Climatic contrasts of the north and south of the far east. Russian Far East

The Far East is the largest economic region of our country with great potential.

The main agricultural regions of the Far East are concentrated in three administrative divisions of the Far East - the Amur Region, Khabarovsk and Primorsky Territories.

The largest areas of arable land are located in the Amur Region and the Primorsky Territory. If in the Amur Region there is 1 hectare of arable land for each inhabitant, then in the Primorsky Territory - 0.3 hectares, and in the Khabarovsk Region - only 0.06 hectares.

Forested area is 65-68%. The Far Eastern meadow-forest zone occupies more than 15 million hectares, or approximately 0.7% of the country's territory.

The climate has a pronounced monsoon character. Winter with little snow, with a predominance of clear sunny days... Average annual temperature January minus 16-24 ° С. Summer is warm - the average daily temperature in July is 18-22 ° С. The duration of the frost-free period is 140-172 days, the growing season (with temperatures above + 5 ° C) is 125-157 days. The sum of positive temperatures for the growing season is 2150-2800 ° C. Autumn frosts come on September 14-29, and spring frosts end on May 9-30.

Cold and strong winds in winter from land in summer are replaced by cool humid air currents from the ocean.

Annual precipitation ranges from 400 mm in the north to 800-900 mm in mountainous areas. In the main agricultural regions, 500-700 mm falls, of which about 10% in winter. In the spring and in the first half of summer, droughts are frequent, and the second half is distinguished by an abundance of precipitation, often in the form of rainstorms.

The relief of the zone is predominantly flat, in places gently undulating and ridged with swampy depressions.

The area of ​​arable land in the zone is about 1675.3 hectares. About 4% of arable land is irrigated, over 12% is drained. The main part of arable land (about 65%) is located on meadow-chernozem and meadow soils, almost 30% - on brown forest soils, including gley ones. Agriculture and plant growing are most developed in the Amur Region and the Primorsky Territory, where 94% of the total arable land is concentrated. Agriculturally greatest value in the region is the production of soybeans, rice, potatoes, vegetables and livestock products.

The soils of the Far East were formed under conditions of periodic waterlogging, the manifestation of water erosion and its sediments. They are represented by sod-podzolic, gley and meadow-gley of heavy granulometric composition. In the low-lying plains, the most common are meadow-bog and boggy soils, and in the taiga-forest zone - peat-gley, light-brown forest mato-humus soils. Meadow chernozem-like soils with a humus horizon of 16-25 cm thick and a humus content in the arable layer of 6-10% prevail in the Zeya-Bureya Plain. The acidity pH is 4.8-5.2. Rather fertile light alluvial soils are widespread in river valleys, and stony and gravel soils on watersheds and gently sloping slopes.

In the southern part of the Far East on the Ussuri-Khankaiskaya, Sredneamurskaya plains, along the trails of the hills, brown forest soils with a humus content of up to 2.5% are located. They are poor in phosphorus (no more than 2.5 mg per 100 g of soil) and with an acidic soil reaction.

Most of the soils of the Far East have a heavy granulometric composition, contain little organic matter, are poor in phosphorus, with an acidic reaction and a poorly expressed structure.

The climate on planet Earth is very diverse. Somewhere almost every day it's raining, and in another place there is no shelter from the heat. And still weather obey their own laws. And just by looking at the map of the world, a specialist with a high degree of confidence will be able to say which one at one point or another the globe climate. Did you know that, for example, in the Russian Far East and in India the same is surprising, but true.

Monsoon climate on planet Earth

So what are the main features of this type? Well, firstly, the monsoon climate is typical for those areas of our planet where in winter and summer there is a change in A on a more global scale - the movement of the Monsoon is the wind, which in general case in winter it blows from the mainland, and in summer - from the sea. But it often happens the other way around.

Such winds can bring both heavy rainfall and the suffocating heat. Therefore, the main characteristic monsoon climate- this is an abundance of moisture in the summer and its almost complete absence in the cold period. This distinguishes it from other types, where precipitation is distributed more or less evenly throughout the year. There are, however, places on Earth where this is not so obvious. In some areas of Japan, for example, the climate is also monsoon. But thanks to geographic location and the features of the relief, it rains there almost all year round.

In general, the monsoon climate is common only at certain latitudes. As a rule, these are subtropics, tropics and For temperate latitudes as for equatorial zones, it is not typical.

Varieties

Mainly because of the terrain and latitude, the monsoon climate is usually divided into several types. And, of course, each of them has its own characteristics. Moderate monsoon climate occurs in China, North Korea and partly in Japan. There is little precipitation in this area in winter, but it is rather cold due to air masses from Eastern Siberia... There is more moisture in the summer. But in Japan it is the other way around. the coldest month in the region is minus twenty, and the warmest is +22.

Subequatorial

Distributed mainly in the Indian and western Pacific oceans. In addition, the climate of the tropical monsoons (as it is also called) is found at the corresponding latitudes of Africa and in the southern regions of Asia and America. It is as warm here as in the tropics.

The subequatorial climate of the tropical monsoons is subdivided into several subtypes. All of them belong to the corresponding zones of the Earth. So, this is continental, oceanic, as well as monsoons of the western and eastern coasts. The first subtype is distinguished by a sharp difference in precipitation over the seasons. In winter, they are practically absent, and in summer there is almost an annual rate. The African states of Chad and Sudan can be cited as examples.

The oceanic subtype of tropical monsoons is characterized by an insignificant amplitude of both annual and daily temperatures. Typically, it is 24 to 28 degrees Celsius. The dry period in these places does not last long.

The monsoons of the western shores are Indian and West African. In the dry season, there is also almost no precipitation, but in the rainy season, there is simply an abnormal amount. This happens, for example, in some places in India. And in Cherrapunji the most a large number of precipitation in the world - twenty one thousand millimeters!

In this climate, the course of annual temperatures is also unusual: their maximum occurs in spring.

The monsoon of the eastern shores also has a long rainy season. However, maximum moisture occurs in late summer or September, as in Vietnam, where only seven percent of precipitation falls in the dry season.

The monsoon climate of the Far East

Basically, such conditions exist in the Khabarovsk and Primorsky Territories, as well as on Sakhalin. Winter in these places is dry: it accounts for 15 to 25 percent of the annual rainfall. Spring also doesn't bring much rain.

In summer, the monsoon from the Pacific Ocean prevails. But it only affects the climate of the coastal regions.

In the lower reaches of the Amur, winter is, on the contrary, snowy, the average temperature is minus 22. Summer is also not hot: within plus 14.

Winter is harsh on Sakhalin, but in the southwest of the island it is much warmer due to the Sea of ​​Japan. Summer is cool.

In Kamchatka, January temperatures range from -18 to -10 degrees Celsius. The same can be said about July: from +12 to +14, respectively.

Monsoons have a significant impact on the climate of many regions of the planet. It is impossible to say unequivocally whether it is positive or negative. However, people should always be prepared for weather surprises inherent in this type of climate. Perhaps in the future we will have to deal more often with such manifestations as, for example, the Amur spill.

General characteristics of the climate of the Far East

Geographically, the Far East is the farthest point in the country from the capital. The Far East includes:

• Chukotka,
• Yakutia (Sakha),
• Kamchatka Krai,
• Khabarovsk region,
• Primorsky Krai,
• Magadan Region,
• Amur region,
• Sakhalin Region,
• Jewish Autonomous Region.

The territory is located on the outskirts of the Asian continent and Russia.

The elongation of the territory determined the contrast of the climate from sharply continental in the north to monsoon in the southeast. The climatic differences between the north and south are the result of the interaction of the Pacific Ocean and its seas with the land of the northern part of Asia, as well as the complex mountainous relief.

V winter period cold air currents rush to the southeast from the powerful Asian maximum.

In the northeast, in interaction with the warm sea ​​air the continental air of Eastern Siberia enters. The result of this interaction is cyclones that carry an abundance of precipitation.

Remark 1

Snow, which falls on Kamchatka and Sakhalin, can reach a height of 6 m.

In the summer, the Far East is characterized by monsoon rains, which are a consequence of the interaction of sea air masses with continental ones. The monsoon climate covers the Primorsky Territory and the Amur Region, so the Amur River floods not in spring, but in summer.

The moderate monsoon climate is characterized by dry, frosty, sunny winters, and only on the coast can there be sharp gusty winds and fogs. January temperature averages -22 ... -24 degrees.

In Southern Primorye and Sakhalin -10 ... -16 degrees. Little snow falls.

Warm wet monsoon It starts blowing from the ocean in June and the weather is warm, but rainy and windy.

The first half of summer is cloudy with rain and high humidity. The second half of summer is very favorable and average temperatures of +17, +22 degrees are kept almost until October.

In the interior regions, precipitation is 500-550 mm, on Sakhalin and the Pacific coast - 700-750 mm. In mountainous areas, their number increases to 800-900 mm.

Tsunamis, avalanches, mudflows, storms and typhoons are possible on Sakhalin and in Primorye.

North coast Arctic Ocean located in the arctic climate zone. The territory receives a small amount of solar radiation, so winter temperatures are -32 degrees, and summer temperatures are 0, +4 degrees. Precipitation falls here 100-300 mm.

To the south, the arctic climate is replaced by a subarctic climate, within which part of the Verkhoyansk and Chersky ridges, as well as the Koryak and Kolyma highlands are located.

Temperatures here are abnormally low -48 degrees in winter and +12 degrees in summer. Annual precipitation is 200-400 mm. Verkhoyansk and Oymyakon, the cold poles of the Northern Hemisphere, are located within the subarctic.

Sharply continental climate temperate zone covers the southwestern part of the Far East - this is the Central Siberian Plateau and the Aldan Plateau. Winter temperatures in this area drop to -32 ... -48 degrees, and summer temperatures are quite high +12, +20 degrees. Annual precipitation is 300-500 mm.

Chukotka climate

Chukotka is located within the subarctic climatic zone... Its coast is in the area maritime climate and the hinterland lies in the continental climate.

Chukotka is characterized by a complex atmospheric circulation, which is different in the warm and cold seasons.

Chukotka is located in the zone of influence of 2 oceans. Much of it is located outside the Arctic Circle, where the climate is much more severe than in neighboring Alaska.

Winters are long and windy in the east and very cold in the west. The summer period is short and cool. The weather here is very changeable, so, for example, per day drops atmospheric pressure are 50 Mbar, and the drops winter temperatures-30 degrees. Permafrost is everywhere.

Average temperatures throughout the year are negative and decrease from south to north from -4 to -12 degrees. The harsh winter period lasts 9 months.

The severity is facilitated by the proximity of the cold pole - Oymyakon and the Arctic Ocean.

Daytime temperature of coldest winter month- January varies from -15 to -39 degrees. The absolute minimum is -61 degrees. The Northern Lights are often seen in winter.

Duration daylight hours begins to increase from the end of January, and in February the Sun is high above the horizon.

The beginning of the calendar spring is March, but in Chukotka not only March, but also April and May are truly winter. The snow begins to melt at the end of May, and the air temperature rises to -6, -8 degrees.

The real Chukchi spring comes in early June, along with powerful fronts of breezes, precipitation and fog.

The summer period is cold, rainy and short, beginning in mid-June.

Summer is characterized by frequent changes in the weather associated with the interaction of circulation factors - low pressure is established over the peninsula, anticyclones over the Pacific Ocean and cyclones over the coast of the Arctic Ocean.

July, as expected, is the warmest summer month, with a daytime temperature of +13 degrees, and on the coast only +7 degrees.

In the western part of the coast Chukchi Sea the daytime temperature does not rise above +5 degrees. There are also exceptions - in the interior, there may be hot weather with a temperature of +30 degrees.

In August, nature begins to prepare for winter, the daytime temperature ranges from +8 to +16 degrees, the sun warms less, the tundra turns yellow.

Autumn lasts about a month and winter comes in the second half of September. Precipitation falls here about 500-700 mm and most of them are on the coast.

Climate of Primorsky Territory

Primorye is located within the temperate monsoon climate. On the one hand, on him big influence renders the Pacific Ocean, and on the other hand - the continental regions of Eurasia.

In the north of Primorye, winter begins in early November, and in mid-November it comes to the south of Primorye and lasts from 130 to 160 days. Only in the northern part of the region and in the foothills of the Sikhote-Alin, its duration increases to 180 days.

Winter weather is dry, clear and frosty with frequent thaws. On these days, the daytime temperature can rise to + 7 ... + 12 degrees.

With the exception of south coast in November, the temperature throughout Primorye ranges from -4 to -13 degrees, winds begin to blow, the speed of which reaches 15 m / s, and a snow cover forms.

Sikhote-Alin is a natural border between the eastern and western regions, therefore, in winter, the southern and East Coast warmer.

The daily average January temperature on the coast is -14 degrees, and on the mainland -12 ... -23 degrees. The absolute minimum was recorded here in the Krasnoarmeysky district and amounted to -54 degrees. Precipitation occurs in the second half of winter, but there are few of them.

The air temperature in March is -4 ... -9 degrees, on the coast -1 ... -3 degrees. Snow melts in the first half of April, when the daytime temperature on the continent is +7, and on the coast +12 degrees.

During June, summer comes to the entire territory of Primorye. In the continental part of Primorye, the first half of summer is hot and dry, while on the coast it is wet and cool.

The second half of summer is hot with abundant rainfall. July temperature +25 degrees and an absolute maximum of +41 were registered in the Pogranichny district.

On the coast and the eastern slopes of the Sikhote-Alin, the June daytime temperature is +15 degrees. With distance from the coast, the temperature rises to +20 degrees.

July and August are monsoons and it can rain without interruption for 2-3 days.

Autumn in the north of the region begins in early September and comes to the south by the middle of the month. Autumn weather warm and dry. The daytime temperature in the continental part is +16 degrees, on the coast +11 degrees.

At the end of November, when the air temperature drops to 0 degrees, winter comes.

General characteristics of the climate of the Far East

The eastern outskirts of Asia, where the Russian Far East is located, determines the main features of its nature. The territory is directly influenced by the Pacific Ocean and the seas belonging to it. The huge extent of the territory from north to south and from west to east leads to a great contrast of the climate - sharply continental in the north and monsoon in the southeast. Here, continental and sea air masses of temperate latitudes interact, causing these climatic contrasts.

The northern part of the region has a very harsh climate with little snow and long winters, and in the south, where the climate is of a monsoon type, winters are cold and humid. Difficult, mainly mountainous terrain, also has a great influence on the climate. Cold air from the side Asian high in winter it rushes to the southeast. Cold continental air of Eastern Siberia on the outskirts Aleutian minimum in the northeast, it interacts with the warm sea air. The result of this interaction is the frequently occurring cyclones that bring precipitation. Frequent winter blizzards With large quantity falling snow. In Kamchatka, for example, the height of the snow cover can reach $ 6 m.

Snowfalls are also significant on Sakhalin. Air currents from the Pacific Ocean rush to land in the summer, the period of monsoon rains begins. This happens as a result of the interaction of continental and sea air masses. The Amur Region and the Primorsky Territory are located in the monsoon climate zone, so the Amur floods in the summer, not in the spring. Floods that occur are often catastrophic. To coastal areas from the side southern seas destructive typhoons come. The moderate monsoon climate of the Far East is the only place in Russia. In general, this type of climate is quite favorable.

The Russian Far East lies in three climatic zones:

1. Arctic climatic zone;
2. Subarctic climatic zone;
3. Moderate climatic zone.

The coast of the Arctic Ocean lies within arctic climate with little solar radiation and little rainfall.

Moving south to shift arctic climate comes subarctic... It covers the Verkhoyansk Range, the Chersky Range, the Koryak and Kolyma Uplands. The amount of precipitation reaches $ 400 $ mm.

The southwestern part of the region is located in the zone of the sharply continental region moderate climatic zone. This type of climate is noted on the Central Siberian Plateau and the Aldan Highlands.

The southern part of the Far East, namely Primorye, lies within monsoon climate. Here during the year seasonal winds - monsoons prevail, which blow towards the ocean in winter, and vice versa in summer. Winters will be relatively cold here, while summers will be wet and cool. Annual precipitation increases to $ 800 $ mm with a predominance of the summer maximum. Kamchatka is located in the maritime climate zone of the temperate zone.

Definition 1

Monsoons- these are winds that change their direction according to the seasons of the year. Summer monsoon blows from ocean to land, winter monsoon blows from land to ocean.

Chukotka climate

Someone calls Chukotka a distant corner of marginal Siberia, while others consider it the northern tip of the Far East. The Chukotka Autonomous Okrug is located on the territory of this Chukotka Peninsula. Chukotka was discovered in $ 1648 by S. Dezhnev's expedition. The Anadyr prison became the first Russian on this territory locality... Most of the Chukotka Peninsula is located in the Arctic Circle, where the winter lasts $ 10 months. For half a year the sun does not appear above the horizon, and for the second half of the year it does not go beyond the horizon. The climate of the territory is harsh, subarctic, maritime on the coast and continental in the interior of the peninsula. average temperature in January from - $ 15 to - $ 39 degrees. The temperature in the western continental parts of Chukotka often drops to $ 44 - $ 60 degrees, while the eastern regions are characterized by strong winds and snowstorms.

Summer July temperature from + $ 5 $ to + $ 10 $ degrees. Short, rainy and cold summers, during which the snow does not melt everywhere. An absolute minimum was registered in the region - $ 61 $ degrees and an absolute maximum + $ 34 $ degrees. For a year falls from $ 200 to $ 500 $ mm of precipitation. Ubiquitous and shallow permafrost... The territory is located in the zone of influence of two oceans, has a complex atmospheric circulation, which differs significantly in warm and cold periods. In winter, Chukotka is dominated by an area of ​​increased atmospheric pressure, which is faced by cyclones of the European-Asian front, Arctic anticyclones and southern cyclones... As a result, the weather changes dramatically in short periods of time.

Instead of frost and strong winds suddenly comes raw relatively warm weather with snowfalls. In the summer, when the land warms up to some extent, an area is established reduced pressure... Over the Pacific Ocean at this time there are anticyclones, and over the coast of the Arctic Ocean - cyclones of the European-Asian front and cold Arctic air masses... The interaction of these circulating factors also leads to frequent weather changes - warm weather suddenly changes to cold weather with frost. Snow can fall in any summer month. Annual single gusts of wind can reach $ 50 - $ 60 m / s.

Climatic records are typical for Chukotka:

1. The radiation balance is the smallest here;
2. Maximum number of days without sun;
3. The minimum number of hours of sunshine;
4. Maximum average annual wind speed;
5. The maximum frequency of storms and hurricanes in Russia.

Primorye climate

In the south of the Far East is the Primorsky Territory, which is washed by the Sea of ​​Japan in the south and east. Its length from north to south is $ 900 km, and from west to east - about $ 280 km. Primorye is located within the temperate monsoon climate. In the area of ​​the Asian anticyclone, cold and dry air masses are formed, under the influence of which Primorye is in the winter.

North-westerly winds will prevail at this time. In summer, when southeasterly winds prevail, air is transported from the ocean. The beginning of the winter period in the north and south of Primorye is slightly different - in the north, winter comes in early November, and in the south - in the middle of the month. The duration of the winter period is $ 4 - $ 5 months, and in mountainous areas up to six months. Winters are usually dry and frosty, with many clear days. Winter is characterized by frequent thaws, with an increase in daytime temperatures up to + $ 10 $ degrees. The Sikhote-Alin ridge plays a significant role in the distribution of winter temperatures in Primorye. The ridge serves as a climatic boundary between coastal and foothill regions. In winter, the air temperature is increased by winds blowing from the mountains towards the sea, so the southern and eastern coasts will be warmer.

In the area of ​​Nakhodka, the most warm winters, and the coldest winters are typical for the mountainous regions of the central and northern parts of Primorye. On the coast, the average January temperature is $ 14 degrees, and in the depths of the region - $ 23 degrees. Winter precipitation is quite rare. The spring period in the south of the region begins at the end of March, in the north - at the beginning of April. The duration of the spring period on the coast lasts about $ 2 $ a month, and in the continental regions $ 1.5 $ a month. Spring frosts are typical, ending in coastal areas at the end of April, and in the mainland in early May. With a difference of half a month in the south and in the north, summer begins in Primorye. This is the beginning of June and, accordingly, mid-June.

Remark 1

Feature summer period are heavy rainfall and fog, tropical typhoons... In the continental part of Primorye, the first half of the summer period is hot and dry. It is cool and humid on the coast at this time, fog and drizzle are frequent. In the second half of summer, hot and humid, the summer monsoon gains strength. July for the continental regions of Primorye is the warmest month. Average temperature in July + $ 25 degrees. The warmest month on the coast is August, with an air temperature of + $ 20 $ degrees. With the beginning of September, autumn comes to the north of Primorye. In the south, it starts in the middle of the month. Usually autumn is dry and clear, and at the end of September the first frosts come. With the arrival of November, winter begins in Primorye.

The Far East occupies more than one third of Russia and includes three regions - Kamchatka, Primorsky and Khabarovsk, three regions - Amur, Magadan and Sakhalin, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug and Jewish Autonomous Region.

Due to its remoteness from the European part of Russia, it is often called the end of the world. Indeed, these places are very different from other regions of the country and have a special flavor, unique flora and fauna, a kind of relief and a specific climate.

Climate of the Far East (Khabarovsk) by months:

The main feature of the Far Eastern climate is its diversity. The impressive length of the territory determines its change from a sharply continental type in the central and Kolyma regions Magadan region to the monsoon in the south. The average annual temperature in the Far East varies from -10 ° С in the north and up to + 6 ° С in the southern territories.

The precipitation is also characterized by a large spread - from 200 mm. per year in the north and up to 1000 mm. on South. Far Eastern air is humid throughout the territory: relative humidity here there is no less than 65%, in some regions its value exceeds 95%.

Spring

Spring in the southern part of the Far East begins in mid-April, and in the northern - closer to May. Usually it is arid in nature, this is due to low rainfall and scarce snow cover.

River floods and floods are observed only in northern regions where the snow melts quickly and intensely. Daytime temperatures range from + 5 ° C to + 15 ° C. Daylight hours are significantly longer in the northern part.

Summer

In the Far East, summer comes slowly, gradually. The first warm days fall at the end of May-beginning of June. Coastal areas are heavily influenced by Pacific Ocean- sea and continental air masses form a warm summer monsoon. The average temperature in July here is + 19 ° С.

In areas remote from the sea, summer is hotter - the thermometer rises to + 25..30 ° С. The coldest summer on the coast of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk and Kuril Islands where the temperature does not rise above + 15 ° С, rain and fog prevail. Often, coastal areas fall heavy showers with winds, hurricanes and typhoons.

In the Magadan region, the time of white nights begins, when the duration of daylight hours can be more than 18 hours.

Autumn

The transition month from summer to autumn is August. The average daily temperature during the month ranges from + 8 ° C to + 16 ° C. September in the Far East is characterized by rainy but moderately warm weather.

At the same time, the first snow falls in the continental regions. At the end of October-November, a permanent snow cover forms in most of the Far Eastern territory, rivers and lakes freeze.

Winter

Winter comes to the Far East at the end of November. The average January temperature is about -22 ° C .. -24 ° C. The warmest and short winter in the seaside, in Kamchatka and on the island of Sakhalin, the most severe - in the Magadan region and on the Amur. In these places, January frosts can reach -50 ° C.

In Primorye, the snow cover is poor, while in Kamchatka and the Magadan region, it can reach up to 3 meters in height.