scary, painful and embarrassing...

And then again - pleasant things: family, children, home comfort... He then shared his feelings with Konstantin Petrovich Pobedonostsev: “Birth is the most joyful moment of life, and it is impossible to describe it, because it is a completely special feeling that” is unlike anything else. what else."

At that time there was little need to deal with state affairs, and Alexander Alexandrovich, blushing, recalled that he was not averse to being liberal. In his father, he noticed traits of an arbitrariness and a tyrant. “Now is the time,” he wrote then, “that no one can be sure that tomorrow he will not be driven out of office... Unfortunately, in official reports they so often embellish, and sometimes simply lie, that I, I confess, always read them with disbelief..." He read the Slavophile articles of Samarin and Aksakov. In leisure hours - novels by Leskov, Melnikov and some others at the choice and advice of Pobedonostsev.

In October 1876, relations with Turkey became so tense that war seemed inevitable. Alexander Alexandrovich then wrote to Pobedonostsev about political affairs and, feeling that he was unable to understand them, so openly admitted to his mentor: “Forgive me, Konstantin Petrovich, for this awkward letter, but it serves as a reflection of my awkward mind.”

Around the same time, Pobedonostsev wrote to the Tsarevich: “You know how excited Russian society in Moscow is at this moment about political events... Everyone asked themselves whether there would be a war. And in response they hear from each other that we have nothing - no money, no leaders, no material resources, that the military forces are not ready, not supplied, not equipped; then they again ask where the incredibly huge sums spent on the army and navy went; they tell amazing, beyond all belief, stories about systematic "robbery of government money in the military, naval and various other ministries, about the indifference and inability of those in command, etc. This state of mind is very dangerous."

However, the movement in favor of Serbia is so significant that the government is obliged to take the matter of war into its own hands. And so it happened. In April, war was declared, and on June 26, 1877, Alexander Alexandrovich was already in Pavlov and took command of the Rushchuk detachment. He thought that his father would appoint him commander-in-chief of the entire army, but the king was advised against it. But they believed that this clumsy, inflexible man with a “clumsy mind” would be able to lead a responsible campaign. Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich, the eldest, was appointed commander-in-chief, which Alexander Alexandrovich could never forgive him for.

Nikolai Nikolaevich instructed the crown prince to guard the road from the crossing of the Danube at Sistov to Tyrnov. And Alexander Alexandrovich obediently carried out the order, not daring to show any initiative. I had to write letters starting with the address “dear Uncle Niki” and signing “nephew Sasha who loves you.” One of the Tsarevich’s companions, Count Sergei Sheremetev, wrote in his diary: “I’m very sorry for the Tsarevich; his situation is difficult.” The Rushchuk detachment did not participate in battles often, and the days dragged on slowly and boringly. “Yesterday we lay in the hay for a long time,” Sheremetev writes in his diary, “it was a wonderful night, and a full month illuminated all the bivouacs, but such nights here only make me sad. I looked at the Tsarevich, who is sometimes sad.”

In July, changing the main apartment, we moved from Obretennik to Cherny Lom. We drove through dried-out fields, with yellowed grass, plucked corn, hummocks, and small bushes. We passed a silent Turkish cemetery with many stones without inscriptions... Then we went to Ostritsa. There the Tsarevich, who considered himself a lover of archeology, ordered the mound to be torn up and he himself took a shovel and dug for a long time, puffing, so that his back was completely wet. They found a skeleton and two copper rings.

In August there were bloody battles near Shipka for several days. On the fourteenth, news was received from main apartment, that it is prescribed to bombard Rushchuk. Discussing the dispatch with Chief of Staff Vannovsky, the Tsarevich suddenly fell silent, looking off into the distance, having probably forgotten that he was also the commander of a significant military unit. One could guess that Alexander Alexandrovich was thinking about his family, about the quiet bourgeois life. I would like to play the cornet now, joke with the guys, then take a nap after a hearty simple lunch. And here everything is alarming. And even the sky now seems somehow extraordinary, magical and creepy. Someone looked at the clock and said: “It’s starting now.” And in fact, a minute later the lunar eclipse began. The moon turned into some kind of bloody, dirty spot. It was so dark that they brought lanterns and placed them on an overturned box that served as a table.

On September 8, Alexander Alexandrovich wrote to Pobedonostsev: “We didn’t think that the war would drag on so long, but we had such a successful start and everything was going so well and promising a quick and brilliant end, and suddenly this unfortunate Plevna! This nightmare of war!”

But in the end, Plevna was taken, Russian troops again crossed the Balkans, occupied Adrianople and approached Constantinople in January 1878. On February 1, the Tsarevich returned to St. Petersburg. The history of the San Stefano negotiations is known. The results of the Berlin Congress are also known.

On the twenty-fifth of June 1878, Pobedonostsev wrote to the Tsarevich: “Look how much bitterness and indignation is expressed every day, heard from everywhere, regarding the news of the peace conditions worked out at the congress.”

The memories of his father’s family life were also gloomy: the mother, abandoned and forgotten, the long string of his father’s mistresses - Dolgorukaya the First, Zamyatina, Labunskaya, Makova, Makarova and this scandalous story with Wanda Carozzi, a public St. Petersburg harlot. And an equally shameful story in Livadia with a schoolgirl, the daughter of a chamberlain. And this, finally, a long affair with the second Dolgoruky, now the most serene Princess Yuryevskaya, the morganatic wife of the late sovereign... And the last two years before the death of his father were completely like a nightmare. Confusion in society, terror of underground revolutionaries and complete powerlessness of the government... Ministers say phrases, and wag, and lie. They curry favor first with the tsar, sometimes with liberal journalists. There is only one firm and unyielding person. This is Pobedonostsev. He doesn't sleep. “I see,” he wrote, “a lot of people of every rank and title. All the local officials and learned people made my soul ache, as if in the company of crazy people or distorted monkeys. I hear from everywhere one repeated, deceitful and damned word: constitution. I’m afraid “that this word has already penetrated high and is taking root.”

Pobedonostsev convinced the Tsarevich that the people did not want a constitution. “Everywhere,” he wrote, “the following thought is ripening among the people: a Russian revolution and ugly unrest are better than a constitution... Everyone has so much faith in the current government that they don’t expect anything from it. They are waiting in extreme confusion for what else will happen, but the people are deeply convinced that the government consists of traitors who keep the weak tsar in their power... They pin all their hopes for the future on you, and everyone has a terrible question stirring in their souls: can the heir really ever come to the same thought about the constitution "?

These letters and speeches of Konstantin Petrovich hypnotized the slow and awkward mind of the Tsarevich. He was already absent-mindedly listening to Loris-Melikov’s arguments and, even agreeing with him, he felt that Pobedonostsev’s imperious voice was sounding somewhere nearby and that this voice would eventually drown out the hoarse voice of Mikhail Tarielovich, interrupted by coughing.

III

The spring of 1881 seemed gloomy and hopeless to Alexander Alexandrovich: it did not promise anything good. I wanted to quickly forget about the nightmare of March 1, but it was impossible to forget, because Loris-Melikov sends information every day about the progress of the investigation of the regicides, and willy-nilly I have to think about what to do and what to do. The murderers will be judged. It never occurred to Alexander Alexandrovich that there might be a question about the court’s decision. Of course they are guilty. Of course they must be executed! And what! There are people who doubt this. And there are those who confidently demand pardon for the villains. Dear Sergei Mikhailovich Solovyov, it turns out, has a crazy son, Vladimir. He made a public speech on March 28, proposing to the supreme power not to execute those who tore the sovereign to pieces with a bomb. And the audience did not drive him from the pulpit. On the contrary, he was given a standing ovation... What did he say? He assured that “only the spiritual power of Christ’s truth can defeat the power of evil and destruction”, that “the present difficult time gives the Russian Tsar an unprecedented opportunity to declare the power of the Christian principle of forgiveness…”. What pathetic hypocrisy! Or maybe it’s deceit! The evil Zhelyabov also spoke about Christianity at the trial. He, you see, “denies Orthodoxy,” but recognizes “the essence of the teachings of Jesus Christ.” “This essence of the doctrine,” he said, “occupies an honorable place among my moral motives. I believe in the truth and justice of this doctrine and solemnly acknowledge that faith without works is dead and that every true Christian must fight for the truth, for the rights of the oppressed and the weak, and if necessary, then suffer for them: such is my faith.” What a lie! Meanwhile, even among the ministers there are those who are not averse, it seems, to replacing the execution with prison for this imaginary Christian.

Only one is firm and adamant. This is Pobedonostsev. On March 13, he sent Alexander Alexandrovich a letter and begged him not to spare the killers. “People have become so depraved in their thoughts,” he wrote, “that others consider it possible to deliver convicted criminals from the death penalty... Can this happen? No, no, and a thousand times no - this cannot be, that in the face of the entire Russian people in such for a moment you forgave the murderers of your father, the Russian sovereign, for whose blood the whole earth (except for a few who are weakened in mind and heart) demands vengeance... If this could happen, believe me, sir, it will be considered a great sin..."

There is no hypocrisy here. Konstantin Petrovich knows what he wants. And Alexander Alexandrovich was not slow in answering: “Be calm, no one will dare come to me with such proposals, and that all six will be hanged, I guarantee that.”

Despite Pobedonostsev’s speech on March 8, the ministers still did not understand that the liberal projects had burst like soap bubbles. At the meeting on April 21, the question of the representation of zemstvo people was again raised. Now Alexander Alexandrovich did not hesitate in his assessment of this project. “Our meeting today made a sad impression on me,” he wrote to his inspirer Pobedonostsev, “Loris, Milyutin and Abaza positively continue the same policy and want to one way or another bring us to a representative government, until I am convinced that for the happiness of Russia this it is necessary, of course, this will not happen, I will not allow it. It is unlikely, however, that I will ever be convinced of the benefit of such a measure, I am too sure of its harm. It is strange to listen to smart people who can seriously talk about the representative principle in Russia, for sure memorized phrases they read from our lousy journalism and bureaucratic liberalism. I am more and more convinced that I cannot expect good from these ministers. God forbid that I am mistaken. Their words are not sincere, they breathe lies... It is difficult and difficult to deal with such people ministers who deceive themselves."

Having received this letter, Pobedonostsev probably rubbed his hands for a long time with pleasure. Finally, he achieved from his pet the intonation of a real autocrat. Now it was possible to begin decisive action. We need to stun these liberals with a manifesto. And he demanded it from Alexander Alexandrovich, covering his demand with flattering and unctuous words. The Emperor obeyed. And the manifesto was written by Konstantin Petrovich and published without the knowledge of the ministers.

“In the midst of our great sorrow,” it was said in the manifesto, among other things, “the voice of God commands us to stand vigorously in the work of government, trusting in divine providence, with faith in the power and truth of autocratic power, which we are called upon to affirm and protect for the good of the people from any attempts on her."

The manifesto was heard at the meeting of ministers. This was a complete surprise. Who wrote the manifesto? Konstantin Petrovich. He himself enthusiastically told His Majesty how, after reading the manifesto, “many turned away and did not shake hands” with him, Pobedonostsev. Loris-Melikov, Milyutin and Abaza immediately left their ministerial posts.

On April thirtieth, Alexander wrote to Loris-Melikov: “Dear Count Mikhail Tarielovich, I received your letter early this morning. I admit, I was expecting it, and it did not surprise me. Unfortunately, lately we have completely disagreed with you, and, of course, ", this could not last long. One thing that really surprises and amazes me is that your petition coincided with the day of the announcement of my manifesto for Russia, and this circumstance leads me to very sad and strange thoughts?!"

Here Alexander Alexandrovich put an exclamation mark and a question mark. This was clearly a punctuation error. There was no need to exclaim or ask about what was already clear. You could just put the most ordinary boring point. The liberal idyll is over. There was a reaction.

It seems that in the history of the Russian state there was no more boring time than these thirteen years of the reign of Emperor Alexander III. The feverish excitement of the sixties and seventies suddenly gave way to a strange sleepy indifference to everything. It seemed that all of Russia was dozing, like a big lazy woman who was tired of washing and cleaning, and so she left the room uncleaned and the pots unwashed and collapsed on the stove, giving up on everything.

This sleepy, lazy, unstoppable silence was to Alexander Alexandrovich’s liking. It was necessary to calm down the disturbed and agitated Rus' at all costs. The sovereign himself was not capable of such a task. It was necessary to speak, to enchant this violent element, but for this some kind of inner strength was needed. The bulky but loose Alexander Alexandrovich did not have such strength at all. A different person was needed. A sorcerer was needed. And such a sorcerer was found. It was Konstantin Petrovich Pobedonostsev.

At the end of the reign of Alexander II, on Saturdays, after the all-night vigil, Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky came to him for intimate conversations. They had common themes. They both hated Western bourgeois civilization. They both laughed bitterly at parliaments, at liberal journalists, at morals and people... They both pronounced certain words meaningfully, for example, “Russian people” or “Orthodoxy,” and they did not notice that when they uttered these words, they put into them different meaning. The excited Fyodor Mikhailovich, always burning as if at the stake, did not notice that his supposedly sympathetic interlocutor was cold as ice. Even then, Konstantin Petrovich had some connections with Aksakov and with Slavophilism in general, and he did not yet dare to utter his last words, his last witchcraft spells. Dostoevsky died without knowing that his friend was worse than Gogol’s sorcerer from “A Terrible Revenge.”

But Pobedonostsev understood what forces were in Dostoevsky. He thought that Dostoevsky could be used for his own purposes. He even explained this to Alexander Alexandrovich, then still the heir, and he, having learned about the death of Fyodor Mikhailovich, wrote to his teacher that it was a pity for Dostoevsky, that he was “irreplaceable.” It is possible that they were both wrong. After all, A. S. Suvorin wrote in his diary that on the day of Mlodetsky’s assassination attempt on Loris-Melikov, Dostoevsky told him, Suvorin, that, despite his aversion to terror, he still would not have dared to warn the authorities if he had accidentally I had to find out about the planned assassination attempt. And as if he told him, Suvorin, that he dreams of writing a novel where the hero would be a monk like Alyosha Karamazov, who left the monastery and went into the revolution to seek the truth. Suvorin told about this accurately or inaccurately, it makes no difference - in any case, Pobedonostsev, if Dostoevsky had survived March 1, would have had to hear such unexpected things from his night friend that would have forced him to abandon Saturday conversations after the all-night vigil.

However, Konstantin Petrovich did not immediately decide to express his latest “Pobedonostsev” formulas. After all, just recently he gave Samarin and Aksakov to read to his sovereign student. What was needed was some kind of transition from complacent Slavophilism to real “business,” stern and hard as flint.

For the transitional time, a Slavophile minister, Ignatiev, was needed. In this first year of his reign, with his assistance, Finance Minister Bunge carried out two peasant reforms - a reduction in redemption payments and the abolition of the poll tax. All this was done very timidly and poorly, not without resistance, of course, from the noble landowners, who sensed that a holiday was coming on their street. A peasant bank was also established, which, however, gave insignificant results. There was an attempt to streamline the matter of peasant resettlement. Finally, I had to pay attention to the work issue. Despite the government's noble and landowner program, factories and factories grew, and a new class appeared in the cities - the proletariat. Strikes broke out here and there, and the government, knowing from the experience of Western Europe what these worker riots meant and where they led, tried, albeit hesitantly, to soften the clashes between employers and workers. The working hours of women and adolescents were limited; a factory inspection was established; mandatory rules were issued on the conditions of factory work... They thought that they could bypass politics by settling the social issue in a domestic, economic, family way. But without politics it was difficult for even a Slavophile minister to do anything. Ignatiev proposed to the sovereign a project for a zemstvo cathedral dedicated to the coronation. The leader of the then Slavophiles, I. S. Aksakov, once a friend of Pobedonostsev, also campaigned in this direction. This was the last attempt to “renew” Russia. This was a call to those “gray zipuns” that Pobedonostsev’s night interlocutor Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky dreamed of. The “gray zipuns” were supposed to tell the king “the whole truth.” But Dostoevsky was in his grave. And in general, the black sorcerer’s hands were untied. And he rushed to the king to warn about the danger.

“After reading these papers,” Pobedonostsev wrote, “I was horrified at the mere thought of what could be explored when Count Ignatiev’s proposal was carried out... The mere appearance of such a manifesto and rescript would have caused terrible excitement and confusion throughout all of Russia ... And if the will and order are transferred from the government to any kind of people’s assembly, it will be a revolution, the death of the government and the death of Russia!”

In a letter dated May 6, Pobedonostsev convinced the Tsar that Ignatiev should be removed. And Alexander Alexandrovich, although he had once read Samarin and Aksakov, was not at all inclined to Slavophile dreaminess, drove out the immoderate zealot of zemstvo “conciliarity.”

Pobedonostsev ordered the tsar to call D. A. Tolstoy to power. This one was no dreamer. And now Pobedonostsev could engage in his divination without interference.

IV

Prince Meshchersky wrote in 1882 to his recent friend K.P. Pobedonostsev: “I’m afraid to come to you. You have become too scary, a great man...” In fact, by this time Pobedonostsev had become “terrible”, and, perhaps, in some way In that sense, he could be called a “great man.” Pobedonostsev became terrible not only for Prince Meshchersky, but also for all of Russia. Having destroyed Loris-Melikov, and then Count Ignatiev, trampling all the careless freethinkers - Westerners and Slavophiles, strangling, as he hoped, sedition, Pobedonostsev finally took possession of the soul of Alexander III.

It's time to reject the legend of this penultimate emperor. Alexander III was not a strong man, as many people think. This big fat man was not, however, a “feeble-minded monarch” or a “crowned fool,” as the loyal bureaucrat V. P. Lamzdorf calls him in his memoirs, but he was also not the insightful and intelligent sovereign that S. tries to portray him as. Yu. Witte. Alexander III was not stupid. But he had that lazy and clumsy mind, which in itself is sterile. For a regiment commander such intelligence is sufficient, but for an emperor something different is needed. Alexander III also did not have the will, did not have that inner winged force that draws a person steadily towards the intended goal. No great intelligence, no will - what a strong man he is! But there was something else in this king - the great mystery of inertia. This is not will at all. This is inertia itself. A blind and dark element, invariably gravitating towards some kind of deep sleepy world. It was as if he was saying with his whole being: I don’t want anything; I don’t need anything: I’m sleeping and will sleep; and you all don’t dream about anything, sleep like me...

The power of inertia! This was Pobedonostsev’s idea. And he - happy - found an amazing embodiment of this favorite idea of ​​his. It was impossible to find a more suitable person than Alexander Alexandrovich for these purposes. And Pobedonostsev, like a faithful nurturer, cherished this huge bearded baby, who had no independent idea. He raised him and, making sure that he was subdued, used him as he wanted. This autocrat, without noticing it, became a beast of burden onto which Pobedonostsev loaded his heavy ideological burden. The driver did not hurry his mule. The king walked slowly and dozed as he walked. His eyes were closed. He didn't need to look into the distance. The counselor, Konstantin Petrovich, saw everything for him.

There is no doubt that Pobedonostsev was the emperor’s inspiration. It is worth re-reading their enormous correspondence to make it clear how tirelessly this amazing man led the Tsar. All government measures aimed at diminishing those “freedoms” that were won under Alexander II were instilled in them, the Pobedonostsevs. He jealously watched every turn of the helm. He intervened not only in the affairs of all ministers and all departments - especially in the police department, but he monitored the behavior of the Tsar himself, the Tsarina and the Tsar's children. Some person close to Gambetta arrived in St. Petersburg and seemed to be looking for a meeting with the empress. Pobedonostsev hurries to prohibit this meeting, and the sovereign reassures him that everything turned out well - there was no meeting. And so on in all the little things.

Alexander III always agrees with Konstantin Petrovich in everything. Pobedonostsev inspired him that somehow miraculously they had exactly the same thoughts, feelings and beliefs. Alexander Alexandrovich believed. How good! Now you don't have to think about anything. He has Konstantin Petrovich, who thinks for him, the Tsar.

So, the reign program was secured. What program was it? Let us remember the “reforms” of these years. They began with the destruction of university autonomy. This gave reason for rejoicing to M. N. Katkov, Pobedonostsev’s unlucky rival. Katkov, after all, also wanted to lead the tsar. The Charter of 1884 was a "tight-wire" for both students and professors. They dealt with obstinate young men simply - they gave them up as soldiers. IN high school an imaginary classicism was implanted. The young men translated "The Captain's Daughter" into Latin and had no idea about ancient culture. IN public schools of the lower type, transferred to the jurisdiction of the Holy Synod, it was supposed to introduce “spiritual and moral” education, but nothing good came of these official attempts to “enlighten” the people. This was the first "reform". In zemstvo life, as is known, all measures were reduced to increasing the number of vowels from the nobles and reducing peasant representation in every possible way. In the end, vowels from the peasants were appointed by the governor, of course, on the recommendation of the zemstvo commanders. The institution of zemstvo chiefs was determined, as is known, by the principles of guardianship of the same peasants by the power of noble landowners, that is, it was a clear step towards serfdom. This was the second "reform".

In the field of judicial statutes, the government limited jury trials with a number of innovations and tried in every possible way to restore the pre-reform principles of mixing administrative and judicial powers. This was the third "reform". The new censorship statute is decisive. stifled the opposition press, and during the thirteen years of his reign, society became unaccustomed to even the curtailed freedom of the era of Alexander II. This was the fourth "reform".

What was the meaning of these “reforms”? In the plans of Alexander III himself, we would search in vain for the ideology of his political program. There is nothing there. But in Pobedonostsev’s letters, and most importantly, in his famous “Moscow Collection” it is there. This is a wonderful program in its own way. Konstantin Petrovich was a very smart man. His bilious, angry and sharp mind allowed him to mercilessly criticize all the principles of so-called democracy. He ridiculed, like no one else, all the behind-the-scenes machinations of bourgeois parliamentarism, the intrigues of the stock exchange, the corruption of deputies, the falsehood of conventional eloquence, the apathy of citizens and the energy of professional political businessmen. These are all pathetic talking shops. Our zemstvos are organized according to the same parliamentary principle. It is necessary to strangle the zemstvos. Pobedonostsev mocked the jury, the randomness and unpreparedness of people's judges, the unprincipledness of lawyers, the inevitable demagogy of all participants in the public process, the impunity of other crimes that corrupt society... And he made the corresponding conclusion: it is necessary to strangle the free, public, people's court. Pobedonostsev wittily laughed at the utilitarianism of the so-called real school, venomously criticized university autonomy, and mocked the idea of ​​universal compulsory literacy. So, it is necessary to strangle the university and public education in general.

This was an excellent critique of democratic principles. But the question is, what did Pobedonostsev himself want? In his deeply melancholy and hopeless “Moscow Collection,” Pobedonostsev remains stubbornly silent about what, in fact, he proposes as a positive program. We learn it not from his book, but from the facts. No new forms of zemstvo life, courts or schools were created. There was a crude attempt to return to the class and privileged system in the localities; to the pre-reform court, corrupted by bribes and morally rotten to the core; to the installation of old policemen began in higher school; to the official and dead system of teaching in secondary and lower schools... No creativity! Nothing wholesome, organic and inspired! But he, Pobedonostsev, demanded “organism”... Instead of this desired integral life, the mediocre bureaucracy of the St. Petersburg offices was installed.

These were the results of Pobedonostsev’s divination. The Chief Prosecutor of the Holy Synod, instead of the “spiritual” principles about which he tirelessly spoke to the Tsar, instilled in the Russian people such cynical nihilism that his predecessors in this field had never dreamed of. All the beautiful words were defaced by his touch. And for a long time, the Russian people forgot how to believe in these beautiful words, remembering Pobedonostsev’s hypocrisy. A pathetic liar, speaking about the good people, he cared about the interests of the privileged... His book, written as if it was quite smooth, is devoid of any living breath. Its pages reek of death. This is some kind of gray cold crypt. There was passion in Pobedonostsev, but it was some kind of strange, cold, icy, prickly passion of hatred. Everything was dying around him. He, like a fantastic spider, spread his disastrous web throughout Russia. Even Prince Meshchersky was horrified and said that he was “terrible.”

The zealots of the old order and admirers of Pobedonostsev are proud that he was “Orthodox.” But this is also a lie. It is remarkable that Pobedonostsev knew neither the spirit of Orthodoxy nor its style. If he knew Orthodoxy, he would not have translated the popular, but sentimental and, from the Orthodox point of view, dubious book of Thomas a à Kempis; he would not dispose of bishops as if he were his lackeys; I wouldn’t have stifled the theological academies with bureaucracy, which, by the way, were instilling rationalistic German theology in our country at that time... His real sphere was not the church, but the police department. Gendarmes and provocateurs were his constant correspondents. Once a trustee of one of the educational institutions complained about a priest-teacher who, in his opinion, was “immoral and an unbeliever.” To this Pobedonostsev replied: “But he is politically reliable!” And the priest stayed.

Pobedonostsev intervened not only in all spheres of politics: he vigilantly monitored the economic and financial life of the country. He had his own opinions on every issue. The case of the elevators, for example, interests him almost more than the affairs of the church. He writes letters and notes to the king on this matter. And, of course, this is not the only case of this kind. Minister of Finance N.K. Bunge, who remained in office until January 1, 1887, repeatedly had to repel Pobedonostsev’s attacks, although often indirect and not direct, as was the case, for example, with Smirnov’s famous “note.” In the end, he had to leave, and his place was taken by professor and businessman I. A. Vyshnegradsky. Under him, the liberal measures of his predecessor were limited - primarily the range of activities of the factory inspection. The developing industry had to be supported, but it had a troubled companion - the labor movement. And Pobedonostsev followed its development with horror. Already the first stages made the Cerberus of our reaction tremble. He knew that in 1883 the Liberation of Labor group was organized, where Plekhanov, Axelrod, Zasulich, and Deitch worked. He knew about the strike of 1885 in Orekhovo-Zuevo, at the Morozov factory, and generally followed the strike wave, which died down for a short time in 1887, when the industrial crisis had passed. In 1890, he was informed about Social Democratic propaganda at the Putilov plant, in 1891 - about the first May Day rally near St. Petersburg, in 1893 - about a strike at the Khludovskaya manufactory in Yegoryevsk, Ryazan province, about riots in railway workshops in Rostov-on-Don and finally, in the last year of his reign - about strikes in St. Petersburg, Moscow, Shuya, Minsk, Vilnius, Tiflis.

That magnificent “force of inertia” that Pobedonostsev had so hoped for betrayed him. In the stuffy and inert elements, some strange movement suddenly began. He listened to the murmur of some underground waves, not understanding where they came from. And then, in search of an unknown enemy, the eyes of Pobedonostsev and Alexander III turned to the Jews. Are they not the dangerous thing that is roaming around and causing this terrible turmoil? Apparently, Alexander and his temporary worker were not alone in this opinion. Jewish pogroms took place in a huge wave throughout Russia - sometimes with the assistance of the police. The troops were reluctant to pacify the pogromists, and when General Gurko complained to the Tsar about this, Alexander Alexandrovich said: “And you know, I myself am glad when Jews are beaten.” Conspiracies still seemed to the king. And there were reasons for this. He remembered how Sudeikin was killed in the third year of his reign. The Tsar then wrote on the report: “The loss is positively irreplaceable! Who would go to such a position now!” He also recalled the arrest of Vera Figner.

The king, having learned about her arrest, then exclaimed: “Thank God! This terrible woman has been arrested!” Her portrait was delivered to him, he looked at it for a long time, not understanding how this girl, with such a quiet and meek face, could participate in bloody plans. And then this memorable May 8, 1887, when five terrorists were hanged and among them this Alexander Ulyanov, with whom his mother was so concerned about meeting him on the eve of his execution...

Some people think that Alexander III was independent in foreign policy, that Minister Gire was more likely his personal secretary than an independent leader of our diplomacy. But what did our policy at that time boil down to? She was completely passive, and if we did not suffer any damage during the thirteen years of this reign, this does not at all prove the high wisdom of Alexander III. It is very possible that if the emperor had lived until 1903, he would have had to fight the Japanese War, and its ending would probably have been the same as under Nicholas II. After all, the system was the same and the people were the same. And our uncontrollable desire for the Far East (so natural, it must be said) began under Alexander III, and then it was already fraught with consequences. As for Skobelev’s successes in Central Asia and the capture of Merv, this, one might say, happened without any initiative on the part of Alexander Alexandrovich. The campaign began under Alexander II; and if Alexander Alexandrovich managed to avoid a collision with the British, who turned out to be our dangerous and jealous neighbors from Afghanistan, then this is no less a merit of the peace-loving Gladstone than of Alexander III. If Conservatives had been in power in London at that time, we would have had a war with England. Our indifference to the adventures in Bulgaria of Prince Alexander of Battenberg can hardly be considered as great diplomatic fortitude. And finally, the Franco-Russian alliance, which ultimately led us to world war, can now certainly not be recognized as an act of great political foresight. No, our foreign policy under Alexander III was as sleepy, inert and blind as the entire political life of the country at that time was.

V

Life was boring for Alexander Alexandrovich Romanov. Everything seemed to have worked out the way he wanted, the way they wanted with Konstantin Petrovich, and yet almost everyone who knew the tsar personally noticed a stamp of despondency on his broad, bearded face. The emperor was depressed. In vain he tried to entertain himself, either by playing the helicon, or by hunting, or by going to the theater, or by visiting art exhibitions - in the end, all these pleasures could not destroy some melancholy in his soul. The sleep into which Russia and he himself, the Tsar, plunged under him was not a light sleep at all: it was a heavy and stuffy sleep. My heart beat unevenly and it was difficult to breathe.

On October 17, 1888, Alexander Alexandrovich was traveling from Sevastopol to St. Petersburg. Near the Borki station, when the Tsar and his family were having breakfast in the dining car and Guryev’s porridge had already been served, a terrible rocking began, a crash was heard, and Alexander Alexandrovich thought that the roadbed had been blown up and that everything was over. He closed his eyes. At that moment, something heavy and hard fell onto his shoulders. It was the roof of the carriage. When he opened his eyes, he saw everyone crawling around among the rubble. Richter shouted to the king: “Your Majesty! Crawl here, it’s free here!” Seeing that the emperor was alive, Maria Feodorovna, who, falling, grabbed Posyet by the sideburns, remembered the children and screamed in a terrible voice: “Et nos enfants!” But the children were also alive. Ksenia stood in one dress on the road surface. It was raining, and the telegraph official threw his coat with brass buttons over her. The footman, who at the time of the disaster had served the Tsar cream, now lay on the rails, motionless, with frozen, pewter eyes. It was pouring rain. The wind, cold and piercing, chilled the maimed and wounded, who now lay on the wet clay bottom of the gully. Alexander Alexandrovich ordered the fires to be lit. The unfortunate people begged with numb tongues to be moved somewhere where it was warm. Alexander Alexandrovich, feeling pain in his lower back and right thigh, exactly in the place where there was a massive cigarette case in his trouser pocket, walked with a slight limp among the wounded and was surprised to notice that no one was paying attention to him, as if he tsar. And he thought that he, the autocrat, could also lie now helplessly bloodied, as his father lay on March 1, 1881.

This event reminded Alexander Alexandrovich that our life is always the eve of death. Pobedonostsev explained to him that a miracle had happened. “But what days, what sensations we are experiencing,” Pobedonostsev wrote. “What miracle, mercy, God has destined us to witness. We rejoice and thank God fervently. But with what trepidation our joy is united and what horror is left behind us and frightens us with a black shadow "Everyone has a truly terrible thought in their souls about what could have happened and what did not really happen only because God did not have mercy on our sins." In the same sense and tone, a manifesto to the people was drawn up. The Emperor himself officially recognized his salvation as miraculous.

It soon became clear that there was no assassination attempt and that the misfortune happened because Alexander Alexandrovich demanded such a speed that two freight locomotives hauling the too bulky and heavy royal train could not withstand.

After this disaster, life again became monotonous and boring. The Emperor was still fat, but his nerves were not in order, and he often cried. There were no people around him who could arouse in him any interest in life. He respected only Pobedonostsev, but even with him it was boring. Who were the others? It somehow happened that all the independent people left, and sometimes I even wanted someone to argue and object, but everyone did as Konstantin Petrovich wanted, and, therefore, there was no need to argue. Cases such as Giers's objection to the project to limit the publicity of the trial in January 1887 were no longer repeated. And this incident, it seems, was a simple misunderstanding, which Konstantin Petrovich in vain considered “sedition.” Gire inadvertently read at the meeting the opinion of the legal adviser of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Professor Martens, who warned that limiting the publicity of the trial would make an unfavorable impression in Europe and interfere with the treaty on the mutual extradition of criminals.

The next day Gire reported to the sovereign. The king walked around the room in a rage, white with anger, with his lower jaw shaking. Such attacks rarely happened to him.

All these judicial institutions know what they are going for! - he shouted right in Gears’ face. - They wanted to take all power and influence from the late father in judicial matters... You don’t know, but I know that this is a conspiracy...

But now there were no conspiracies at all. Only students rebelled in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kharkov... And the demands made were the most innocent. But this was also annoying. The Tsar made inscriptions on reports on secret matters: “Runs!”, “Beasts!”, “Insolent boys!” All this was varnished.

In his resolutions he did not mince words. On the report of the State Council, the tsar wrote: “They are thinking of deceiving me, but they will not succeed.” Members of the State Council were offended and decided to explain themselves about this. The king was surprised: “What do they want?” - “Don’t gloss over these words, Your Majesty!” This time the sovereign was amused: “What nonsense! Let them just be crossed out!” In fact, since these are all domestic matters, is it worth raising a story because of this?

What kind of people surrounded the king? One contemporary woman, close to the spheres, wrote in her diary on May 20, 1890: “Gire is at least an honest man, Filippov is a swindler, a man without principles, Vyshnegradsky is a rogue, Chikhachev is not an impeccable merchant, Durnovo is stupid, Hubenet is impudent, pompous and one-sided, Vorontsov is a fool and a drunkard, Manasein - nothing else is heard about this except bad things. These are the people who decide the fate of Russia."

Memoirs of this time testify to the deep decline of the ruling spheres. These people don't respect each other. Behind the external beauty of the monarchy of Alexander III, there was hidden the deep depravity of all these ministers and dignitaries. None of them believed in the idea of ​​monarchy, and even less in the idea of ​​autocracy. This idea was defended in principle by Pobedonostsev alone.

In such conditions, among such people, it was not easy for Alexander Alexandrovich to live. And then there are all sorts of troubles. The year 1891 was especially unpleasant.

Traveling on Far East Tsarevich Nicholas was hit on the head with a saber by some Japanese... That same year there was a famine. Journalists, of course, lie, but some things are really unpleasant. The Kazan governor issues circulars advising people to cook porridge from corn and lentils and eat it with butter instead of bread, but there is no corn or lentils in Kazan. The Vyatka governor prohibits the import of bread from one volost to another and the sale of it. The Kursk governor is doing the same kind of weird stuff. The Red Cross, according to general reviews, acts in bad faith - it steals. Abuse everywhere. There are reviews from everywhere that people are seriously starving. “You feel something heavy, oppressive, as if you are waiting for a catastrophe...”

On January 1, 1891, Pobedonostsev wrote to the Tsar in Livadia another angry letter with denunciations, in which he did not spare, by the way, the “completely distraught Solovyov,” the philosopher. “Now these people,” writes Pobedonostsev, “have developed new fantasies and new hopes have arisen for activities among the people in the wake of the famine. Abroad, the haters of Russia, whose name is legion, socialists and anarchists of all kinds, are basing the wildest plans and assumptions on the famine, - others are planning to send emissaries in order to stir up the people and stir them up against the government; it is not surprising that, not knowing Russia at all, they imagine that this is an easy matter. But we have many people, although not directly malicious, but insane, who are undertaking on the occasion of famine, to carry out his faith and his social fantasies among the people under the guise of help. Tolstoy wrote an insane article on this topic, which, of course, will not be missed in the magazine where it is published, but which, of course, they will try to distribute in the lists. The year is very difficult ", and a particularly difficult winter lies ahead, but with God's help, perhaps we will survive and recover. Forgive me, Your Majesty, for disturbing your peace in Livadia..." Reading this letter was unpleasant and painful for the already tired sovereign. In general, Konstantin Petrovich is a very difficult person. We must appreciate him, of course, for his commitment to autocratic power, but he is sometimes so insistent in his advice that Alexander Alexandrovich feels like a schoolboy, despite his forty-five years. Sometimes you really want to drive away this too smart zealot for the monarchy.

In such cases, Alexander Alexandrovich seeks the company of General Cherevin. This general is completely stupid, but loyal. The king is pleased that the general is stupider than him. This is a confidant and drinking companion. It's easy and simple with him.

Previously, Alexander Alexandrovich occupied the role of philanthropist, collector, and art lover. He had a trusted advisor, the artist A.P. Bogolyubov, who was given to him by family tradition from his father and grandfather and diligently painted all kinds of warships commissioned by three emperors. I must say that Alexander Alexandrovich bought many beautiful paintings, but - alas! - even more bad ones. He considered himself a collector even in his youth. Letters to Bogolyubov are filled with messages about his acquisitions. “By February 26,” he writes back in March 1872, “I received from the Tsarevich as a gift two wonderful cloisonné vases and two crackle vases, so my collection is growing little by little.” In fact, in the palace, in his apartments, some rooms were turned into a museum; Along with good things, there was unbearable rubbish here, but the king did not notice this and was proud of the fact that he was a connoisseur of art. He dreamed of reviving the Russian style, but, devoid of real taste and surrounded by ignoramuses, he left behind such architectural monuments that, if they survive, will forever be examples of pathetic vulgarity and falsehood - the Historical Museum in Moscow designed by Sherwood, the building of the Moscow Duma designed by Academician Chichagov, Upper Moscow ranks - Professor Pomerantsev and many others. Now the mediocre monument to Alexander III in the Kremlin has been destroyed - also an example of the bad taste of the penultimate emperor. The “Russian style” of Alexander III was as imaginary and empty as the entire reign of this supposedly “people’s” king. Having probably not had a single drop of Russian blood in his veins, married to a Danish woman, brought up in religious concepts, which were instilled in him by the famous Chief Prosecutor of the Synod, he wanted, however, to be “national and Orthodox,” as the Russified people often dream of. Germans. These St. Petersburg and Baltic “patriots,” not speaking Russian, often sincerely consider themselves “real Russians”: they eat black bread and radishes, drink kvass and vodka and think that this is “Russian style.” Alexander III also ate radishes, drank vodka, encouraged artistic “utensils” with the famous “cockerels” and, not knowing how to write correctly in Russian, thought that he was the exponent and guardian of the Russian spirit. But in the last year of his reign, even this art did not console the bored king. More and more often, his lower back began to ache, and Professor Grube, who examined the emperor shortly after the miraculous rescue, found that the onset of the illness began precisely then, on the day of the disaster: a terrible shaking of the whole body during the fall touched the kidney area. The Emperor still felt strong, but one day he tried to bend a horseshoe, as in his youth, and it failed. The appearance of the king also changed. The complexion became sallow; the once good-natured look became gloomy. Only one man now entertained the emperor. This is General Cherevin, loyal to the sovereign. After a working day, which began at seven o’clock in the morning, the sovereign liked to play cards and drink. But the doctors forbade drinking, and Minnie’s wife strictly followed this. I had to be cunning. They ordered boots with wide tops with Cherevin and hid flat flasks with cognac there in advance. Seizing the moment, the sovereign winked at his drinking companion: “Are you cunning for inventions, Cherevin?” - "Cunning, Your Majesty!" And they drank. About two hours later, having given up the game, His Majesty lay down on the carpet and, dangling his huge legs, frightened his wife and children with his unexpected drunkenness. But I had to have fun like this less and less often, because my lower back hurt, I lost my appetite and my heart was working poorly.

And then a big problem happened. The Emperor was convinced from one letter that Konstantin Petrovich Pobedonostsev, whom the Tsar revered as his most faithful servant, spoke of him no less contemptuously than the authors of the underground proclamations. The king decided not to reveal in any way what he knew. But a black cat ran between the autocratic tsar and the truest champion of autocracy. In his last letter to the emperor, insisting on the cancellation of one decree signed by the tsar without Pobedonostsev’s knowledge, the offended temporary worker writes meaningfully: “In the past, you honored me with trust when I dared to contact you with a warning that, in my deep conviction, threatened with a misunderstanding or mistake in the mind of Your Majesty. Do not be angry now for my writing."

This was Pobedonostsev's last letter to the Tsar. There was no answer to it.

In January 1894, the sovereign fell ill. Doctors found influenza. The king fought the disease in vain. He kept demanding reports, but they kept reporting different troubles. In Nizhny Tagil, factory workers started a riot. The governor appeared with four companies, and “a flogging was given, the likes of which the province had never seen.” An underground printing house was found in Tolmazov Lane, and warehouses of glycerin and sawdust for making explosives were found in Leshtukovovo. But the king was cheerful. In the fall I decided to go to Belovezhskaya Pushcha to hunt. I caught a cold there. I had to give up hunting and return home. The doctors ordered a warm bath, but he decided to cool it down. Blood began to flow down the throat... Then Professor Leiden was discharged from Berlin. It turned out that the king had a serious kidney disease - nephritis.

Alexander Alexandrovich thought more and more often about death. It was difficult for him with his “clumsy mind” to grasp the meaning of life, events, his personal destiny...

If Pobedonostsev had not inspired him in his youth that he, Alexander Alexandrovich, was “the most autocratic” and “the most pious,” it would have been easier to die now. After all, in essence, is he a bad person? He did not offend his wife or children, did not debauch, did not harbor personal malice towards anyone, was not lazy, visited churches, gave icons to monasteries... He should have lived somewhere in the provinces, commanded a regiment - how good it would have been. And now? Ah, it’s hard to be an autocrat! And now, it turns out, the autocrats’ kidneys hurt, their throats are bleeding... The king’s legs are swollen. It's hard to breathe. He's lost weight. His temples and cheeks sank, he was all haggard. Some ears stick out.

Doctors say that there is bad air in the room where the emperor sleeps, because four dogs live with the king and make everything dirty. Zakharyin gasped as he entered the Tsar’s bedroom and demanded that the Tsar be taken away from the palace somewhere to Fresh air, South.

On March 1, 1881, Emperor Alexander II Nikolaevich died at the hands of the Narodnaya Volya, and his second son Alexander ascended the throne. At first he was preparing for a military career, because... the heir to power was his elder brother Nikolai, but in 1865 he died.

In 1868, during a severe crop failure, Alexander Alexandrovich was appointed chairman of the committee for the collection and distribution of benefits to the hungry. Before he ascended the throne, he was the ataman of the Cossack troops and the chancellor of the University of Helsingfors. In 1877 he took part in the Russian-Turkish war as a detachment commander.

The historical portrait of Alexander III was more reminiscent of a mighty Russian peasant than the sovereign of an empire. He had heroic strength, but was not distinguished mental abilities. Despite this characteristic, Alexander III was very fond of theater, music, painting, and studied Russian history.

In 1866 he married Danish princess Dagmara, in Orthodoxy Maria Feodorovna. She was smart, educated, and in many ways complemented her husband. Alexander and Maria Feodorovna had 5 children.

Domestic policy of Alexander III

The beginning of the reign of Alexander III occurred during the period of struggle between two parties: liberal (wanting the reforms begun by Alexander II) and monarchical. Alexander III abolished the idea of ​​Russian constitutionality and set a course for strengthening autocracy.

On August 14, 1881, the government adopted a special law “Regulations on measures to protect state order and public peace.” To combat unrest and terror, states of emergency were introduced, punitive measures were used, and in 1882 the secret police appeared.

Alexander III believed that all the troubles in the country came from the freethinking of his subjects and the excessive education of the lower class, which was caused by his father’s reforms. Therefore, he began a policy of counter-reforms.

Universities were considered the main source of terror. The new university charter of 1884 sharply limited their autonomy, student associations and the student court were banned, access to education for representatives of the lower classes and Jews was limited, and strict censorship was introduced in the country.

changes in zemstvo reform under Alexander III:

In April 1881, the Manifesto on the independence of the autocracy was published, compiled by K.M. Pobedonostsev. The rights of zemstvos were severely curtailed, and their work was brought under the strict control of governors. Merchants and officials sat in the City Dumas, and only rich local nobles sat in the zemstvos. Peasants lost the right to participate in elections.

Changes in judicial reform under Alexander III:

In 1890, a new regulation on zemstvos was adopted. Judges became dependent on the authorities, the competence of the jury was reduced, and magistrates' courts were practically eliminated.

Changes in peasant reform under Alexander III:

The poll tax and communal land use were abolished, compulsory land purchases were introduced, but redemption payments were reduced. In 1882, the Peasant Bank was established, designed to issue loans to peasants for the purchase of land and private property.

Changes in military reform under Alexander III:

The defense capability of border districts and fortresses was strengthened.

Alexander III knew the importance of army reserves, so infantry battalions were created and reserve regiments were formed. A cavalry division was created, capable of fighting both on horseback and on foot.

To conduct combat in mountainous areas, mountain artillery batteries were created, mortar regiments and siege artillery battalions were formed. A special railway brigade was created to deliver troops and army reserves.

In 1892, river mine companies, fortress telegraphs, aeronautical detachments, and military dovecotes appeared.

Military gymnasiums were transformed into cadet corps, and non-commissioned officer training battalions were created for the first time to train junior commanders.

A new three-line rifle was adopted for service, and a smokeless type of gunpowder was invented. The military uniform has been replaced with a more comfortable one. The procedure for appointment to command positions in the army was changed: only by seniority.

Social policy of Alexander III

“Russia for Russians” is the emperor’s favorite slogan. Only the Orthodox Church is considered truly Russian; all other religions were officially defined as “other faiths.”

The policy of anti-Semitism was officially proclaimed, and the persecution of Jews began.

Foreign policy of Alexander III

The reign of Emperor Alexander III was the most peaceful. Only once did Russian troops clash with Afghan troops on the Kushka River. Alexander III protected his country from wars, and also helped to extinguish hostility between other countries, for which he received the nickname “Peacemaker.”

Economic policy of Alexander III

Under Alexander III, cities, factories and factories grew, domestic and foreign trade grew, the length of railways increased, and construction of the great Siberian Railway began. In order to develop new lands, peasant families were resettled to Siberia and Central Asia.

At the end of the 80s, the state budget deficit was overcome; revenues exceeded expenses.

Results of the reign of Alexander III

Emperor Alexander III was called “the most Russian Tsar.” He defended the Russian population with all his might, especially on the outskirts, which contributed to the strengthening of state unity.

As a result of the measures taken in Russia, there was a rapid industrial boom, the exchange rate of the Russian ruble grew and strengthened, and the well-being of the population improved.

Alexander III and his counter-reforms provided Russia with a peaceful and calm era without wars and internal unrest, but also gave birth to a revolutionary spirit in the Russians, which would break out under his son Nicholas II.

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chRTPYUEN, CHUE LFP URPTOP Y FTKHDOP, B CHPF PDOP SUOP, YuFP PFEG TBUFETBO VPNVPK, YuFP PR KHCE OILPZDB OE KHMSHVOEFUS Y OE RPYKHFYF, LBL PO KHMSHCHVBMUS Y YKHFYM. ъБВШЧФШ ВШЧ FERETSH P ZPUKHDBTUFCHEOOSHI DEMBY, OYLPZP OE RTYOINBFSH, OBRETEFSHUS ЪDEUSH, CH zBFYUYOE, RTYRPNOYFSH DEFUFCHP, AOPUFSH, PFOPYEOYS U PFGPN... iPUEFUS ЪBVSHCHFSH CHUE PIVDSCH, PULPTVYFEMSHOSH UCHSJ PFGB U TBOBOSCHNY TsEOYOBNYY LFPF TPNBO U OEKHNOPK LOSTSOPK dPMZPTKHLPK, FSOKHCHYYKUS YEUFOBDGBFSH MEF ... oP OEMSHЪS DKHNBFSH P UCHPEN YUBUFOPN UENEKOPN DBCE CH LFPF YUBU KhFTBFSH. YuFP CE DEMBFS? OEHTSEMY PRHVMYLPCHBFSH RPDRYUBOOHA PFGPN “LPOUFYFHGYA”? zPD FPNKH OBBD GEUBTECHYU, B FERETSH YNRETBFPT CHUETPUUYKULYK, bMELUBODT III, KHOBCH P FPN, YuFP PFEG PDPVTYM MYVETBMSHOHA RTPZTBNNH mPTYU-NEMYLPCHB, RYUBM NYOYUFTH : “uMBChB vPZH! OE NPZH CHSHCHTBYFSH, LBL S TBD, YuFP ZPUKHDBTSH FBL NYMPUFYCHP Y U FBLYN DPCHETYEN RTYOSM CHBYKH OBRYULKH, MAVEOSCHK NYIBYM fBTYEMPCHYU. u PZTPNOSHCHN KHDPCHPMSHUFCHYEN Y TBDPUFSHHA RTPYUEM CHUE RPNEFLY ZPUKHDBTS; FERETSH UNEM NPTsOP YDFY CHREDED Y URPLPKOP Y OBUFPKYYCHP RTPCHPDYFSH CHBYKH RTPZTBNNH ABOUT YUBUFSH DPTPPZPK TPDYOSCH Y ABOUT OUYUBUFSH ZPURPD NYOYUFTCH, LPFPTSCHI, OCHETOP, UIMSHOP RPLPTP VYF LFB RTPZTBNNB Y TEYEOYE ZPUKHDBTS, DB vPZ U OYNY! rPЪDTBCHMSA PF DKHYY, Y DBK vPZ IPTPYEE OBYUBMP CHEUFY RPUFPSOOP CHUE DBMSHYE Y DBMSHYE YUFPVSHCH Y CHRTEDSH ZPUKHDBTSH PLBJSCCHBM CHBN FP TSE DPCHETYE.”

lFP VSHMP OBRYUBOP 12 BRTEMS 1880 ZPDB, Y CHPF YMY OEDEMY, NEUSGSHCH, B DEMP OE DCHYZBMPUSH CHREDED, RPFPNH YuFP VMBZPOBNETEOOPNH NYIBYMKH fBTYEMPCHYUH RTYIPDYMPUSH OEPDOPLTBFOP DPLMBDSCHBFSH GBTA Y OBUMEDOYLH PV BTEUFBI Y RPLHOYEOYSI, PV BZEOFHTOSHCHUCHEDEOYSI, PV PITBOYE Y CHUE LFP NEYBMP DEKUFChPCHBFSH, Y mPTYU-NEMYLPCH OE TEYBMUS RTEDUFBCHYFSH PLPOYUBFEMSHOSCHK RTPELF UCHPEK “LPOUFYFHGYY”.

"DEM OYZYMYUFPCH, RYUBM ON OBUMEDOILH 31 YAMS 1880 ZPDB, OBIPDIFUS CH FPN TSE RPMPTSEOYY, CH LBLPN POP VSHMP PE CHTENS OEDBCHOEZP RTEVSCCHBOYS ChBYEZP CHSHUPYUEUFCHB CH gBTULP N. bLFYCHOSCHI DEKUFCHYK, ЪB YULMAYUEOYEN PDOPZP UMKHYUBS, IPFS Y OE RTPSCHMSEFUS, OP UBNPE LFP ЪBFYYSHE RPVKhTSDBEF OBU KHUHZHVMSFSH OBDIPT. OEDBCHOP RTPY'CHEDEOP CH REFETVHTZE YUEFSHTE CHUSHNB CHBTSOSCHI BTEUFB. pDOB YЪ ЪBDETTSBOOSCHI DPYUSH PFUFBCHOPZP ZCHBTDEKULPZP TPFNYUFTB dHTOPChP... h UICHBUEOOSCHI X dHTOPChP VHNBZBI YNEEFUS KHLBBOIE ABOUT PFRTBCHMEOOOSCHK U OEA REYUBFOSCHK UFB OPL... rTY OEK TSE OBKDEO KHUFBCH ZHEDETBMSHOPZP PVEEUFCHB "YENMS Y CHPMS"... chFPTPK BTEUFPCHBOOSCHK, BIBTYUEOLP, CHSF OB mYFEKOPN, CHNEUFE U ZTBTSDBOULPK TSEOPK, ECHTEKLPK tKhVBOYUYL. ъBIBTUEOLP UPOBBMUS KhCE, YuFP TBVPFBM CH RPDLPR...» Y F. D. Y F. D.

CHUE FY UPPVEEOYS USHRBMYUSH LBL YЪ TPZB YЪPVYMYS, Y NYIBYM fBTYEMPCHYU OE TEYBMUS CHPЪPVOPCHYFSH U GBTEN TBZPCHPT P CHSHCHPCHE ENULYI DESFEMEK DMS KYUBUFYS CH Z PUKhDBTUFCHEOOSCHI DEMBY.

b NETSDH FEN RPCHUADH TBURTPUFTBOSMYUSH MYUFLY “oBTPDOPK CHPMY”. “pDYO LBENRMST MYUFLB, RYUBM mPTYU-NEMYLPCH, TEYBAUSH RTERTPCHPDYFSH L CHBYENKH CHSCUPYUEUFCHH, OEUNPFTS ABOUT FP YuFP CHUS CHFPTBS RPMPCHYOB EZP RPUCHSEEOB UBNPNH OERTYU FPKOPNH ZMKHNMEOYA OBDP NOPK. OE OBBA, DPYMP MY DP UCHEDEOYS CHBYEZP CHSHPUUEUFCHB, YuFP zPMSHDEOVETZ ABOUT RTPYMPK OEDEM RPCHEUYMUS CH UCHPEK LBNETE CH REFTPRBCHMPCHULPK LTERPUFY, PUFBCHYCH PVIYTOSHCHE OBRYULY P RTYUYOBY, RPVHDYCHYI EZP L UBNPKHVYKUFCHH. CHUS RTPYMBS OEDEMS OBNEYUBFEMSHOB FEN, YuFP OEBCHYUYNP PF ZPMSHDEOVETZB CH REFTPRBCHMPCHULPK LTERPUFYY CH DPNE RTEDCHBTYFEMSHOPZP ЪBLMAYUEOYS VSCHMP FTY RPLHYEOYS ABOUT UBNPKHVYKUFCHP . UFHDEOF vTPOECHULIK RPCHEUYMUS VSHMP O RTPUFSHCHOE, OP VSHM UOSF CH UBNPN OBYUBME RPLHOYEOYS. IEYOULYK PFTTBCHYMUS TBUFCHPTPN ZHPUZHPTB Y RTYCHEDEO CH YUKHCHUFChP UCHPECHTENEOOOP RPDBOOSCHN NEDYGYOULIN RPUPVIEN, OBLPOEG, nBMYOPCHULBS, PUKhTSDEOOBS CH LBFPTCOSCH TBVPFSCH, RSCHF BMBUSH DHB TBBB MYYYFSH EUVS TSYOY, OP VSHMB CHPCHTENS RTEDHRTETSDEOB . s LPUOHMUS LFYI SCHMEOYK, FBL LBL POY RTYCHPDSF L RTYULPTVOPNH ЪBLMAYUEOYA, YuFP ABOUT YUGEMEOYE MADEK, ЪBTББЪЧYYIUS UPGYBMSHOSCHNY YDESNY, OE FPMSHLP FTHDOP, OP Y OE ChPNPTSOP TBUUUYFSHCHBFSH. zhBOBFYYN YI RTECHPUIPDIF CHUSLPE CHETPSFYE; "MPTSOSCHE HYUEOYS, LPFPTSCHNY POY RTPOILOKHFSCH, CHP'CHEDEOSHCH KHO OYI CH CHETPCHBOYS, URPUPVOSH DPCHEUFY YI DP RPMOPZP UBNPRPTSETFChPCHBOYS Y DBTSE DP UCHPEZP TPDB NHYUEOYUEUFCHB."

yFBL, CHTBZ OERTINYYN. th EUMY RTBCH NYIBYM fBTYEMPCHYU Y TECHPMAGYPOETSH CH UBNPN DEME ZPFPCHSHCH ABOUT CHUE, DBTSE ABOUT NHYUEOYUEUFChP, FP LBLYE TSE KHUFKHRLY NPZHF KHURPLPYFSH Y KHDPCHMEFCHPTYFSH YFYI MADEK ? OE PYUECHYDOP MY, YuFP OYZYMYUFSH NEYUFBAF P YuEN-FP VPMEE UETSHEOOPN Y PLPOYUBFEMSHOPN, YUEN RTYZMBYEOYE ENULYI DESFEMEK ABOUT REFETVHTZULYE UPCHEEBOYS? "lPOUFYFHGYS" NYIBYMB fBTYEMPCHYUB RPLBCEFUS YN, RPTsBMHK, TsBMLPK RPBDYULPK, ​​Y POB RPUMKHTSYF YN RPCPDPN DMS OPCHSHCHCHUFKHRMEOYK. OE OBDP MY UOBYUBMB YЪOYUFPTSYFSH YFYI CHTBZPCH RPTSDLB Y ЪBLPOOPUFY, B RPFPN KHTS DKHNBFSH P OBTPDOPN RTEDUFBCHYFEMSHUFCHE? mPTYU-NEMYLPCH, LPOYUOP, RPYUFEOOOSCHK, KHNOSHCHK Y VMBZPOBNETEOOSCHK YUEMPCHEL, OP ON LBL VHDFP UNPFTYF OEULPMSHLP UCHSHUPLB ABOUT OEZP, GEUBTECHYUB. chPF lPOUFBOFYO REFTPCHYU rPVEDPOPUGECH OE ZMKHREE mPTYU-NEMYLPCHB, B YuFP DP PVTBBPCHBOOPUFY, FP NYIBYMKH fBTYEMPCHYUKH FTHDOP U OIN UPRETOYUBFSH, Y CHUE TSE X LFPZP UFB TPZP HYUFEMS bMELUBODTTB bMELUBODTPCHYUB OE FPMSHLP OEF CHSHCHUPLPNETYS, B DBCE YUKHCHUFCHHEFUS RPYUFYFEMSHOPUFSH CHETOPRPDDBOOPZP. about lPOUFBOFYOB REFTPCHYUB NPTsOP RPMPTSYFSHUS. bFPF OE CHShDBUF. b PO, LBCEPHUS, OE UPYUHCHUFCHHEF RMBOBN mPTYU-NEMYLPCHB.

th ChPF OBUFKHRYMP UFTBIOPE 1 NBTFB. yuete FTY DOS mPTYU-NEMYLPCH RYUBM YNRETBFPTH: “uEZPDOS CH DCHB YUBUB RPRPMKHDOY ABOUT nBMPC UBDPChPK PFLTSCHF RPDLPR YЪ DPNB ZTBZHB NEODEOB YЪ USCHTOPK MBCHLY. rTEDRPMBZBEFUS, YuFP CH RPDLPR KHUFBOPCHMEOB HCE VBFBTES. l PUNPFTKH LURETFBNY VHDEF RTYUFHRMEOP. rPLB PVOBTHTSEOP, YuFP CHSCHOKhFBS YENMS ULTSCCHBMBUSH CH FKHTEGLPN DYCHBOE Y VPYULBI. mBCHLB LFB VSHMB PUNBFTYCHBENB RPMYGYEK DP 19 ZHECHTBMS CHUMEDUFCHYE RPDPJTEOYK, LPFPTSCHE OBCHMELMY ABOUT UEVS OEDBCHOP RTYVSHCHYE CH UFPMYGH IPSYO MBCHLY LTEUFSHSOYO lPVP ECH Y ESP CEOB; OP RTY PUNPFTE OYUEZP CH FP CHTENS OE VSHMP PVOBTHCEOP ".

lBL CE FBL "OE PVOBTHCEOP"? oEF, IHDP, OBYUIF, PITBOSMY PUPVKH ZPUKHDBTS! b CHEDSH ЪB ФП, Х УХЭОПУФИ, ПФЧЭУБФШ ДПМЦЭО ЗТБЗНІИБИМ fБТЭПЧУ...

yEUFPZP NBTFB bMELUBODT bMELUBODTTPCHYU RPMKHYUM PF rPVEDPOPUGECHB DMYOOPE RYUSHNP. «YЪNHYUMB NEOS FTECHPZB, RYUBM PO. UBN OE UNEA SCHYFSHUS L CHBN, YuFPVSH OE VEURPLPYFSH, YVP CHSH UFBMY ABOUT CHEMILKHA CHCHUPFKH. ...YUBU UFTBIOSCHK, TH CHTENS OE FETRIF. YMY FERTSH URBUBFSH tPUUYA Y EUVS, YMY OYLPZDB! eUMY VHDHF CHBN REFSH RTETSOE REUOY UYTEOSCH P FPN, YuFP OBDP KHURPLPYFSHUS, OBDP RTDPDPMTSBFSH CH MYVETBMSHOPN OBRTBCHMEOYY, OBDPVOP KHUFKHRBFSH FBL OBSCCHBENPNKH PVEEUFCHEOOPNH NOEOYA , P, TBDY vPZB, OE CHETSHFE, CHBYE CHEMYUEUFChP, OE UMHYBKFE. bFP VHDEF ZYVEMSH tPUUYYY CHBYB, bFP SUOP DMS NEOS LBL DEOSH. VE'PRBUOPUFSH CHBYB LFYN OE PZTBDIFUS, B EEE KHNEOSHYYFUS. VEKHNOSH ЪMPDEY, RPZHVYYYE TPDYFEMS CHBYEZP, OE KHDCHMEFCHPTSFUS OYLBLPK KHUFKHRLPK Y FPMSHLP TBUUCHYTEREAF. yI NPTsOP KHOSFSH, ЪMPE UENS NPTsOP CHSHCHTCHBFSH FPMSHLP VPTSHVPK U OYNY OB TsYCHPF Y OB UNETFSH, TSEMEPN Y LTPCHSHHA.” fBLPE RYUSHNP UFTBYOP VSHMP YUYFBFSH. chPLTHZ FTPOB, PLBSHCHBEFUS, PDOY MYYSH “DTSVMSHCHE ECHOCHIY...”. “rPUMEDOSS YUFPTYS U RPDLPRPN RTYCHPDYF CH STPUFSH OBTPDOPE YUKHCHUFCHP...” about BTPD VHDFP VSC CHYDYF CH LFPN YYNEOH. according to FTEVHEF, YUFPVSH CHYOPCHOSHE VSHCHMY YZOBOSCH... yЪNEOOYLPCH OBDP RTPZOBFSH. th RTETSDE CHUEZP ZTBZHB mPTYU-NEMYLPCHB. "PO ZHPLHUOIL Y NPTSEF EEE YZTBFSH CH DCHPKOHA YZTH" .

b NETSDH FEN ABOUT 8 NBTFB CH DCHB YUBUB RPRPMKHDOY OBYUEOP VSHMP BUEDBOYE UPCHEFB NYOYUFTPC. ABOUT LFPN BUEDBOY DPMTSOB VSHMB TEYYFSHUS UHDSHVB “LPOUFYFHGYY” mPTYU-NEMYLPCHB. l KHLBBOOPNH YUBUKH NYOYUFTSH Y OELPFPTSCHE RTYZMBYEOOOSCH UPVTBMYUSH CH NBMBIYFPCHPK LPNOBFE yNOEZP DCHPTGB. TPCHOP CH DHB YUBUB CHCHYEM bMELUBODT III Y, ufps x dchety, RPTSYNBM CHUEN THLY, LPZDB KHYUBUFOIL UPCHEFB RTPPIPDYMY NYNP OEZP CH ЪБМХ ЪBUEDBOYS. chPLTHZ UFPMB, RPLTSCHFPZP NBMYOPCHSHCHN UKHLOPN, UFPSMP DCHBDGBFSH RSFSH LTEUEM. yЪ OYI RHUFPCHBMP FPMSHLP PDOP: OE RTYEIBM ABOUT BUEDBOYE CHEMYLYK LOSSH OYLPMBK OYLPMBECHYU... EE VHDHYU OBUMEDOILPN, bMELUBODT bMELUBODTPCYU RYUBM RTP bFPZP UCH PEZP DSDA mPTYU-NEMYLPCHH: “eUMY oylpmbk oylpmbechyu oe Vschm Vshch RTPUFP ZMHR, S Vshch RTSNP OBCHBM EZP RPDMEGPN.” x OYI VSHMY UCHPY UUEFSH, LBL YJCHEUFOP. rPUTEDY UFPMB, URYOPA L PLOBN, PVTBEOOOSCHN ABOUT OECH, UEM GBTS. rTPFYCH OEZP RPNEUFYMUS mPTYU-NEMYLPCH.

oBYUBMPUSH BUEDBOYE. bMELUBODT bMELUBODTPCHYU, LBL VHDFP OEULPMSHLP UNHEBSUSH Y OEMPCHLP RPCPTBUYCHBS CH FEUOPN DMS OEZP LTEUME UCHPE PZTPNOPE Y ZTHJOPE FEMP, PVYASCHYM, YuFP RTYUKHFUFCHHAEY E UPVTBMYUSH DMS PVUKhTSDEOOYS PDOPZP CHPRPTUB, CHCHUYEK UFEREOY CHBTsOPZP. “ZTBZH mPTYU-NEMYLPCH, ULBJBM PO, DPLMBDSCHCHBM RPLPCOPNKH ZPUKHDBTA P OEPVIPDYNPUFY UPCHBFSH RTEDUFBCHYFEMEC PF JENUFCHB Y ZPTPDPCH. NSHUMSH LFB CH PVEYI YUETFBI VSHMB PDPVTEOB RPLPKOSCHN NPIN PFGPN... pDOBLP CHPRTPU OE UMEDHEF UYFBFS RTEDTEYOOOSCHN, FBL LBL RPLPKOSHCHK VBFAYLB IPFEM RTETSDE PLPOYUBFEMSHOPZP KHFCHETS DEOYS RTPELFB UPЪCHBFSH DMS TBUUNPFTEOYS EZP UPCHEF NYOYUFTPC."

ъБФЭН ГТШ RTEDMPTSYM mPTYU-NEMYLPCHH RTPYUEUFSH EZP ЪBRYULH. pOB VSHMB UPUFBCHMEOB DP 1 NBTFB, Y CH FPN NEUFE, ZDE ZPCHPTYMPUSH PV KHUREIBI, DPUFYZOKHFSHI RTYNYTYFEMSHOPK RPMYFYLPK RP PFOPYEOYA L PVEEUFCHH, GBTSH RTECHBM YUFEOYE.

LBTSEFUS, NSCH ЪБВМХЦДБМІУШ, ULBЪBM PO Y ZHUFP RPLTBUOEM, CHUFTEFYCH TSCHUYK CHZMSD rPVEDPOPUGECHB, LPFPTSCHK WE'LL LEAVE TSDPN U mPTYU-NEMYLPCHSHCHN.

rPUME DPLMBDOPK ЪBRYULY RETCHSHCHN ЪBZPCHPTYM RPYUFY DECHSOPUFPMEFOIK ZTBZH uFTPZBOPCH. yBNLBS Y VTSHQZBS UMAOPK, BY ZPCHPTYM P FPN, UFP, ETSEMY RTPKDEF RTPELF NYOYUFTB CHOKHFTEOOYI DEM, CHMBUFSH PLBCEPHUS CH THLBI "TBOSHI YBMPRBECH, DKHNBAEYI OE P RPMSHYE PVEEK, B FPMSHLP P UCHPEK MYYUOPK CHSHCHZPDE... rKHFSH, RTEDMBZBENSCHK NYOYUFTPN, CHEDEF RTSNP L LPOUFYFHGYY, LPFPTPK S OE TsEMBA OH DMS ZPUKHDBTS, OH DMS tPUUYY...”

rPCHETOHCHYUSH H LTEUME, FBL YuFP POP ЪBFTEEBMP, bMELUBODT bMELUBODTPCYU ULBUBM KhZTANP:

with FPTSE PRBUBAUSH, YuFP LFP RETCHSHCHK YBZ L LPOUFYFHGYY.

chFPTSCHN ZPCHPTYM ZTBZh chBMHECH. according to UFBTBMUS PVASUOYFSH, YuFP RTPELF mPTYU-NEMYLPCHB PYUEOSH DBMEL PF OBUFPSEEK LPOUFYFHGYY Y UFP UMEDHEF EZP RTYOSFSH VEJPFMBZBFEMSHOP, KhDPCHMEFCHPTSS FEN URTBCHEDMYCHPE RTYFSBOIE PVEEUFCHB.

rPFPN ZPCHPTYM NYMAFYO. rP EZP NOEOYA, RTEDMPTSEOOBS NETB TEYYFEMSHOP OEPVIPDYNB. oEYUBUFOSHCHK CHSHCHUFTEM lBTBLPCHB RPNEYBM DEMH TEZHPTN, Y TBMBBD NETSDH RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHPN Y PVEEUFCHPN UMYYLPN PRBUEO. oBDP CHSTBYFSH PVEEUFCHH CHOYNBOYE Y DPCHETYE, RTYZMBUYCH DERKHFBFPCH DMS ZPUKHDBTUFCHEOOPZP UPCHEEBOYS. CHEUFSH P RTEDRPMBZBENSHI OPCHSCHI NETBY RTPOILMB YYB ZTBOYGH...

fPZDB bMELUBODT bMELUBODTPCHYU RETEVYM NYOYUFTB: dB, OP YNRETBFPT CHYMSHZEMSHN, DP LPFPTPZP DPYEM UMHI P FPN, VKhDFP VSH VBFAYLB IPUEF DBFSH tPUUY LPOUFIFHGYA, KhNP MSM EZP CH UPVUFCHEOOPTHYUOPN RYUSHNE OE DEMBFSH LFPZP...

FEEFOP NYMAFYO, RTDPDPMTSBS TEYUSH, UFBTBMUS DPLBJBFSH, YuFP CH RTPELFE OEF Y FEOY LPOUFYFKHGYY, GBTSH UNPFTEM ABOUT OEZP OEDPCHETYUYCHSHNY, OERPOINBAEINY ZMBBIBNY.

chSCHUFKHRIM NYOYUFT RPYUF nBLPC. bFPF OE RPULCHRYMUS ABOUT FBLYE CHETOPPDBOYUUEULYE CHPULMYGBOYS, UFP DBTSE UBN bMELUBODT bMELUBODTPCHYU ЪBNPFBM ZPMPCHPK, LBL VKhDFP EZP DKHYM ZBMUFHL.

NYOYUFT ZHYOBOUPCH bVBBB, TBBDTBTSEOOSCHK MBLEKUFCHPN nBLPCHB, OE VE ZPTSYUOPUFY RPDDETTSYCHBM MPTYU-NEMYLPCHULIK RTPELF, KhChETSS GBTS, YuFP UBNPDETTSBCHYE PUFBOEFUS OE ЪSHCHVMENSCHN, OUNPFTS OH ABOUT LFP.

fPZDB CHSHCHUFKHRIM mPTYU-NEMYLPCH. ON PUEOSH RPOINBEF, LBL FTHDOP YDFY OBCHUFTEYUKH RPTSEMBOVSN PVEEUFCHB CH DOY FBLYI YURSHCHFBOYK Y RPFTSUEOYK, OP DTHZPZP OEF CHSHCHIPDB. po, mPTYU-NEMYLPCH, UPOBEF UCHPA CHYOH RETED TPUUYEK, RPFPNH YuFP PO OE KHVETEZ ZPUKHDBTS, OP, CHYDYF vPZ, PO UMHTSYM ENKH CHUEK DKHYPK Y CHUENY UYMBNY. OR RTPUYM PV PFUFBCHLE, OP EZP CHEMYUEUFCHH OE KHZPDOP VSHMP KHCHPMYFSH EZP, mPTYU-NEMYLPCHB...

bMELUBODT LYCHOHM ZPMPCHPA:

with ЪOBM, YuFP ChSch, NYIBYM fBTYEMPCHYU, UDEMBMY CHUE, YuFP NPZMY.

FERETSH PYUETEDSH DPIMB DP rPVEDPOPUGECHB. according to VSHM VEMSHK LBL RPMPFOP. VEULTPCHOSCHNY ZHVBNY, ЪBDSHHIBSUSH PF CHPMOEOS, BY RTPYOPUYM TEYUSH, LBL ЪBLMSFYS. PO H PFYUBSOYY. lPZDB-FP RPMSHULYE RBFTIPFSCH LTYUBMY P ZYVEMY TPDYOSCH “Finis Poloniae!” FERETSH, LBCEPHUS, RTYIPDIFUS OBN, TKHUULIN, LTYUBFSH “Finis Russiae!” “lPOEG tPUUYY!” rTPELF NYOYUFTB DSCHYYF ZHBMSHYSHA. sChOP, YuFP IPFSF CHOEUFY LPOUFYFHGYA, OE RTPYOPUS UFTBIOPZP UMPChB. rPYUENH DERKHFBFSCH VHDHF CHSTBTSBFSH DEKUFCHYFEMSHOP NOOEYE UFTBOSHCH? rPYENH? CHUE LFP MPTSSH Y PVNBO...

dB, ULBЪBM ZPUKHDBTSH, S FP TSE DKHNBA. h dBOYY NOE ZPCHPTYMY NYOYUFTSHCH, YuFP DERKHFBFSHCH, ЪBUEDBAEYE CH RBMBFE, OE NPZHF UYUYFBFSHUS CHSTBYFEMSNY DEKUFCHYFEMSHOSHI OBTPDOSHI RPFTEVOPUFEK.

rPVEDPOPUGECH CHSHHRIM UFBLBO CHPDSH Y RTPDPMTSBM:

about BN RTEDMBZBAF KHUFTPYFSH ZPCHPTYMSHOA CHTPDE ZHTBOGKHULYI “Etats generaux”. OP KH OBU Y FBL UMMYYLPN NOPZP LFYI ZPCHPTYMEO ENULYE, ZPTPDULYE, UKHDEVOSHCHUE VPMFBAF, Y OILFP OE TBVPFBEF. iPFSF KHUFTPYFSH CHUETPUUYKULHA CHETIPCHOKHA ZPCHPTYMSHOA. y FERETSH, LPZDB RP FH UFPTPOH ECHSCH, THLPK RPDBFSH PFUADB, METSYF CH reftprbchmpchulpn UPVPTE EEE OE RPZTEVEOOOSCHK RTBI VMBZPDHYOPZP GBTS, LPFPTSCHK UTEDY VEMB DOS TBUFETBO TKH ULINY MADSHNY, OBN TEYBAFUS ZPCHPTYFSH PV PZTBOYUEOOY UBNPDETSBCHYS! nsch DPMTSOSCH UEKYUBU OE P LPOUFYFHGYY ZPCHPTYFSH, B LBSFSHUS CHUEOBTPDOP, YUFP OE UKHNEMY PITBOIFSH RTBCHEDOILB. ABOUT OBU CHUEI METSYF LMEKNP OUNSHCHBENPZP RPJPTB...

x bMELUBODTTB bMELUBODTTPCHYUB PRKHIMY ZMBBB, Y BY RTPVPTPNPFBM:

uHEBS RTBCHDB. NSH CHUE CHYOPCHBFSH. with RETCHSHCHK PVCHYOSA UEWS.

rPVEDPOPUGECH BNNMMYUBM. ъБЗПЧПТИМ bVБББ:

TEYUSH lPOUFBOFYOB REFTPCHYUB NTBYUOSCHK PVCHYOYFEMSHOSCHK BLF RTPFYCH GBTUFCHPCHBOYS RPLPKOPZP YNRETBFPTB. URTBCHEDMYCHP MY LFP? gBTEHVYKUFCHP CHCHUE OE RMPD MYVETBMSHOPK RPMYFYLY, LBL DHNBEF lPOUFBOFYO REFTPCYU. fETTPT VPMEЪOSH CHELB, Y CH LFPN OERPCHYOOOP RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHP bMELUBODTTB chFPTPZP. TBCH OE UFTEMSMY OEDBCHOP CH ZETNBOULPZP YNRETBFPTB, OE RPLKHYBMYUSH KHVYFSH LPTPMS YFBMSHSOULZP Y DTHZYI ZPUKHDBTEK? TBCHE ABOUT DOSI OE VSHMP UDEMBOP CH mPODPOE RPLHOYE OYE CHPTCHBFSH ABOUT CHPDKHI RPNEEEOOYE MPTD-NTB?

rPUME bVBSCH ZPCHPTYMY D.N. uPMSHULYK, l. R. rPUSHEF, LOSSH u. y. xTHUPCH, b. b. uBVHTPCH, d.o. aboutBVPLPCH, RTYOG r. h. pMShDEOVKHTZULYK, CHEMYLYK LOSSH lPOUFBOFYO OILPMBECHYU, CHEMYLYK LOSSH chMBDYNYT bMELUBODTPCYU, OP DEMP VSHMP TEYOP. rTPELF UDBMY CH LPNYUUYA. rPVEDPOPUGECH RPIPTPOYM LPOUFYFHGYA. REUEOLB mPTYU-NEMYLPCHB VSHMB UREFB .

bMELUBODT bMELUBODTTPCHYU HEIBM CH zBFUYOH. TsYFSH ЪDEUSH VSHMP OECHEUEMP. rPYUFY LBTSDSCHK DEOSH RTYIPDYMY ЪBRYULY PF mPTYU-NEMYLPCHB U UPPVEEOYSNY P DPRTPUBI BTEUFPCHBOOSCHI, P OPCHSHHI BTEUFBI, P OPCHSHHI RTEDRPMBZBCHYIUS RPLHYEOYSI Y ЪБЗПЧПТБ I... b FHF EEE IMPRPFSCH U LOSZYOEK ATSHECHULPK, ​​LPFPTBS RTYUFBEF U DEOSHZBNY, U RPLKHRLPK DMS OEE LBLPZP-FP DPNB. b RPFPN PRSFSH BTEUFSH Y PRSFSH RTEDHRTETSDEOYS, YuFP OEMSHЪS CHSHCHETsBFSH YЪ zBFUYOSCH YMY, OBRTPFYCH FPZP, OBDP RPULPTEE PFFKHDB CHSHCHEIBFSH, OP FPMSHLP OE CH FPF YuBU, LBLPC OB OBYUEO, B CH DTHZPK, YUFPVSH PVNBOKHFSH LBLYI-FP VPNVPNEFBFEMEK, LPFPTSHCHE NETEEYMYUSH CHUADH TSBODBTNBN, RPFETSCHIYN ZPMPCHH.

pDYOOBDGBFPZP NBTFB RTYYMP RYUSHNP rPVEDPOPUGECHB. “yNEOOOP CH FY DOY, RYUBM PO, OEF RTEDPUFPPTTSOPUFY, YЪMYYOOEK DMS CHBU. TBDY VPZB, RTYNYFE PE CHONBOIE OITSEUMEDHAEE: 1) lPZDB UPVYTBEFEUSH LP UOH, YICHPMSHFE ЪBRYTBFSH ЪB UPVPA DCHETSH OE FPMSHLP CH URBMSHOE, OP Y PE CHUEI UM EDHAEYI LPNOBFBI, CHRMPFSH DP CHIPDOK. dPCHETEOOSCHK YUEMPCHEL DPMTSEO CHOINBFEMSHOP UNPFTEFSH ЪB ЪBNLBNY Y OBVMADBFSH, YUFPVSH CHOKHFTEOOYE ЪBDCHYTSLY X UFChPTYUBFSHI DCHETEK VSHMY ЪBDCHYOKHFSCH. 2) oERTENEOOOP OBVMADBFSH LBTSDSCHK CHYUET, RETED UOPN, GEMSH MY RTPCHPDOYLY ЪChPOLPCH. yI MEZLP NPTsOP RPDTEЪBFSH. 3) about BVMADBFSH LBTSDSCHK CHYUET, PUNBFTYCHBS RPD NEVEMSHA, CHUE MY CH RPTSDLE. 4). 5) CHUE MY OBDETSOSCH MADI, UPUFPSEYE RTY CHBYEN CHEMYUEUFCHE. eUMY LFP-OYVKhDSh Vschm IPFSH OENOPZP UPNOYFEMEO, NPTsOP OBKFY RTEDMPZ HDBMYFSH EZP...”

th FBL DBMEE. pF LFYI HFPNYFEMSHOSHCHETOPPDDBOOYUEULYI RTEDHRTETSDEOYK UFBOPCHYMPUSH FPYOP Y UFSCHDOP, OP RTYIPDYMPUSH CH UBNPN DEME ЪBRYTBFSH DCHETY, PRBUBSUSH OECHEDPNPZP CHTBZB, RPDPYTF EMSHOP PZMSDSCHBFSH MBLEECH, LPFPTSCHE FPCE UNHEBMYUSH Y PFCHPTBUYCHBMYUSH, RPONBS, YuFP YN OE CHETYF ZPUKHDBTSH. CHUE LFP VSHMP PYUEOSH NHYUIFEMSHOP Y FTHDOP.

h FY DOY RTPYMB RETED bMELUBODTTPN bMELUBODTPCHYUEN CHUS EZP TSYOSH. fBL RTYRPNYOBEYSH AOPUFSH, NPMPDPUFSH, CHUE VSHCHMPE, LPZDB UYDYYSH CH PDYOPYUOPK FATSHNE Y OE OBEYSH VHDHEEZP. rP OPYUBN bMELUBODT bMELUBODTTPCHYU IHDP URBM. chPTPYUBMUS ABOUT UCHPEK RPUFEMY, LPFPTBS FTEEBMB RPD ZTHOSCHN FEMPN YNRETBFPTB. yOPZDB UFBOPCHYMPUSH OECHNPZPFKH, Y GBTSH URHULBM VPUSH PZTPNOSHCHE OPZY ABOUT RPM, UBDIYMUS ABOUT RPUFEMSH, B LTPCHBFSH RPYUENH-FP UFPSMB KH UFEOSCH UP UCHPDPN, Y RTYIPDYMPUSH OBZYVBFSHUS, Y FPVSH OE TBVYFSH ZPMPCHSHCH: UPCHUEN LBL CH FATSHNE. OP bMELUBODTKH bMELUBODTTPCHYUKH OTBCHYMPUSH, YuFP CH LPNOBFE FEUOP. po OE MAVIM RTPUFPTOSHCHI LPNOBF, ENKH VSHMP OE RP UEVE CH VPMSHYI EBMBI, BY VPSMUS RTPUFTBOUFCHB. h LLPNOBFE NOPZP VSHMP NEVEMY, Y OZDE VSHMP RPCHETOHFSHUS. hNSHCHBMSHOIL UFPSM TSDPN U LOYTSOPK RPMLPK, Y KHNSCHBFSHUS VSHMP OEHDPVOP, OP GBTSH TBUUETDIMUS, LPZDB LBNETDYOET IPFEM KHVTBFSH MYYOYE LTEUMB.

h WEUUPOOSH OPYY RTYRPNYOBMPUSH RTYMPE. rTETSDE VSHMP TSYFSH MEZUE Y RTYSFOEEE, FPZDB CHEDSH ON OE VSHHM! GBTEN, OP Y CH FE DOY VSHMP, OENBMP ULPTVEK, PDOBLP YOPZDB RTYRPNYOBMYUSH LBLYE-FP NEMPYY Y ZMHRPUFY.

chPF, OBRTYNET, CHURPNOYMBUSH RPYUENH-FP RPEBDLB CH nPULCHH CH 1861 ZPDH, LPZDB ENKH VSHMP YEUFOBDGBFSH MEF Y ON OE RPNSHCHYMSM P GBTUFCHE. EZP Y VTBFB chMBDYNYTB RPCHEMY CH LPMSULE ABOUT chPTPVSHESCHSH ZPTSH; FBN YI PLTHTSYMY NPMPDEOSHLYE FPTZPCHLY U CHYYOSNY; chPMPDS PYUEOSH NYMP U OYNY YKHFYM, B PO, UBYB, LPOZHKHYMUS Y DYUMUS, IPFS ENKH FPTSE IPFEMPUSH RPVPMFBFSH U LFYNY NYMPCHYDOSHNY IPIPPHHOSHSNY, APCHUEEN OE RPIPTSYNY ABOUT DECHYG , LBLYI BY CHYDEM PE DCHPTGBI. hPMPDS RPFPN FTHOIM OBD OIN. h UENSHE ЪChBMY UBYKH FP "NPRUPN", FP "VSHYULPN".

rPFPN CHURPNOYMUS LFPF KHTsBUOSCHK 1865 ZPD, LPZDB CHOYGGE HNET VTBF OYLPMBK Y PO, UBYB, UDEMBUS OBUMEDOILPN RTEUFPMB. ABOUT UMEDHAEIK ZPD CH YAOE RTYYMPUSH EIBFSH CH ZhTEDEOUVPTZ . dBFULBS RTYOGEUUB dBZNBTB, OECHEUFB RPLPKOPZP VTBFB, UVBMB FERTSH EZP OECHEUFPK. uOBYUBMB BY DYUMUS LPTPMS ITYUFYBOB Y EZP DPYUETY, UPCHUEN LBL RSFSH MEF FPNH OBBD FPTZPCHPL U CHYYOSNY ABOUT CHPTPVSHESHI ZPTBI, B RPFPN RTYCHSHL, Y ENKH DBTSE OTBCHYMBUSH FB UENSHS, ULTPNOBS Y VKHTTSKHBIOBS, ZHE CHUE VSHCHMY TBUYUEFMYCHSHCH YE UPTYMY DEOSHZBNY, LBL CH REFETVHTZE. rPUME UCHBDSHVSH U dBZNBTPK, LPFPTBS, RTYOSCH RTBCHPUMBCHYE, UDEMBMBUSH nBTYEK ZHEDPTPCHOPK, PO RPUEMYMUS CH BOYULLPCHPK DCHPTGE, Y NPTsOP VSHMP VSC ЪBTSYFSH URPLKOPK Y NYTOPK TSY OSHA. OP UFPMYGB tPUUYKULPK YNRETYY OE RPIPTSB ABOUT RTPCHYOGYBMSHOSCHK ZhTEDEYUVPTZ. lBLBS-FP TsKhFLBS, FTECHPTSOBS Y FBKOBS TSYOSH YUKHCHUFCHPCHBMBUSH ЪB CHEMYLPMEROSHNY DELPTBGYSNY REFETVHTZB. rPUME LBTBLPCHULPZP CHSHCHUFTEMB 4 BRTEMS 1860 ZPDB CHUE UFBMP LBL VHDFP OERTPYUOSCHN Y UMPCHEYN. lBFLPCH OBNELBM CH UCHPEK ZBJEFE, YuFP L LBTBLP'PCHULPNH DEMH RTYYUBUFEO CHEMILYK LOSSH lPOUFBOFYO OILPMBECHYU.

OP VSHCHMY Y RTYSFOSHE CHPURPNYOBOYS. chPF, OBRTYNET, LBL VSHMP IPTPYP CH CHUEOOYE DOY CH gBTULPN uyeme, LPZDB ZTBZH pMUKHZHSHECH, ZEOETBM rPMPCHGPCH, RTYOG pMShDEOVHTZULYK Y EEE DCHB-FTY YuEMPCHELB UPUFBCMSMY NBMEOSHLY K PTLEUFT. bMELUBODT bMELUBODTTPCHYU UOBYUBMB YZTBM ABOUT LPTOEF, B RPFPN, LPZDB PTLEUFT KHCHEMYYUMUS, ЪBLBBBM UEVE PZTPNOSHCHK NEDOSCHK ZEMYLPO. uVTPUYCH UATFHL, OBUMEDOIL CHMEЪBM ZPMPCHPK CH YOUFTHNEOF, LMBM FTHVH ABOUT RMEYUP Y DPVTPUPCHEUFOP DHM CH NEDSH, YURPMOSS RBTFYA UBNPZP OYLPZP VBUB. yOPZDB LFY LPOGETFSCH KHUFTBYCHBMYUSH CH REFETVHTZE, CH RPNEEEOOY nPTULPZP NHJES, CH ЪDBOY bDNYTBMFEKUFCHB. pZTPNOSHCHK ZEMYLPO GEUBTECHYYU ZKHDEM DILP Y ЪБЗМХИБМ CHUE PUFBMSHOSHE VBUSH. VSHMP CHUEMP RYFSH YUBK U. LBMBYUBNY RPUME LFYI NHYSHCHLBMSHOSHI KHRTBTSOEOYK.

rTYRPNYOBMPUSH Y DTHZPE NTBYUOPE Y UFSCHDOP. chPF, OBRTYNET, CH 1870 ZPDH LFB YUFPTYS U YFBVOSCCHN PZHYGETPN, YCHEDPN RP RTPYUIPTSDEOIA... bMELUBODT bMELUBODTPCYU FBL PDOBTSDSCH TBUUETDYMUS ABOUT LFPPZP YCHEDB, YFP OERTYUFPKOP YЪTHZBM EZP, B PO YNEM ZMHRPUFSH RTYUMBFSH RYUSHNP, FTEVHS PF OEZP, GEUBTECHYUB, YYCHYOOYK Y KHZTPTSBS UBNPKHVYKUFCHPN , ETSEMY YYCHYOOYS OE RPUMEDHEF. th UFP CE! bFPF PZHYGET DEKUFCHYFEMSHOP RHUFYM UEVE RHMA CH MPV. rPLPKOSHCHK ZPUKHDBTSH, TBZOECHBOOSCHK, RTYLBOBBM bMELUBODTKH bMELUBODTPCHYUKH YDFY ЪB ZTPVPN bFPZP PZHYGETB, Y RTYYMPUSH YDFY. b LFP VSHMP UFTBYOP, NHYUIFEMSHOP Y UFSCHDOP...

b RPFPN PRSFSH RTYSFOPE: UENSHS, DEFY, DPNBUOYK KHAF... po DEMYMUS FPZDB UCHPYNY YUKHCHUFCHBNY U lPOUFBOFYOPN REFTPPCHYUEN rPVEDPOPUGECHSHCHN: “tPTsDEOOYE EUFSH UBNBS TBDPUFOBS NY OKhFB TsYYOY, Y PRYUBFSH EE OECHPNPTSOP, RPFPNKH YuFP LFP UPCHETYEOOP PUPVPE YUKHCHUFChP, LPFPTPPE", OE RPIPTS OH ABOUT LBLP DTHZPE ".

zPUKHDBTUFCHEOOSCHNY DEMBNY FPZDB RTYIPDYMPUSH ЪBOINBFSHUS NBMP, Y bMELUBODT bMELUBODTPCYU, LTBUOES, CHURPNYOBM, YuFP PO OE RTPYUSH VSHM RPMYVETBMSHOYUBFSH. h PFGE ON EBNEYUBM YETFSH UBNPHRTBCHGB Y UBNPDHTB. “FERETSH FBLPE CHTENS, RYUBM ON FPZDB, YuFP OILFP OE NPTSEF VSHFSH KHCHETEO, YuFP ЪBCHFTB EZP OE RTPZPOSF U DPMTSOPUFYL...l UPTSBMEOYA, CH PZHYGYBMSHOSHI PFUEFBI FBL YBUFP RTYLTBOYCHBAF, B YOPZDB Y RTPUFP CHTF, YuFP S, RTYOBAUSH, CHUEZDB YUYFBA YI U OEDPCHETYEN...” by RPYUIFSHCHBM UMBCHSOPZHYMSHULYE UFBFSHY UBNBTYOB Y BLUBLPCHB. h YUBUSH DPUKHZB TPNBOSCH MEULPCHB, NEMSHOILPCHB Y EEE LPE-LPZP RP CHSHVPTKH Y UPCHEFBN rPVEDPOPUGECHB.

h PLFSVTE 1876 ZPDB PFOPYEOYS U fHTGYEK PVPUFTYMYUSH OBUFPMSHLP, YuFP ChPKOB LBBBMBUSH OEYVETSOPK. bMELUBODT bMELUBODTPCHYU RYUBM FPZDB rPVEDPOPUGECHH P RPMYFYUUEULYI DEMBY Y, YUKHCHUFCHHS, YuFP TBBPVTBFSHUS CH OYI ENKH OE RPD UYMKH, FBL PFLTPCHEOOP Y RTYOBMUS UCHPENKH NEO FPTKH: “rTPUFYFE NEOS, lPOUFBOFYO rEFTPCHYU, ЪB bfp OEULMBDOPE RYUSHNP, OP POP UMHTSYF PFTBTSEOYEN NPESP OEULMBDOPZP KHNB.”

h FFP TSE CHTENS RTYVMYYFEMSHOP rPVEDPOPUGECH RYUBM GEUBTECHYUKH: “chBN YJCHEUFOP, h LBLPN CHPVHTSDEOOY OBIPDIFUS ch bFKH NYOKHFKH TKHUULPE PVEEUFChP CH NPULCHE RP RPCHPDH RPM YFYUEULYI UPVSHFYK... CHUE URTBYCHBMY EUVS, VHDEF MY CHPKOB. y CH PFCHEF UMSHCHYBF DTKhZ PF DTKHZB, YuFP KH OBU OYUEZP OEF OH DEOEZ, OH OBYUBMSHOYLPCH, OH CHEEEUFCHEOOSHI UTEDUFCH, YuFP CHPEOOSHCH OUYMSCH OE ZPFPCHSHCH, OE UBVTSEOSCH, OE UOBTSSEOSCH; RPFPN PRSFSH URTBYCHBAF, LHDB CE DECHBMYUSH OECHETPSFOP ZTPNBDOSHCHUKHNNSHCH, RPFTBUEOOSCH ABOUT BTNYA Y ZHMPF; TBUULBYSCHCHBAF RPTBYFEMSHOSHCHE, RTECHSHCHYBAEYE CHUSLPE CHETPSFYE, YUFPTYY P UYUFENBFYUEULPN ZTBVETSE LBYEOOSCHI DEOOZ H CHPEOOPN, NPTULPN Y TBOSHI DTHZYI NYOYUFETU FCHBI, P TBCHOPDHYYY OEURPUPVOPUFY OBYUBMSHUFCHHAEYI MYG Y RTPYEE. fBLPE UPUFPSOIE KHNPCH PUEOSH PRBUOP.”

pDOBLP DCHYTSEOYE CH RPMSHYH UETVYY UFPMSH OBYUYFEMSHOP, YuFP RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHP PVSBOP CHYSFSH CH UCHPY THLY DEM CHPKOSHCH. fBL Y UMHYUMPUSH. h BRTEME PVYASCHMEOB VSHMB CHPKOB, B 26 YAOS 1877 ZPDB bMELUBODT bMELUBODTPCHYU VSHM HCE CH rBCHMPCHY CHUFKHRIM CH LPNBODPCHBOYE tHEHLULINE PFTSDPN. according to DKHNBM, YuFP PFEG OBYUYF EZP ZMBCHOPLPNBODHAEIN CHUEK BTNYY, OP GBTA PFUPCHEFPCHBMY. OP CHETYMY, YuFP LFPF OERPCHPTPFMYCHSHCHK, OEZYVLYK YUEMPCHEL U "OEULMBDOSHCHN KHNPN", UNPTsEF THLPCHPDYFSH PFCHEFUFCHOOOPK LBNRBOYEK. ZMBCHOPLPNBODHAEIN OBYUEO VSCHM CHEMYLYK LOSSH OYLPMBK OYLPMBECHYU UFBTYK, YuEZP OILPZDB Oye Refinery RTPUFYFSH ENKH bMELUBODT bMELUBODTPCYU.

OYLPMBK OYLPMBECHYU RPTHYUYM GEUBTECHYUKH PITBOSFSH DPTPZKH PF RETERTBCHSH YUETE DHOBK X uYUFPCHB L fShTOPCHH. th bMELUBODT bMELUBODTTPCHYU RPLPTOP YURPMOSM RTEDRYUBOYE, OE UNES RTPSCHYFSH OILBLPK YOYGYBFYCHSHCH. rTYIPDYMPUSH RYUBFSH RYUSHNB OBUYOBS U PVTBEEOYS "NYMSCHK DSDS OYY" Y RPDRYUSCHCHBFSHUS "MAVSAKE FEVS RMENSOoil UBYB". pDYO YY URKHFOILPC GEUBTECHYUB, ZTBZH UETZEK yETENEFECH, RYUBM CH DOECHOYLE: “pYUEOSH TsBMSH GEUBTECHYUB; FSTSEMPE EZP RPMPTSEOYE.” tHEHLULYK PFTSD CH VPSI KHUBUFCHPCHBM OE YUBUFP, Y DOY FSOKHMYUSH NEDMYFEMSHOP Y ULHYUOP. “CHYUETB DPMZP CHEYUETPN METSBMY ABOUT UEOE, RYYEF CH DOECHOYLE yETENEFECH, OPYUSH VSHMB YUKHDOBS, Y RPMOSHCHK NEUSG PUCHEEBM CHUE VYCHHBLY, OP FBLYE OPYUY ЪDEUSH FPMSHLP OZPOSAF FPU LH. with UNPFTEM ABOUT GEUBTECHYUB, LPFPTPNH YOPK TB VSHCHBEF OECHEUEMP.”

h YAME, NEOSS ZMBCHOHA LCHBTFYTH, DCHYOKHMYUSH PF pVTEFEOOILB L yuETOPNH mPNH. eIBMY ЪBUPIYYYYN RPMS-NY, U RPTsEMFECHYEK FTBCHPK, PVAIRBOOPC LHLHTHPK, LPYULBNY, NEMLYN LHUFBTOILPN. NYOPCHBMY OENPE FHTEGLPE LMBDWYEE UP NOPTSEUFCHPN LBNOEK VE OBDRYUEK... rPFPN RPEIBMY CH PUFTYGH. FBN GEUBTECHYU, UYUYFBCHYYK UEVS MAVYFEMEN BTIEPMPZYY, RTYLBYBM TBTSCHCHBFSH LHTZBO Y UBN CHJSM MPRBFKH Y DPMZP LPRBM, RSCHIFS, FBL SFP URYOB UPCHETYEOOP RTPNPLMB. OBUMY ULEMEF Y DCHB DISADVANTAGES LPMSHGB.

h BCHZKHUFE X YYRLY OUEULPMSHLP DOEK YMY LTPCHPRTPMYFOSCH VPY. YuEFSHTOBDGBFPZP YUYUMB RPMHYUEOP VSHMP YJCHEUFYE J ZMBCHOPK LCHBTFYTSCH, YuFP RTEDRYUBOP VPNVBTDYTPCHBFSH tHEHL. pVUKhTsDBS TREES U OBYUBMSHOILPN YFBVB chBOOPCHULIN, GEUBTECHYU CHDTHZ ЪBNPMYUBM, UNPFTS LKhDB-FP CHDBMSH, ЪBВШЧЧ, ДПМЦОП ВШЧФШ, YuFP PR FPCE LPNBODHAYK OBYUYFEMSH OPK CHPEOOOPK YUBUFSH. NPTsOP VSCHMP DPZBDBFSHUS, YuFP bMELUBODT bMELUBODTTPCHYU DKHNBEF P UENSHE, P URPLKOPK VKHTTSKHBOPK TSYOY. rPYZTBFSH VSC UEKYUBU ABOUT LPTOEF, RPIKHFYFSH U TEVSFBNY, RPFPN RPDTENBFSH RPUME USCHFOPZP RTPUFPZP PVEDB. b FHF CHUE FTECHPTsOP. th DBCE OEVP LBCEPHUS UEKYUBU LBLYN-FP OEPVSHHLOPCHEOOSCHN, CHPMYEVOCHN Y TsKHFLINE. lFP-FP RPUNPFTEM ABOUT YUBUSH ULBUBM: “UEKYUBU OBUYOBEFUS.” y CH UBNPN DEME, YUETE NYOHFKH OBYUBMPUSH MHOOPE ЪBFNEOYE. mHOB PVTBFYMBUSH CH LBLPE-FP LTPCHBCHPE, ZTSJOPE RSFOP. VSHMP FBL FENOP, YuFP RTYOEUMY ZHPOBTY Y RPUFBCHYMY ABOUT PRTPPLYOKHFSCHK SALE, ЪБNEOSCHYIK UFPM.

chPUSHNPZP UEOFSVTS bMELUBODT bMELUBODTTPCHYU RYUBM rPVEDPOPUGECHH: “oe DHNBMY NSCH, YuFP FBL ЪBFSOEFUS CHPKOB, B OBYUBMP FBL OBN HDBMPUSH Y FBL IPTPYP CHUE YMP Y PVEEBMP ULPTSHCHK Y VMEUFSEIK LPOEG, Y CHDTHZ LFB OEYUBUFOBS rMECHOB! bFPF LPYNBT CHPKOSHCH!”

OP CHPF CH LPOGE LPOGPCH rMECHOB CHSFB, TKHUULYE CHPKULB CHOPCHSH RETEYMY vBMLBOSHCH, OBOSMY bDTYBOPRPMSH Y RPDpyMY CH SOCHBTE 1878 ZPDB L lPOUFBOFYOPRPMA. 1 ZHECHTBMS CHETOHMUS GEUBTECHYU CH REFETVHTZ. yUFPTYS UBO-UFEZHBOULYI RETEZPCHPTPCH YJCHEUFOB. y'CHEUFOSCH Y TE'HMSHFBFSH VETMYOULPZP LPOZTEUUB.

dCHBDGBFSH RSFPZP YAOS 1878 ZPDB rPVEDPOPUGECH RYUBM GEUBTECHYUKH: “rPUNPFTYFE, ULPMSHLP ZPTEYUYY OZPDPCHBOYS CHSTBTSBEFUS LBTSDSCHK DEOSH, UMSHCHYYFUS PFPCHUADH RP RPCHPD X YJCHEUFYS PV KHUMPCHYSI NYTB, CHSHTBVBFSHCHCHBENSHI ABOUT LPOZTEUUE.”

OECHEUEMSCH VSHCHMY CHPURPNYOBOYS Y P UENEKOPK TSY PFGB: NBFSH, RPLYOKHFBS Y ЪBVSHCHFBS, DMYOOBS CHETEOYGB PFGPCHULYI MAVPCHOIG dPMZPTHLBS RETCHBS, BNSFYOB, mBVHO ULBS, nBLPCHB, nBLBTPCHB Y LFB ULBODBMSHOBS YUFPTYS U chBODPK lBTPGGY, PVEEDPUFKHROPK REFETVHTZULPK VMHDOYGEK. y OE NEOEE RPUFSHCHDOBS YUFPTYS CH MYCHBDYY U ZYNOBIUFLPK, DPYUTSHA LBNET-MBLES. th LFPF, OBLPOEG, DMYFEMSHOSHCHK TPNBO U dPMZPTHLPA CHFPTPK, OSHCHOE UCHEFMEKYEK LOSZYOEK ATSHECHULPK, ​​NPTZBOBFYUEULPK UHRTKHZPK RPLPCOPZP ZPUKHDBTS... b RPUMEDOYE DCHB ZPDB RETED UNETFSHA P FGB Y CHCHUE VSHMY RPIPTSY ABOUT LPNBT. UNSFEOYE CH PVEEUFCHE, FETTPT RPDRPMSHOSHI TECHPMAGYPOETPCH Y RPMOPE VEUUYMYE RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHB... NYOYUFTSH ZPCHPTSF ZHTBSHCH, Y CHYMSAF, Y MZHF. sing ЪBYULYCHBAF FP KH GBTS, FP KH MYVETBMSHOSHI TSKHTOBMYUFPCH. pDYO FPMSHLP EUFSH FCHETDSCHK Y OEHLMPOOSHK YUEMPCHEL. bFP rPVEDPOPUGECH. po OE DTENMEF. “with CHYTSKH, RYUBM PO, OENBMP MADEK CHUSLPZP YYOB Y ЪCHBOYS. pF CHUEI ЪDEYOYI YYOPCHOYLPCH Y HYUEOSCHI MADEK DHYB H NEOS OBVPMEMB, FPYuOP CH LPNRBBOYY RPMPHNOSCHI MADEK YMY YULPCHETLBOOSCHI PVEЪSHSO. UMSHYKH PFPCHUADH PDOP OBFCHETTSEOOPE, MCYCHPE Y RTPLMSFPE UMPChP: LPOUFYFHGYS. vPAUSH, YuFP LFP UMPChP HCE CHSHUPLP RTPOILMP Y RHULBEF LPTRY.”

rPVEDPOPUGECH CHOKHYBM GEUBTECHYUKH, YuFP OBTPD OE IPUEF LPOUFYFKHGYY. “rPCHUADH, RYUBM PO, CH OBTPDE ЪTEEF FBLBS NSCHUMSH: MHYUYE HCE TECHPMAGYS THUULBS Y VEJPVTBOBS UNHFB, OECEMY LPOUFYFHGYS... h OSCHOYOEEE RTBCHYFEMSHUFChP FBL X Ts CHUE YCHETYMYUSH, YuFP OYUEZP PF OEZP OE YUBAF. tsDHF CH LTBKOEN UNHEEOOYY, YuFP EEE VKhDEF, OP OBTPD ZMHVPLP KHVETSDEO, YuFP RTBCHYFEMSHUFChP UPUFPYF YYNEOOILPC, LPFPTSCHE DETSBF UMBVPZP GBTS CH UCHPEK CHMBUFY... chUA OBDETSDH CHPIMBZBAF CH VKHDHEEN ABOUT CHBU, Y X CHUEI FPMSHLP CH DKHYE YECHEMYFUS UFTBIOSCHK CHPRTPU: OEHTSEMY Y OBUMEDOIL NPTSEF LPZDB-OYVKhDSH CHPKFY CH FH TSE NSCHUMSH P LPOUFYFHGYY”?

fY RYUSHNB Y TEYU lPOUFBOFYOB REFTPCHYUB ZYROPFYYTPCHBMY NEDMYFEMSHOSHCHK Y OEULMBDOSCHK KHN GEUBTECHYUB. by HCE TBUUESOOP UMKHYBM DPCHPDSH mPTYU-NEMYLPLB Y, DBCE UPZMBYBSUSH U OIN, YUKHCHUFCHPCHBM, YuFP ZDE-FP TSDPN ЪCHHUYF CHMBUFOSHCHK ZPMPU rPVEDPOPUGECHB Y YuFP LFPF ZPMPU CH LPOGE LPOGPCH ЪБЗМХУИФ ИТИРПЧБФШЧК, РИТ one

CHEUOB 1881 ZPDB LBBBMBUSH bMELUBODTKH bMELUBODTPCHYUKH NTBUOPK Y WEOBDETSOPK: OYUEZP DPVTPZP POB OE UKHMYMB. iPFEMPUSH ЪБВШЧФШ RPULPTEE P LPYNBTE 1 NBTFB, OP OEMSHЪS VSHMP ЪБВШЧФШ, YVP mPTYU-NEMYLPCH RTYUSCHMBEF LBTSDSCHK DEOSH UCHEDEOYS P IPDE UMEDUFCHYS OBD GBTEHVYKGBNY, Y RT YIPDYFUS CHPMEK-OECHPMEK DKHNBFSH P FPN, YuFP TSE DEMBFSH Y LBL VSHFSH. xVYKG VHDHF UHDYFSH. bMELUBODTKH bMELUBODTTPCHYUKH Y CH ZPMPCHKH OE RTYIPDIMP, YuFP NPTsEF VSCHFSH CHPRTPU P TEYEOY UKHDB. lPOYOOOP, SING CHYOPCHOSCH. lPOYUOP, YI OBDP LBJOIFSH! th UFP CE! oBIPDSFUS MADI, LPFPTSCHE UPNOECHBAFUS CH LFPN. b EUFSH Y FBLYE, LPFPTSHCHE HCHETEOOP FTEVHAF RPNYMPCHBOYS ЪMPDEECH. x NYMEKYEZP UETZES nyIBKMPCHYUB UPMPCHSHECHB EUFSH, PLBYSCCHBEFUS, LBLLPK-FP UKHNBUYEDYK USCHO chMBDYNYT. BY RTPYOEU 28 NBTFB RHVMYUOKHA TEYUSH, RTEDMBZBS CHETIPCHOPK CHMBUFY OE LBJOYFSH FEEI, LFP TBUFETBBM VPNVPK ZPUKHDBTS . th RHVMYLB OE RTPZOBMB EZP U LBZHEDTSCH. oBRTPFYCH, ENKH KHUFTPYMY PCHBGYA... b UFP BY ZPCHPTYM? according to KhChETSM, Legal Entity "FPMSHLP DHIPCHOBS UYMB ITYUFPCHPK YUFYOSCH NPTSEF RPVEDIFSH UYMKH YMB Y TBTHYEOYS", Legal Entity "OBUFPSEE FSZPUFOPE CHTENS DBEF THUULPNH GBTA OEVSHCHBMHA RTETSDE CH PЪNPTSOPUFSH ЪBSCHYFSH UYMH ITYUFYBOWLPZP OYUBMB CHUERTPEEOOYS...” lBLPE TSBMLPE MYGENETYE! b NPTsEF VShchFSH, Y LPChBTUFChP! UMVOSHCHK TsEMSVCH FPCE ZPCHPTYM ABOUT CARE OF P ITYUFIBOUFCHE. pO, CHYDYFE MY, "RTBCHPUMBCHYE PFTYGBEF", OP RTYOBEF "UKHEOPUFSH HYUEOYS yYUHUB ITYUFB". “fB UKHEOPUFSH HYUEOYS, ULBJBM PO, UTEDY NPYI OTBCHUFCHEOOSCHI RPVKhTSDEOOK ЪBOYNBEF RPYUEFOPE NEUFP. s CHETA H YUFYOH Y URTBCHEDMYCHPUFSH LFPPZP CHETPHYUEOYS Y FPTCEUFCHEOOP RTYOBA, UFP CHETB VEJ DEM NETFCHB EUFSH Y UFP CHUSLYK YUFYOOSHCHK ITYUFYBOYO DPMTSEO VPTPFSHUS ЪB RTBCHDH, ЪB RTBChP KHZOEFEOOSCHI Y UMBVSHCHY EUMY OHTSOP, FP ЪB OYI Y RPUFTBDBFSH: FBLPCHB NPS CHETB.” lBLBS MPTSSH! m NETSDH FEN DBTSE UTEDY NYOYUFTPC OBIPDSFUS FBLYE, LPFPTSCHE OE RTPYUSH, LBTSEFUS, ЪBNEOYFSH LBIOSH FATSHNPA LFPNH NOYNPNH ITYUFYBOYOH.

pDYO FPMSHLP FCHETD Y OERTELMPOEO. bFP rPVEDPOPUGECH. 13 NBTFB BY RTYUMBM bMELUBODTKH bMELUBODTTPCHYUKH RYUSHNP Y KHNPMSM EZP OE EBDIFSH HVYKG. “MADY FBL TBCHTBFYMYUSH CH NSCHUMSI, RYUBM PO, YuFP YOSCHE UYUYFBAF CHPNPTSOSCHN YЪVBCHMEOYE PUKhTSDEOOSCHI RTEUFKHROYLPCH, PF UNETFOPK LBJOY... nPTsEF MY LFP UMKHYUYFSHU S? oEF, OEF Y FSHUSYUKH TB OEF LFPZP VShchFSH OE NPTSEF, YUFPVSH RETED MYGPN CHUEZP OBTPDB TKHUULPZP CH FBLHA NYOHFH RTPUFYMY HVYKG PFGB ChBYEZP, TKHUULPZP ZPUKHDBTS, ЪB LTPCHSH LPFPTPZP CHUS YENMS (LTPNE OENOPZYI, PUMBVECHYI KHNPN Y UETDGEN) FTEVHEF NEEOYS... eUMY VSC LFP NPZMP UMHYUYFSHUS, CHETSHFE NOE, ZPUKHDBTSH, LFP VHDEF RTYOSFP UB ZTEI CHEMYLYK...”

ChPF HC FHF OEF MYGENETYS. lPOUFBOFYO REFTPCHYU OBEF, YuEZP ON IPUEF. y bMELUBODT bMELUBODTPCHYU OE ЪBNEDMYM PFCHEFPN: “vHDSHFE URPLKOSCH, U RPDPVOSHNY RTEDMPTSEOYSNY LP NOE OE RPUNEEF RTYKFY OILFP, y YuFP CHUE YEUFETP VHDHF RPCHEYOSCH, ЪB b FP S THUBAUSH.”

oEUNPFTS ABOUT TEYUSH rPVEDPOPUGECHB, RTPYOOUEOOHA YN 8 NBTFB, NYOYUFTSH CHUE EEE OE RPOINBMY, YuFP. MYVETBMSHOSHE RTPELFSCH MPROHMY, LBL NSHMSHOSHE RKHYSHCHTY. ABOUT UPCHEEBOYY 21 BRTEMS PRSFSH VSHM RPDOSF CHPRTPU P RTEDUFBCHYFEMSHUFCHE YENULYI MADEK. FERETSH HTs bMELUBODT bMELUBODTTPCHYU OE LPMEVBMUS CH PGEOLE bFPZP RTPELFB. "UEZPDOSYOE OOBCHEBOYE ​​UDEMBMP ABOUT NEOS ZTHUFOP CHREYUBFMEOYE, RYUBM ON UCHPENKH CHDPIOPCHYFEMA rPVEDPOPUGECHH, mPTYU, NYMAFYO ​​Y bVBB RPMPTSYFEMSHOP RTDPDPMTSBAF FH TSE RP MYFYLH Y IPFSF FBL YMY YOBYUE DPCHEUFY OBU DP RTEDUFBCHYFEMSHOPZP RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHB, RP RPLB S OE VKHDH KHVETSDEO, YuFP DMS YUBUFSHS tPUUYY LFP OEPVIPDYNP, LPOYUOP, LFPZP OE VHDEF, S OE DPRHEH. chTSD MY, CHRTPYUEN, S LPZDB-OYVKhDSH KHVETSKHUSH CH RPMSHJE RPDPVOK NETSH, UMYILPN S KHCHETEO CH HER CHTEDE. UFTBOOP UMKHYBFSH KHNOSCHI MADEK, LPFPTSCHE NPZHF UETSHEOP ZPCHPTYFSH P RTEDUFBCHYFEMSHOPN OBYUBME CH TPUUYY, FPYUOP ЪBHYUEOOOSCHE ZHTBYSCH, CHSCHYUIFBOOSCHE YNY YY OBEK RBTYYCHPK TSKHTOBMYUFY LY Y VATPLTBFYUEULPZP MYVETBMYNB. vPMEE Y VPMEE KHVETSDBAUSH, YuFP DPVTTB PF LFYI NYOYUFTPC TsDBFSH SOE NPZH. dBK vPZ, YuFPVSH S PYYVBMUS. oe YULTEOOY YI UMPCHB, OERTBCHDK DSCHYBF... fTHDOP Y FSTSEMP CHEUFY DEMP U RPDPVOSHNY NYUFTTBNY, LPFPTSHCHE UBNY EUVS PVNBOSCHCHBAF ".

rPMKHYYCH LFP RYUSHNP, rPVEDPOPUGECH, CHETPSFOP, DPMZP RPFYTBM THLY PF KHDPCHPMSHUFCHYS. oBLPOEG-FP BY DPVIYMUS PF UCHPEZP RYFPNGB YOFPOBGYY OBUFPSEEZP UBNPDETTSGB. FERETSH NPTsOP VSHMP RTYUFKHRYFSH L TEYYFEMSHOPNH DEKUFCHYA. oBDP PZPTPYYFSH YFYI MYVETBMPCH NBOYZHEUFPN y PO RPFTEVPCHBM EZP KH bMELUBODTB bMELUBODTPCYUB, RTYLTSHCH UCPE FTEVPCHBOYE MSHUFYCHSHNYY EMEKOSCHNY UMPCHB NY. zPUKHDBTSH RPCHYOPCHBMUS. y NBOYZHEUF VSHM OBRYUBM lPOUFBOFYOPN refTPCHYUEN y VEY CHEDPNB NYOYUFTPCH PRHVMYLPCHBO.

"rPUTEDY CHEMYLPK OBIEK ULPTVI, ULBOBOP VSHMP CH NBOYZHEUFE NETSDH RTPYYN, ZMBU VPTSYK RPCHEMECHBEF OBN UFBFSH VPDTP ABOUT DEMP RTBCHMEOYS, CH KHRPCBOYY ABOUT VPTSEUFCHEOOSCHK RTPNSCHUYE, U CHETPA CH UYMKH YUFYOH UBNPDETTSBCHOPK CHMBUFY, LPFPTHA NSCH RTYYCHBOSH KHFCHETTSDBFSH Y PITBOSFSH DMS VMBZB OBTPDOPZP PF CHUSLIYI ABOUT OEE RPRPMЪOPCHEOYK.”

fTYDGBFPZP BRTEMS bMELUBODT RYUBM mPTYU-NEMYLPCHH: “mAVEOSCHK ZTBZH NYIBYM fBTYEMPCHYU, RPMHYUM CHBYE RYUSHNP UEZPDOS TBOP KHFTPN. rTYOBAUSH, S PTSYDBM EZP, Y POP NEOS OE KHDYCHYMP. l UPTSBMEOYA, CH RPUMEDOEE CHTENS NSCH TBUPYMYUSH UPCHETYOOOP U ChBNY PE CHZMSDBI, Y, LPOYUOP, LFP DPMZP RTDPDPMTSBFSHUS OE NPZMP. NEOS PDOP PUEOSH KHYCHMSEF Y RPTBYMP, YuFP CHBYE RTPYEOYE UPCHRBMP U DOEN PVYASCHMEOYS NPEZP NBOYZHEUFB tPUUYY, Y FFP PVUFPSFEMSHUFCHP OBCHPDYF NEOS ABOUT CHEUSHNB ZTKHUFOSCH Y UFTBOOSCH NSHUMMY?!”

chPF LFB UPOOBS, MEOYCHBS, OERTPVHDOBS FYYYOB VSHMB OP DKHYE bMELUBODTKH bMELUBODTPCYUKH. OBDP VSCHMP PE YuFP VSCH FP OH UFBMP KhZPNPOYFSH TBUFTECHPTSEOOKHA Y CHPMOPCHBOOKHA tKHUSH. uBNPNH ZPUKhDBTA OE RPD UYMKH VSHMB FBLBS ЪBDББУБ. oBDP VShchMP ЪБЗПЧПТИФШ, ЪБЛПМДПЧБФШ ьФХ ВХКОХА UFYIYA, OP DMS bFPZP OHTSOB VSHMB LBLBS-FP CHOKHFTEOOSS UYMB. fBLPK UYMSCH CHCHUE OE VSHMP KH ZTPNPJDLPZP, OP TSCHIMZP bMELUBODTTB bMELUBODTPCYUB. oHTSEO VSHM YOPK YUEMPCHEL. oHTSEO VSHM LPMDHO. th FBLPK LPMDHO OBEYEMUS. bFP VSHM lPOUFBOFYO rEFTPCHYU rPVEDPOPUGECH.

h LPOGE GBTUFCHPCHBOYS bMELUBODTTB II RP UHVVPFBN, RPUME CHUEOPEOPK, L OENH ЪBIBTSYCHBM DMS ЪBDKHYECHOSHI VEUED ZhEDPT NYIBKMPCHYU dPUFPECHULYK. x OYI VSHMY PWAYE FENCH. sing PVB OEOOBCHYDEMY ЪBRBDОХА VХТЦХБОХА GYCHYMYYBGYA. POY PVB UNESMYUSH TSEMYUOP OBD RBTMBNEOFBNY, OBD MYVETBMSHOSCHNY TSKHTOBMYUFBNY, OBD OTBCHBNYY MADSHNY... POY PVB RTPYOPUYMY NOPZPOBYUFEMSHOP OELPFPTSHCHE UMPCHB, OBRTYNET, “TKHUUL” YK RBTPD" YMY "RTBCHPUMBCHYE", Y POY OE EBNEYUBMY, YuFP, RTPYOPUS LFY UMPCHB, POY CHMBZBAF CH OYI TBOSCHK UNSHUM. CHPMOPCHBOOSCHK ZHEDPT NYIBKMPCHYU, CHUEZDB ZPTECHYYK, LBL ABOUT LPUFT, OE EBNEYUBM, YuFP EZP VKhDFP VSH UPYUKHCHUFCHHAEIK ENKH UPVEUEDOIL IPMPDEO LBL MED. x lPOUFBOFYOB REFTPCHYUB VSHMY EEE FPZDB LBLYE-FP UCHSY U BLUBLPCHSHCHN Y CHPPVEE U UMBCHSOPJMSHUFCHPN, Y ON EEE OE TEYBMUS FPZDB RTPYOEUFY UCHPY RPUMEDOYE UMPCHB, UCH PY RPUMEDOYE LPMDPCHULYE ЪBLMSFYS. dPUFPECHULIK FBL Y KHNET, OE KHOBCH, YuFP EZP DTKhZ VSHM RPUFTBYOOEE ZPZPMECHULPZP LPMDHOB YЪ "uFTBYOPK NEUFY".

OE UTBKH, PDOBLP, TEYYMUS lPOUFBOFYO REFTPCHYU PITBOSFSH DMS VMBZB OBTPDOPZP PF CHUSLII ABOUT OEE RPRPMЪOPCHEOYK.”

ABOUT BUEDBOYY NYUFTPCH NBOYZHEUF VSHM BUMHYBO. lFP VSHMP UPCHETYOOOPK OEPTSYDBOOPUFSH. lFP RYUBM NBOYJEUF? lPOUFBOFYO REFTPCHYU. according to UBN U CHPUFPTZPN TBUULBYCHBSM EZP CHEMYUEUFCHH, LBL RPUME YUFEOYS NBOYZHEUFB “NOPZIE PFCPTBUYCHBMYUSH Y OE RPDBCHBMY THLY” ENKH, rPVEDPOPUGECHH. mPTYU-NEMYLPCH, NYMAFYO ​​Y bVBB OENEDMEOOOP RPLYOHMY UCHPY NYOYUFETULYE RPUFSH.

fTYDGBFPZP BRTEMS bMELUBODT RYUBM mPTYU-NEMYLPCHH: “mAVEOSCHK ZTBZH NYIBYM fBTYEMPCHYU, RPMHYUM CHBYE RYUSHNP UEZPDOS TBOP KHFTPN. rTYOBAUSH, S PTSYDBM EZP, Y POP NEOS OE KHDYCHYMP. l UPTSBMEOYA, CH RPUMEDOEE, CHTENS NSCH TBUPYMYUSH UPCHETYOOOP U ChBNY PE CHZMSDBI,: Y, LPOYUOP, LFP DPMZP RTDPDPMTSBFSHUS OE NPZMP. NEOS! PDOP PYUEOSH KHYCHMSEF Y RPTBYMP, YFP CHBYE RTPYEOYE) UPCHRBMP U DOEN PVIASCHMEOYS NPEZP NBOYZHEUFB tPUUYY, Y FFP PVUFPSFEMSHUFCHP OBCHPDYF NEOS ABOUT CHEUSHNB ZTKHUFOSHCH Y UFTBOOSCH NSCH SMELL?!”

ъDEUSH bMELUBODT bMELUBODTTPCHYU RPUFBCHYM ЪOBL CHPULMYGBOYS ЪOBL CHPRPTUB. bFP VSHMB OUEUPNOOOOBS PYYVLB CH RHOLFKHBGYY. OE VSHMP OBDPVOPUFY OH CHPULMYGBFSH, OH URTBYCHBFSH P FPN, YuFP Y VEЪ FPZP RPOSPHOP. nPTsOP VShchMP RTPUFP RPUFBCHYFSH UBNHA PVSHHLOPCHOOKHA ULHYUOKHA FPYULH. lPOYUMBUSH MYVETBMSHOBS YYMMYS. oBUFHRYMB TEBLGYS.

lBTSEPHUS, CH YUFPTYY ZPUKHDBTUFCHB tPUUYKULPZP OE VSHMP VPMEE ULHYUOPZP READING, LBL LFY FTYOBDGBFSH MEF GBTUFCHPCHBOYS YNRETBFPTB bMELUBODTTB III. MYIPTBDPYUOPE CHPVHTSDEOOYE YUFYDEUSFSHCHY UENYDEUSFSHCH ZPDPCH CHDTHZ UNEOYMPUSH LBLYN-FP UFTBOOSCHN UPOOSCHN TBCHOPDHYEN LP CHUENKH. lBBBMPUSH, YuFP CHUS TPUUYS DTENMEF, LBL VPMSHYBS MEOYCHBS VBVB, LPFPTPK OBDPEM NSCHFSH Y YUYUFYFSH, Y CHPF POB VTPUYMB ZPTOYGKH OEHVTBOOPK Y ZPTYLY OENSHFSHNY Y UBCHBMYM BUSH ABOUT REYUSH, NBIOCHCH ABOUT CHUE THLPK.

chPF LFB UPOOBS, MEOOCHBS, OERTPVHDOBS FYYYOB VSHMB RP DKHYE bMELUBODTKH bMELUBODTPCHIYUKH. OBDP VSCHMP PE YuFP VSCH FP OH UFBMP KhZPNPOYFSH TBUFTECHPTSEOOKHA Y CHPMOPCHBOOKHA tKHUSH. uBNPNH ZPUKhDBTA OE RPD UYMKH VSHMB FBLBS ЪBDББУБ. oBDP VShchMP ЪБЗПЧПТИФШ, ЪБЛПМДПЧБФШ ьФХ ВХКОХА UFYIYA, OP DMS bFPZP OHTSOB VSHMB LBLBS-FP CHOKHFTEOOSS UYMB. fBLPK UYMSCH CHCHUE OE VSHMP KH ZTPNPJDLPZP, OP TSCHIMZP bMELUBODTTB bMELUBODTPCYUB. oHTSEO VSHM YOPK YUEMPCHEL. oHTSEO VSHM LPMDHO. th FBLPK LPMDHO OBEYEMUS. bFP VSHM lPOUFBOFYO rEFTPCHYU rPVEDPOPUGECH.

h LPOGE GBTUFCHPCHBOYS bMELUBODTTB II RP UHVVPFBN, RPUME CHUEOPEOPK, L OENH ЪBIBTSYCHBM DMS ЪBDKHYECHOSHI VEUED ZhEDPT NYIBKMPCHYU dPUFPECHULYK. x OYI VSHMY PWAYE FENCH. sing PVB OEOOBCHYDEMY ЪBRBDОХА VХТЦХБОХА GYCHYMYYBGYA. POY PVB UNESMYUSH TSEMYUOP OBD RBTMBNEOFBNY, OBD MYVETBMSHOSCHNY TSKHTOBMYUFBNY, OBD OTBCHBNYY MADSHNY... POY PVB RTPYOPUYMY NOPZPOBYUFEMSHOP OELPFPTSHCHE UMPCHB, OBRTYNET, “TKHUUL” YK OBTPD" YMY "RTBCHPUMBCHYE", Y POY OE EBNEYUBMY, YuFP, RTPYOPUS LFY UMPCHB, POY CHMBZBAF H OYI TBOSCHK UNSHUM. CHPMOPCHBOOSCHK ZHEDPT NYIBKMPCHYU, CHUEZDB ZPTECHYYK, LBL ABOUT LPUFT, OE EBNEYUBM, YuFP EZP VKhDFP VSH UPYUKHCHUFCHHAEIK ENKH UPVEUEDOIL IPMPDEO LBL MED. x lPOUFBOFYOB REFTPCHYUB VSHMY EEE FPZDB LBLYE-FP UCHSY U BLUBLPCHSHCHN Y CHPPVEE U UMBCHSOPJMSHUFCHPN, Y ON EEE OE TEYBMUS FPZDB RTPYOEUFY UCHPY RPUMEDOYE UMPCHB, UCH PY RPUMEDOYE LPMDPCHULYE ЪBLMSFYS. dPUFPECHULIK FBL Y KHNET, OE KHOBCH, YuFP EZP DTKhZ VSHM RPUFTBYOOEE ZPZPMECHULPZP LPMDHOB YЪ "uFTBYOPK NEUFY".

OP rPVEDPOPUGECH RPOINBM, LBLYE UYMSCH VSHCHMY CH dPUFPECHULPN. according to DKHNBM, YuFP dPUFPECHULPZP NPTsOP YURPMSHЪPCHBFSH DMS UCHPYI GEMEK. by LFP DBCE PVASUOSM BMELUBODTH BMELUBODTPCHYUKH, FPZDB EEE OBUMEDOILKH, Y FPF, KHOBCH P UNETFY ZHEDPTB NYIBKMPCHYUB, RYUBM UCHPENKH HYUFEMA, YuFP TsBMSH dPUFPECHULZP, YuFP PO VSHM "OEEBNEOIN". chPNPTSOP, YuFP PVB SING PYYVBMYUSH. CHEDSH ЪBRYUBM TSE CH UCHPEN DOECHOYLE b. u. UKhChPTYO, VKhDFP VSCH CH DEOSH RPLHOYEOYS nMPDEGLLPZP ABOUT mPTYU-NEMYLPCHB dPUFPECHULIK ZPCHPTYM ENKH, UKhChPTYOKH, YuFP, OEUNPFTS ABOUT PFCHTBEEOYE L FETTPTH, BY CHUE-FBLY OE TEYMUS VSC RTEDHRTEDYFSH CHMBUFY, EUMY VSC ENKH UMHYUBKOP RTYYMPUSH KHOBFSH P RPDZPFPCHMEOOOPN RPLHOYEOYY. th VKhDFP VSCH ON ZPCHPTYM ENKH, UKhChPTYOKH, UFP ON NEYUFBEF OBRYUBFSH TPNBO, ZDE ZETPEN VSHM VSH NPOBI CHTPDE bmeyy lBTBNBPCHB, VTPUYCHYK NPOBUFSHTSH Y KHYEDYK CH TECHPMAGYA, UFPVSH YULBFSH RTBCHDSCH. fPYuOP YMY OEFPYuOP TBUULBJBM PV LFPN UKHCHPTYO, CHUE TBCHOP, PE CHUSLPN UMHYUBE, rPVEDPOPUGECHH, EUMY VSH dPUFPECHULYK RETETSYM 1 NBTFB, RTYYMPUSH VSH KHUMSHCHYBFSH P F UCHPEZP OPYUOPZP DTHZB FBLYE OEPTSYDBOOSH CHEY, LBLYE RPOKHDIMY VSH EZP PFLBBBFSHUS PF UHVVPFOI VEUED RPUME CHUEOPEOPK.

OE UTBH, PDOBLP, TEYYMUS lPOUFBOFYO reftpchyyu CHSHCHULBBFSH UCHPY RPUMEDOYE “RPVEDPOPUGECHULYE” ZHPTNKHMSCH. BY CHEDSH EEE FBL OEDBCHOP DBCHBM YUYFBFSH UCHPENH DETSBCHOPNH HYUEOILH UBNBTYOB Y BLUBLPCHB. oHTSEO VSHM LBLPC-FP RETEIPD PF VMBZPDKHYOPZP UMBCHSOPZHYMSHUFCHB L OBUFPSEENH "DEMH", UHTPCHPNH Y FCHETDPNH, LBL LTENEOSH.

DMS RETEIPDOPZP CHTENEY RPOBDPVYMUS UMBCHSOPZHYMSHUFCHHAEIK NYUFT yZOBFSHECH. h LFPF RETCHSCHK ZPD GBTUFCHPCHBOYS RTY EZP UPDEKUFCHYY NYOYUFT ZHJOBUPCH vKHOZE RTPCHEM DCH LTEUFSHSOULYE TEZHPTNSCH RPOYTSEOYE CHSHLHROSCHI RMBFETSEC Y PFNEOH RPDKHYOPK RPDBFY. CHUE LFP VSHMP UDEMBOP PYUEOSH TPVLP Y KHVPZP, OE VEJ UPRTPFYCHMEOYS, LPOYUOP, UP UFPTPOSCH DCHPTSO-RPNEEYLPCH, RPYUKHSCHYI, YuFP ABOUT YI KHMYGE OBUFKHRBEF RTBDOIL. hYUTETSDEO VSHHM Y LTEUFSHSOULIK VBOL, DBCHYYK, CHRTPUEN, OYUFPTSOSCH TEKHMSHFBFSCH. vShchMB RPRShchFLB KHRPTSDPUYFSH DEMP LTEUFSHSOULZP RETEUEMEOYS. oBLPOEG, RTYYMPUSH PVTBFYFSH CHOYNBOYE ABOUT TBVPYUYK CHPRTPU. oEUNPFTS ABOUT DCHPTSOULHA Y RPNEEYYUSHA RTPZTBNNH RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHB, TPUMY ZHBVTYLYY Y UBCHPDSH, CH ZPTPDBI RPSCHYMUS OPCHSHCHK LMBUU RTPMEFBTYBF. lPE-ZDE CHURSHCHYCHBMY ЪBVBUFPCHLY, y RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHP, OBS RP PRSHCHFKH EBRDOPK ECHTPRSH, YuFP OBYUBF y TBVPYUYE VHOFSHCHY LHDB POY CHEDHF, RSHCHFBMPUSH, IPFS Y OETE YYFEMSHOP, UNSZUYFSH UFPMLOPCHEOYS NETSDH RTEDRTYOINBFEMSNYY TBVPYYNY. vShchMB PZTBOYUEOB RTDPDPMTSYFEMSHOPUFSH TBVPYUEZP READING TsEOEYO Y RPDTPUFLPC; HYUTETSDEOB VSHMB ZHBVTYUOBS YOURELGYS; VSHCHMY YDBOSCH PVSBFEMSHOSHCH RTBCHYMB PV KHUMPCHYSI ZHBVTYUOPK TBVPFSHCH... dKHNBMY, YuFP NPTsOP PVPKFY RPMYFYLH, KHMBDYCH UPGYBMSHOSCHK CHPRTPU RP-DPNBYOENH, IP'SKUFCHEOOSCHN, UENEKOSCHN URPUPVPN. OP VEЪ RPMYFYLY FTHDOP VSHMP YUFP-OYVKhDSH DEMBFSH DBCE UMBCHSOPZHYMSHULPNH NYOYUFTH. yZOBFSHECH RTEDMPTSYM ZPUKHDBTA RTPELF ENULLPZP UPVPTB, RTYHTPYUEOOOPZP L LPTPOBGYY. h LFPN OBRTBCHMEOYY THAN BZYFBGYA y CHPTDSSH FPZDBYOYI UMBCHSOPZHYMPCH y. u. bLUBLLPCH, LPZDB-FP RTYSFEMSH rPVEDPOPUGECHB. fFP VShchMB RPUMEDOSS RPRShchFLB "PVOPCHMEOYS" tPUUYY. fP VShchM RTYYSCCH L FEN "UETCHN YIRKHOBN", P LPFPTSCHI NEYUFBM OPYUOPK UPVEUEDOYL rPVEDPOPUGECHB ZHEDPT NYIBKMPCHYU dPUFPECHULIK. “UETSHCHE YIRKHOSHCH” DPMTSOSCH VSHCHMY ULBUBFSH GBTA “CHUA RTBCHDH”. OP dPUFPECHULIK VSHM CH NPZYME. dB Y CHPPVEE X YuETOPZP LPMDHOB THLY VSHMY TBCHSBOSCH. th PO VTPUYMUS L GBTA RTEDHRTETSDBFSH PV PRBUOPUFY.

“rTPYUYFBCH LFY VKHNBZY, RYUBM rPVEDPOPUGECH, S RTYYYEM CH KhTsBU RTY PDOPK NSCHUMY P FPN, YuFP NPZMP VSC YUUMEDPCHBFSH, LPZDB VSC RTEDMPTSEOYE ZTBZHB yZOBFSHEB VSHMP RT YCHEDEOP CH YURPMOOYE... pDOP RPSCHMEOYE FBLPZP NBOYZHEUFB Y TEULTYRFB RTPYCHAMP VSH UFTBIOPE CHPMOOYE Y UNKhFKH PE CHUEK tPUUYY... b EUMY CHPMS Y TBURPTTSEOYE RETEKDHF PF RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHB CH LBLPE VSC FP OH VSHMP OBTPDOPE UPVTBOYE, LFP VHDEF TECHPMAGYS, ZYVEMSH RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHB Y ZYVEMSH tPUUY Y!”

h RYUSHNE PF 6 NBS rPVEDPOPUGECH CHOKHYBM GBTA, YuFP YZOBFSHECH DPMTSEO VSHFSH KHDBMEO. y bMELUBODT bMELUBODTPCHYU, IPFS y YUFBCHYK LPZDB-FP UBNBTYOB y bLUBLLPCHB, OP CHCHUE OE ULMPOOSHCHK L UMBCHSOPZHYMSHULPK NEYUFBFEMSHOPUFY, RTPZOBM OEKHNETEOOPZP TECHOYFEMS Kommersant ENULPK "UPVPTOPUFY".

rPVEDPOPUGECH RTYLBBM GBTA RTYJCHBFSH L CHMBUFY d.b. fPMUFPZP. lFPF KhTs OE VSHM NEYUFBFEMEN. th FERTSH rPVEDPOPUGECH Refinery ЪBOSFSHUS UCHPEK ChPTPTsVPK VEЪ RPNEIY.

l. R. rPVEDPOPUGECHH: “l CHBN RTYIPDYFSH VPYYSHUS. chsch UFBMY UMYYLPN UFTBUOSCHN, CHEMILINE YUEMPCHELPN..." h UBNPN DEME, L LFPNH UTPLH rPVEDPOPUGECH UFBM "UFTBIOSCHN", Y, RPTsBMKHK, ch LBLPN-FP UNSHUME EZP NPTsOP VSHMP OBCHBFSH "CHE MILINE YUEMPCHELPN.” rPVEDPOPUGECH UFBM UFTBIOSCHNOE FPMSHLP DMS LOSJS NEEETULPZP, OP Y DMS CHUEK TPUUYY. HOYUFPTSYCH mPTYU-NEMYLPCHB, B RPFPN ZTBZHB yZOBFSHHECHB, TBUFPRFBCH CHUEI OEPUFPPTTSOSHI CHPMSHOPDHNGECH ЪBRBDoilPCH Y UMBCHSOPZHYMPCH, ЪBDKHYYCH, LBL ON OBDESMUS, L TBNPMH, rPVEDPOPUGECH PCHMBDEM PLPOYUBFEMSHOP DKHYPK bMELUBODTTB III.

rPTB PFCHETZOHFSH MEZEOODH PV LFPN RTEDRPUMEDOEN YNRETBFPTE. bMELUBODT III OE VSHM UIMSHOSCHN YUEMPCHELPN, LBL NOPZIE DKHNBAF. lFPF VPMSHYPK FPMUFSHCHK NHTSYUYOB OE VSCHM, RTBCHDB, "UMBVPKHNOSHCHN NPOBTIPN" YMY "LPTPOPCHBOOSCHN DHTBLPN", LBL EZP CHEMYUBEF CH UCHPYI NENHBTBI CHETOPPDDBOOSHK VATPLTBF ch. MBNJDPTZH, OP ON FBLCE OE VSHM FEN RTPOYGBFEMSHOSCHN Y KHNOSHCHN ZPUKHDBTEN, LBLYN EZP UFBTBEFUS YЪPVTBYFSH u. A. hYFFFE. bMELUBODT III VSHM OEZMHR. oP KH OEZP VShchM FPF MEOYCHSCHK Y OEULMBDOSCHK KHN, LPFPTSHCHK UBN RP UEVE VEURMPDEO. DMS LPNBODYTB RPMLB FBLPK KHN DPUFBFPYUEO, OP DMS YNRETBFPTB OHTSOP YuFP-FP YOPE. x bMELUBODTTB III OE VSHMP FBLCE Y CHPMY, OE VSHMP FPK CHOKHFTEOOEK LTSHMBFPK UYMSCH, LPFPTBS CHMEYUEF YUEMPCHELB OEHLMPOO L OBNEYOOOPK GEMY. OH VPMSHYPZP KHNB, OH CHPMY LBLPK CE LFP UIMSHOSCHK YUEMPCHEL! OP ЪBFP CH LFPN GBTE VSHMP OYuFP YOPE CHEMILBS FBKOB YOETGYY. lFP UPCHUEN OE CHPMS. lFP UBNB LPUOPUFSH. UMERBS Y FENOBS UFYYS, FSZPFEAEBS OEYJNEOOOP L LBLPNH-FP DPMSHOENH UPOOPNH NYTH. according to LBL VHDFP CHUEN UKHEEUFCHPN UCHPYN ZPCHPTYM: S OYUEZP OE IPYUH; NOE OYUEZP OE OBDP: S URMA Y VKHDH URBFSH; Y CHU CHUE OH P YUEN OE NEYUFBKFE, URIFE, LBL S...

YUMB YOETGYY! bFP Y VSHMB YDES rPVEDPOPUGECHB. th ON YUBUFMYCHSHCHK OBUYE YIHNYFEMSHOPE CHPRMPEEOYE LFPC UCHPEK YIMAVMOOOPK IDEY. vPMEE RPDIPDSEEZP YUEMPCHELB, YUEN bMELUBODT bMELUBODTPCYU, DMS LFYI GEMEK OECHPNPTSOP VSHMP USCHULBFSH. y rPVEDPOPUGECH, LBL CHETOSCHK REUFHO, MEMESM bFPZP PZTPNOPZP VPTPDBFPZP NMBDEOGB, KH LPFPTPZP OE VSHMP OYLBLPK UBNPUFPSPFEMSHOPK IDEY. by CHPURYFBM EZP Y, KHCHETYCHYYUSH, YuFP by RPLPTEO, YURPMSHЪPCHBM EZP, LBL IPFEM. ьFPF UBNPDETSEG, OE ЪBNEYUBS FPZP, UDEMBUS CHASHYUOSCHN TSYCHPFOSCHN, ABOUT LPFPTP CHUBCHBMYM UCPA FSSEMCHA YDEKOKHA OPIKH rPVEDPOPUGECH. rPZPOAIL OE FPTPRYM UCHPEZP NHMB. GBTSH NEDMEOOP YBZBM Y DTENBM ABOUT IPDH. zMBЪB EZP VSHMY ЪBLTSCHFSHCH. uNPFTEFSH CHDBMSH ENKH OE VSHMP OBDPVOPUFY. ъB OEZP CHUE CHYDEM CHPTSBFSHCHK lPOUFBOFYO REFTPCHYU.

FP, YuFP rPVEDPOPUGECH VSHM CHDPIOPCHYFEMEN YNRETBFPTB, CHOE UPNOEOYK. UFPYF RETEYUYFBFSH PZTPNOKHA YI RETERYULH, YUFPVSH UFBMP SUOP, LBL OEKHUFBOOP THLPCHPDYM GBTEN LFPF KhDYCHYFEMSHOSHCHK YUEMPCHEL. CHUE RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHOOSH NETPRTYSFYS, OBRTBCHMEOOOSCH L KHNBMEOYA FAIRIES "UCHPVPD", LBLYE VSHCHMY ЪBCHPECHBOSH RTY bMELUBODT II, ​​CHOKHYBMYUSH YN, rPVEDPOPUGECHSHCHN. BY UMEDYM TECHOYCHP ЪB LBTSDSCHN RPChPTTPFPPN LPTNYMB. ON CHNEYYCHBMUS OE FPMSHLP CH DEMB CHUEI NYUFTPCH Y CHUEI DERBTFBNEOFPCH PUPVMYCHP CH DERBTFBNEOF RPMYGYY, RP ON UMEDIM ЪB RPchedeoyen UBNPZP GBTS, GBTYGSH Y GBTULYI DEFEC. h rEFETVHTZ RTYEIBMB LBLBS-FP PUPVB, VMYJLBS zBNVEFFE, Y VHDFP VSC YULBMB CHUFTEYUYU ZPUKHDBTSHOEK. rPVEDPOPUGECH UREYYF ЪBRTEFIFSH LFP UCHYDBOYE, Y ZPUKhDBTSH HURPLBYCHBEF EZP, YuFP CHUE PVPYMPUSH VMBZPRPMHYUOP UCHYDBOYS OE VSHMP. th FBL PE CHUEI NEMPUBI.

bMELUBODT III CHUEZDB Y PE CHUEN UPZMBUEO U lPOUFBOFYOPN REFTPCHYUEN. rPVEDPOPUGECH CHOKHYM ENKH, YuFP LBL-FP YUKhDPFCHPTOP KHOYI UPCHETYEOOP PDOY Y FE TSE NSHUMY, YUKHCHUFCHB Y KHVETSDEOYS. bMELUBODT bMELUBODTTPCHYU RPCHETYM. lBL IPTPYP! FERETSH NPTsOP OH P YUEN OE DKHNBFSH. x OEZP EUFSH lPOUFBOFYO rEFTPCHYU, LPFPTSCHK DKHNBEF ЪB OEZP, GBTS.

yFBL, RTPZTBNNB GBTUFCHPCHBOYS VSHMB PVEUREYUEOB. lBLBS CE LFP VSHMB RTPZTBNNNB? rTYRPNOYN "TEZHPTNSCH" LFYI MEF. SING OBYUBMYUSH U KHOYUFPTSEOYS KHOYCHETUYFEFULPK BCHFPOPNYY. bFP DBMP RPCHPD L MYLPCHBOYA n. O. lBFLLPCHH, OEKHDBYUMYCHPNH UPRETOILH rPVEDPOPUGECHB. lBFLLPCHH CHEDSH FPTSE IPFEMPUSH THLLPCHPDYFSH GBTEN. хУФБЧ 1884 ЗПДБ ВШМ "ЭЦПЧШЧНИ ТХЛБЧИГБНИ" ДМС УФХДЭОФПЧ Ш ДМС RTPZHEUUPTPCH. UP UFTPRFYCHSHNY AOPYBNY TBURTBCHMSMYUSH RTPUFP PFDBCHBMY CH UPMDBFSCH. h UTEDOEK YLPME OBUBTSDBMUS NOYNSCHK LMBUUYGYYN. AOPY RETECHPDYMY “lbRYFBOULHA DPYULH” ABOUT MBFYOULYK SJSHL OE YNEMY RPOSFYS PV BOFYUOPK LHMSHFHTE. h OBTDODOSHI YLPMBI OYJYEZP FIRB, RETEDBOOSHI CH CHEDEOYE UCHSFEKYEZP UYOPDB, RTEDRPMBZBMPUSH CHCHEUFY "DHIPCHOP-OTBCHUFCHOOPE" CHPURYFBOYE, OP YЪ LFYI LBYEOOSCHI RPRSCHFPL "RTPUCHEF" YFSH" OBTPD OYUEZP DPVTPZP OE CHSHCHYMP. lFP VShchMB RETCHBS "TEZHPTNB". Chanulpk Qiyoy, LBL Ycheufop, Chue NetPrtySfice Ortimeyush L FPNH, Yufpvsh hcheyuyuyuyufsh yuuump zmbuoschi PF dchptso yneyshuyuyuyuyuyuly ltedufbchyfemshuffchp. h LPOGE LPOGPCH ZMBUOSCH PF LTEUFSHSO OBOBYUBMYUSH ZHVETOBFPTPN, TBHNEEFUS RP TELPNEODBGYY ENULYI OBUMSHOYLPCH. yOUFYFHF ЪENULYI OBYUBMSHOYLPCH PRTEDEMSMUS, LBL YJCHEUFOP, RTYOGIRBNY PRELY FAIRIES TSE LTEUFSHSO CHMBUFSHA DCHPTSO-RPNEYLPCH, FP EUFSH LFP VSHCHM SCHOSCHK YBZ CH UFPTPOH LTERPU FOPK ЪBCHYUINPUFY. lFP VShchMB ChFPTBS "TEZHPTNB".

h PVMBUFY UKHDEVOSHHI KHUFBCHPCH RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHP TSDPN OPCHEMM PZTBOYUYCHBMP UHD RTYUSTSOSCHY Y CHUSYUEULY UFTENYMPUSH CHPUUFBOPCHYFSH DPTEZHTNEOOSH RTYOGYRSCH UNEYEOYS BDNYOUFTBFYCH OPK Y UKHDEVOPK CHMBUFY. lFP VShchMB FTEFSHS "TEZHPTNB". OPCCHCHK GEOKHTOSHCHK KHUFBCH TEYYFEMSHOP. DKHYM PRRPYGYPOOHA RTEUUKH, Y PVEEUFChP PFCCHSHLMP ЪБ FTYOBDGBFSH MEF GBTUFCHPCHBOYS DBCE PF HTEЪBOOPC UCHPVPDSH LRPIY bMELUBODTTB r. lFP VShchMB YUEFCHETFBS "TEZHPTNB".

lBLPCH CE VSHHM UNSHUM LFYI "TEZHPTN"? h RMBOBI UBNPZP bMELUBODTTB III NSCH FEEFOP UFBMY VSC YULBFSH YDEMPZYY EZP RPMYFYUEULPK RTPZTBNNNSCH. fBN OYUEZP OEF. ъBFP CH RYUSHNBI rPVEDPOPUGECHB, B ZMBCHOPE CH EZP ЪOBNEOYFPN “nPULPCHULPN UVPTOYLE” POB EUFSH. bFP CH UCHPEN TPDE ЪБНЭУБФЭМШОВС РТПЗТБННБ. lPOUFBOFYO REFTPCYU VSHM PYUEOSH KHNOSHCHK YUEMPCHEL. EZP TSEMYUOSCHK, ЪMPK Y PUFTSHCHK KHN RPЪCHPMYM ENKH PVTHYYFSHUS U VEURPEBDOPK LTYFYLPK ABOUT CHUE OBYUBMB FBL OBSCHCHBENPK DENPLTBFYY. ON CHSHUNESM, LBL OILFP, CHUE ЪBLKHMYUOSCH NBIYOBGYY VKHTTSKHBOPZP RBTMBNEOFBTYYNB, YOFTYZY VITSY, RPDLHROPUFSH DERKHFBFPCH, ZhBMSHYSH HUMPCHOPZP LTBUOPTEYUYS, BRBF YA ZTBTSDBO Y BOETZYA RTPZHEUUYPOBMSHOSCHI RPMYFYUEULYI DEMSHGPCH. bFP CHUE TSBMLYE ZPCHPTYMSHOY. OBOYYENUFCHB KHUFTPEOSCH RP FPNH TSE RBTMBNEOFULPNH RTYOGYRKH. oBDP ЪBDKHYYFSH ЪENUFCHB. rPVEDPOPUGECH YJDECHBMUS OBD UKHDPN RTYUSTSOSCHI, OBD UMHYUBKOPUFSHY OERPDZPFPCHMEOOPUFSHA OBTPDOSHI UKHDEK, OBD VEURTYOGYROPUFSHA BDCPLBFPCH, OBD OEYVETSOPK DENBZPZYEK CHUEI KHUBUF OILPC RHVMYUOPZP RTPGEUUB, OBD VE'OBLBBOOPUFSHYOSHI RTEUFKHRMEOYK, TBCHTBBEBAEYI PVEEUFChP... th ON UDEMBM UPPFCHEFUFCHEOOSCHK CHCHCHPD: OBDP ЪBDKHYYFSH UCHPVPDOSCHK, RHVMY YuOSCHK, OBTPDOSCHK UHD. rPVEDPOPUGECH PUFTPHNOP UNESMUS OBD KHFYMYFBTYNPN FBL OBSCHCHBENPK TEBMSHOPK YLPMSCH, SDPCHYFP LTYFYLPCHBM KHOYCHETUYFEFULHA BCHFPOPNYA, ZMKHNYMUS OBD IDEEK CHUEPVEEK PVS JBFEMSHOPK ZTBNPFOPUFY. yFBL, OBDP ЪBDKHYYFSH KHOYCHETUYFEF Y CHPPVEE OBTPDOPE PVTBPCHBOIE.

lFP VSHMB RTECHPUIPDOBS LTYFYLB DENPLTBFYUEULYI OBUBM. OP URTBYCHBEFUS, YuEZP CE IPFEM UBN rPVEDPOPUGECH? h UCHPEN ZMKHVPLP NEMBOIPMYUUEULPN Y VEOBDETSOPN "nPULPCHULPN UVPTOYLE" rPVEDPOPUGECH NPMYUYF KHRPTOP P FPN, YuFP, UPVUFCHOOOP, BY RTEDMBZBEF Ch LBUEUFCHE RPMPTSYFEMSHOPK RTPZTB NNSH. nsch KHOBEN EE OE YEZP LOYZY, B YJ ZBLFPCH. OILBLYI OPCHSHHI ZHPTN YENULPK TSYOY, UKHDB Y YLPM OE VSHMP UPJDBOP. vShchMB ZTKHVBS RPRShchFLB CHETOHFSHUS L UPUMPCHYE RTYCHYMEZYTPCHBOOPNKH UFTPA ABOUT NEUFBI; L DPTEZHPTNEOOOPNH UHDH, TBCHTBEEOOPNH CHSFLBNYY OTBCHUFCHOOOP RTPZOYCHYENH OBULCHPSH; L CHPDCHPTEOYA UFBTSCHI RPMYGEKULYI OBYUBM CH CHUYEK YLPME; L LBEBOOOPK Y NETFCHPK UYUFEN RTERPDBCHBOYS CH YLPMBI Utedoek Y OYJYEK... OILBLLPZP FChPTYUEFCHB! oYYUEZP GEMSHOPZP, PTZBOYUOPZP Y CHDPIOPCHEOOPZP! b CHEDSH PO, rPVEDPOPUGECH, FTEVPCHBM "PTZBOYUOPUFY"... chNEUFP LFPC TSEMBOOPK GEMSHOPK TSYOY CHPDCHPTYMBUSH VEDBTOBS LBEBOOEYOB REFETVHTZULYI LBOGEMSTYK.

fBLPCHSHVSHCHMY TEKHMSHFBFSCH RPVEDPOPUGECHULPK CHPTPTsVSHCH. pVET-RTPLHTPT UCHSFEKYEZP UYOPDB CHNEUFP "DHIPCHOSHI" OBYUBM, P LPYI PO OEHUFBOOP ZPCHPTYM GBTA, RTYCHYM TKHUULYN MADSN FBLPK GYOYUOSCHK OYZYMYYN, LBLPK Y OE UOMUS EZP RTEDYEUF CHOOILBN ABOUT LFPN RPRTYEE. TEYYFEMSHOP CHUE RTELTBUOSCH UMPCHB VSHMY PVEIPVTBTTSEOSH EZP RTYLPUOPCHEOYEN. th OBDMZP THUULYE MADI TBHYUYMYUSH CHETYFSH CH FY RTELTBUOSCHE UMPCHB, RBNSFHS P RPVEDPOPUGECHULPN MYGENETYY. TsBMLYK MZKHO, ZPChPTS P DPVTPN OBTPDE, PO TBDEM PV YOFETEUBI RTYCHYMEZYTPCHBOOSCHI... eZP LOYZB, OBRYUBOOBS LBL VKhDFP DPChPMSHOP ULMBDOP, MYYEOB CHUSLPZP TSYCHPZP DSHCHBOYS. pF ITS UFTBOIG CHEF UNETFSHA. bFP LBLPC-FP UETSHK IMPPDOSCHK ULMER. h rPVEDPOPUGECHE VSHMB UFTBUFSH, OP LFP VSHMB LBLBS-FP UFTBOOBS, IMPDOBS, MEDSOBS, LPMAYUBS UFTBUFSH OEOOBCHYUFY. CHUE KHNYTBMP CHPLTHZ OEZP. pО, LBL ZHBOFBUFYUEULYK RBHL, TBULYOKHM RP CHUEK tPUUYY UCHA ZYVEMSHOKHA RBHFYOH. DBTSE LOSSH NEEETULYK KHTSBOOKHMUS Y ULBBM, UFP PA "UFTBIOSCHK".

TECHOYFEMY UFBTPZP RPTSDLB Y RPLMPOOILY rPVEDPOPUGECHB ZPTDSFUS FEN, UFP ON VSCHM "RTBCHPUMBCHOSCHN". oP Y LFP MPTSSH. UBNEYUBFEMSHOP, YuFP rPVEDPOPUGECH OE OBBM OH DHIB RTBCHPUMBCHYS, OH EZP UFYMS. eUMY V PO OBM RTBCHPUMBCHYE, PO OE RETECHPDYM VSC RPRKHMSTOKHA, OP UEOFYNEOFBMSHOKHA Y, U RTBCHPUMBCHOPK FPYULY UTEOYS, UPNOYFEMSHOKHA LOYTSLKH ZPNSCH LENRYKULPZP; ON OE TBURPTTSBMUS VSC ERYULPRBNY, LBL UCHPYNY MBLESNY; OE DKHYM VSC LBJEOEYOPK DHIPCHOSCH BLBDENYY, LPFPTSCHE, LUFBFY ULBJBFSH, OBUBTSDBMY CH LFP CHTENS X OBU TBGYPOBMYUFYUEULPE OENEGLPE VPZPUMPCHYE... EZP OBUFPSEBS UZHETB VSCHM B OE GETLPCHSH, B DERBTFBNEOF RPMYGYY. TsBODBTNSHY RTPCHPLBFPTSCH VSHMY EZP RPUFPSOOSCHNY LPTTEURPODEOFBNY. pDOBTDSCH RPREYUYFEMSH PDOPZP YHYUEVOSHI ЪBCHEDEOYK TsBMPCHBMUS ABOUT UCHSEEOOILB-RTERPDBCHBFEMS, LPFPTSCHK VSCHM, RP EZP NOEOYA, "VEYOTBCHUFCHEOOSCHK Y OECHETHAEIK". about LFP rPVEDPOPUGECH PFCHEFYM: “ъBFP ON RPMYFYUEULY VMBZPOBDETSOSHCHK!” th UCHSEEOOIL PUFBMUS.

rPVEDPOPUGECH CHNEYYCHBMUS OE FPMSHLP PE CHUE UZHETSCH RPMYFYLY: BY ЪPTLP UMEDYM ЪB LLPOPNYUEULPK Y ZHJOBUPCHPK TSYOSHA UFTBOSH. rP LBCDPNKH CHPRPTPUKH KH REZP VSHCHMY UCHPY NOEOYS. DEMP PV BMECHBFPTBBI EZP YOFETEUKHEF, OBRTYNET, EDCHB MY OE VPMSHYE, YUEN DEMB GETLCHI. BY RYYEF GBTA RYUSHNB Y ЪBRYULY RP LFPNH RPCPDH. y, LPOYUOP, LFP OE EDYOUFCHOOPE DEMP CH LFPN TPDE. NYOYUFT ZHIOBOUPCH o. l. VKHOZE, PUFBCHYKUS O UCHPEN RPUFKH DP 1 SOCHBTS 1887 ZPDB, OEPDOPLTBFOP DPMTSEO VSHM PFTBTSBFSH OBRBDEOYS rPVEDPOPUGECHB, RTBCHDB, YuBUFP LPUCHEOOSCHE, B OE RTSSNSHCHE, LBL LFP VSCHMP, OBRTYN ET, YYCHEUFOPK "ЪBRYULPK" UNYTOPCHB. h LPOGE LPOGPCH BY DPMTSEO VSHM HKFY, Y EZP NEUFP ЪBOSM RTPZHEUUPT Y DEMEG y. b. CHCHYOEZTBDULYK. rTY OEN VSHMY PZTBOYUEOSCH MYVETBMSHOSHE NETPRTYSFYS EZP RTEDYUFCHEOOILB RTETSDE CHUEZP LTHZ DESFEMSHOPUFY ZHBVTYUOPK YOURELGYY. rTYIPDYMPUSH RPDDETSYCHBFSH TBCHYCHBAEHAUS RTPNSCHYMEOOPUFSH, OP KH OEE VSHM VEURPLLPKOSCHK URKHFOIL TBVPYUE DCHYTSEOYE. y rPVEDPOPUGECH U KHTSBUPN UMEDYM ЪB EZP TBCHYFYEN. xCE RETCHSHE LFBRSH EZP RTYCHPDYMY CH FTEREF GETVETB OBYEK TEBLGYY. according to OBBM, YuFP Ch 1883 ZPDH PTZBOYPCHBMBUSH ZTHRRRB “pUCHPVPTSDEOOYE FTHDB”, ZDE TBVPFBMY rMEIBOPCH, bLUEMSHTPD, BUKHMYU, DEKYU. ON OBBM P UFBULE 1885 ZPDB CH PTEIPCHE-KHECHE, ABOUT NPTPPCHULPK ZHBVTYLE, Y UMEDYM CHPPVEE ЪB UFBUEYUOPK CHPMOPK, LPFPTBBS ABOUT OEDPMZYK UTPL ЪBFIIMB CH 1887 ZPDKH, LPZDB NY OPCHBM RTPNSCHYMEOOOSCHK LTYYU. ch 1890 ZPDH ENKH DPOPUYMY P UPGYBM-DENPLTBFYUEULPK RTPRBZBODE O rKhFYMPCHULPN ЪBCHPDE, Ch 1891 ZPDH P RETCHPK NBECHLE RPD refETVHTZPN, Ch 1893 ZPDH P ЪBVBUFPCHLE ABOUT IMHDPCHULPK NBOKHZBLFKHTE CH EZPTSHHECHULE TSBOULPK ZHVETOYY, P VEURPTSDLBI CH TSEMEOPDTPTSOSCHI NBUFETULYI CH TPUFPCHE-OB-DPOKH Y .

fB CHEMILPMEROBS "UYMB YOETGYY", ABOUT LPFPTHA FBL OBDESMUS rPVEDPOPUGECH, YYNEOYMB ENKH. h DKHYOPK Y LPUOPK UFYYY CHDTHZ OBYUBMPUSH LBLPE-FP UFTBOOPE DCHYTSEOYE. BY RTYUMKHYCHBMUS L TPRPPH LBLYI-FP RPDENOSCHI CHPMO, OE RPOINBS, PFLKHDB POY. th ChPF FPZDB, Ch RPYULBI OECHEDPNPZP ChTBZB, ChЪPTSH rPVEDPOPUGECHB Y bMELUBODTTB III PVTBFYMYUSH ABOUT ECHTEECH. OE POY MY FP PRBUOPE VTPDYMP, LPFPTPPE CHSHCHCHCHBEF bFKH HTsBUOKHA UNHFKH? rP-CHYDYNPNH, bMELUBODT Y EZP CHTENEOAIL OE VSHMY PDYOPLY CH LFPN NOOOYY. pZTPNOPK CHPMOPK RP CHUEK tPUUYY RTPYMYY ECHTEKULYE RPZTPNSCH YOPZDB RTY UPDEKUFCHYY RPMYGYY. chPKULB OEPIPFOP KHUNYTSMY RPZTPNEYLPCH, Y LPZDB ABOUT LFP RPTsBMPCHBMUS GBTA ZEOETBM zHTLP, bMELUBODT bMELUBODTPCYU ULBJBM: “b S, ЪOBEFE, Y UBN TBD, LPZDB ECHTEECH VSHA F." ъБЗПЧПТШЧУЭ ЭЭЭ НЭЭЭИМYУШ GBTA. th DMS LFPPZP VSHMY PUOPCHBOYS. ON CHURPNOYM, LBL ABOUT FTEFYK ZPD GBTUFCHPCHBOYS VSHM KHVYF UKHDEKLYO. gBTSH FPZDB OBDRYUBM ABOUT DPLMBDE: “rPFETS RPMPTSYFEMSHOP OEBBNEOINBS! lFP RPKDEF FERETSH ABOUT RPDPVOHA DPMTSOPUFSH!” ON CHURPNYOBM FBLCE PV BTEUFE CHETCH ZHYZOET.

gBTSH, KHOBCH PV EE BTEUFE, CHPULMYLOKHM FPZDB: “uMBChB vPZH! bFB HTSBUOB TSEOOEYOB BTEUFPCHBOB!” ENH DPUFBCHYMY EE RPTFTEF, BY RPDPMZH UNPFTEM ABOUT REZP, OE RPOINBS, LBL LFB DECHKHYLB, U FBLYN FYIYN Y LTPFLINE MYGPN, NPZMB KHYUBUFChPCHBFSH CH LTPCHBCHSHHI ЪBNSHUMBI, b RPFPN LFP RBNSFOPE 8 NBS 1887 ZPDB, LPZDB VSHMY RPCHEYOSCH RSFSH FETTPTYUFPCH Y UTEDY OYI LFPF bMELUBODT hMSHSOPCH, P UCHYDBOYY U LPFPTSCHN OBLBOKHOE LBJOY FBL IMPRPFBMB EZP, NBFSH...

oELPFPTSCHE DKHNBAF, YuFP CH YOPUFTBOOPK RPMYFYLE bMELUBODT III VSHM UBNPUFPSFEMEO, YuFP NYUFT ZYTE ULPTEE VSHM EZP MYUOSCHN UELTEFBTEN, YUEN OEBCHYUYNSCHN THLPCHPDYFEMEN OBJEK DYRMPN BFYY. oP L YUENH UCHPDYMBUSH OBYB FPZDBYOSS RPMYFILB? POB VSHMB UPCHETYEOOOP RBUUYCHOB, Y EUMY NSCH OE RPOEUMY ЪB FTYOBDGBFSH MEF LFPPZP GBTUFCHPCHBOYS OYLBLPZP HEETVB, FP LFP EEE ChPCHUE OP DPLBSCHCHBEF CHSHCHUPLPK NHDTPUFY b MELUBODTTB III. PYUEOSH NPTSEF VSHFSH, YuFP, DPTSYCHY YNRETBFPT DP 1903 ZPDB, ENKH RTYYMPUSH VSC CHEUFY sRPOULHA CHPKOKH, Y EE ​​ZHOBM, CHETPSFOP, VSHM VSH FPF CE, YuFP Y RTY OILPMBE II. CHEDSH UYUFENB VSHMB FB TSE Y MADI FE TSE. b OBIYE OEKHDETSYNPE UFTENMEOYE ABOUT dBMSHOYK chPUFPL (FBLPE EUFEUFCHEOOPE, OBDP ULBUBFSH) OBYUBMPUSH RTY bMELUBODT III, Y POP FPZDB HCE VSHMP YUTECHBFP RPUMEDUFCHYSNY. YuFP LBUBEFUS KHUREIPCH ULPVEMECHB CH UTEDOEK BYYY CHSFYS NETCHB LFP, NPTsOP ULBJBFSH, UPCHETYYMPUSH VE CHUSLPK YOYGYBFYCHSHCH UP UFPTPPOSH bMELUBODTB bMELUBODTPCYUB. lBNRBOYS OBYUBMBUSH RTY bMELUBODTE II; Y EUMY bMELUBODT bMELUBODTPCHYU UKHNEM RTY LFPN Y'VEZOKHFSH UFPMLOPCHEOYS U BOZMYYUBOBNYY, PLBBCHYYNYUS OBIYNYY PRBUOSCHNYY TECHOCYCHSHNYY UPUEDSNY UP UFPTPOSH bZHZBOYUFBOB, FP LFP OE NEOEE ЪBUMHZB NYTPMAVICHPZP zMBDUFPRB, YUEN bMELUBODTTB III. eUMY VSHCH FP CHTENS CH mPOPOE X CHMBUFY VSHMY LPOUETCHBFPTSCH, VSHMB VSHCH X OBU CHPKOB U BOZMYEK. OBIYE TBCHOPDHYYE L RTYLMAYUEOYSN CH vPMZBTYY LOSJS bMELUBODTTB vBFFEOVETSULPZP EDCHB MY NPTsOP TBUUNBFTYCHBFSH LBL CHEMILHA DYRMPNBFYUEULHA UFPKLPUFSH. y, OBLPOEG, ZHTBOLP-TKHUULYK BMSHSOU, LPFPTSCHK CH LPOYUOPN UUEFE RTYCHEM OBU L NYTPCHPK CHPKOE, FERETSH OILBL HC OEMSHЪS RTYOBFSH BLFPN VPMSHYPK RPMYFYUEULPK DBMSHOPCHYDOPUFY . oEF, OBYB YOPUFTBOOBS RPMYFYLB RTY bMELUBODT III VSHMB FBLPK CE UPOOPK, LPUOPK Y UMERPC, LBLPA VSHMB CHUS FPZDBYOSS RPMYFYUEULBS TSY'OSH UFTBOSHCH.

ULHYUOP TSYMPUSH bMELUBODTKH bMELUBODTTPCHYUKH tPNBOPCHKH. CHUE LBL VHDFP HUFTPYMPUSH FBL, LBL ON IPFEM, LBL POY IPFEMY U lPOUFBOFYOPN REFTPPCHYUEN, B NETSDKH FEN RPYUFY CHUE OBCHYE GBTS MYUOP ЪBNEYUBMY ABOUT EZP YYTPLPN VPTPDBFPN MYGE REYUBFSH KHOSHHOYS. khOSCHCHBM YNRETBFPT. fEEFOP RSCHFBMUS ON TBCHMEYUSH UEVS FP YZTPK ABOUT ZEMYLPOE, FP PIPFPC, FP FEBFTPN, FP RPUEEEOYEN LBTFYOOSHI CHSHCHUFBCHPL, H LPOGE LPOGPC CHUE LFY KhDPChPMSHUFCHY OE NPZMY HOYU FPTSYFSH CH DKHYE LBLPK-FP NEMBOIPMYY. fPF UPO, CH LPFPTSCHK RPZTHYMBUSH RTY OEN tPUUYS Y ON UBN, GBTSH, CHPCHUE O VShchM Mezline UOPN: LFP VShchM FSTsEMSHCHK Y DKHYOSCHK UPO. uETDGE UFHYUBMP OETPCHOP, Y DSHCHYBFSH VSHMP FTHDOP.

uENOBDGBFPZP PLFSVTS 1888 ZPDB bMELUBODT bMELUBODTPPCHYU EIBM YЪ UECHBUFPRPMS CH REFETVHTZ. pLPMP UFBOGYY vPTLY, LPZDB GBTSH U UENSHEK ЪBCHFTBLBM CH UFPMPOPN ChBZPOE Y KhCE RPDBMY ZHTSHECHULKHZP LBYKH, OBYUBMBUSH UFTBIOBS LBYLB, TBDBMUS FTEUL, Y bMELUBODTKH bMELUBODT PCHYYUKH RPLBBMPUSH, YuFP CHUPTCHBOP RPMPFOP DPTPZYY YuFP CHUENKH LPOEG . ABOUT ЪBLTSCHM ZMBЪB. h LFP NZOPCHEOYE YUFP-FP FSTSEMPE Y FCHETDPE THIOHMP ENKH ABOUT RMEYUY. lFP VShchMB LTSHCHYB ChBZPOB. lPZDB BY PFLTSCHM ZMBBB, BY KHCHYDEM, UFP CHUE CHPLTHZ RPMЪBAF UTEDY PVMPNLPC. TYIFET LTYUBM GBTA: “CHBY CHEMYUEFCHP! rPMYFE UADB, ЪDEUSH UCHPVPDOP!” hchiesch, YuFP YFP ZHECH, NBTS Zhdptpchob, LPFPTBS, RBDBS, UICHBFIMB RPUSheFB bblaovbtdsch, Churpnomb Pfsi Kommhshchin ZPMPUPN: “et nos Enfants!” OP Y DEFY PLBBMYUSH TSYCHSHCH. LUEOYS UFPSMB CH PDOPN RMBFSHE ABOUT RPMPFOE DPTPZY. yEM DPTSDSH, Y FEMEZTBZHOSHCHK YYOPCHOIL OBVTPUYM ABOUT OEE UCHPE RBMSHFP U NODOSCHNYA RKHZPCHYGBNY. mBLEK, LPFPTSCHK CH NPNEOF LBFBUFTPZHSC RPDBCHBM GBTA UMYCHLY, METSBM FERTSH ABOUT TEMSHUBI, OE YECHEMSUSH, U PUFBOPCHYCHYNYUS, PMPCHSOOSCHNY ZMBBIBNY. yEM RTPMYCHOPK DPTDSSH. CHEFET, IPMPDOSHCHK Y RTPOYFEMSHOSHCHK, MEDEOIM YYHCHEOOOSCHY Y TBOEOSHCHK, LPFPTSHCHE METSBMY FERTSH ABOUT NPLTPN ZMYOYUFPN DOE VBMLY. bMELUBODT bMELUBODTTPCHYU RTYLBBM TBCHEUFY LPUFTSHCH. oEUUBUFOSH LPYUEOOEAEIN SSHLPN HNPMSMY RETEOUFY YI LHDB-OYVHDSH, ZDE FERMP. bMELUBODT bMELUBODTPCHYU, YUKHCHUFCHHS VPMSH CH RPSUOGE Y CH RTBCHPN VEDTE, LBL TBJ CH FPN NEUFE, ZDE VSHM NBUUYCHOSCHK RPTFUYZBT CH LBTNBOE VTAL, IPDYM, UMEZLB RTYITBNSCCHBS, UTEDY TBOEOSCHY U KHDYCHMEOYEN EBNEFIM, YuFP OB OEZP OILFP OE PVTBEBEF CHAINBOYS, LBL VHDFP PO OE GBTS. th PO DKHNBM P FPN, YuFP PO, UBNPDETTSEG, Refinery FPCE METSBFSH UEKYUBU VEURPNPEOP PLTPCHBCHMEOOOSCHK, LBL 1 NBTFB 1881 ZPDB METSBM EZP PFEG.

fP UPVSHCHFYE OBRPNOYMP bMELUBODTKH bMELUBODTPCHYUKH, YuFP TSYOSH OBYB CHUEZDB LBOKHO UNETFY. rPVEDPOPUGECH PVASUOIM ENKH, YFP UPCHETYYMPUSH YUKhDP. “OP LBLYE DOY, LBLYE PEKHEEOYS NSCH RETETSYCHBEN, RYUBM rPVEDPOPUGECH. lBLPZP YuKhDB, ​​NYMPUFY vPZ UKHDYM OBU VSHFSH UCHYDEFEMSNY. nsch TBDKHENUS Y VMBZPDBTYN vPZB ZPTSYUP. OP U LBLYN FTEREFPN UPEDIOSEFUS ObyB TBDPUFSH Y LBLPK KhTsBU PUFBMUS RPBBDY OBU Y RKHZBEF OBU YETOPA FEOSH! x CHUEI ABOUT DKHYE UFTBIOBS RPYUFYOE NSCHUMSH P FPN, YuFP NPZMP UMHYUIFSHUS Y YuFP OE UMHYUMPUSH YUFYOOP RPFPNH FPMSHLP, YuFP vPZ OE RP ZTEIBN OBYN RPNYMPCHBM.” h LFPN TSE UNSHUME Y FPOE VSHM UPUFBCHMEO NBOYZHEUF L OBTPDKH. zPUKhDBTSH UBN PZHYGYBMSHOP RTYOBM UCHPE URBUEOYE YUKHDEUOSCHN.

ChSCHSUOYMPUSH CHULPTE, YuFP RPLHOYEOYS OE VSHMP Y YuFP OYUYUBUFSHE UMHYUYMPUSH RPFPNKH, YuFP bMELUBODT bMELUBODTPCYU FTEVPCHBM FBLPC ULPTPUFY, LBLPC OE NPZMY CHSHCHDETSBFSH DCHB FPCHBTOSHI RB TPChPЪB, FBEYCHYI UMYYLPN ZTPNPЪDLYK Y FSTSEMSCHK GBTULYK RPEЪD.

rPUME LFPC LBFBUFTPZHSC TSYOSH PRSFSH UFBMB NPOFFPOOPK Y ULHYUOPK. zPUKHDBTSH CHUE EEE VSHM FPMUF, OP OETCHSH OEZP VSHMY OE CH RPTSDLE, Y BY YUBUFP RMBLBM. chPLTHZ OEZP OE VSHMP MADEK, LPFPTSCHE NPZMY VSH RTPVKhDYFSH CH OEN LBLPK-OYVKhDSH YOFETEU L CYJOY. according to KhChBTsBM PDOPZP FPMSHLP rPVEDPOPUGECHB, OP YU OIN VSCHMP ULHYUOP. b LFP VSHMY DTHZIE? uMKHYUMPUSH LBL-FP FBL, YuFP CHUE OEBCHYUYNSCHE MADI KHDBMYMYUSH, Y DBTSE IPFEMPUSH YOPZDB, YuFPVSH LFP-OYVKhDSH RPURPTYM Y CHPTBYM, OP CHUE DEMBMY FBL, LBL IPFEM lPO UFBOFYO REFTPCHYU, Y, OBYUIF, URPTYFSH OE VSHMP OBDPVOPUFY. fBLYE UMHYUBY, LBL CHPTBTTSEOYE zYTUB O RTPELF PZTBOYUEOYS RHVMYUOPUFY UKHDEVOPZP RTPGEUUB CH SOCHBTE 1887 ZPDB, VPMEE OE RPCHFPTSMYUSH. dB Y LFPF UMHYUBK, LBCEFUS, VSHM RTPUFSHCHN OEDPTBHNEOYEN, LPFPTPPE lPOUFBOFYO REFTPCYU OBRTBUOP UYUYFBM “LTBNMPA”. ZYTE OEPUFPPTTSOP RTPYUEM ABOUT BUEDBOY NOOOYE ATYULPOUHMSHFB NYOYUFETUFCHB YOPUFTBOOSCHI DEM RTPZHEUUPTB nBTFEOUB, LPFPTSCHK RTEDHRTETSDBM, YuFP PZTBOYUEOYE RHVMYUOPUFY U HDB RTPY'chedDEF OEVMBZPRTYSFOPE CHREYUBFMEOYE CH ECHTPRE Y RPNEYBEF DPZPCHPTKH P CHBYNOPK CHSHCHDBYUE RTEUFKHROYLPCH.

ABOUT DTHZPK DEOSH ZYTE VSHHM ABOUT DPLMBDE X ZPUKHDBTS. gBTSH CH STPUFY IPDM RP LPNOBFE, VEMSHK PF ZOECHB, U FTSUKHEEKUS OITSOEK YUEMAUFSHA. fBLYE RTYRBDLY U OIN UMHYUBMYUSH TEDLP.

CHUE UHDEVOSH HYUTETSDEOOIS YJCHEUFOP L YUENH LMPOSPH! LTYUBM ON RTSNP CH MYGP zYTUKH. x RPLPKOPZP PFGB IPFEMY CHUSFSH CHUSLHA CHMBUFSH Y CHMYSOYE, CH UKHDEVOSCHI CHPRTPUBI... CHSHCH OE OBEFE, B S OBA, YuFP LFP ЪБЗПЧПТ...

OP ЪБЗПЧППЧ FERETSCH CHPPVEEE OILBLYI OE VSHMP. vHOFPPCHBMY FPMSHLP UFKhDEOFSHCH NPULCHE, CH REFETVHTZE, CH iBTSHLPCHEY FTEVPCBOYS RTEDYASCHMSMYUSH UBNSCHE OCHYOOSH. oP Y LFP TBBDTBTSBMP. gBTSH ABOUT DPLMBDBBI RP FBKOSHCHN DEMBN DEMBM OBDRYUY: “lBOBMSHY!”, “ULPFSCH!”, “CHILDREN’S NBMSHYUYYYYLY!” CHUE LFP VSHMP RPLTSHFP MBLPN.

h UCHPYI TEPMAGYSI ON OE UFEUOSMUS CH CHSTBTSEOYSI. ABOUT DPLMBDE ZPUKHDBTUFCHEOOPZP UPCHEFB GBTSH RYUBM: “sing DKHNBAF OBDHFS NEOS, OP LFP YN OE KHDBUFUS.” yuMEOSCH zPUKHDBTUFCHEOOPZP UPCHEFB PVYDEMYUSH Y TEYMYMY PVASUOSFSHUS RP bfpnkh RPChPDH. gBTSH KhDYCHYMUS: “YEZP TSE POY IPFSF?” “oE RPLTSHCHBFSH MBLPN UYI UMPC, CHBYE CHEMYUEUFCHP!” about LFPF TB ZPUKHDBTSH TBCHUEEMYMUS: “lBLPK CHJDPT! rHUFSH YI RTPUFP CHCHUETLOHF!” h UBNPN DEME, CHEDSH LFP CHUE DEMB DPNBYOYE, UFPYF MY YY-YB LFPZP RPDOINBFSH YUFPTYA?

lBLYE CE MADI PLTHTSBMY GBTS? pDOB UPCHTENEOOYGB, VMYLBS.L UZHETBN, ЪBRYUBMB KH UEVS CH DOECHOYLE 20 NBS 1890 ZPDB: “zYTE LFP IPFSH YuEUFOSCHK YuEMPCHEL, ZHYMYRRRPCH NPEYEOIL, YuEMPCHEL VEЪ RTYOGY RPCH, chCHYOEZTBDULYK RMHF, yuYIBUECH LHREG OE Ъ VEJHLPTYOOOSCHI, DHTOPCHP ZMHR, ZAVEOEF OBIBM, OBRSHEEOOOSCHK Y PDOPUFPPOOYK, chPTPOGPP DHTBL Y RSHSOYGB, nBOBUEYO RTP bFPZP, LTPNE DKHTOPZP, OYUEZP VPMSHYE OE UMSHCHYOP. chPF MADY, LPFPTSHCHE CHETYBF UHDSHVSH tPUUYY.”

OBDP ULBBFSH, YuFP BChFPT LFK OBRYUY FPCE VSHMB DBNB PE NOPZYI PFOPEYOSI UPNOYFEMSHOBS.

NENKHBTSH LFPZP CHTENEY UCHYDEFEMSHUFCHHAF P ZMHVPLPN RBDEOY RTBCHSEYI UZHET. fY MADI OE KHBTSBAF DTHZ DTHZB. ъB CHOEYOIN VMBZPPVTBIYEN NPOBTIYY bMELUBODTTB III FBYMBUSH ZMHVPPLBS TBCHTBBEEOOPUFSH CHUEI fYI NYOYUFTPC Y UBOPCHOILPC. OILFP YЪ OYI OE CHETYM HTSE CH IDEA NPOBTIYY YEE NEOEE CH IDEA UBNPDETSBCHYS. bFH IDEA RTYOGYRYBMSHOP ЪBEYEBM PDYO FPMSHLP rPVEDPOPUGECH.

h FBLYI HUMPCHYSI, UTEDY FBLYI MADEK, TSYFSH VSHMP OEMEZLP bMELUBODTKH bMELUBODTPCHIYUKH. b FHF EEE CHUSLYE OERTYSFOPUFY. PUPVEOOOP OERTYSFEO VSHHM 1891 ZPD.

rHFEYUFCHHAEEZP ABOUT dBMSHOEN chPUFPLE GEUBTECHYUB oyLPMBS LBLPK-FP SRPOEG HDBTYM RP ZPMPCHE UBVMEK... h FPN CE ZPDH VSCHM ZPMPD. TsKHTOBMYUFSHCH, LPOYUOP, MZHF, OP LPE-YuFP CH UBNPN DEME OERTYSFOP. lBBOULYK ZHVETOBFPT YJDBEF GYTLHMSTSCH UPCHEFSH CHBTYFSH LBYKH YJ LHLHTHYSH Y YUYUEECHYGSCH Y EUFSH U NBUMPN CHNEUFP IMEVB, RP OH LHLHTHSHSH, OH YUEYUECHYGSHCH LB OEF FIGHT. chSFULYK ZHVETOBFPT ЪBRTEEBEF CHCHPYFSH IMEV YЪ PDOPK CHPMPUFY CH DTHZHA Y RTDDBCHBFSH EZP. lHTULYK ZHVETOBFPT CH FPN TSE TPDE YUKHDIF. lTBUOSCHK lTEUF, RP PVAYN PFЪSCCHBN, DEKUFCHHEF OEDPVTPUPCHEUFOP CHPTHEF. WHEDE ЪMPHRPFTEVMEOYS. PFPCHUADH PFЪSCCHSHCH, YuFP OBTPD ZPMPDBEF UETSHEOP. “YUKHCHUFCHHEFUS YUFP-FP FSTSEMPE, ZOEFHEEE, LBL VKhDFP TsDEYSH LBFBUFTPZHSC...”

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bFP VSHMP RPUMEDOEEE RYUSHNP rPVEDPOPUGECHB GBTA. OB OEZP PFCHEFB OE RPUMEDPCHBMP.

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CHTBYU ZPCHPTSF, YuFP CH LPNOBFE, ZDE URIF YNRETBFPT, ULCHETOSCHK CHPDKHI, RPFPNH YuFP U GBTEN TSYCHHF YuEFSHTE UPVBLY CHUE ZTSOSF. ЪБИБТШЪО ЪБДПИОХМУС, ChPKDS CH URBMSHOA L GBTA, Y RPFTEVPCBM, YUFPVSH KHCHEMY GBTS YЪ DCHPTGB LHDB-OYVKhDSH ABOUT UCHETSYK CHPDKHI, ABOUT AZ.

fPZDB EZP RPCHEMY CH sMFH, Y PO HNET FBN, CH nBMPN mYCHBDYKULPN DCHPTGE, 20 PLFSVTS 1894 ZPDB.

Historical portrait of Alexander III.

1. Formation of the personality of Alexander III

2. Start of transformation. Counter-reforms.

3. Influence on foreign policy.

4. The result of the activity.

Formation of the personality of Alexander III

Alexander III was born on February 26, 1845, Emperor from March 2, 1881, crowned on May 15, 1883, died on October 20, 1894. and was buried in the Peter and Paul Fortress. Father - Alexander II (04/17/1818 - 03/01/18881), mother Maria Alexandrovna (Maximilian Wilhelmina Augusta Sophia Maria of Hesse - Darmstadt).

Alexander Alexandrovich did not count on the Russian crown either in childhood or in his early youth. The legitimate heir to the throne, his older brother Nikolai Alexandrovich, died at the age of 22 from tuberculosis. Alexander Alexandrovich was declared crown prince at the age of 20, i.e. being already a fully formed person. In 1865, the future Emperor Alexander III moved to first place in succession to the throne. Before that, he lived in the shadows, deprived of the attention of the court, and, what especially angered him even in adulthood, the attention of his parents. His upbringing was neglected and was limited to the usual military education for the younger sons of the Grand Dukes of the Romanov family, which actually meant education on a military parade ground. This matched his intellectual abilities. Pobedonostsev, Alexander Alexandrovich’s spiritual mentor, was largely suspicious of education in the spirit of enlightenment. And the student himself was not distinguished by any special talents. “Emperor Alexander III,” wrote Witte, “was of a completely ordinary mind, perhaps, one might say, below average intelligence, below average education. The shortcomings, however, were compensated for in a unique way by stubbornness, as well as strength and firmness of character. These qualities made themselves felt in the very first months of his reign.

Despite the fact that he was head and shoulders above everyone else, Alexander III remained indecisive throughout his life. To compensate for this, he demonstrated his remarkable physical strength at every opportunity. And yet, according to the unanimous opinion of his circle, he spread around himself an atmosphere of undeniable authority, greatness and power.

At the request of his dying brother Nicholas, Alexander married his fiancee,

despite his strong love for another girl. The marriage turned out to be successful. Alexander and his wife Maria Sophia Frederica Dagmar of Denmark (in Russia Maria Fedorovna) had a deep antipathy to palace life and representative duties. Both led a downright bourgeois family life, the family members were very close, the parents treated the children cordially and took a great part in their lives.

Soon after the wedding, Alexander III, according to the status of the heir, began to become involved in government activities and participate in meetings of the State Council and the Committee of Ministers. His first position - chairman of the Special Committee for the collection and distribution of benefits to the hungry - was associated with the famine that occurred in 1868 due to crop failure, which earned him the sympathy of the masses. During the Russian-Turkish War, he was appointed commander of the Ruschunsky detachment of forty thousand, created to protect the rear of the active army. I was dissatisfied with this appointment, because... was unable to participate in hostilities.

To his father, despite outward respect, he was in clear opposition. In character, he was the complete opposite of his father and resembled his grandfather Nicholas I. He believed that the reforms being carried out disrupted the normal, calm flow of Russian life. He even doubted the advisability of abolishing serfdom. At one time, a liberal scientist and public figure K.D. Kavelin was removed from his post as teacher of Alexander III. His place was taken by the ardent monarchist K.P. Pobedonostsev. Mentor Pobedonostsev supported him in every possible way.

Largely thanks to Alexander, Pobedonostsev became a senator and privy councilor, and then chief prosecutor of the Synod.

On March 1, 1881, Emperor Alexander II was killed by a bomb thrown by one of the “People's Will” from the revolutionary organization “Land and Freedom” (with A. Zhelyabov and S. Perovskaya at the head), which set itself a goal and was steadily and tirelessly preparing a plan for regicide. After the death of his father, the new emperor had to decide whether he would follow his father’s course or return to the policy of autocracy. He himself was inclined to the second path, but, alarmed by the ignition of terror, he did not know whether Russia could accept it. Pobedonostsev was worried about Alexander’s hesitation: “There is no definite will, no steady hand and no clear understanding.”

On April 21, a meeting of the Council of Ministers was held in Gatchina, at which the fundamental issue was discussed - to continue Russian reforms or to preserve the inviolability of the autocracy. Most of the ministers - Count Loris-Melikov, Count Milyutin, Minister of Finance Abaza were confident that they should follow the path outlined by Alexander II.

On April 29, 1881, Pobedonostsev, with the approval of Alexander III, drew up a manifesto to address the people “to calm minds at the present moment,” which stated that the truth of autocratic power must be affirmed and preserved for the benefit of the people from any encroachments on it. After the manifesto appeared, Liberal ministers resigned. However, the reactionary course was not established immediately. In the manifesto, along with the phrase about the preservation of unlimited autocracy, it was said that the great reforms of the past reign would not only be maintained, but also developed further. The new Minister of Internal Affairs, Slavophile N.P. Ignatiev, retained the practice of calling “informed people” from zemstvo circles for a joint discussion of events being prepared by the government, and the new minister N.Kh. Bunge carried out a number of measures to improve the situation of peasants and initiated legislation to protect workers.

Pobedonostsev remained Alexander III's closest adviser throughout his life. The new sovereign valued his intelligence, education and firmness of conviction. Pobedonostsev managed to correctly understand and formulate what had already matured in the soul and mind of the emperor. After the April manifesto, the hesitation was over. In general, a distinctive feature of government policy was a clear understanding of the assigned tasks and firm implementation of them. First of all, it was necessary to calm society. In September 1881, the Regulations on Measures to Preserve State Order and Public Peace came into force. Emergency measures were introduced against some terrorists, and general governors and mayors were given special powers. Administrative expulsions without trial, military courts, closed trials have essentially become the norm in Russian reality.

Beginning of transformation. Counter-reforms.

The reactionary course in foreign policy finally triumphed only in May 1881, when D. A. Tolstoy was appointed Minister of Internal Affairs in Ignatiev’s place, and I. D. Delyanov became Minister of Public Education.

In 1883, Alexander managed to stabilize the situation in the country - “People's Will” was defeated, the peasants calmed down, and the press was silent. The Emperor decides to go to coronation. It was possible to begin the planned reforms. Alexander understood that it was important to be careful in this matter and not to act recklessly. Excessive severity could cause new indignation in society. Over the next ten years, Alexander III patiently unraveled, as it seemed to him, state and public relations.

Of particular note are the events in the field of the press (Punitive censorship) and schools in 1882-1894. Police surveillance of newspapers and magazines increased, narrowing the possibilities for printed expression of views undesirable from the government's point of view. Liberal publications were closed.

All primary schools were transferred to the church department - the Synod, tuition fees were significantly increased, and the admission of students from low-income families was limited. The inspirer and main organizer of counter-reforms in the field of education, Count I.D. Delyanov, Minister of Public Education since 1882, also authored the notorious circular “about cook’s children.” This document recommended limiting the admission to gymnasiums of “children of coachmen, footmen, cooks, laundresses, small shopkeepers and similar people, whose children, with the exception of those gifted with extraordinary abilities, should not be taken out of the environment to which they belong.”

In 1884, a new university statute was issued, which destroyed university autonomy: university rectors were appointed by the government, which could also appoint and dismiss professors, regardless of the opinion and recommendation of the councils; university teaching programs had to be approved by the ministry; a special inspection was introduced to monitor students' activities and monitor their behavior.

In 1889 To strengthen supervision over peasants and change their legal status, the positions of zemstvo chiefs with broad rights were introduced. They were nominated from local nobles - landowners. The world court was destroyed.

Another major counter-reform was the new regulation on zemstvos in 1890. In 1889, the “Regulations on Zemstvo Precinct Chiefs” were published; his goal was to create "a strong and close people's power." Zemstvo chiefs were appointed from local nobles by the governor, in agreement with the provincial and district representatives of the nobility, and were approved by the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Judicial and administrative power over the peasants was combined in the hands of zemstvo leaders. Its main idea is to strengthen the class representation of the nobility and deprive the peasants of representation.

These events revealed an updated version of the idea of ​​“official nationality” - the slogan “Orthodoxy, autocracy and the spirit of humility.” Its ideologists M.N. Katkov (editor of the Moscow Gazette), Prince V. Meshchersky (publisher of the newspaper “Citizen”), D. Tolstoy, K. Pobedonostsev omitted the word “people” from the formula of Nicholas I “Orthodoxy, autocracy and people” as dangerous, and preached its humility spirit before the autocracy and the church, they rejected liberal reforms and concessions. In practice, this direction of government policy resulted in a desire to strengthen the autocracy, supporting the country's nobility as its support. In the manifesto published in 1885 on the occasion of the centenary of the charter granted to the nobility, a wish was expressed for the nobility to maintain a “primary place” in public life. At the same time, the government opened a special noble bank, whose task was to support noble landownership with loans on preferential terms.

In 1892, the City Regulations, closely related to the above, were adopted, which strengthened the power of the city mayor. Clerks and small traders, and other low-income strata of the city were deprived of the right to vote. Judicial reform underwent changes, legislative acts of a restrictive nature were adopted (1887)

Administrative measures were supported by economic support for landowners, taking into account the situation in the village. After the reform, one part of the landowners could not adapt to the new situation, sold off their lands, and went bankrupt. Another part of the nobles ran their households in the old fashioned way, maintaining enslaving conditions for renting land for the peasants. Still others gradually moved to new forms of farming. The government sought to raise prices for landowners' land. The Peasant Bank (1882) bought it at a high price and resold it in installments to rural communities and peasants - kulaks on loans. In turn, the Noble Bank (1885) began to subsidize landowners on preferential terms of 4.5% per annum compared to 6.5% per annum for the Peasant Bank. They were also given benefits when collecting taxes. And the peasants were prevented from leaving the village for the communities; those who left before the final hiring deadline were severely punished. All this supported landownership.

The reign of Alexander III did not proceed without attempts to improve the situation of the lower strata, which were undertaken primarily by the Minister of Finance Bunge. In 1881, redemption payments from peasant allotment lands were reduced. In 1882, he created the Peasant Land Bank, which provided loans to peasants to purchase land. Between 1883 - 1887 The tax was first lowered and then completely abolished for the peasants and thus reduced the tax burden to a level that was lower than at any other time since the liberation of the peasants. All these government measures, useful in themselves, could not raise the overall level of peasant well-being. The disastrous state of the peasantry attracted everyone's attention in 1891-92, when in the Volga region there was a crop failure due to drought and, as a result, famine, to combat which the government and public circles had to spend a lot of effort and money. The government of Alexander III was convinced of the need to preserve and support the peasant land community. According to the regulations of 1861 peasants who contributed their share of the redemption amount became “peasant owners” and could dispose of their plots, i.e. sell and mortgage them. However, the government of Alexander III “considered it timely” to “take measures to protect the inviolability of peasant land property” and by the law of 1893. prohibited the sale and pledge of peasant allotment lands. The government had information that in many communities land redistribution was carried out frequently and indiscriminately, and understood that this was a serious obstacle to improvement peasant farm, for “under such conditions, the zealous, wealthy peasant lost all motivation to improve the strips allotted to him.” In 1893 a law was also issued that regulated the procedure for land redistribution and established the shortest period for general redistribution - 12 years.

At the end of the eighties, the government began rapid, radical, accelerated industrialization of the country. By taking out loans, railways were actively built in Western Europe. The economic development of the country was stimulated and high rates of industrial growth were achieved. This policy was prompted by the desire to ensure Russia's place among the European states. But the policy of accelerated industrialization was in clear contradiction with the attempt to restore the nobility, which later fueled the revolutionary movement. Against the backdrop of industrialization, new groups and classes were created that demanded participation in politics and social change. In 1887 instead of N.H. Bunge appointed I.A. as Minister of Finance. Vyshegradsky, and in 1892 the post of Minister of Finance was taken by S.Yu. Witte, a talented figure with great initiative. Witte quite successfully carried out (in 1897) a monetary reform; having accumulated sufficient gold reserves to ensure the exchange of state banknotes, he introduced gold currency in Russia; gold coins circulated along with banknotes. To increase state revenues, a state wine monopoly was introduced, which at the beginning of the 20th century annually provided the treasury with 500 million rubles. In 1891 the construction of the great Siberian route, which was to have enormous economic and national significance, began. The total length of railways in Russia in 1881. was about 23 thousand km. The development of a large factory industry in the initial stages was accompanied in Russia by increased exploitation of workers - difficult working conditions and insufficient pay, which naturally caused discontent and protests from the working masses. In 1884–85, serious unrest occurred among factory workers in the Moscow and Vladimirov provinces. To protect the interests of workers, the government of Alexander III was published in 1882 - 86. a number of factory laws, in order to streamline relations between factory owners and workers, mandatory pay books were introduced, and factory owners were obliged to pay wages due to workers in cash (and not in products); Factory work for minors was prohibited, as was night work for minors (under 17 years old) and women; teenagers from 12 to 15 years old could not work more than 8 hours. Bunge created a factory inspection to monitor their implementation, which was not very effective.

In addition to strengthening government power within the state, the government of Alexander III took a number of measures to Russify the outskirts. In the Baltic region, the government decided to fight Germanization: in 1885, all government offices and officials were ordered to conduct office work and correspondence in Russian; in 1887 it was ordered to teach in Russian in secondary educational institutions; in 1893, Dorpat University was renamed Yuryev University and the gradual replacement of German teaching staff with Russian ones began; Instead of judges elected by the local nobility, justices of the peace appointed by the government were introduced. In governing the Caucasus region, the government also sought “unification with other parts of the empire.” A number of measures were taken against the Jews: the Jewish Pale of Settlement was reduced, and within the Pale, Jews were forbidden to settle outside cities and towns; in 1887 A percentage norm was introduced for Jewish children in educational institutions.

Alexander was very pious. He firmly adhered to the Orthodox canons. He willingly donated to monasteries, to the construction of new churches and the restoration of ancient ones. Under him, church life noticeably revived.

Influence on foreign policy.

The foreign policy of Alexander III was initially kept along the line of traditional friendship with Germany. Meanwhile, Germany was looking for allies: in 1879 it entered into an alliance with Austria-Hungary, and in 1882 a “triple alliance” of these powers was concluded with Italy. However, at the same time in 1881. an “alliance of three emperors” was concluded (and renewed in 1884 for 3 years) - Russian, German and Austrian. At the end of 1886 and the beginning of 1887, relations between France and Germany deteriorated again. There was a threat of Franco-German war. In this situation, Germany began to look for ways to get closer to Russia. However, Russian diplomacy avoided signing the treaty proposed by Germany, since this would hasten the outbreak of war against France and could lead to the establishment of German hegemony in Europe. In Germany, a fierce campaign arose for a new increase in duties on Russian exports. The tsarist government was forced in June 1887 to sign a secret treaty with Germany, which provided for mutual neutrality. A secret "reinsurance agreement" under which both sides promised each other neutrality in the event of an attack on one of them by a third party; but this agreement was not renewed in 1990. In Germany in 1888, the militant Emperor Wilhelm II ascended the throne, the old Chancellor Bismarck, who pursued a policy of friendship with Russia, retired, and there was a clear cooling between the German government and the government of Alexander III. Germany began a fierce customs war against Russia. In response to this, the tsarist government began a rapprochement with France, which provided large loans to Russia. French capital rushed into Russian railway companies, into the metallurgical, coal and engineering industries.

Russia's diplomatic position in the Balkans was also unenviable at this time. Romania, dissatisfied with the concession of Bessarabia in favor of Russia in 1878, was in an alliance with Austria and Germany; Serbia and Bulgaria were also under Austrian influence; Alexander III broke off diplomatic relations with Bulgaria (more precisely, with the Bulgarian Prince Ferdinand of Coburg). Under such conditions, it is understandable that in 1889 Alexander III proclaimed his famous toast to “the only friend of Russia, Prince Nicholas of Montenegro.” Of course, Montenegrin friendship was for Russia an insufficient guarantee of European balance against the predominance of the two German powers, and therefore the policy of Alexander III naturally leaned towards rapprochement with France, with which a secret defensive alliance was concluded in 1892, supplemented by a military convention. It provided for joint defensive actions in the event of an attack by the powers of the Triple Alliance on one of the parties. The Franco-Russian alliance laid the foundation for Atlanta. In 1895, a message about the conclusion of a Franco-Russian alliance was published. For the first time in world history, economic and military-political confrontation between stable groupings of great powers began. The inevitable result was to be a world war.

Russia's advance in Central Asia provoked active opposition from England. The annexation of Merv prompted England, under the pretext of protecting the interests of Afghanistan, allegedly infringed by the change in the status of Merv, to openly oppose Russia. As noted by V.I. Lenin, “Russia was on the brink of war with England over the division of spoils in Central Asia...” The Afghan emir, who was completely dependent on England and incited by it, laid claim to the Turkmen lands. In 1885, Afghan troops were brought into the Kushka area and began to fight the Russian troops stationed there. Despite the numerical superiority of the Afghans, who were led by British officers, the Russians forced them to leave Kushka and retreat. Afghanistan invited Russia to begin negotiations, which were held in London. In September 1885, a Russian-British agreement was reached to determine the northwestern border of Afghanistan, and in 1887 a final protocol was signed, according to which the Russian-Afghan border was established. Russia reaffirmed its promise not to interfere in the internal affairs of Afghanistan.

Result of activity

In the second half of the 19th century. There were significant changes in everyday life. Urban utilities developed. The streets were paved (usually with cobblestones), and their lighting was improved - kerosene and gas lamps. In the early 80s, telephones appeared in Russian cities, and by the end of the 19th century. almost all significant cities had telephone lines. The growth of the population of large cities led to the construction of horse-drawn railways. The first tram in Russia went into operation in Kyiv in 1892, the second in Kazan, the third in Nizhny Novgorod. In the 1890s, Russia ranked first in the world in terms of industrial growth rates.

Alexander III's attempt to “freeze” reformist tendencies and sentiments in Russia led to tragic consequences for both the government and society. The liberal intelligentsia became increasingly closer to the revolutionaries, while the influence of conservatives in the government camp increased.

When Alexander III visited Moscow, B.N. Chicherin, elected mayor, made a speech in which he stated, addressing the emperor: “Old Russia was serfdom, and all the materials of the building were passive tools in the hands of the master; Today's Russia is free, and free people are required to have their own initiative and initiative. Without public initiative, all the transformations of the past reign are meaningless.” The Emperor listened to the speech and soon demanded Chicherin's resignation.

Alexander III considered the old liberal a dangerous troublemaker and did not want to listen to his prophecy: “The current social democracy with its widespread organization, with its independence towards the upper classes, with its desire to destroy the entire existing social system inevitably leads to dictatorship.” This meant replacing the monarchy with the power of revolutionary dictators.

Representatives of Russian liberalism of the 19th century. I was much more likely to criticize the actions of the authorities than to actively participate in politics. Even the most liberal-minded autocrats (such as Alexander II) were wary of involving them in state affairs. As a result, the liberals themselves began to see themselves primarily as carriers of knowledge, theorists, called upon to destroy the centuries-old foundations of Russian despotism by promoting their ideas.

Of course, Russian liberals did not throw bombs at the Tsar’s carriages or shoot at the gendarmes from Brownings. But most of them, in the press, in universities, in courtrooms and in private conversations, justified, albeit with reservations, the “extremes of the revolutionary struggle.” Religion and national traditions in the eyes of the liberal public looked like an obstacle to progressive development and were subject to moral condemnation and oblivion.

The liberal movement did not soften the severity of social and political contradictions in the country, and involuntarily aggravated the struggle between reaction and revolution, taking the side of the latter. The coming revolutionary storm swept away not only conservatives, but also liberals themselves.

The weakness and fluctuations of Russian liberalism, the authorities’ distrust of it largely predetermined the revolutionary cataclysms that struck Russia at the beginning of the 20th century.

All activities carried out in contrast to previous reforms had one common, pronounced feature. The state, built on the principle of a pyramid, the top of which is the imperial throne, sought to leave nothing outside its control. Hence the constant desire of the authorities everywhere to have a “sovereign person”, an official, monitoring and directing everything - be it a governor, a zemstvo chief, a censor or a trustee of an educational district. This was the result of the development of autocratic statehood, which reached its peak under Alexander III.

Carried out in the “vital interests of the people,” the counter-reforms turned out to be powerless in the face of the very course of life: it was taking its toll. The Zemstvo counter-reform did not stop the Zemstvo movement, but turned a significant part of the Zemstvo people against the autocracy. The increased voting requirement during the urban counter-reform became another incentive for business people to think about increasing their income level. This, in turn, contributed to the development of the urban economy, the strengthening of the urban bourgeoisie, which demanded that the autocracy provide it with more and more rights.

Counter-reforms in the field of education also produced the exact opposite of what was expected: the spirit of freethinking increased in universities. The government's measures in the field of printing were also unsuccessful: the number of publications in Russia increased from year to year. The number of people wishing to “press” their article somewhere also grew – you can’t keep track of everything, no matter how much the supporters of Russian sovereignty dream about it.

The real results of the counter-reforms made themselves fully felt by the most severe social upheavals at the beginning of the 20th century. However, in the last years of the 19th century, at the end of the reign of the main “counter-reformer” Alexander II, those in power could be pleased: the main goals outlined in the Tsar’s manifesto of 1881 seemed to have been achieved or close to being achieved. Autocracy was at its zenith, the territory of the empire was expanding due to the completed annexation of Central Asian lands, Russia's international position was strengthened, and internal peace, albeit illusory, was still maintained. And only two major events overshadowed the last years of the reign of Alexander III. They lifted the veil over the real state of affairs in the empire. The crop failure and famine of 1891, as well as the cholera epidemic that soon followed, revealed the inability of the state to cope with the results of natural disasters and the terrible and hopeless poverty of the people.

However, the peace and quiet of the passing century did not mean silence, some kind of historical failure, decline. Life continued despite the dictated rules, forcing everyone to make their own, unique choices. It is worth listening to the silence of this era, if only because it was in the last decades of the 19th century that people who in the near future would become the arbiters of Russia’s destinies grew up and were educated.

Title page

Test

in history

Topic: “Historical portrait of Alexander III”

Student: Antipova O.L.

Faculty of EM and F, group E-115

Correspondence Department of the Navy

Teacher: Konakov T.S.

Ufa 2002

Used Books.

1. History of Russia: XX century. Edited by B.V. Ligman.

2. Russia under the scepter of the Romanovs. M. 1990

3. Review of Russian history. S.G. Pushkarev. Ed. "Science", 1991

4. Encyclopedia of history for children.

5. Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Moscow, 1970

History is the science of the past. And history, as we know, is made by people. The period of the Romanov dynasty gave our history great reformers such as Peter I and Alexander II. Among the emperors there were also those who became famous for their victories in the military field. A striking example of this is Alexander I, who was called a liberator after the Patriotic War of 1812. And some of the rulers were not indifferent to fate Russian education, as evidenced, for example, by the transformations of Catherine II.

We learn all this by studying official sources, which can give an idea of ​​a person’s actions, but sometimes omit such important details as his thoughts and motives and cannot help fully reveal his character. That is why, when taking on a particular topic, it is important to turn not only to collections of laws, decrees issued during a given period, and reports on the work done, although these are the most objective historical sources. Any historian uses literary monuments for his research, including memories, letters, and memoirs, since it is these sources that give the story vividness and imagery and allow one to imagine the life of people living centuries ago in all its manifestations.

Let's try to restore portrait of Emperor Alexander III, this “Russian hero,” whose stern appearance made many prominent statesmen tremble. People called him the Peacemaker due to the fact that during his reign not only were there no military conflicts, but also international relations with the countries of Western Europe were significantly strengthened, the influence of the Russian Empire in the Balkans increased, and territories in Central Asia and the Far East expanded.

The memories of the Russian artist Alexander Benois about his first meeting with Alexander III in 1889 are very eloquent: “And then for the first time I saw Alexander III very close... I was struck by his “cumbersomeness,” his heaviness and, after all, greatness. Until then, I really didn’t like something “peasant” that was in the appearance of the sovereign, familiar to me from his official portraits... And the clothes (uniform) of the sovereign seemed downright ugly to me in these portraits, especially in comparison with the elegant appearance of his father and grandfather. A new military uniform introduced at the very beginning of the reign with the claim to national character, its crude simplicity, and worst of all, these rough boots with trousers stuck in them outraged my artistic sense. But in reality all this was forgotten, until then the sovereign’s face was striking in its significance. I was especially struck by the look of his light (gray? blue?) eyes. Passing under the place where I was, he raised his head for a second, and I feel exactly now what I felt then from the meeting of our gazes. This cold, steely gaze, in which there was something both menacing and alarming, gave the impression of a blow. Royal look! The look of a person who stands above everyone else, but who bears a monstrous burden and who every second must fear for his life and for the lives of those closest to him! In subsequent years, I had the opportunity to be close to the emperor several times, answer the questions he asked, hear his speech and jokes, and then I did not experience the slightest timidity. In a more ordinary setting (when visiting our exhibitions), Alexander III could be sweet, simple, and even... “cozy.” But that evening at the Mariinsky Theater the impression from him was different - I would even say strange and menacing.”

This verbal portrait is very similar to the bronze statue of the emperor, created by the famous Italian sculptor of Russian origin, Paolo Trubetskoy, which produces a similar impression on viewers. “A menacing and alarming figure of a giant, which, when encountered, can only evoke fear and a desire to step aside.” S.Yu. Witte, the Minister of Finance, came up with the idea of ​​​​creating this monument, and he also confirmed in his memoirs that Alexander III really influenced people in a similar way, and even knew how to “keep his family members in respect.”

What is the reason for such a piercing gaze and outward inaccessibility? After all, according to the testimony of his contemporaries, he was “a respectable man in the street and a wonderful family man.” Apparently, the reason lies in the fact that Alexander was the second son in the family, and initially the eldest son Nicholas was destined to inherit the throne and rule the country. It was he who was raised, trained and seriously prepared for government activities. However, after going through the procedure of taking the official oath and receiving separate apartments in the Winter Palace, Nicholas was sent on a long trip around Western Europe, where he was to meet numerous relatives and distant relatives, make connections and look for a bride for yourself. Admittedly, he accomplished all this: in Denmark he proposed to Princess Dagmara, and she agreed. But sea bathing had a negative impact on the prince’s health; already at the beginning of April 1865, he became seriously ill, and on April 12, Nikolai died: doctors diagnosed inflammation of the spinal cord.

And on the same day, according to the law on succession to the throne, Alexander III became Tsarevich, whom the family affectionately called “bulldog” and believed that he was not only not ready to rule a huge state, but did not even have any special talents. Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna said that “government of the state should pass to Vladimir Alexandrovich,” his teacher A.I. Chivilev considered the prospect of Alexander's accession simply terrible. S.S. Tatishchev, compiling the official biography of the Tsarevich, gave the following description: “In terms of the properties of his mind and character, Alexander Alexandrovich was the complete opposite of his older brother. According to Grotto, there was no external brilliance, quick understanding and assimilation in him; but he possessed a bright and clear common sense, which is a characteristic of the Russian person, and a remarkable intelligence, which he himself called “savvy.” Studying was not easy for him, especially at first, and required serious efforts on his part... Alexander Alexandrovich was distinguished in the class by his attentiveness and concentration, diligence and perseverance. He loved to study, in lessons he probed... to the root, and learned, although not without difficulty, thoroughly and firmly.” This is clearly an embellished and retouched portrait. And, following further through the pages of the essay, you can be convinced of this by reading excerpts from the letters of Alexander III’s mentor, Count B.A. Pokrovsky, who complained to the emperor about the pupil’s childishness and his reluctance to understand the material. All this would not have been so critical if the misfortune had not happened to his brother.

But among Alexander’s positive qualities were such worthy character traits as honesty, openness, sincerity, shyness, kindness, benevolence and a deep sense of responsibility towards his loved ones. New conditions dictated new requirements, and, ultimately, it was responsibility and internal discipline that helped Alexander become a worthy heir. He took the oath, and under the leadership of famous scientists K.P. Pobedonostseva, S.M. Solovyova, F.I. Buslaeva, F.G. Turner was studying history, law, and economics, although now there was not much time left for this: his presence was required by numerous official receptions and meetings, weddings, balls, and military reviews. In October 1866, he married his late brother's fiancée, entering into a mutually beneficial alliance, despite the fact that he had tender feelings for Princess M.E. Meshcherskaya. Unexpectedly for everyone, the marriage turned out to be happy; Princess Dagmara received the name Maria Feodorovna at baptism and gave birth to six children. Alexander loved his family and children very much. In letters to Pobedonostsev, he shares his feelings: “The birth of a daughter is the rarest moment of life and it is impossible to describe it, because it is a very special feeling.” Everyone around them noticed this warmth in their relationships and comfort in their family.

It can be said that Alexander III’s training in the difficult business of reigning took place for the most part immediately in practice. Alexander II immediately included his son in mandatory participation in meetings of the Committee and the Council of Ministers and the State Council. However, the Tsarevich’s position at these events was purely nominal: he watched and listened without expressing his opinion. This was so common that when one day Alexander II addressed his son with some question during a discussion, it caused great surprise among the participants in the meeting, in particular Minister of War D.A. Milyutin noted later in his diary: “It has never happened before in... meetings of the Council that the sovereign asked his opinion.”

Despite this, internal opposition to his father’s policies was felt, although he did not openly dare to object to Alexander II, a true state reformer, who often agreed to compromises, trying not to aggravate issues of domestic and foreign policy. They looked differently at national policy and emergency measures in the Kingdom of Poland, military and judicial reform. Gradually, a group of like-minded people gathered around Alexander III, who understood that the future of Russia belonged to him. Participating in the discussion of government affairs in 1860-70. He is undergoing a kind of internship, he became for some time at the head of important transformations.

So, in 1867-1868. As a result of crop failures, a huge number of peasants were left with empty bins, and the government created a special commission to collect donations for the purchase of bread, headed by the Tsarevich. In many ways, this move was made in order to connect the name of the heir with a noble action and to avoid discontent and criticism of the authorities, but contemporaries note that Alexander III sincerely pitied the peasants who were left without the support of the nobles and without bread. On January 23, 1868, the commission developed an action plan, according to which the sale of bread was carried out in large quantities in order to ensure stability of prices in barren provinces. Naturally, money was urgently needed for this, and Alexander III personally asked his father for 1 million rubles. The activities of the commission helped reduce the shortage of bread, as well as stop the large migration movement caused by crop failure.

Another major test for the heir to the throne was the Russian-Turkish war. The Minister of Internal Affairs A.E. unanimously opposed military intervention in the affairs of the Ottoman Empire. Timashev, Minister of Finance M.Kh. Reitern and Minister of War D.A. Milyutin. The Tsarevich, who participated in all meetings on the issue of international relations that were held in 1876 in Livadia, also expressed disagreement with the position of Alexander II on the need to enter the war, for which the emperor repeatedly reproached his son. However, there were more arguments in favor of military action, and many members of the royal family went to the front line. The heir to the throne commanded for a year the Ruschuk detachment, which was part of the Danube army, and, despite the fact that it was relatively calm in this area, historians believe that the detachment of Alexander III fulfilled its combat mission, creating a bloc for the Turkish troops, and not allowing They should break through the front and approach the crossings. The heir experienced from his own experience the joy of victories and the bitterness of defeats, realized the shortcomings of the strategy and the mistakes of the command. He became very attached to the soldiers and officers from his detachment, communicated with them very simply and democratically, his tent was not only a military headquarters, but also a place where his comrades in arms could gather and communicate in a relaxed atmosphere. Alexander III devoted his free time to archaeological excavations. His participation in the war was marked by two awards: the Order of St. George 2nd degree and the Order of St. Vladimir.

Upon his return, Alexander III began another important event - the creation of the Voluntary Fleet, which existed until 1917. In one of his letters to K.P. Pobedonostsev, the heir was indignant that “the naval ministry does not want to pay attention to the newest ships, but is exclusively concerned with filthy priests and is wasting tens of Russian millions on them.” Thanks to the support of Prince Konstantin Nikolaevich, Alexander III created this trade and maritime organization on the basis of voluntary donations, and by 1879 he had purchased the first ocean-going cruiser-type vessels abroad. Moreover, the heir carefully ensured that income from transportation went to replenish the fleet and recruit qualified specialists; he himself repeatedly met with sailors, communicated with the press, and monitored the movements of ships. Later, the Voluntary Fleet came under the jurisdiction of the Maritime Ministry and began to be subsidized by the state, but its foundation and development at first can be safely attributed to the initiative and enthusiasm of the Tsarevich.

Another important act of Alexander III was the creation of the Russian Historical Society, which during the period of its activity published 150 volumes of various historical documents and the encyclopedic reference book “Russian Biographical Dictionary”. Opening a scientific society was not at all easy; the institution required staff and at least minimal funds for its activities. The established practice of appointing high-ranking patrons as honorary members of societies helped in part to stimulate material donations and the entry of new people into it. Following the example of the Economic, Legal and Geographical Societies that already existed at that time, in March 1866, 12 founders represented by P.A. Vyazemsky, A.F. Bychkova, M.A. Korfa, D.A. Tolstoy, M.I. Bogdanovich and other prominent scientists gathered to adopt a regulation on the creation of the Russian Historical Society, the purpose of which was to maintain interest in Russian history and its further study. The Tsarevich accepted the honorary title of chairman of this society.

The Scientific Historical Society began to specialize primarily in the history of the 18th century, and Alexander III was a frequent visitor to its “ordinary, extraordinary and annual” meetings, getting acquainted with historical research. Often these meetings took place in the Anichkov Palace, his royal residence. It should be noted that the chairmanship of Alexander Alexandrovich was not purely nominal, which was quite characteristic phenomenon for other scientific societies of that time. Moreover, as emperor, he invited the already grown-up Grand Duke Nikolai Alexandrovich to meetings, and he “listened with pleasure to conversations about Russian history.”

Alexander III's passion for military music also subsequently yielded a positive result: a circle of brass music lovers formed around the crown prince, Alexander III himself played the cornet-a-piston, and later, on the basis of this circle, the first real brass band in Russia was created.

Late 70s The 19th century is associated not only with the expansion of the responsibilities of the heir, who, in the absence of the emperor, decided on matters of internal politics, but also with the deterioration of the social, economic and political situation in the country. According to the results of Alexander II's reforms, which affected many areas of life, most classes remained dissatisfied, and all of Russia was in a state of anticipation. Participation in the war worsened the financial situation and deprived the government of the opportunity for financial maneuvers, the peasantry hoped to expand their own plots at the expense of the master's lands, the People's Volunteers turned to terrorist methods of political struggle, the opposition from above demanded the strengthening of noble land ownership and the completion of the bourgeois-democratic reforms begun by Alexander as quickly as possible II. The assassination attempts on Alexander II also made the ruling circles nervous, and at meetings the question of what measures to take was increasingly discussed: to subject them to repression or to calm the social movement through significant concessions. The heir himself characterized the situation in the country in 1879 as “a sad and terribly difficult situation.”

The situation in government circles was aggravated by the existence of a long affair between the emperor and E.M. Dolgorukova, a woman who was 30 years younger than him and had children from him. Moreover, the emperor moved the civil family to the Winter Palace while his legal wife Maria Alexandrovna was suffering from consumption. In 1880, she died, and the Tsarevich, who was sensitive to family ties and sincerely loved his mother, was indignant at the act of his father, who not only was not in last minutes life next to his wife, but also secretly married Dolgorukova, unable to bear the required mourning. In order not to strain relations with his son, Alexander II took his new family to Livadia, receiving ministers and dealing with the most important matters in Crimea. Behind short period time E.M. Dolgorukova, who received the title of Princess Yuryevskaya, established herself in the place of the late empress. Alexander III did not move towards rapprochement and avoided meeting with his stepmother.

At this time, in St. Petersburg, on the initiative of the heir, the Supreme Administrative Commission was created, headed by M.T. Loris-Melikov. This was done after the explosion in the Winter Palace in order to restore order, guided mainly by repressive methods. Alexander II, on the contrary, was not a supporter of emergency measures. And Loris-Melikov, seeing the general liberal direction of the imperial views, began to promote the idea of ​​​​involving zemstvo and city representatives in the legislative process. This idea had already been discussed several times at government meetings, but was rejected by Alexander II in 1863, 1866, 1874 and 1879. due to the ambiguity of the situation. At the beginning of 1880 the situation changed, the constitutional idea found a large number of supporters, and the emperor decided to use this means to establish peace. The project of representative institutions, which had been developed a long time ago, had a chance to be approved, and the opportunity opened up for Russia to change the organization of domestic politics, to replace the constant confrontation between government and society with a civilized, constitutional path of development.

The assassination attempt on the emperor on March 1, 1881 and his sudden death jeopardized Loris-Melikov’s project; the published manifesto on the accession of Alexander III did not stipulate that the new emperor would continue his father’s reforms, but only the intention to “care for Russia according to the behest of our ancestors " A.V. Adlerberg suggested that “the martyrdom of the sovereign, perhaps... saved the brilliant reign from an inglorious and humiliating ending.” Russian society froze in anticipation of the further behavior of Alexander III: many assumptions were made until he was declared a supporter of the constitution.

An objective assessment of Alexander Alexandrovich’s personality was given by the Russian writer I.S., who lived in France at that time. Turgenev. Despite the fact that he spent a long time abroad, worries about Russia and a sincere desire to see his great country civilized and worthy of the pride of its citizens were the constant leitmotif of his works. In the summer of 1879, in Paris, Turgenev had the opportunity to meet with the Tsarevich, and he later vividly outlined his impressions of the future emperor in the article “Alexander III,” written in one of the popular French newspapers with the aim of creating a favorable image of the Russian sovereign. While focusing on the positive qualities of the emperor, Turgenev was nevertheless able to point out his shortcomings with his characteristic delicacy. For example, he noted that Alexander III was not sufficiently educated and received mainly military training, mentioned the nationalism of the emperor, and dispelled the hopes of supporters of the constitution in advance.

Despite his cool attitude towards his stepmother, Alexander III, after the death of his father, took care of the future of her family, providing them with an annual allowance “befitting the dignity” abroad.

The firmness and harshness of Alexander III’s decisions are evidenced by the actions he took in relation to the participants in the assassination attempt. Despite the lecture by V.L. Solovyov about Christian morality, which demanded the abandonment of the death penalty and called for pardon; he remained adamant on this issue. He said: “Be calm, no one will dare come to me with such proposals, and that all six will be hanged, I guarantee that.” And in the subsequent years of the reign of Alexander III, the most drastic measures were taken against the radical strata of society.

At a meeting on March 8, 1881, the emperor pointed out the path of further development that he had chosen for the country. As an opposition to the Loris-Melikov project, he invited S.G. to discuss it again. Stroganov and K.P. Pobedonostseva. They used traditional arguments that Loris-Melikov’s proposals were untimely, alien to Russian customs, and limited the absolute rights of the emperor. Supporters of the project, risking their status and careers, did everything possible to convince those present, and first of all the tsar, of the timeliness and urgent need to change the existing procedure for developing laws. And, we must pay tribute to A.A. Abaze and D.A. Milyutin, who were able to obtain consent from the emperor to create a cabinet of ministers, where it was planned to hold meetings without the emperor, make decisions by a majority vote and present them for consideration by the sovereign. Permission was received on April 21, 1881.

Despite this, the emperor in his letter to his brother Vladimir made it clear that he would “never allow restrictions on autocratic power.” The same sentiment was expressed in his letter to Pobedonostsev dated April 21, 1881: “Our meeting today made a sad impression on me... Loris, Milyutin and Abaza positively continue the same policy and want to one way or another bring us to a representative government, but so far I have not I will be convinced that this is necessary for the happiness of Russia, of course, this will not happen, I will not allow it.”

It is also interesting how Alexander III reacted to the report of the Russian ambassador in Germany regarding Bismarck’s speech for the “Russian path” of development and for the preservation of autocracy. On the text of the report, the emperor made a note: “God grant that every Russian, especially our ministers, understand our position, as the prince understands it. Bismarck, and would not engage in unrealistic fantasies and lousy liberalism. On April 29, 1881, Alexander III announced a manifesto proclaiming the emperor’s intention to maintain autocracy and thereby do without cooperation with society. The consequence of the manifesto was a series of subsequent resignations - the Minister of Internal Affairs, the Minister of War and the Minister of Finance. Each of them was a major liberal figure who made important changes in his field. Only Loris-Melikov was a random person among the reformers and showed the ability to adapt to new conditions and be among the most active statesmen, which is important for an official.

Milyutin, a prominent representative of the era of the Great Reforms, has been involved in reforms in the Russian army for more than 20 years. Replacing him with a less experienced, less educated P.S. Vannovsky was a great loss for Russia, as was the departure from the Ministry of Finance of A.A. Abaza, appointed to this position less than a year ago. Together with his follower N.Kh. Bunga they could make an excellent tandem. Alone, Bunga had a much more difficult time: he did not have all the necessary qualities of a leader, although he was an excellent analyst and developer of programs and projects; he had a sound judgment about the tasks of financial policy, but was deprived of that special energy and fighting qualities that made it possible to implement projects. Moreover, he soon became the target of attacks by the famous journalist M.N. Katkov, who considered Bunge a fragment of the liberalism of the previous period, an alien element in the system of “true Russian people” with whom the new emperor tried to surround himself. A touching statement by Alexander III on this matter has been preserved: “There are gentlemen who think that they are Russians, and no one else. Do they really imagine that I am German or Chukhonian? It’s easy for them with their farcical patriotism when they are not responsible for anything.”

At the same time, it was proposed to resign to Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich, a supporter of liberal reforms and an active figure in such areas as the organization of rural conditions and the highest legislation of the country. The former chairman of the State Council was replaced by another uncle of the emperor, Mikhail Nikolaevich, an ignorant man, not interested in legislation and absolutely unprepared for such work. Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich became the head of the Russian fleet.

By his actions, Alexander III showed his rejection of his father’s policies and his reluctance to work with his predecessor’s representatives. This did not go unnoticed by the older generation of Romanovs, and already in the fall of 1882, having gathered in the Crimea, the Grand Dukes Mikhail and Konstantin Nikolaevich noted the current “abnormal state of affairs”, the “breaking” of the old order, the rejection of everything that had been done by Alexander II. They saw the reason for this in the heir’s childhood grievances and lack of parental attention. “Hence the unconscious desire to change everything that exists, if only in order to return to what once existed and has already been forgotten.”

Appointments to government positions of “true Russians” sometimes ended in failure. So, sympathetic to Alexander III and therefore appointed St. Petersburg mayor N.M. Baranov turned out to be a bad administrator and was soon expelled away from the capital. He did not last long as Minister of Internal Affairs and N.P. Ignatiev, having previously won the trust of the emperor with his pan-Slavist appeals, but having discovered his intention to convene a Zemsky Sobor in full accordance with the Slavophil doctrine, was immediately eliminated. However, for 1881-1882. The main core formed around Alexander III: Chief Prosecutor of the Synod Pobedonostsev, who was returned to state activities by the new emperor D.A. Tolstoy, M.N. Ostrovsky and I.D. Delyanov.

The situation in society in the first years of the reign of Alexander III changed dramatically. Contemporaries noted that “...after a lively period of conversations on political topics in the very first months after Alexander III’s accession to the throne, a time of despondency, silence, and fear came. Even high-ranking officials were afraid to say an extra word.” The emperor, who received the throne in adulthood, was largely guided by personal sympathies, while it was necessary to balance the desired and the possible, the necessary and the achievable, to see the situation in perspective, to choose executors in accordance with the assigned tasks. Undoubtedly, Alexander III had a strong character, strong convictions and principles, but important for statesman he lacked qualities. That is why the direct and open character of the tsar was so often manifested in political affairs: in the case when human qualities and beliefs coincided with the goals of state policy, he was successful; but where compromises, foresight, and versatility were necessary, his policy was doomed to failure.

The simplicity and sincerity of Alexander III was noticeable to the naked eye among his family and children. In state affairs, he relied only on his own opinion and on the opinions of a small circle of close associates. To draw up an objective picture of reality, he lacked experience, education, and abilities, but at the same time, he refused to convene the Council of Ministers, where a “clash of opinions” took place in his presence. The State Council did not have the same power as during the reign of his predecessor, and laws were adopted by Alexander III almost single-handedly, even if the majority of council members voted against the approval of any of them. This is exactly how the bills on zemstvo chiefs and judicial counter-reform were adopted. Alexander III enjoyed much greater confidence in the Committee of Ministers, where it was easier to pass any law due to a simplified discussion procedure and a smaller number of participants.

Many researchers note that a similar picture was observed under Nicholas I, since in their psychology of “the owner of a large estate, responsible for everything,” they were very similar. This had its positive aspects: Alexander III was constantly in business, tried to delve into all the internal and external problems of the state, and was economically thrifty. The story of his pants, which his servant constantly repaired, is well known. Seeing the “big patch” on his leggings, the Minister of Foreign Affairs of that time N.K. Gire was simply shocked.

All this happened against the backdrop of a general desire to use no-one's public funds for their own purposes. At the end of 1885, Bunge shared with Pobedonostsev: “Everyone demands money... from the state treasury... both for state needs, and for industrial enterprises, and for our own well-being... If we take... from the population more than it can give, it is clear that we are only increasing the number of people begging... Those who want to live happily at the expense of the treasury are also eager for money.” Alexander III tried to save for everyone; he was burdened by his overgrown retinue, extravagance at court, and the constant issuance of orders for any reason. The new emperor, in order to reduce the number of “highnesses” at court and reduce the costs of maintaining the royal family, went to change the law approved by Paul I. It took three years to develop a law according to which the title of grand dukes was reserved only for the children and grandchildren of the emperor; great-grandchildren became “princes of the imperial blood” with a reduction in privileges and payments. Naturally, the law caused discontent in the circles of the grand princes, but no one dared to openly oppose the emperor.

This is one of those laws of Alexander III that show that the policies of his reign cannot be assessed as a series of reactionary measures. A number of events carried out by the emperor were a development of the reforms of the 60s. XIX century These include a reduction in redemption payments, the establishment of state mortgage banks, and the abolition of capitation. Against this background, the laws introducing the guardianship of the zemstvo chief over the peasantry looked great contrast, which looked like a revival of the pre-revolutionary system of relations, only slightly modified. Alexander III failed to implement some reforms and counter-reforms: for example, an attempt to transform the system of rank production did not yield results; He could not break the established system in the army.

In all directions of policy, Alexander III was primarily guided by the idea of ​​preserving autocracy, thus closing the possibility of constitutional development of Russia for many years. It is therefore not surprising that he insisted on judicial counter-reform. An important role was played by the pronounced nationalism of the new emperor and the class principle preached by him.

Despite the firmness and perseverance present in the character of Alexander III, his determination to ensure peace and prosperity for his family and country, his policy was difficult and slow. He was constantly dissatisfied with the progress of affairs and the slowness of ministers. He received rest with his family, whose members lived in Gatchina or in the Anichkov Palace. He did not like St. Petersburg and often, especially in the summer months, left with the whole family on a yacht. The phrase of Alexander III became popular: “When the Russian Tsar fishes, Europe can wait!” And yet, fearing for the safety of his life and the lives of his relatives, he was constantly surrounded by reinforced security, although he did not experience such horror from the assassination attempts as his father. The only time the assassination attempt could have been successful was March 1, 1887.

Among the internal events, a major disaster was the famine of 1891, which the autocrat suffered very hard, because ten years ago, improving the situation of the peasants was one of the main tasks defined by him. Another disaster, according to experts, which was never realized by the emperor, is the conflicting relationship between government policy and the Russian intelligentsia: the ban on freedom of assembly, the impossibility of creating libraries and scientific societies, strict censorship - all the measures he took literally drove the entire intelligentsia of the country into opposition. The contrast was especially noticeable after the period of the great reforms of Alexander II, when all of intellectual Russia considered it its duty to take part in the reforms.

But the foreign policy of Alexander III can be called successful: during his reign there was not a single war, although there undoubtedly were conflicts with other countries. Considering the straightforward and firm character of the emperor, one can be proud that he was able to avoid armed clashes with England, Austria-Hungary, and Germany. He independently dealt with interstate affairs, often making very frank and rude attacks. It was not for nothing that Foreign Ministry employees constantly felt embarrassed by the tsar’s directness and tried to hide away documents with his resolutions that threatened to cause an international scandal. However, as a counterbalance, the character of Alexander III invariably contained common sense, rejection of war and knowledge of its true bloody price.

One of the most ardent admirers of Alexander III, Minister of Finance S.Yu. Witte believed that in the end the emperor would come to the conclusion that liberal reforms were necessary. However, there was no opportunity to test this: in October 1894, after a long illness, Alexander III died, leaving a huge power to his eldest son, whom he considered not ready (there is some historical irony in this) for state activities.

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