Find cases. What questions do cases answer? Instrumental Case Questions

All world languages ​​can be conditionally divided into inflected and non-inflected. This means that the words that are part of the languages ​​of the first group have endings, but the lexical units belonging to the second group of languages ​​do not have them. Russian language belongs to the first type of languages. This is explained by the fact that words in the native language in sentences and phrases are connected in meaning and grammatically, that is, with the help of endings.

The endings of nominal parts of speech indicate in which case the desired part of speech is used. In general, the category of name in the Russian language has such a grammatical feature as case. It is this that allows you to link lexemes into phrases, and phrases into sentences, that is, larger units of expression of thought.

Case is usually called one of morphological features nominal parts of speech. It is intended to enable grammatically correct determination of the relationships between the constituent phrases or

The case category of a noun is defined as a feature included in the group of morphologically unstable ones. When a part of speech changes, its case also changes. In general, there are six cases in the Russian language. They are also included in the subjects studied as part of the school curriculum.

• Nominative is a case in which the noun is in singular form. For comparison: lilac(What?), child(Who?). The noun in this I. p. is never used in speech with a preposition. For this reason, I. p. is direct.
• Genitive. Indirect. It is always used with prepositions. You can use the auxiliary word “no” to check. For example: (no one?) Misha.
• Dative. The auxiliary word is “dam”. Indirect, its use is possible without and with a preposition. Example: (will I give it to whom?) Nikita.
• Accusative. The word “see” helps to correctly define it. Indirect. Nouns in V. p. are complements in a sentence. Based on the above characteristics, it cannot be confused with a nominative. For example: through (what?) time,(see what?) banner.
• Instrumental. For him, the auxiliary word would be “satisfied.” Indirect. It is used with . Example: (happy with whom?) daughter, (happy with what?) result.
• Prepositional. Indirect. Its name directly indicates that it is always used with a preposition. The auxiliary word is “think”. For example: (thinking about whom?) about my beloved; (think about what?) about defending a dissertation.

Table of cases of the Russian language with questions:

Case system

It turns out that the case system of our native language is represented by fifteen cases. Six of them are studied in the course. And the rest will be discussed further.

• Vocative. He was part of the case system Old Slavonic language. Now its form can be considered the word God. Today, similar forms in the language are formed by cutting off inflection. The results are not quite “full-fledged” in the grammatical sense of the word: mom, grandma, dad and similar forms.
• Local. It's easy to guess by prepositions in, on, at and on the question where?: (where?) with the regiment, (Where?) on the wardrobe, (Where?) in the nose.
• Dividing. It is a derived form of the genitive. Determined in context. Eg: drink tea, there will be no light, it’s blazing hot.
• Counting. An exponent is a word that denotes a number or amount in context: two hours, two steps.
• Negative. It is used with the preposition from. What matters is the start of the movement. Eg: from home and so on.
• Depriving. It's easy to recognize by context. Always used with the particle not. For example: cannot have a child.
• Waiting. It looks like an accusative. It can only be determined in context. Eg: wait for weather from the sea.
• Convertive or inclusive. It is also recognizable in context. For example: I'll take you as a wife, she's fit to be a daughter and so on.

How to determine

Definition grammatical category, for example, the cases of nouns and their endings, schoolchildren should be able to perform both orally and in writing.

First, let's look at the algorithm by which you can verbally determine the case:

1. In a sentence, it is necessary to highlight such a phrase so that the noun in it is a dependent word.
2. Ask a question to a noun.
3. at the noun.

For example: I hear my dad calling. Call(whom?) dads(R.p.)

Now let’s describe the scheme for determining the case of a noun in writing:

1. In a sentence, the signs // indicate the boundaries of the phrase.
2. The main word in the phrase is X.
3. Draw an arrow from the main word to the dependent word.
4. Write a question above the arrow.
5. Determine case.
6. Write the case above the noun.

Case endings

Indirect cases in the Russian language and their endings require careful study by schoolchildren as part of the general education program.

Despite the fact that most often it is not difficult for native speakers to correctly write the endings in nouns, there are also special cases that require the ability to determine cases and correctly write endings in words.

Endings in Russian cases:

Useful video

Let's sum it up

When we mean change by case, we are actually talking about declension. By the way, there are three types of them in the Russian language system. Case is formally expressed through endings (inflections) of words. Thus, in the course of reflection, we came to the conclusion that the case category in the Russian language performs the function of changing words. It is needed so that words are combined into phrases and form a sentence. Moreover, this sentence must be logically complete and grammatically correct.

Study of cases and their differences.

Russian language is considered one of the most complex languages peace. Of course, it’s hard for anyone to learn a non-native vocabulary. But precisely because of the transformation of words into cases, the Slavic dialect becomes too difficult to understand. And many speakers of their native dialect are often confused about this issue, so next we will try to figure it out.

Changing nouns by case: what is it called?

Changing nouns by case - called declination.

Declension- this is our transformation of words at the end. And it is necessary so that the words are properly fastened together. This is how statements in the Russian lexicon are obtained.

Noun- this is the component of the phrase that implies the subject. Both living and non-living. Therefore, it gives answers to the questions posed: who? And what?

Covers very broad concepts:

• name of items(chair, knife, book)
• designation of persons(woman, baby, vegetarian)
• naming living things(dolphin, cat, amoeba)
• name of substances(coffee, gelatin, starch)
• terms various factors and cases(fire, intermission, correspondence)
• designation of all stays, actions and properties(tearfulness, optimism, running)

There are six different cases:

• nominative
• genitive
• dative
• accusative
• instrumental
• prepositional

Cases of nouns in Russian: table with questions, prepositions and auxiliary words in the singular

To perceive and quickly assimilate information, tables are often used. They do a great job of showing what questions are used.

• First declension- feminine nouns male, the ending of which is - a, I
• Second declension- masculine nouns without an ending and ending in soft sign, neuter with ending - oh, e
• Third declension- these are words female which in the end finish on a soft mark

In the plural also, for better perception, a table is used that differs, however, only in the ending.

Incorrect use of cases: what type of error?

It seems that you look at the tables and examples, and everything becomes clear. And you think, what’s so complicated about that? But in reality it turns out that many people make mistakes. Despite the fact that they know the material. And, as a rule, these are very common mistakes that require special attention.

Highlight 2 main mistakes, which are connected:

• with incorrect definition of noun declension
• with inappropriate use of prepositions

Prepositions require special attention:

• thanks to
• according to
• contrary to
• like
• contrary to
• across

IMPORTANT: These prepositions are used in the dative case.

For example, maneuver according to (what?) law. Or, thanks to (what?) friendship with the Fedorov family.

It is also worth highlighting a number of other statements that often used in the erroneous case:

• In view. The current preposition is used only in the genitive case. For example, due to excess (what?) money.
• A statement like "together with" requires the instrumental case, since it has the weight of joint action. For example, playing with (who?) my nephew.
• Also, a pretext "along with" also asks for the instrumental case. For example, along with other (what?) things.
• But after the expression "By" the adverb requests the prepositional case. If there is a meaning "after something". For example, upon completion of the contract.

How to distinguish the nominative case from the accusative case?

Every student faces these questions. And adults often face similar choices. And it is not surprising that these aspects are often confused. After all, the questions are of the same type and endings of inanimate words the same ones, but here endings of animate nouns totally different.

How the nominative case differs from the accusative case: instructions.

• Of course, the question is raised.
  There was already a reminder in the table above that the nominative is guided by questions Who? What?(How main member offers). And the accusative - (I see) whom? What?(minor member offers).
• And there is little trick. Because the word in the nominative case will always be main member in a sentence, then we determine the main members of the sentence - the subject and the predicate.
• If our word is not the main member of the sentence, therefore, it is in the accusative case and will be a minor member of the sentence.
• Another technique: pose a question to the word being tested in an animated form. For example: Who? parrot (subject in the nominative case) pecks What?(whom?) grain (minor part of the sentence, accusative case).
• Also, a significant role is played by the preposition with which the independent part of speech is associated (or not). In the first variant (nominative case), the noun is always used without pretext. But in the second (accusative case), on the contrary, more often with it ( in, on, for, through and others).
• It will also help to identify the case ending. The table above has already mentioned what endings each case has.

How to distinguish the accusative case from the genitive case?

• The most important help is the question you need to ask yourself in your mind. The genitive case, as we know, responds to questions whom or what No? But the accusative case is - see who? I hear what? Question whom? the same in both cases.

Read the instructions below.

1. Mentally replace the animate object with an inanimate one.
2. The question approaches the inanimate in the genitive case: what isn't there? But in the accusative, an inanimate object reacts to the question What do I see and hear?
3. Example: I caught ( whom?) butterfly. We pose an inanimate question. I caught ( What?) butterfly. Question what? doesn't fit. So this is the accusative case.

• By the way, in genitive case will mean attachment to someone or something. We bought a suitcase for ( what?) travel (genitive). The bedside table is made ( Of what?) made of wood (genitive). Also point to a particle of something. A flower is a part of (what?) a plant (genitive). Or is it going comparison of objects. Smartphone is better ( what?) push-button telephone (genitive).
• It is also important that in the genitive case the verb will be with negative particle. In the shop Not was ( what?) sour cream (genitive).
• But in accusative case has spacious place or intermediate touching. Define ( What?) weather for tomorrow (accusative). And also, the effect transfers entirely to the object. For example, I closed ( What?) door (accusative). Drank (what?) milk (accusative). Or it will express desire and intention. I want to eat ( What?) apple.

Indeclinable nouns: list

It seems that all the nuances were considered, and a little clarification began. But it was not there! The Russian language has come up with some more traps - these are nouns that are not declined. And this is where foreigners get shocked.

To put it very briefly, this is foreign words(practically). But to make it a little clearer, below is a list.

• Nouns of foreign origin (proper and common nouns), the endings of which are -о, -е, -у, -у, -и, -а:
  • highway
  • interview
  • flamingo
• Again words of foreign origin. But! Feminine and consonant ending:
  • madam
  • Carmen
• Surnames. Russian and Ukrainian, the ending of which ends in –о and –ы, theirs:
  • Ivanchenko
  • Korolenko
  • Sedykh, etc.
• Well, of course abbreviations and shortened words:

Declension of nouns by case: example

Rules are rules, but with an example it is much easier to understand. To make it easier visually, we will also resort to using a table.

How to quickly learn cases and their questions?

In principle, there is nothing complicated. If you carefully understand and understand. And it’s hard not only for visitors from other countries, but also for our children. Therefore, in order for information to be absorbed faster, they have come up with a lot of things. And here we are school years taught, put a book under the pillow. And, most importantly, it worked! I read it before going to bed, slept all night on the book and already remembered everything.

• Of course, many teachers resort to rhymes or games. But parents should also help their children in this matter.
• First of all, you need to remember how many cases there are. There are only 6 of them.
• And then, using the most common and everyday examples, explain to the child what questions the noun answers. This means that cases are easier to determine.
• The most important thing is practice! They took the child from educational institution and go on the bus. Forward! Practice the words you observe. At least by bus.
• By the way, a small example of a light poem. The kids will like it and it will help educational information learn quickly.

A poem about cases: Ivan gave birth to a girl, ordered her to drag a diaper

All parents can repeat this poem in chorus. After all, he was remembered as “twice two.” And most importantly, it is easy for children to understand.

• Ivan (I - nominative)
  Gave birth (P - genitive)
  Girl, (D - dative)
  Velel (B - accusative)
  Drag (T - instrumental)
  Diaper (P - prepositional)

Video: How easy is it to learn cases? Simple memorization technique

Languages ​​are constantly evolving, thanks to illiterate people. One aunt from the village will say “put it down” and “call”, and then “I was at my sister’s, tomorrow I’ll go to my sister again” - in a month half the village will be saying this, and in twenty years some professor, wiping away a stingy tear, will add these options in the new academic dictionary as “acceptable colloquial options”...

Letters and diacritics that seem unnecessary to someone are thrown out, and cases are abolished over time. Few people remember, but in one of the most widespread languages ​​today, Germanic, there were once also several cases, but now they only distinguish between general and possessive. In addition, not only the very presence of cases, but also their number is unstable. For example, in Finnish there are 14-16 cases, and in Tabasaran up to 52! Why can't you name a specific number?

Cases are often difficult not only for a foreigner who is a native speaker of a language without a case system, but also for those who are learning their native language. It is generally accepted that in the modern Russian language there are 6 cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, prepositional), however, some linguists identify seven to twelve more forms that have limited distribution and functions. “Russian Grammar” explains it this way: “prepositional-case forms have greater possibilities for concretizing and differentiating case meanings: these possibilities are contained in the meanings of prepositions.” Unclear? Let's figure it out together.

Current situation

Six main cases are determined by means of grammatical questions that can be put in place of the word (who? what? whom? what? etc.), the remaining cases can be distinguished only by indirect semantic signs (for example, the explanatory and locative cases are determined by one question: about/on/in whom, what?)

Nominative case - who? What? - is the only direct case in the Russian language, used as the main part of a sentence.

Genitive case - no one? what? - determines affiliation, kinship and some other relationships.

Dative case - give to whom? what? — defines the end point of the action.

Accusative case - see who? What? - denotes the immediate object of action.

Instrumental case - I create by whom? how? — defines the instrument, some types of temporary accessory.

Prepositional case - to think about someone or something.

Consequence of reforms. Lost 8 cases

Throughout its development, Russian speech has undergone a lot of changes and reforms. If we talk about cases, there are almost half as many of them left in the modern Russian language. The Russian language once had 14 cases, which probably made it not only more logical, but also much brighter and more original.

1. Local case (second prepositional)

The second prepositional case is also called the “local case,” indicating the location of the object. For example, in the locative form there are the words “home” (emphasis on the first syllable), “home”. Some words of the local case turned into adverbs. It is called one of the most understandable among the alternative cases, since its forms are obvious, they are used and cannot be replaced.

The original (non-prepositional) form of the locative case is almost completely lost and has passed into the prepositional and instrumental forms, however, some nouns have a grammatically different form of the prepositional case: in the forest, in the shade. The non-prepositional forms home and home are, apparently, adverbs.

The prepositional case has two main functions: indicating the object of speech and indicating the place or time of action. For example, you can talk about (who? what?) the square and you can stand on (who? what?) the square, think about (who? what?) the room and be in (who? what?) the room. The first case is called the “explanatory case”, and the second is called the “local case”. For “square” and “room” these forms do not depend on function. Often the case is controlled not by the preposition, but by the meaning that is invested. If we come up with a construction with the preposition “in”, when being in the corresponding place is not meant, we will definitely want to use the explanatory case rather than the locative case. For example, “I know a lot about the forest.” If you say “I know a lot about the forest,” it will sound like “I only know this while I’m in the forest.”

2. Vocative case (new vocative)

The use of the vocative case is considered characteristic of old Russian words, considered obsolete today. For example, words such as “older” and “human”. The vocative case was abolished because it turned out to be identical to the modern nominative case. Probably, over time, the vocative case became redundant for the Russian language. From the Church Slavonic vocative case we only have the word “God” (Jesus, Father, Vladyche, Panteleimon, etc.). In modern Russian, this case occurs when we address: Mom, Dad, Uncle, Aunt An, where it is formed by truncating the ending or by specially adding the ending: Vanyush (Svetul, Andryush), come in!

The question of whether the vocative case should be considered is widely debated, since the resulting words and noun forms cannot be considered nouns at all. By the same logic they do not distinguish possessive, since the words “father” or “Andryushin” are not nouns.

3. Quantitative-separation (aka dividing) case

This case is a variation of the genitive case, which also led to speech redundancy. For example, we say: a cup of tea (or a cup of tea). In pre-reform Russian speech these phrases had different cases; in modern Russian we classify them as one (nominative) case.

The quantitative-separation case is a type of genitive and is in many ways similar to it, but it has some different forms: a cup of tea (along with tea), set the heat (not heat), speed up (not the move), drink cognac. Pour kefir into a glass (drink kefir), there is a head of garlic (eat garlic), take a sip of tea (drink tea), young man, is there a light?

4. Disclaimer

The privative case is a type of the accusative case, but is used exclusively with negation of the verb: not to know the truth (not the truth), not to have the right (not the right). So the expression “not knowing the truth” is different from the statement “not knowing the truth.” In modern Russian, these case distinctions have been erased, and the deprivative case is no longer emphasized.

It cannot be said that in the variant with negation we use the genitive case, because in some cases the words remain in the accusative form: “not drive a car” (not cars), “don’t drink vodka” (not vodka). This case arises only if we believe that each function of a noun must correspond to one specific case. Then the deprivative case is a case whose forms can correspond to the forms of the genitive or accusative. Sometimes they are interchangeable, but in some cases it is more convenient for us to use only one of the two options, which speaks in favor of the emptive case. For example, “not a step back,” from a linguistic point of view, would sound more correct than “not a step back.”

5. Waiting case

In modern Russian it actually coincides with the genitive, its boundaries are also erased, and the case is abolished. Some words in the same grammatical form are declined in the accusative form. Wed. wait (who? what?) for a letter, but wait for (who? what?) mom. Also: wait by the sea for weather.

The waitative case is a difficult form, since we can “wait” for someone or something, then logically we must use the genitive case with these verbs. However, sometimes this genitive suddenly takes the form of an accusative. For example, we are waiting for (who? what?) a letter, but (who? what?) mom. And “waiting for a letter” or “waiting for mom” is unacceptable. Of course, if we take these forms as the norm of the Russian language, then we can conclude that there is no expectative case, and both the genitive and accusative cases are used with the verb to wait.

6. Permutative case (another name is inclusive)

Answers questions in the accusative case (in whom? in what?). But it is used only in speech patterns of this form: take as a friend, become a pilot, go out into the public, run for deputies, fit to be a son, president, take as a son-in-law, etc. In modern Russian, the inflective case is also abolished, merged with the accusative case.

If, analyzing the phrase “he became a pilot,” we put “pilots” in the accusative case, then it turns out that “he became (who? what?) pilots.” But traditionally they say “he became a pilot.” However, this is not the nominative case for three reasons: 1) “pilots” is preceded by a preposition that the nominative case does not have; 2) the word “pilots” is not a subject, so this case must be indirect; 3) the word “pilots” in this context does not answer the questions of the nominative case (who? what?), since it is impossible to say “who did he go to?”, but only “who did he go to?” Consequently, we have the permutative case, which answers the questions of the accusative, but whose form coincides with the form of the nominative in the plural.

7. Counting case

This case was previously used when counting. In pre-reform Russian it was distinguished from the genitive case, but today this case is also absorbed by the genitive case. For example: three hours (stress on the last syllable), not hours (stress on the first syllable); two steps (stress on the second syllable), not a step (stress on the first syllable).

An independent group of examples consists of nouns formed from adjectives. In the counting case, they answer the questions of the adjectives from which they come, and in the plural. For example, “there is no (who? what?) lookout,” but “three (what?) lookouts.” Please note that the use of the plural here is not justified by the fact that there are three examination rooms, because when we have two chairs, we say “two chairs” and not “two chairs”.

8. Positive case (ablative, original)

Sometimes the original case is also distinguished. This case is also called the initial case. If we talk about the Russian language, then the ablative form is similar to the form of the genitive case, used with prepositions such as “s”, “ot”, “from”, and sometimes with the instrumental case. Ablative indicates the trajectory of movement, or more precisely, its starting point. “From whom?”, “why?”, “from where?”, “from what?” — these are exactly the questions that are answered by words in the form of the positive case: from the forest, from home, “to go from class,” but “there is no lesson” (this is already the genitive, or genitive case).

Modern case system. Difficulty of definition

Let's return to the question raised at the very beginning. Why can't you name a specific number? Often experts cannot agree on whether one form or another should be distinguished or not and how to determine the case initially.

The traditional way of determining case is the question method, in which one of the so-called case questions is asked to the form of the name (in Russian who? what? whom? what? to whom? to what? and so on). This method is intuitively simple and visual, but has a number of theoretical shortcomings. It assumes reliance on the metalinguistic ability to ask questions and therefore depends on the competence of the speaker, which prevents its formalization; it is not able to distinguish between case forms to which the same question is asked (for example, what? - tea or tea). That is, it is not possible to give strict definitions of case. V. A. Uspensky and A. N. Kolmogorov identified 9 cases of the modern Russian language without doubt, and with the adoption of some assumptions - up to 12. However, the question remained at the level of experimental research.

It should be noted that in the modern Ukrainian language, Vocative and Local cases are included in the seven commonly used and studied at school: Nasivny (Nominative), Generic (Genitive), Davalny (Dative), Znakhidny (Accusative), Orudny (Creative), Mіstseviy (Local) and Klichny (Vocative) - but Prepositional is not in this list.

But Russian schoolchildren studying do not have to worry: for them there are still six cases, while the status of the vocative case, by analogy with cases Ukrainian language, is disputed by some experts.

Oh, this declension... When studying a noun, it is this topic that makes you really rack your brain in order to remember all the unstressed endings in all kinds of cases and numbers. How to determine the declension of nouns? The table and examples will make the task easier! Let's try to figure it out and become a little more competent!

What is declination?

Declension of a noun (a table of examples is given in the text) is a change in the case of a word and its number. Let's look at the examples in the table.

The table of declension of nouns by case shows that all nouns are divided into groups depending on what endings they acquire in the form of one case or another. Accordingly, all words related to the same phrase will have the same set of endings. Knowing how to determine the declension, you can avoid mistakes in writing the endings of nouns in weak position, in other words - not under stress.

How many declensions can a noun have?

The table of declension of nouns by case, given in the previous section, showed that any words of the same declension in the form of the same case will have the same endings. It presents the three most common types of declension of our language. But, as you know, he is very rich, and simple rules does not exist in it. In addition to the three presented, there are other types of declinations.

So, what types of declinations are there? The most common are the first, second and third declension.

A separate group consists of words that end in -ies: intent, crime, agreement, etc.

The next group are words ending with -and I: mania, Natalia, waist, session, commission, etc.

There is a small group of words ending in -me, which are also inflected in a certain way: time, tribe, etc. Such words are called differently inflected nouns (a separate paragraph of the article will be devoted to them). Words such as path and child are also considered indeclinable.

And finally, there are also words that cannot change either by case or number, and “look” the same in all forms. These are indeclinable, or unchangeable, nouns: kangaroo, kiwi and others.

Why do you need to be able to determine declination?

The table will tell us how to determine the declension of a noun a little later. But very often the question arises: why do this? Why remember all these cases, endings, many “special” words that need to be remembered? But here's why. Let's take the word "path" as an example: I'm walking along the path, or I'm walking along the path? What should I do? Which letter should I choose? And here's another word: "winter". It is also feminine with the ending -a-. We put in the same case: (to whom? to what?) - WINTER. But we already know that all words of the same declension acquire the same ending when changed. So you need to write like this: I'm walking along(to whom; to what) pathE. The issue is resolved!

How to determine the declension of a noun? The table and examples in the following paragraphs will help you not to make mistakes in this rather simple question!

Nouns of 1st declension

These are feminine and masculine words that have endings in the initial form -A or -I(remember that the initial form for a noun is nominative and singular).

There are a lot of feminine words with such endings in the Russian language: mom, Masha, pajamas, apartment, work, daughter and many, many others. There are fewer masculine words, but they exist and are very common: dad, grandfather, Vasya, Petya and other male names.

The table of nouns of the 1st declension will compare words with stressed and unstressed ending to show that all words of a given declension will have similar case endings.

Nouns 2nd declension

These are masculine words that have (it is not expressed by a letter in the nominative case, but “appears” in other forms) and neuter gender with the endings -o, -e: raft, horse, lake, sea, field, etc. The table of nouns of the 2nd declension will show which endings the words acquire when changing by case.

As you can see, in the accusative case they have different endings. And only prepositional case forms with an unstressed ending can cause difficulties, so you should remember that in this form you need to write - e.

Nouns of the 3rd declension

These are feminine words with a zero ending. They all end in a soft sign: mouse, brooch, region, passion, and so on. Let's see what endings these words take in different forms.

It is very easy to remember: in the forms of the genitive, dative and prepositional cases, such words acquire the ending - And.

Nouns starting with -и, -я

The word “aspiration” is neuter, but it cannot be attributed to the 2nd declension; the word "mantle" is feminine, but does not change like words of the 1st declension. The table of declension of nouns by case will show the difference in endings.

As can be seen from the table, the words in -ies differ from words of the 2nd declension only in the prepositional case, and words in -and I from words of the 1st declension - in the dative and prepositional.

Remember that words ending in -ya, in all forms behave like words of the 1st declension. Therefore, for example, the forms of the same name Natalia and Natalia will be inclined differently: (give) Natalia, Natalia, (talk) about Natalia, about Natalia.

Table of declension endings for nouns

Let us summarize what has been said with a table of case endings of words belonging to different declensions.

Let's hope that no one will have any difficulty choosing the desired ending and determining the declension of nouns in the Russian language. The table explained everything in great detail.

It should be noted that -ies And -and I cannot be isolated as a separate morpheme, ending. IN in this case, these are simply the letters that the word ends with. such words are the topic of another article.

Declension of plural nouns (the table here is, in general, unnecessary) very rarely causes difficulties, since the letters are mostly clearly audible. In the dative, instrumental and prepositional cases in the plural, all three declensions will have the same endings. We suggest that you decline any words in the plural yourself and make sure of this.

Indeclinable nouns

There are few indeclinable words among the nouns of the Russian language. Why are they divergent? Because they cannot be attributed to any one declension; in different cases they “behave” differently. These are words ending with -me(there are about ten of them), the words “path” and “child”. Let's look at the features of the declension of nouns in the Russian language (table) - those words that are considered differently indeclinable.

As you can see, the word “child” is inclined completely in a special way. The word "path" in the genitive, dative and prepositional cases "behaves" like a word of the 3rd declension, and in the instrumental - like a word of the 2nd declension. Well, words ending with -me, in indirect cases they acquire the suffix -en-.

You need to remember these words so as not to make a mistake in choosing the right ending.

Unbending words

These are mostly borrowed words - coming from other languages. They can indicate the names of animals, plants, dishes, as well as first or last names of people, names of objects. Having entered our language, such words retained the peculiarity of not changing their form when entering a sentence. No matter what case or number such a word should be placed in, it will sound the same.

• Pour me some coffee - I admire morning coffee - we're talking about coffee.
• This is my cockatoo - I don’t have a cockatoo - give food to the cockatoo - remember the cockatoo.
• Dumas's novel - dedicated to Dumas - writes about Dumas.

It is incorrect and ignorant to inflect such words in a sentence. Everyone knows the joke phrase “I’m sitting in the first row of a movie theater with a popiroska in my tooth.” Let's not be like the hero of this joke! Declinable words must be used correctly, but indeclinable words do not need to be changed at all.

Let's sum it up

Determining the declension of nouns (table above) is not a complicated process at all, which will help you avoid mistakes when writing. Let's try to summarize all of the above.

There are three main declensions in the Russian language, but there are also special words, ending in -and I And - Yep, and a few different words. Words are divided into three main groups depending on gender and ending in the nominative case.

All words of the same declension have similar endings. They can be learned so as not to make mistakes. Or you can do it differently: instead of a word with an unstressed ending, substitute any word of the same declension, but in which the stress falls on the ending. The letter at the end of these words will be the same!

Words on -and I And -ies are not included in the three main groups, because they change according to cases and numbers in a special way, and they need to be remembered.

You should also remember a small group of differently inflected words. Their set of endings does not coincide with any of the above declensions, which is why they require special attention.

And finally, inflexible words: they do not change, no matter in what context they are used. Decline words such as in a sentence cinema, coat, coffee, purse, kangaroo,- a sign of low literacy and general culture.

We hope that the article was useful and helped to understand such a difficult topic as noun declension. The table and examples were clear, and therefore choosing the correct ending will now not be difficult.

Be literate!

Russian grammar is one of the most important parts of the language. Grammar allows us to speak confidently, correct and without errors. Often the speech of people who do not know grammar sounds very funny, because all the words sound ridiculous and incoherent. For example, everyone has heard how some foreigner tries to communicate in Russian. Frankly, they don't succeed and they look ridiculous. In order not to look like them, you need to know grammar.

A noun is one of the most important independent parts speech, which is practically the most frequently occurring part of speech. She has such inconsistent signs, as number, case. The case paradigm is change noun depending on the meaning it has in a sentence. In this article you will learn how to determine cases of nouns, what are indirect cases, how to ask questions about them correctly, as well as about the cases themselves and their questions.

Cases

The only rule for correct modification of nouns is the correct placement of the ending in connection with asked by the question. This is an easy task for native speakers, but foreigners need to remember the endings and identify them correctly.

Declensions

There is also 3 types of declination in nouns.

• First declension. Creatures name. masculine and feminine endings -a, -ya. For example, a flask, a pig.
• Second declension. Creatures name. masculine and neuter with endings -о, -е. For example, a tree, a well.
• Third declension. The name of feminine creatures with a zero ending, or ending in -ь. For example, horse, horse.

Changing nouns different declinations.

In Russian there is such a concept as indirect cases– these are all cases except the nominative.

They all have their own meaning:

Determinants

There are many ways to determine the case of a noun. The fastest, easiest and most effective way today is to use qualifiers. Different cases can be determined using the following determiners.

Using determiners makes it easier to change nouns by case. To do this, just put this word in front of the noun, and then ask a question and put the correct ending. For each case, it is enough to remember one word.

In addition, to determine case great importance has a question. The table gives an idea of ​​what prepositions are used with case forms of nouns in the Russian language.

Cases are the foundation of Russian grammar and everyone is required to know each of them by heart. But it’s very easy to remember all of them; two days of cramming is enough to remember them for the rest of your life. Good luck!