The importance of the machine-building complex in the national economy. The importance of the mechanical engineering complex
Introduction
The mechanical engineering complex consists of mechanical engineering and metalworking. Mechanical engineering is engaged in the production of machines and equipment, various types of mechanisms for material production, science, culture, and the service sector. Consequently, mechanical engineering products are consumed by all sectors of the national economy without exception.
Metalworking is engaged in the production of metal products, repair of machinery and equipment. The structure of mechanical engineering is very complex; this industry includes both independent industries, such as heavy, energy and transport engineering; electrical industry; chemical and petroleum engineering; machine tool and tool industry; instrument making; tractor and agricultural engineering; mechanical engineering for the light and food industries, etc., as well as many specialized sub-sectors and industries.
The mechanical engineering industry also produces consumer goods, mainly durable ones. This industry is of great importance for the national economy of the country, as it serves as the basis for scientific and technological progress and material and technical re-equipment of all sectors of the national economy. The purpose of this work is to analyze the sectoral structure of the machine-building complex and the factors of location of its industries and productions.
1) reveal the composition and significance of mechanical engineering in national economy Russia;
2) identify the features of the development and location of the mechanical engineering complex of the Russian Federation;
3) study the problems and prospects for the development and placement of mechanical engineering in our country.
The composition and importance of mechanical engineering in the national economy of Russia
The machine-building complex is the basis of scientific and technological progress and material and technical re-equipment of all sectors of the national economy
The mechanical engineering complex is the leading among intersectoral complexes and reflects the level of scientific and technological progress and the country's defense capability, and determines the development of other sectors of the economy. This is due to several reasons:
The machine-building complex is the largest of the industrial complexes, accounting for almost 25% of the value of manufactured products and almost 35% of all workers in the Russian economy, as well as about 25% of the value of the main industrial production assets. In our country this complex is underdeveloped. In economically high developed countries the products of the engineering industry account for 35-40% of the cost of industrial production and 25-35% of those employed in industry, in developing countries significantly less.
Compared to industry as a whole, mechanical engineering and metalworking are characterized by larger enterprise sizes (the average enterprise size in the industry is about 1,700 workers, compared to less than 850 for the industry as a whole), greater capital intensity, capital intensity and labor intensity of products. Complex mechanical engineering products require a diverse and highly qualified workforce. Korolevskaya V.I., Khokhlov S.N. Managing the regional economy in market conditions. M., 2014. P.84.
Among all industries, mechanical engineering ranks first in terms of its share in gross output and industrial production personnel, and second place (after the fuel and energy complex) in terms of its share in industrial production assets, as well as in the structure of exports.
Mechanical engineering creates machines and equipment that are used everywhere: in industry, agriculture, everyday life, and transport. Consequently, scientific and technological progress in all sectors of the national economy is materialized through the products of mechanical engineering, especially such priority sectors as machine tool building, electrical and electronic industry, instrument making, and production of electronic computer equipment. Mechanical engineering, therefore, is a catalyst for scientific and technological progress, on the basis of which the technical re-equipment of all sectors of the national economy is carried out.
Therefore, its industries are developing at an accelerated pace, and their number is constantly growing. Based on their role and importance in the national economy, they can be combined into 3 interrelated groups:
1. The industries that ensure the development of the scientific and technological revolution throughout the national economy are instrument engineering, chemical engineering, electrical and power engineering.
2. The industries that ensure the development of the scientific and technological revolution in mechanical engineering are the machine tool industry and the tool industry.
3. Industries that ensure the development of the scientific and technological revolution in certain sectors of the economy are road construction, tractor and agricultural engineering, automotive industry, etc. Korolevskaya V.I., Khokhlov S.N. Managing the regional economy in market conditions. M., 2014. P.87.
Over the past decades, a number of new industries have emerged related to the production of automation equipment, electronics and telemechanics, equipment for nuclear energy, jet aircraft, household cars. The nature of products in the old branches of mechanical engineering has changed radically.
The main economic purpose of mechanical engineering products is to facilitate labor and increase its productivity by saturating all sectors of the national economy with fixed assets of a high technical level.
Mechanical engineering is the main branch of the manufacturing industry. It is this industry that reflects the level of scientific and technological progress of the country and determines the development of other sectors of the economy. Modern mechanical engineering consists of a large number of industries and industries. Enterprises in the industry are closely connected with each other, as well as with enterprises in other sectors of the economy. Mechanical engineering, as a large consumer of metal, has extensive connections, primarily with ferrous metallurgy. The territorial convergence of these industries makes it possible metallurgical plants use waste from mechanical engineering and specialize in accordance with its needs. Mechanical engineering is also closely related to non-ferrous metallurgy, the chemical industry and many other industries. Mechanical engineering products are consumed by all sectors of the national economy, without exception.
Currently, the structure of mechanical engineering includes 19 independent industries, which include over 100 specialized sub-sectors and industries. Complex independent industries include: heavy, energy and transport engineering; electrical industry; chemical and petroleum engineering; machine tool and tool industry; instrument making; tractor and agricultural engineering; mechanical engineering for light and food industries, etc. Economics of the mechanical engineering industry. / Ed. G.A. Krayukhina. - M., 2015. P.142.
Heavy engineering. Factories in this industry are characterized by high consumption of metal and provide machinery and equipment to metallurgical, fuel and energy, mining and mining enterprises. chemical complexes. Enterprises in the industry produce both parts and assemblies (for example, rolls for rolling mills) and individual types of equipment ( steam boilers or turbines for power plants, mining equipment, excavators).
The industry includes the following 10 sub-sectors: metallurgical engineering, mining, hoisting and transport engineering, diesel locomotive and track engineering, carriage building, diesel engineering, boiler building, turbine engineering, nuclear engineering, printing engineering.
The production of metallurgical equipment, which ranks first in the industry in terms of product value, is located, as a rule, in areas of large steel and rolled products production. The sub-industry produces equipment for sintering factories, blast furnaces and electric melting furnaces, as well as equipment for rolling and crushing and grinding production.
The profile of mining engineering plants is machines for exploration, as well as open and closed methods of mining, crushing and beneficiation of solid minerals at enterprises of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical, coal, industry and the building materials industry, transport construction. Mining engineering enterprises produce mining and shearers, rotary and walking excavators.
The products of lifting and transport engineering are of great economic importance, since about 5 million people are employed in loading and unloading operations in industry, construction, transport and other sectors of the national economy, moreover, more than half are engaged in manual labor. The sub-sector produces electric overhead cranes, stationary and belt conveyors, equipment for complex mechanization of warehouses. Economics of the mechanical engineering industry. / Ed. G.A. Krayukhina. - M., 2015. P.144.
Diesel locomotive building, carriage building and track engineering provide railway transport with mainline freight, passenger and shunting diesel locomotives, freight and passenger cars, etc.
This sub-industry also produces track machines and mechanisms (laying, rail welding, snow clearing, etc.).
Turbine manufacturing, supplying steam, gas and hydraulic turbines for the energy sector. Sub-industry factories produce equipment for thermal, nuclear, hydraulic and gas turbine power plants, gas pumping equipment for main gas pipelines, compressor, injection and recycling equipment for the chemical and oil refining industries, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy.
Nuclear engineering specializes in the production of pressure vessel reactors and other equipment for nuclear power plants.
The printing machinery industry has the smallest volume of commercial products in the industry and produces printing presses, conveyors for printing houses, etc.
Electrical industry. The industry produces more than 100 thousand types of products, the consumer of which is almost the entire national economy. In terms of production volume, it significantly exceeds all sub-sectors of heavy engineering in total. The production of electrical products requires a wide range of technical means and materials produced by various industrial complexes. The main range of production consists of: generators for steam, gas and hydraulic turbines, electric machines, electric motors; transformers and converters, lighting, electric welding and electrothermal equipment. Kistanov V.V., Kopylov N.V., Khrushchev A.T. Distribution of productive forces. M., 2014. P.125.
The machine tool industry includes the production of metal-cutting machines, forging and pressing equipment, woodworking equipment, metalworking tools, centralized repair of metalworking equipment. About half of the production volume comes from metal-cutting machines.
Instrumentation. The products of this industry are characterized by low material and energy consumption, but their production requires highly qualified labor and research personnel. Factories in the industry specialize in the installation and commissioning of automation equipment, software development, design and production of watches, medical devices, measuring equipment, and office equipment. These high-tech products are the main element of automation systems for process control, as well as management and engineering work, information systems.
Mechanical engineering for light and food industries. This includes the following sub-sectors: production of equipment for the textile, knitting, clothing, footwear, leather, fur industries, as well as for the production chemical fibers and equipment for the food industry. The main factor of placement is proximity to the consumer.
Aviation industry. In the aviation industry, enterprises from almost all branches of industrial production cooperate, supplying a variety of materials and equipment. The enterprises are distinguished by a high level of qualification of engineering, technical and operating personnel. The industry produces modern passenger and cargo aircraft and helicopters of various modifications.
The rocket and space industry produces orbital spaceships, rockets for launching satellites, cargo and manned ships and reusable ships of the Buran type, combining high technology with a wide inter-industry complexity of production.
Automotive industry. In terms of production volume, as well as in terms of the value of fixed assets, it is the largest branch of mechanical engineering. Automotive products are widely used in all sectors of the national economy and are one of the most popular goods in retail trade. Kistanov V.V., Kopylov N.V., Khrushchev A.T. Distribution of productive forces. M., 2014. P.126.
Agricultural and tractor engineering. In agricultural engineering, subject and detail specialization is carried out; significantly fewer plants are specialized in certain stages of the technological process or overhaul of equipment. The industry produces various types of combines: grain harvesters, flax harvesters, potato harvesters, corn harvesters, cotton harvesters, etc. As well as various modifications of tractors: wheeled row-crop, wheeled arable, tracked row-crop, etc.
Shipbuilding industry. Most enterprises in the industry, despite consuming a significant amount of metal of large parameters, which is inconvenient for transportation, are located outside large metallurgical bases. The complexity of modern ships determines the installation of a variety of equipment on them, which implies the presence of cooperative ties with enterprises in other sectors of the national economy.
Mechanical engineering is the largest complex industry that determines the level of scientific and technological progress in the entire national economy, since it provides all industries with machines, equipment, instruments, and the population with consumer goods. Also includes metalworking, repair of machinery and equipment. It is especially characterized by deepening the specialization of production and expanding its scale. To the listed divisions of mechanical engineering should be added “small” metallurgy - the production of steel and rolled products, both in the foundries of machine-building enterprises, and in individual specialized enterprises for the production of castings, forgings, stampings, and welded structures for mechanical engineering. In the specified industry structure, the most complex is mechanical engineering, which includes such important sub-sectors as mechanical engineering for intersectoral production(electronic and radio industries, instrument making, machine tool and tool manufacturing, bearing industry, etc.); production of equipment for sectors of the national economy(road construction engineering, transport, tractor and agricultural engineering, etc.); for industries(power engineering, metallurgical, mining and mineral engineering, chemical engineering, production of technological equipment for the textile industry, etc.); For non-production sphere (municipal engineering, production of household appliances and machines, military equipment, etc.). In addition to industry classification, mechanical engineering can be divided into stages of the technological process to the workpiece; machining and assembly. According to metal intensity, as well as labor and energy intensity, it is customary to distinguish heavy, general And average mechanical engineering. Heavy engineering is characterized by high metal consumption, relatively low labor intensity and energy intensity. It includes the production of metal-intensive and large-sized products. General mechanical engineering is characterized by average consumption rates of metal and energy, and low labor intensity. This is mainly the production of equipment for certain industries. General and secondary mechanical engineering are quite similar and do not have clearly defined patterns in geography. In mechanical engineering there is chronological classification. The newest industries that emerged in the second half of the 20th century are highlighted. First of all, these are industries of the highest levels of mechanical engineering: electronics, radio engineering, robotics, rocket and space industry, etc. New industries that arose in the second half of the 19th and first half of the 20th centuries: aircraft and motor transport equipment, locomotive and diesel locomotive construction, manufacturing equipment for numerous sectors of the national economy and industry, etc. To the old industries that arose in the 18th and first half of the 19th centuries. includes the production of metal products for primary sectors of the economy - agriculture, forestry, and mining. Great importance are purchased nowadays new forms of cooperation between countries. The importance of the mechanical engineering complex can hardly be overestimated. Its most important task is to implement the achievements of scientific and technological progress, ensure comprehensive mechanization and automation of production, supply the national economic sectors with new equipment, and satisfy the population with modern consumer goods. 2. Raw materials of the industry The main structural material in mechanical engineering is ferrous metal and, therefore, the main supplier of raw materials is ferrous metallurgy. At the same time, in modern mechanical engineering, ferrous metals are increasingly being replaced by non-ferrous ones, primarily by light ones (aluminum), as well as by composites and plastics. However, in mechanical engineering, which is the most complex industry that determines the level of development of scientific and technological progress, everything is not as clear as in other industries. Here, the main role is played by labor-intensive, knowledge-intensive, non-material-intensive industries (with the exception of a number of sub-sectors of heavy engineering, production of metal products and structures, blanks, etc.). Therefore, first of all, we should talk about the main resource - a sufficiently large number of highly qualified labor. Consumers, who are not only the population, but also other enterprises and even industries, are also of great importance. The following problems directly relate to mechanical engineering: reducing metal consumption by improving its quality and reducing the weight of products, reducing waste and losses of metal during its processing - due to the production of a larger share of rolled products. 3. Industry location The location of mechanical engineering as a whole is determined by socio-economic factors and, above all, by the presence of a sufficiently large number of qualified labor resources, as well as consumers of finished products. A characteristic feature of mechanical engineering that influences placement is the high development specialization and cooperation. Specialization facilitates the organization of mass production, promotes more rational use equipment, increasing labor productivity. One of the most characteristic in terms of the widespread development of specialization and cooperation of enterprises in mechanical engineering is the automotive industry. 5. Industry structure Higher levels of mechanical engineering (fine, precise, precision engineering). This group of newest industries includes the electronics and radio industries, the production of precision machines, machine tools, instruments and tools, robotics, rocket and space technology and is distinguished by the lowest metal intensity and the highest labor and knowledge intensity. The technological process comes down mainly to precise machining and assembly. Automotive industry is typical representative medium-sized mechanical engineering, producing complex machines and equipment of medium size for sectors of the national economy, specialized in the stages of the technological process, with developed cooperation and orientation of the main production to areas of concentration of qualified labor resources, distinguished by high technical culture. The automotive industry includes enterprises producing cars of all types, buses, trolleybuses, motorcycles, bicycles, as well as automobile, motorcycle, bicycle and boat engines and spare parts. Heavy engineering includes the production of equipment for metallurgical enterprises, mining, mining, large energy and handling equipment, heavy machine tools and forging machines, as well as other metal-intensive and large-sized products. Agricultural engineering includes enterprises for the production of agricultural machines for the mechanization of all types of agricultural production (tillage, sowing crops, harvesting), including livestock farming. Tractor engineering includes enterprises for the production of tractors, tractor and combine engines, specialized enterprises for the production of units, components, parts and spare parts for tractors. 6. World mechanical engineering in the late 90s Mechanical engineering occupies 1st place among global industries both in terms of the number of employees and the cost of production. Over 90% All engineering products are produced by developed countries. There are six machine-building regions in the world: the USA, Europe, the CIS, Japan, China and the newly industrialized countries of Asia. All types of mechanical engineering are developed in the G8 countries and China. Small countries in Western Europe specialize in precision engineering, newly industrialized countries specialize in labor-intensive branches of engineering, and in many developing countries in Africa, South-West Asia and Central Africa there is virtually no mechanical engineering. 7. Automotive industry of the world 90% of all cars produced in the world are passenger cars. More than 40 million passenger cars are produced annually in the world. The largest manufacturers of passenger cars in the world are: 1) Japan (8.5 million units); 2) USA (6.8 million units) 3) Germany (4.4 million units) The top ten largest car manufacturers also include France, Spain, South Korea, Canada, Brazil, Italy and the UK. The world's largest automotive manufacturing centers are Tokyo, Nagoya, Kobe, Yokohama (Japan), Detroit (USA), Wolfsburg, Stuttgart, Munich, Cologne (Germany), Paris (France), Turin (Italy), London (UK), Seoul ( South Korea), Toronto (Canada), Sao Paulo (Brazil). 8. Railway engineering of the world. Railway engineering is developed in the USA, Japan, France, Germany, the Czech Republic, Poland, Russia, Ukraine, China and India. 9. Shipbuilding of the world The leading countries in ship production are: 1) Japan (40% of the world's ship tonnage) 2) South Korea (33% of the world's ship tonnage) 3) Germany Shipbuilding is also developed in Brazil, Taiwan, Denmark, Poland, China, the USA, Finland, Russia and Ukraine. The largest shipbuilding centers in the world are Tokyo, Yokohama, Nagasaki, Busan, Hamburg, Gdansk, Marseille, Toulon, Genoa, Shanghai, Baltimore, New Port News, New Orleans, San Francisco, St. Petersburg, Nikolaev. 10. Aviation industry The aviation industry, focusing on the scientific base and highly qualified personnel, developed only in economically developed countries. The largest aircraft manufacturers are the USA (Houston, Seattle, Atlanta, New York), Russia, France (Paris and Toulouse), Germany (Stuggart and Munich), Great Britain (London) and Italy (Turin). 11. Electrical industry The electrical and electronics industry in developed countries relies on a developed scientific base, highly qualified labor resources and consumers, and in newly industrialized countries - on cheap labor resources. This industry is characterized by a diversified structure, however, among the leaders one can find a rather limited group of countries classified as developed or newly industrialized countries, as well as China. The world leaders in the production of televisions (130 million units) are: 1) China (25 million units) 2) South Korea (16 million units) 3) Japan (15 million units) In the production of radios (about 170 million pieces) are distinguished by: 1) China (over 50 million pieces) 2) Malaysia (more than 20 million pieces) 3) Singapore (20 million pieces) For watch production (about 800 million pieces) ) the leading positions are occupied by: 1) China (almost 400 million units) 2) Japan (about 300 million units) 3) Switzerland (25 million units) In terms of production washing machines China stands out, tape recorders– Japan, computers– USA and Japan, industrial robots– USA, Germany and Japan. 12. Machine tool industry of the world World production of metal-cutting machines at the end of the 1990s amounted to more than 1.2 million units. Once the world's leading machine tool industry, Russia has practically lost this industry. Currently, the production of machine tool products is distinguished by: 1) Japan (200 thousand units) 2) China (150 thousand units) And then Germany, the USA, Italy, and Switzerland follow in a dense group, producing approximately 100 thousand machine tools each . 13. Agricultural engineering of the world. Agricultural engineering has a consumer location factor and is therefore concentrated in the main agricultural regions of the world. Developed countries that have achieved the highest level of agricultural mechanization are reducing the production of agricultural machinery, paying attention to improving its quality and technological capabilities, and are gradually losing their leadership to developing countries in absolute production indicators. Currently, the following producers of tractors are distinguished: 1) Japan (150 thousand units) 2) India (100 thousand units) 3) USA (about 100 thousand units) Japan's leading position is explained by its specialization in the production of mini-tractors , and in the rest of the world, as a rule, they produce medium and powerful tractors. Table 7 14. Grouping of countries by level of mechanical engineering development USA Brazil Mongolia Saudi Arabia Canada China Iran Libya Germany Australia Peru Madagascar Russia India Cuba Somalia France Argentina Albania Iceland Sweden Mexico Indonesia Laos Italy South Africa Algeria Botswana Japan Korea Egypt Congo Great Britain Spain Chile Panama Switzerland Portugal Iraq Costa Rica Austria Ireland Turkey Haiti Holland Denmark Zaire Tunisia Belgium Norway Nigeria Sudan Poland Finland Vietnam Swaziland Romania Greece Thailand Nepal 15. Distribution of mechanical engineering products Almost ¾ of mechanical engineering products are redistributed between developed countries. This is due to the fact that developing countries cannot afford large expenditures on science. Developed capitalist and newly industrialized countries are distinguished by the scale of mechanical engineering products intended for export, and hence their increased attention to improving the quality of their products. The main cargo flows of engineering products are distributed as follows: Japan Þ USA USA Þ Western Europe The machine-building complex of Russia, Ukraine and other CIS countries, China, India, Brazil works primarily for the domestic market, and this often leads to the production of low-quality products.
Mechanical Engineer's Day
The holiday - Mechanical Engineer's Day - was established by Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated 01.10.80 N 3018-X “On holidays and memorial days,” as amended. Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated 01.11.88 N 9724-XI “On amendments to the legislation of the USSR on holidays and memorial days.” Mechanical Engineer's Day is celebrated on the last Sunday of September and in 2017 falls on the 24th.
Meaning of Mechanical Engineering. Mechanical engineering in Russia
Mechanical engineering as an industry has existed for more than two hundred years. In terms of the number of employees and the value of output, it ranks first among all sectors of world industry. The level of development of mechanical engineering is one of the important indicators of the level of development of the country. Mechanical engineering determines the sectoral and territorial structure of industry in the world, provides machinery and equipment to all sectors of the economy, and produces a variety of consumer goods. In addition to machinery and equipment, instruments and tools industrial purposes, it produces all kinds of products for household and cultural purposes. Depending on the products produced, mechanical engineering is divided into energy, transport, agricultural, production of technological equipment for many industries, machine tool building, etc.
Mechanical engineering creates machines and equipment that are used everywhere: in industry, agriculture, everyday life, and transport. Consequently, scientific and technological progress in all sectors of the national economy is materialized through the products of mechanical engineering, especially such priority sectors as machine tool building, electrical and electronic industry, instrument making, and production of electronic computer equipment. Mechanical engineering, therefore, is a catalyst for scientific and technological progress, on the basis of which the technical re-equipment of all sectors of the national economy is carried out. Therefore, the main economic purpose of mechanical engineering products is to facilitate labor and increase its productivity by saturating all sectors of the national economy with fixed assets of a high technical level.
The differences between countries in terms of the level of development of mechanical engineering are extremely large. More than 90% of engineering products are produced by developed countries. Unconditional leaders in production are: USA, Japan, Germany, France, UK, Italy, Canada, China, Russia. They produce almost all types of metal products, machinery and equipment - from “needles to airplanes”. The countries of Western and Eastern Europe, as well as some developing countries (Brazil, India, Singapore, etc.) usually specialize in the production of certain types of engineering products with which they enter the world market. In general, the lag of developing countries in this industry is still very large. The share of mechanical engineering products in the structure of the entire industry is also low - it does not exceed 20%, whereas in developed countries it is 30-40%. In many developing countries, mechanical engineering is represented by repair shops for servicing transport, the mining industry, agriculture and the manufacture of simple equipment.
Mechanical engineering is the most important complex branch of the manufacturing industry, which includes machine tool building, instrument making, energy, metallurgical, chemical, agricultural engineering, electrical engineering, as well as radio electronics and computer technology. This industry differs from others in a number of features that directly affect its geography. The main thing is the presence of public demand for products, qualified labor resources, in-house production or the ability to supply construction materials and electricity. It is difficult to imagine modern mechanical engineering without the widespread introduction of scientific developments. For this reason, the production of the most complex modern equipment (computers, all kinds of robots) is concentrated in areas and centers with a highly developed scientific base: large research institutes, design bureaus.
In 2003, mechanical engineering became the leader in the rate of increase in industrial production - 9.4% versus 7% on average for enterprises in other industries. The most rapid growth, by more than 30%, was shown by railway engineering and instrument making. Small, but still positive dynamics were observed in the electrical industry, the automotive industry and metallurgical engineering. But machine tool manufacturers, enterprises producing agricultural machinery, chemical and oil equipment have reduced production volumes.
Mechanical engineering is one of the most innovative sectors of the economy, especially sensitive to high technology. The current stage of industry informatization is characterized by a new “wave” of investment in IT. At the end of 2006, the costs of machine-building enterprises on IT increased by more than 2.5 times and exceeded 16 billion rubles. 2007 maintained the current level of IT expenses. Perhaps the wave of IT orders will develop into a new round of technological modernization of the industry.
Domestic mechanical engineering includes three main segments, which today are in completely different situations both in terms of economic indicators and in terms of the level of information technology. These are electronics, transport and heavy industries. Electronics industry enterprises became the first sector of mechanical engineering to which Western technologies came, and domestic electronics, retaining the old Soviet names, was almost completely reoriented to the production of Western products assembled in Russian factories from imported components.
Transport engineering unites essentially quite heterogeneous enterprises - the automotive industry, the aerospace industry, and shipbuilding. In general, this segment is one of the most prosperous: military aviation is a traditional and key article Russian exports, and aviation enterprises of the military-industrial complex are among the most active customers of IT solutions. Some the situation is more complicated in the shipbuilding industry, and the automotive industry is almost completely reoriented to the assembly of Western brands of cars, with a high “Western” level of requirements for automation of production and management.
Heavy engineering is the most critical engineering industry. Two groups of enterprises can be distinguished in it - some are slowly but surely “dying” - this is the majority of the machine tool and tool industry, others exist quite well, although “by inertia”, focusing on traditional large specialized customers with high profitability (raw materials, metallurgical industries and energy enterprises).
Mechanical engineering is one of the most innovative sectors of the economy, particularly sensitive to high technology. Realization of the maximum possibilities of flexible production, on the principles of which leading companies are trying to re-equip their capacities Russian companies, requires ensuring maximum correlation between data flows about the state of the market and the business processes of the enterprise. Thus, flexible manufacturing turns out to be extremely sensitive to the accuracy and speed of processing incoming market information. For this you need efficient systems data processing, therefore, the key point in the development of industrial enterprises is the information and technological support of internal business processes and external production relations. These tasks are solved through the implementation of modern ERP, SCM and CRM systems.
The domestic electronics and aerospace industry largely provides the development of systems for providing geopositioning of vehicles and emergency alarms, dispatch navigation and communication systems, navigation and monitoring systems for mobile objects based on satellite GPS navigation, mobile cellular GSM communications, electronic cartography, etc. d. Let’s not forget about GLONASS, a Russian “super-project” that involves key domestic enterprises in the aerospace and electronics industries. So the emerging wave of IT orders has some chances of developing into a new round of technological modernization of Russian mechanical engineering, filled with fundamentally new orders and, after a long period of inactivity, opening new production facilities.
Mechanical Engineer's Day is a professional holiday for workers and engineers in the mechanical engineering industry. Since mechanical engineering includes a complex of industries that produce tools for the national economy, vehicles, as well as consumer goods and defense products, this holiday is celebrated widely and solemnly, solemn festive events are held: concerts, honoring labor veterans.
Tags: Mechanical Engineer Day
Introduction........................................................ ................................... page 3
Chapter I The machine-building complex is the basis of scientific and technological progress and material and technical re-equipment of all sectors of the national economy................................................... .......................... 4
Chapter II Industry structure and features of the location of the machine-building complex of the Russian Federation.................................................... ..... page 5
II a) Factors for the location of mechanical engineering
II b) Features of the industry structure and geography of the complex
Chapter III Problems and prospects for the development of mechanical engineering in our country.................................................... ........................................... page 15
Conclusion................................................. ........................ page 24
Bibliography................................................. ........................ page 26
INTRODUCTION
Mechanical engineering is part of the industry called “Mechanical Engineering and Metalworking”. Mechanical engineering creates machines and equipment, apparatus and devices, various types of mechanisms for material production, science, culture, and the service sector. Metalworking is engaged in the production of metal products, repair of machinery and equipment. Currently, mechanical engineering in Russia consists of a number of independent industries, which includes over 350 sub-sectors and industries.
Mechanical engineering produces means of labor - machinery and equipment, instruments and computers, transmission devices, vehicles - for all sectors of the national economy. It produces consumer goods, mainly durable (cars, televisions, watches, etc.). By the mid-80s, in the total volume of mechanical engineering production, means of production accounted for 88.9%, consumer goods - only 11.1%, which indicated that the domestic mechanical engineering industry was not oriented towards the needs of the mass consumer.
The purpose of this study is to show not only the sectoral structure of the machine-building complex and the factors for the location of its industries and sub-sectors, but also to characterize the current state of the complex, prospects and options for exiting the difficult economic situation that has arisen today. In particular, the problems of investment, export-import policy, use of scientific and technical potential, and social problems were touched upon.
Taking into account the specifics of this topic and the range of issues raised, the structure of the study allows us to consistently highlight in the first chapter the theoretical issues (role and significance, specific location, industry structure) of the machine-building complex, in the second - the current unfavorable economic situation in the complex, and the practical prerequisites for exit from her.
The machine-building complex is the basis of scientific and technological progress and material and technical re-equipment of all sectors of the national economy
The machine-building complex is a collection of industries that produce a variety of machines. He is the leader among inter-industry complexes. This is due to several reasons. Firstly, the machine-building complex is the largest of the industrial complexes, accounting for almost 20% of the products produced and all workers in the Russian economy. Mechanical engineering and metalworking are characterized by larger enterprise sizes than industry as a whole (the average enterprise size in the industry is about 1,700 workers, compared to less than 850 for industry as a whole), greater capital intensity, capital intensity and labor intensity of products; the structural and technological complexity of mechanical engineering products requires a diverse and qualified workforce.
Among all industries, mechanical engineering ranks first in terms of its share in gross output (in 1990 - 30%) and industrial production personnel, second place (after the fuel and energy complex) in terms of its share in industrial production assets, as well as in the structure of exports (18%).
Secondly, mechanical engineering creates machines and equipment that are used everywhere: in industry, agriculture, everyday life, and transport. Consequently, scientific and technological progress in all sectors of the national economy is materialized through the products of mechanical engineering, especially such priority sectors as machine tool building, electrical and electronic industry, instrument making, and production of electronic computer equipment. Mechanical engineering, therefore, is a catalyst for scientific and technological progress, on the basis of which the technical re-equipment of all sectors of the national economy is carried out. Therefore, the main economic purpose of mechanical engineering products is to facilitate labor and increase its productivity by saturating all sectors of the national economy with fixed assets of a high technical level.
Industry structure and features of the location of the mechanical engineering complex of the Russian Federation
II a) Factors for the location of mechanical engineering
Mechanical engineering differs from other industries in a number of features that affect its geography. The most important thing is the presence of public demand for products, qualified labor resources, in-house production or the ability to supply construction materials and electricity.
Science intensity It is difficult to imagine modern mechanical engineering without the widespread introduction of scientific developments. That is why the production of the most complex modern equipment (computers, all kinds of robots) is concentrated in areas and centers with a highly developed scientific base: large research institutes, design bureaus (Moscow, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk, etc.). Focus on scientific potential is a fundamental factor in the location of machine-building enterprises.
Metal consumption The mechanical engineering industries involved in the production of products such as metallurgical, energy, and mining equipment consume a lot of ferrous and non-ferrous metals. In this regard, machine-building plants engaged in the production of this type of product usually try to be located as close as possible to metallurgical bases in order to reduce the cost of delivering raw materials. Most of the large heavy engineering plants are located in the Urals.
Labor intensity From the point of view of labor intensity, the machine-building complex is characterized by high costs and very highly qualified labor. The production of machines requires a lot of labor time. In this regard, a fairly large number of mechanical engineering industries gravitate to areas of the country where the population concentration is high, and especially where there are highly qualified and technical personnel. The following sectors of the complex can be called extremely labor-intensive: the aviation industry (Samara, Kazan), machine tool building (Moscow, St. Petersburg), and the production of electrical engineering and precision instruments (Ulyanovsk).
The military-strategic aspect can be considered as a separate factor in the geographical location of mechanical engineering. Taking into account the interests of state security, many enterprises of the machine-building complex that produce defense products are located far from the borders of the state. Many of them are concentrated in closed cities.
Grouping of mechanical engineering industries by location factors
II b) Features of the industry structure and geography of the complex
During the years of Soviet power in various regions former USSR The largest machine-building enterprises were created, producing almost all the necessary technological equipment for all sectors of the national economy. But domestic mechanical engineering is characterized by an extremely high degree of territorial concentration, especially in the European part of the country, and an insufficient level of specialization and intersectoral cooperation. In addition, many large machine-building plants and production associations were designed and formed as universal ones, according to the principle of “subsistence farming”, with a full range of procurement, auxiliary and repair industries. Therefore, in the coming years, the industrial, territorial and technological structure of mechanical engineering must undergo fundamental changes, the main directions of which should be improving product quality, deconcentration, increasing the level of specialization and cooperation of production, reducing irrational transport and other costs.
Òÿæåëîå ìàøèíîñòðîåíèå Factories in this industry are characterized by high consumption of metal and provide machinery and equipment to enterprises of the metallurgical, fuel and energy, mining and mining chemical complexes. It is characterized by both enterprises that produce parts and assemblies (for example, rolls for rolling mills) or enterprises specialized in the production of certain types of equipment (steam boilers or turbines for power plants, mining equipment, excavators), as well as universal ones that produce in series or individual execution of different types of equipment (“Uralmash”, St. Petersburg Metal Plant, etc.).
The industry includes the following 10 sub-sectors: metallurgical engineering, mining, hoisting and transport engineering, diesel locomotive and track engineering, carriage building, diesel engineering, boiler building, turbine engineering, nuclear engineering, printing engineering. About 90% of the industry's production is concentrated in the European part, the rest in Western Siberia and in the Far East.
Ïðîèçâîäñòâî ìåòàëëóðãè÷åñêîãî îáîðóäîâàíèÿ , occupying first place in the industry in terms of product value, is located, as a rule, in areas of large steel and rolled products production. Enterprises in the Urals produce equipment for sintering factories, blast furnaces and electric melting furnaces, as well as equipment for rolling and crushing and grinding production.
Factory profile ãîðíîãî ìàøèíîñòðîåíèÿ – machines for exploration, as well as open and closed methods of mining, crushing and beneficiation of solid minerals at enterprises of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical, coal, industry and the construction materials industry, transport construction. They are, as a rule, located in areas of consumption - in the Urals and Siberia, etc. Domestic mechanical engineering has priority in the development and widespread industrial development of mining and shearers, rotary and walking excavators. These products are manufactured in Krasnoyarsk, Yekaterinburg (“Uralmash”), Shakhty, Kiselevsk and Perm.
Products ïîäúåìíî-òðàíñïîðòíîãî ìàøèíîñòðîåíèÿ is of great economic importance, since about 5 million people are employed in loading and unloading operations in industry, construction, transport and other sectors of the national economy. people, moreover, more than half - by manual labor. Electric overhead cranes are produced in Central region(Uzlovsky plant), in the Far East (Bureysk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur) and in many other cities. Stationary and belt conveyors - in the Volga-Vyatka, Central, Ural regions.
Òåïëîâîçîñòðîåíèå, âàãîíîñòðîåíèå è ïóòåâîå ìàøèíîñòðîåíèå provides railway transport with mainline freight, passenger and shunting diesel locomotives, freight and passenger cars, etc. Mainline diesel locomotives are produced at one of the oldest machine-building plants - Kolomenskoye, shunting industrial diesel locomotives - mainly in the Central region (Bryansk, Kaluga, Lyudiovo, Murom ) and in the Urals. Freight car manufacturing is concentrated in Western Siberia (Novoaltaisk) and Eastern Siberia (Abakan). Passenger cars are produced by the Tver, Demikhovsky and St. Petersburg plants. Track machines and mechanisms (laying machines, rail welding machines, snow clearing machines, etc.) are still produced in insufficient quantities and assortments; their production is concentrated in the cities of the European part of Russia - in Kaluga, Tula, Vyatka, Saratov, Engels, Armavir, Tikhoretsk.
Òóðáîñòðîåíèå , supplying steam, gas and hydraulic turbines for the energy sector, is represented primarily by the production associations “St. Petersburg Metal Plant”, “St. Petersburg Turbine Blade Plant”, Yekaterinburg Turbo Engine Plant, “Dalenergomash” (Khabarovsk). Sub-industry factories produce equipment for thermal, nuclear, hydraulic and gas turbine power plants, gas pumping equipment for main gas pipelines, compressor, injection and recycling equipment for the chemical and oil refining industries, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy. The main factors of placement are the availability of qualified personnel and research and development organizations.
Àòîìíîå ìàøèíîñòðîåíèå form factories of the main production associations “Izhora Plant” (St. Petersburg) and “Atommash” (Volgodonsk). The factories specialize in the production of pressure vessel reactors and other equipment for nuclear power plants.
Ïîëèãðàôè÷åñêîå ìàøèíîñòðîåíèå has the smallest volume of marketable products in the industry. Production is concentrated exclusively in the European part of the country - in St. Petersburg, Moscow, Rybinsk.
Ýëåêòðîòåõíè÷åñêàÿ ïðîìûøëåííîñòü . The industry produces more than 100 thousand products. names of products, the consumer of which is almost the entire national economy. In terms of production volume, it significantly exceeds all sub-sectors of heavy engineering in total. The production of electrical products requires a wide range of technical means and materials produced by various industrial complexes.
The location of electrical industry enterprises is determined by various factors, Where important role are played by the presence of qualified personnel, specialized research organizations and large consumers. Currently, the main regions of electrical engineering are the Central, Northwestern and West Siberian regions. The oldest are such enterprises as the Moscow Electric Plant named after V.V. Kuibyshev, St. Petersburg “Electrosila”, Yekaterinburg “Uralelektroapparat” and Novosibirsk transformer plant.
Ñòàíêîèíñòðóìåíòàëüíàÿ ïðîìûøëåííîñòü includes the production of metal-cutting machines, forging and pressing equipment, woodworking equipment, metalworking tools, centralized repair of metalworking equipment. Plants of the machine tool industry are located in the main machine-building regions. The average size of enterprises is relatively small. Large centers machine tool industry are Moscow (plant of lathes and robotic complexes “Red Proletary”), St. Petersburg, Ivanovo, Saratov, Ryazan, Nizhny Novgorod, Novosibirsk, Orenburg, Irkutsk, etc.
Ïðèáîðîñòðîåíèå. The products of this industry are characterized by low material and energy consumption, but their production requires highly qualified labor and research personnel. Therefore, the bulk of the production potential is concentrated in large and major cities. For example, in Moscow and the Moscow region there are dozens of research, production and production associations specializing in the production, installation and commissioning of automation equipment, software development, design and production of watches, medical devices, measuring equipment, and office equipment.
In the structure of mechanical engineering, the share of instrument making products is about 12%. These high-tech products are the main element of automation systems for process control, as well as management and engineering work, information systems, etc. In instrument making, more than 80% of products are produced by large enterprises (employees range from 1 to 10 thousand people). Among largest enterprises- JSC “Second Moscow Watch Factory”, Penza Watch Factory.
Ìàøèíîñòðîåíèå äëÿ ëåãêîé è ïèùåâîé ïðîìûøëåííîñòè . This includes the following sub-sectors: production of equipment for the textile, knitting, clothing, footwear, leather, fur industries, as well as for the production of chemical fibers and equipment for the food industry. The main factor of location is proximity to the consumer, therefore the vast majority of factories, and more than 90% of the output of commercial products, are located in the European zone (mainly Central, Volga-Vyatka, Northwestern and Volga regions).
Àâèàöèîííàÿ ïðîìûøëåííîñòü . In the aviation industry, enterprises from almost all branches of industrial production cooperate, supplying a variety of materials and equipment. The enterprises are distinguished by a high level of qualification of engineering, technical and working personnel, which led to the emergence and development of the aviation industry in large industrial centers. Modern passenger and cargo aircraft are produced in Moscow, Smolensk, Voronezh, Taganrog, Kazan, Ulyanovsk, Samara, Saratov, Omsk, Novosibirsk. Helicopters are produced in Moscow, Rostov-on-Don, Kazan and Ulan-Ude.
Ðàêåòíî-êîñìè÷åñêàÿ ïðîìûøëåííîñòü (Moscow, Omsk, Krasnoyarsk, etc.) produces orbital spacecraft, rockets for launching satellites, cargo and manned ships and reusable ships of the Buran type, combining high technology with a wide inter-industry complexity of production. Russia accounts for 85% of the capacity of the rocket and space complex of the former USSR.
Àâòîìîáèëüíàÿ ïðîìûøëåííîñòü. In terms of production volume, as well as in terms of the value of fixed assets, it is the largest branch of mechanical engineering. Automotive products are widely used in all sectors of the national economy and are one of the most popular goods in retail trade. Over 80% of transported goods are carried by road transport.
The overwhelming majority of production is concentrated in old industrial areas of the European part of Russia with a high concentration of traffic and the presence of large transport hubs. The industry has a high level of industrial concentration. More than 1/2 of marketable products, fixed production assets and personnel come from enterprises with more than 10 thousand employees, constituting only 11% of the total. This group includes AMO ZIL and JSC Moskvich (Moscow), JSC GAZ (Nizhny Novgorod), JSC VAZ (Tolyatti), JSC KamAZ (Naberezhnye Chelny). The main areas of location are Central (more than 1/5 of gross output), Volga, Volga-Vyatka and Ural regions.
Ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííîå è òðàêòîðíîå ìàøèíîñòðîåíèå . The main capacities of agricultural and tractor engineering are located mainly in the North Caucasus, Volga, West Siberian, Ural, Central, Central Black Earth and Volga-Vyatka regions. This corresponds to the location and specialization of agriculture. In agricultural engineering, subject and detail specialization is carried out; significantly fewer plants are specialized in certain stages of the technological process or overhaul of equipment.
The production of grain harvesters is concentrated at the Rostselmash plant, Krasnoyarsk and Taganrog plants, potato harvesters in Ryazan, flax harvesters in Bezhetsk. Various types of tractors are produced in Vladimir, Lipetsk, St. Petersburg, Volgograd, Rubtsovsk, Petrozavodsk, Barnaul, Bryansk and Cheboksary.
Ñóäîñòðîèòåëüíàÿ ïðîìûøëåííîñòü . Most enterprises in the industry, despite consuming a significant amount of metal of large parameters, which is inconvenient for transportation, are located outside large metallurgical bases. The complexity of modern ships determines the installation of a variety of equipment on them, which implies the presence of cooperative ties with related enterprises. The construction of ships begins on land and ends afloat, which is why many shipyards are located at the mouths of large rivers or in sheltered harbors.
Largest district marine shipbuilding developed on the Baltic Sea, where its most important center is located - St. Petersburg with a number of factories (Northern Shipyard, Baltic, Admiralteysky, Kanonersky, Nevsky). There are shipbuilding and ship repair plants in Vyborg and Kaliningrad. In the Far East, ship repair centers are Vladivostok and Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky.
River shipbuilding is represented by numerous shipyards on the most important river highways: the Volga (Nizhny Novgorod), Ob, and Yenisei. Profitable geographical position of such factories makes the construction of ships at such enterprises very efficient.
If we consider the regional aspect of the location of mechanical engineering industries, then the leading position among the mechanical engineering regions not only of Russia, but also of the CIS will be occupied by the Central Economic Region. Until recently, its share accounted for more than 1/2 of the production of passenger cars, a significant part of the automotive industry, 90% of mechanical engineering products for light industry. Almost 80% of products were exported to other regions and abroad. The development of high-tech production here is largely due to the presence of highly qualified personnel, research and design organizations. Moscow plays a significant role in the structure of production. Here are located the former flagships of the domestic automotive industry JSC Moskvich and AMO ZIL and a huge number of mailboxes” and conversion industries created on their basis. Moscow is also home to such large engineering giants as JSC Dynamo, Plant named after. Ilyich, several ball bearing factories. The branches of engineering specialization of the Central Economic Region are automotive, locomotive, carriage, river shipbuilding, tractor, agricultural, and precision engineering.
The Northwestern economic region is part of the Central region of Russia. The main share of mechanical engineering production falls on St. Petersburg, where energy, radio engineering, optical-mechanical engineering, marine shipbuilding, carriage building, and machine tool manufacturing are concentrated. Kaliningrad is an important center of maritime shipbuilding.
Second large region The concentration of mechanical engineering production is the Ural-Volga region. In terms of production volume, the region is second only to the Center. The enterprises of the Urals produce 24.6% of all machine tools, 24.4% of forging and pressing equipment and 17% of mining equipment. Large centers are the cities of Yekaterinburg, Chelyabinsk, Tolyatti, Naberezhnye Chelny and Nizhny Novgorod. It is also necessary to emphasize that the most important defense industry enterprises are concentrated in the Volga-Vyatka economic region (Republic of Udmurtia). In particular, in the capital of the republic there is the Izhevsk Arms Plant, which produces the entire range of light and medium small arms .
In the direction from west to east, there is a noticeable increase in costs for capital construction, labor, transportation of raw materials and finished products. If we take the costs of creating machine-building production in the central region as 100%, then costs in Siberia will increase by 7-12%, and in the Far East - by 12-15%. The corresponding increase in production costs will be 13-25%, depending on the specifics of production. Therefore, near sources of raw materials and energy, it is advisable to locate material and energy-intensive production of energy, lifting and transport, car-building and mining equipment. Similar enterprises are concentrated in Altai, Kemerovo and Irkutsk regions. The presence of highly qualified personnel in Novosibirsk and Omsk made it possible to create high-tech enterprises in electrical and radio engineering.
Problems and prospects for the development of mechanical engineering in our country.
In industrialized countries, where crises and production declines recur periodically, changes in the current market environment least affect the production of the latest high-tech products, which creates certain impulses to overcome crisis situations. Russian mechanical engineering in Lately There is a diametrically opposite trend – an accelerated decline in the production of the most advanced technology. As a result, it is possible to completely lose the technological potential accumulated over previous years, although not of sufficient quality, but still of fundamental importance for the further functioning of the economy.
The collapse of the unified machine-building complex of the USSR into separate republican blocs sharply aggravated the problems of machine-building in Russia, since at the same time foreign economic relations in the field of trade in machinery and equipment, which had been debugged for decades, had collapsed and thanks to which a certain balance had emerged in the saturation of sectors of the Russian national economy with modern technology.
The structure of the final products of the domestic mechanical engineering at the turn of the last decades was characterized by “heaviness” and a high degree of militarization. Share military equipment remained prohibitively high, with a sharp lag in the output of consumer goods and especially equipment for the non-productive sector. In the first half of the 80s, the growth in production of investment engineering products completely stopped, and in the second half a decline began, which turned into a landslide in the early 90s.
The decrease in demand in consumer industries forced the mechanical engineering industry to adapt to the conditions of use of its products, increasing the production of universal equipment and introducing primitive technologies. This will lead to the cessation of the production of high-tech products, a further curtailment of mechanical engineering production and, ultimately, to the attenuation of the investment process and the liquidation of basic sectors of the economy (except for raw materials, which have export potential).
The sharp decline in production in the early 90s had less of an impact on the production of durable goods, the share of which was above average - mainly passenger cars and manufacturing household appliances, with the fastest growth in prices and high profitability of production. Thus, the main feature of the changes taking place was the focus on the production of relatively prestigious products, while the conditions for the production of many others were deteriorating, which was largely due to the protective customs policy of the state, for example, in relation to the automotive industry. Therefore, the relative well-being of some enterprises in this industry is temporary and, in conditions of constantly rising production costs and growing competition from foreign manufacturers, a decline and periodic stoppages of production are inevitable.
The state of mechanical engineering was also aggravated by the high level of concentration and monopoly of production. Among 2/3 of enterprises, each produces over 75% of products certain type, that is, it is actually its monopoly producer.
A distinctive feature of the recession of 1991-1993 was the relative stability of the development of industries and sub-industries producing mobile equipment, while output fell in industries producing technological equipment. The reason is the higher liquidity of mobile equipment relative to equipment that requires installation, the production of which began to exceed effective demand as a result of the overaccumulation of the consumer's fleet of this equipment. This gave rise to serious financial and production problems, which led to the shutdown of a number of major enterprises.
The main reason for this situation is the sharp decline investment activity and reduced demand for machinery and equipment. The volume of capital investments in the production of equipment for construction and in agricultural engineering has especially decreased, and the demand for investment engineering products in 1993 decreased by 3-4 times compared to 1990.
Due to the considered unfavorable factors, the share of knowledge-intensive industries has decreased, while the share automotive industry has stabilized. The conditions for this stabilization are the containment of tariffs on energy resources, products of the metallurgical and chemical complexes, railway transportation, and the extension of protectionist customs measures. Despite all the positive aspects of this process, the automotive industry needs restructuring, which will require mainly centralized capital investments, since decentralized funds are extremely insufficient. The structure of the release itself must undergo changes, since it does not yet meet modern requirements. The implementation of structural-target programs is associated with significant investment costs and time. But the necessity, and most importantly the success, of a comprehensive structural restructuring has been proven by the experience of GAZ JSC. The timely restructuring of production with the organization of production of cars with a carrying capacity of one and a half tons and cars with diesel engines made it possible to increase production volumes. For example, over 10 months of 1995, the growth rate was 122.4% compared to the corresponding period of the previous year.
IN machine tool industry Today in Russia production is increasingly oriented towards effective demand. But on the part of the former main consumer - the state, it has sharply decreased, and business entities do not compensate for this reduction (especially for complex high-tech products), giving preference to cheaper and simpler equipment, which entails a loss of orders, which is painful for the machine tool industry. The decline in the production of high-tech equipment is occurring at an accelerated pace here. The situation is aggravated by the outflow of highly qualified personnel, including from scientific, design and technological organizations. In essence, there was a threat that Russia would lose its own machine tool industry.
The development of non-core products for the machine tool industry for the purpose of survival has become a widespread practice. Thus, JSC “LSPO im. Sverdlov” (St. Petersburg) engaged in machines for processing logs and equipment for the coal industry; In addition, it produces a large number of furniture fittings.
Some revival of production in mechanical engineering had practically no effect on the increase in demand for technological equipment, since less than half of its fleet is currently used. Consequently, as production increases at consumer enterprises, the load on existing equipment will initially increase, capital will be accumulated, and only then may the prospect of technical re-equipment, and therefore the acquisition of new equipment, appear.
Weak private and foreign investment, inactive demand from the non-state sector for technological equipment makes it necessary to provide state support for enterprises in this industry. This is economically, and sometimes strategically, effective, especially in the case of import substitution. Thus, funds allocated for this purpose in 1993-1995 made it possible to create production facilities for the production of linear rolling bearings under a license from TNK (Japan) at Lipetsk Machine Tool Plant JSC. These components are the basis of the Russian precision machine tool industry; until now they have been mainly imported from foreign countries. The developed capacities for the production of synthetic diamonds at Tomal JSC make it possible to completely switch to the production of diamond tools based on Russian raw materials instead of importing them from Ukraine and Armenia, as well as to create an export potential of $10 million per year.
These examples show the high efficiency of government support for priority areas of development of the machine tool industry.
A certain tendency towards stabilization has emerged since 1995 in electrical industry And instrument making. In 1995, the production of electric motors was increased (by 14%), a number of cable products (power, city telephone). In order to expand sales markets and find new consumers, electrical engineering and instrument-making factories began to develop and produce products that are in demand, including those previously manufactured in the CIS countries (for example, explosion-proof electric motors, large electrical machines, cable products). This was also facilitated by the protectionist customs policy of the state, under which it is profitable for the consumer to purchase these products from Russian enterprises.
As part of the federal innovation program to create technical means for mandatory cash accounting, additional capacity has been introduced to produce 300 thousand cash registers. An increase in their production contributes to an increase in tax revenues to the Russian budget, streamlining control over money circulation in the field of trade.
Over the past four years, as a result of the insolvency of rural producers production of agricultural machinery has sharply decreased, most factories use 10-15% of their production capacity. On the farms themselves, the fleet of agricultural machinery is noticeably decreasing.
In conditions of a strong compression of demand for agricultural machinery, it is now planned to carry out measures to accelerate the process of adaptation of agricultural enterprises (structural restructuring of production, expansion of the market for export of equipment, creation of trading houses at enterprises, holding fairs and exhibitions). To solve the problem of non-payments, industry enterprises will carry out barter transactions and mutual offsets, and make wider use of promissory notes and government treasury notes. A particularly promising form of normalizing sales seems to be the already practiced provision of the agro-industrial complex with engineering products on the basis of long-term rent - leasing.
In 1995, there was a tendency towards stabilization of production volumes for some types of products heavy engineering , and according to others - an increase in output. This applies to production equipment for ferrous metallurgy and mining industry : machines for continuous casting of blanks and sintering production (JSC Uralmash and JSC Yuzhuralmash), drilling rigs for the needs of the mining industry (JSC Buzuluk Heavy Engineering Plant). Enterprises have become more active in finding solvent customers due to competition from foreign suppliers of similar equipment.
The situation in power engineering stabilized due to a slight increase in the production of steam turbines, due to the export of equipment, mainly to China, Iran and Eastern European countries. The production of diesel engines and diesel generators has stabilized at the 1995 level. At the same time, there has been a tendency to master the production of diesel engines under licenses from foreign companies, which makes it possible for factories in this sub-industry to enter into competition on the world market.
In sub-industry carriage building production volumes are determined by the financial capabilities of the main customer - the Ministry of Railways Russian Federation. It is no secret that they are limited and do not allow us to significantly increase the production of rolling stock, which is so necessary for Russian railways. In this regard, the production of freight cars increased slightly.
A change in the structure of production of passenger cars is expected. Thus, Tver Carriage Plant JSC is increasing the production of passenger compartment cars that meet modern requirements for comfort and traffic safety. This creates the opportunity to stop importing them from Germany. The share of compartment cars in the total production of locomotive-hauled cars increased in 1996 by 39%. JSC Demikhovsky Machine Plant has organized the production of electric train cars instead of those purchased in Latvia. Entered on this enterprise The production capacity of up to 500 cars per year allows us to produce fully complete trains.
In the coming years, even with investment activity, one should not expect a significant increase in demand for construction and road technique. Moreover, in construction complex There is a fleet of construction equipment that was formed before 1995, which is now no more than half loaded. However, the parameters for updating manufactured products have deteriorated. This phenomenon indicates that the industry is not adapting to new operating conditions by changing product quality. Over the past 3 years, the intensity of renewal has fallen by 40%, and the share of equipment being mastered for the first time has doubled. Enterprises in this industry are capable of replicating outdated equipment and technologies.
Summarizing all of the above, we can definitely say that the state of development of the Russian machine-building complex is determined not simply by demand, but by investment restrictions. They are the ones who are slowing down the restructuring of production, which should be based on improving the quality of products and, consequently, increasing their competitiveness.
Finally, it is necessary to give a generalized idea of the difficult socio-economic situation that has developed in industry in recent years. It is due to the fact that the growing wave of non-payments over the past 2 years has increased the share of unprofitable enterprises: according to the Ministry of Economy of the Russian Federation, their share in industry in January 1995 was . 23.5%, in March – 25.5%, in June – 30%. In mechanical engineering, in the second half of 1995, there were 81.5% of unprofitable enterprises. The number of unemployed in this complex increased to a greater extent than in industry as a whole (by 76% versus 52%).
Official statistics recent years show that hidden unemployment (part-time or weekly employment) has generally decreased in industry. A survey conducted at the end of last year by the St. Petersburg Labor Monitoring Center showed that the share of mechanical engineering workers employed part-time or sent on leave at the initiative of the administration increased from 18.2% to 26%. Among those employed at machine-building enterprises, the need for secondary employment is growing. This was stated by 86.9% of the workers surveyed, and 84.6% stated that their salary payments are regularly delayed for a month or more.
A particularly difficult situation has developed in the defense complex, where the number production staff is declining even faster than in mechanical engineering as a whole. Employment fell most noticeably in the electronics industry and in the production of special communications equipment. The lag in wages also persists: in 1994 it was 67% of the industry average. All this causes an outflow of highly qualified specialists from research organizations and design bureaus, including abroad. A particularly difficult situation has developed in those regions where military-industrial complex enterprises play the role of city-forming enterprises (Ural, Udmurtia, some regions of the Central Economic Region).
It is extremely necessary to take measures now to adjust the chosen market rate. If this is not done, then in the near future pessimistic moods and social tension will increase, which will create a threat to the further construction of a socially oriented market economy in Russia.
CONCLUSION
The urgent needs of the national economy, caused by the need for minimal support for the technological level in the mechanical engineering complex, determine the priorities of structural and investment policy in mechanical engineering. It is necessary to normalize the investment process by restoring demand for equipment and interregional cooperation ties. It is especially important to revive the demand for equipment in basic, life-supporting sectors of the national economy. As a result, it will become possible to revive the most backward branches of mechanical engineering with an undeveloped production structure.
In the context of a decline in production in the mechanical engineering industries, it is advisable to limit purchases abroad of equipment, analogues of which are or can be produced in Russia. This will increase the utilization of production capacity and may, in connection with the supply of a number of types of components and equipment, restore broken production and cooperation ties with neighboring countries and former CMEA countries. At the same time, state support is needed for those sub-sectors of the machine-building complex (primarily defense), whose production capacities allow for the technical re-equipment of the country's production apparatus.
To implement the country's structural investment policy, it is necessary to concentrate on priority areas significant funds. But the volume of capital investments formed at the expense of enterprises’ own funds is currently limited as a result of rising prices for investment resources and due to the catastrophic financial situation of the enterprises themselves. One of the additional sources of investment in domestic mechanical engineering is private investment. However, the possibility of attracting private investment is limited by the narrowness of areas for investment. According to some estimates, the investment attractiveness of mechanical engineering as a whole is low, while the rating of industries with an export and raw material orientation is at a high level. At the same time, a large-scale attraction of funds from private (domestic and foreign) investors in such sub-sectors as agricultural engineering and mechanical engineering for processing agricultural products in the near future is generally unlikely.
Therefore, the main burden of maintaining the viability of mechanical engineering for the basic sectors of the national economy falls on the shoulders of the state.
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