How to increase prostaglandins. Prostaglandins

PROSTAGLANDINS
hormone-like substances that are synthesized in almost all tissues of the body, including the walls blood vessels. They are involved in the regulation of blood pressure, uterine contractions and a number of other physiological processes. Prostaglandins are small molecules that belong to eicosanoids, a group of fat-like substances (lipids). This group also includes compounds with a similar chemical structure - leukotrienes, which play a role in inflammatory processes And allergic reactions, and thromboxanes involved in blood clotting. All eicosanoids are formed from a common precursor - arachidonic acid, which belongs to the class of unsaturated fatty acids and is synthesized from another fatty acid - linolenic acid, which enters the human body with food. Prostaglandin molecules consist of 20 carbon atoms, forming a five-membered ring with two chains of seven and eight carbon atoms attached to it. Depending on the chemical structure of these chains, prostaglandins belong to one series or another (A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H and I). Each series includes several prostaglandins, differing in the arrangement of atoms and chemical bonds in the side chains. For example, the A series includes prostaglandins A1 (PGA1) and A2 (PGA2). In 1930 it was discovered that seminal fluid can stimulate contraction of the uterine muscles. A similar phenomenon was subsequently observed in other smooth muscles. Since it was initially believed that these active substances secreted by the prostate (prostate gland), they were called prostaglandins. In the 1950s, S. Bergström from the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm isolated a number of prostaglandins and established them chemical structure. Another Swedish scientist, B. Samuelson, discovered the biochemical mechanisms of their synthesis and metabolism. In 1971, the English researcher J. Vane reported that aspirin and indomethacin, which is similar in structure, block the synthesis of prostaglandins. Apparently, the anti-inflammatory and antipyretic effects of these medicines is determined precisely by the suppression of prostaglandin synthesis. Scientists now believe that prostaglandins play a key role in both inflammation and fever. In recognition of the importance of these discoveries, Wein, Bergstrom and Samuelson received Nobel Prize in physiology and medicine. Many prostaglandins are stimulants of smooth muscle, especially the uterus and intestinal muscles, and are used clinically in abortion and to stimulate labor contractions. Prostaglandins can have different effects on the smooth muscles lining blood vessels: some cause them to contract, others relax. It is also known that prostaglandins are capable of modulating the action of a number of hormones on cells.

Collier's Encyclopedia. - Open Society. 2000 .

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PROSTAGLANDINS, a group of related FATTY acids having a skeleton of 20 carbon atoms and containing a cyclopentane ring. Their action is similar to that of hormones. Present in SPERM, liver, brain and other tissues. Their biological effects... ... Scientific and technical encyclopedic dictionary

Biologically active substances found in the tissues and organs of most animals and humans, and in some plants. According to chemistry naturally occurring fatty acids with a skeleton of 20 carbon atoms and containing a cyclopentane ring. Initially P.... ... Biological encyclopedic dictionary

See also: Prostaglandins (anti-ulcer drugs) Prostaglandin E1 Prostaglandins (Pg) group of lipid physiologically... Wikipedia

Prostaglandins- The most important derivatives of arachidonic acid are prostaglandins, endogenous substances that act in small doses as hormones and have the basic structure of prostanic acid. Prostaglandins influence the regulation of blood flow, kidney function and... ... Official terminology

- (Greek prostates, standing in front + lat glandula gland), a group of biologically highly active substances contained in the tissues and organs of most animals and humans, and in some plants. Initially they were considered... ... Sexological encyclopedia

PROSTAGLANDINS- A group of hormones produced in minute quantities by cells of various tissues of mammals. They have a variety of physiological effects: they cause contraction of muscles (especially the muscles of the uterus), affect blood pressure, glands... ... Terms and definitions used in breeding, genetics and reproduction of farm animals

Mammalian hormones with a wide range of physiological effects. Discovered in 1936 in human seminal fluid by the Swedish scientist W. Euler and initially considered the secretion of the prostate gland (novolat. glandula prostatica; hence... ... Big Soviet encyclopedia

- (PG), biologically active lipids, which are derivatives of hypothetical. prostanovoy kty (fla I) and differing in the position of substituents and double bonds in the cyclopentane ring and side chains. P. molecules have a skeleton of 20 C atoms... Chemical encyclopedia

A group of physiologically active substances produced in negligible quantities by cells of various tissues of most animals and humans. They have a variety of physiological effects: they cause contraction of smooth muscles (especially... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Books

• Biologically active substances in physiological and biochemical processes in the animal’s body, M. I. Klopov, V. I. Maksimov, The manual outlines modern ideas about the structure, mechanism of action, role in the vital processes and functions of the body of biologically active substances (vitamins, enzymes,... Category: Veterinary. Animal science Series: Textbooks for universities. Special literature Publisher: Lan,
• Biologically active substances in physiological and biochemical processes in the animal’s body textbook, Klopov M., Maksimov V., The manual outlines modern ideas about the structure, mechanism of action, role in vital processes and body functions of biologically active substances (vitamins, enzymes, ... Category :

Prostaglandins, among other compounds, are called pain mediators that act on pain receptors (nociceptors). Analgesics reduce prostaglandin levels.

Story

Prostaglandin was first isolated in 1935 by the Swedish physiologist Ulf von Euler from seminal fluid, so the term "prostaglandin" comes from Latin name prostate gland (lat. glandula prostatica) . Later it turned out that prostaglandins are synthesized in many tissues and organs. In 1971, John Wayne discovered that aspirin is an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis. For his research on prostaglandins, he and Swedish biochemists Sune Bergström and Bengt Samuelsson received the 1982 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.

Biochemistry

Biosynthesis

Prostaglandins are found in almost all tissues and organs. They are autocrine and paracrine lipid mediators that act on platelets, endothelium, uterus, mast cells and other cells and organs. Prostaglandins are synthesized from essential fatty acids (EFAs).

An intermediate is formed by the action of phospholipase A2, which is then converted by either the cyclooxygenase or lipoxygenase pathway. The cyclooxygenase pathway synthesizes thromboxanes, prostacyclin, and prostaglandins D, E, and F. The lipoxygenase pathway, which is active in leukocytes and macrophages, produces leukotrienes.

Secretion from the cell

Previously, it was believed that after synthesis, prostaglandins leave the cell due to passive diffusion, since they have significant lipophilicity. However, prostaglandin transporter protein (PGT, SLCO2A1) was later discovered, which mediates the cellular uptake of prostaglandins. Secretion is carried out by other proteins: multidrug resistance protein 4 (MRP4, ABCC4) from the ATP-binding cassette transporter family and, possibly, other transporters that are still unknown.

Cyclooxygenases

The synthesis of prostaglandins occurs in two stages: oxidation under the action of cycloxygenase and the final prostaglandin synthase. There are two types of cyclooxygenases: COX-1 and COX-2. It is believed that COX-1 determines the basal level of prostaglandins, and COX-2 triggers the synthesis of prostaglandins when stimulated (for example, during inflammation).

Prostaglandin E synthase

Prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2) is formed by prostaglandin E synthase from prostaglandin H 2 (PGH 2). Several prostaglandin E synthases have been discovered. It is believed that microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 is the key form of the enzyme that synthesizes PGE 2.

Functions

Comparison various types prostaglandins prostacyclin, prostaglandin E 2 (dinoprostone) and prostaglandin F 2α.

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An excerpt characterizing Prostaglandins

Returning this time from vacation, Rostov felt and learned for the first time how strong his connection was with Denisov and with the entire regiment.
When Rostov drove up to the regiment, he experienced a feeling similar to the one he experienced when approaching the Cook's House. When he saw the first hussar in the unbuttoned uniform of his regiment, when he recognized the red-haired Dementyev, he saw the hitching posts of red horses, when Lavrushka joyfully shouted to his master: “The Count has arrived!” and shaggy Denisov, who was sleeping on the bed, ran out of the dugout, hugged him, and the officers came to the newcomer - Rostov experienced the same feeling as when his mother, father and sisters hugged him, and the tears of joy that came to his throat prevented him from speaking . The regiment was also a home, and the home was invariably sweet and dear, just like the parental home.
Having appeared before the regimental commander, having been assigned to the previous squadron, having gone on duty and foraging, having entered into all the small interests of the regiment and feeling himself deprived of freedom and shackled into one narrow, unchanging frame, Rostov experienced the same calm, the same support and the same consciousness the fact that he was at home here, in his place, which he felt under his parents’ roof. There was not all this chaos of the free world, in which he did not find a place for himself and made mistakes in the elections; there was no Sonya with whom it was or was not necessary to explain things. There was no option to go there or not to go there; there weren’t these 24 hours of the day that so many different ways could be consumed; there was not this countless multitude of people, of whom no one was closer, no one was further; there were no these unclear and uncertain financial relations with his father, there was no reminder of the terrible loss to Dolokhov! Here in the regiment everything was clear and simple. The whole world was divided into two uneven sections. One is our Pavlograd regiment, and the other is everything else. And there was nothing else to worry about. Everything was known in the regiment: who was the lieutenant, who was the captain, who was a good person, who was a bad person, and most importantly, a comrade. The shopkeeper believes in debt, the salary is a third; there is nothing to invent or choose, just don’t do anything that is considered bad in the Pavlograd regiment; but if they send you, do what is clear and distinct, defined and ordered: and everything will be fine.
Having entered again into these certain conditions of regimental life, Rostov experienced joy and tranquility, similar to those that a tired person feels when he lies down to rest. This regimental life was all the more gratifying for Rostov during this campaign because, after losing to Dolokhov (an act for which he, despite all the consolations of his family, could not forgive himself), he decided to serve not as before, but in order to make amends, to serve well and to be a completely excellent comrade and officer, i.e. wonderful person, which seemed so difficult in the world, but so possible in the regiment.
Rostov, from the time of his loss, decided that he would pay this debt to his parents in five years. He was sent 10 thousand a year, but now he decided to take only two, and give the rest to his parents to pay off the debt.

Our army, after repeated retreats, offensives and battles at Pultusk, at Preussisch Eylau, concentrated near Bartenstein. They were awaiting the arrival of the sovereign to the army and the start of a new campaign.
The Pavlograd regiment, which was in that part of the army that was on the campaign in 1805, was recruited in Russia, and was late for the first actions of the campaign. He was neither at Pułtusk nor at Preussisch Eylau in the second half of the campaign, joining active army, was assigned to Platov’s detachment.
Platov's detachment acted independently of the army. Several times the Pavlograd residents were in units in skirmishes with the enemy, captured prisoners and once even recaptured the crews of Marshal Oudinot. In April, Pavlograd residents stood for several weeks near an empty German village that had been destroyed to the ground, without moving.
There was frost, mud, cold, the rivers were broken, the roads became impassable; For several days they did not provide food to either the horses or the people. Since delivery became impossible, people scattered across abandoned desert villages to look for potatoes, but they found little of that. Everything was eaten, and all the inhabitants fled; those who remained were worse than beggars, and there was nothing to take from them, and even little - compassionate soldiers often, instead of taking advantage of them, gave them their last.
The Pavlograd regiment lost only two wounded in action; but lost almost half of the people from hunger and disease. They died so surely in hospitals that soldiers, sick with fever and swelling resulting from bad food, preferred to serve, dragging their feet to the front rather than go to hospitals. With the opening of spring, the soldiers began to find a plant emerging from the ground, similar to asparagus, which they called for some reason Mashkin’s sweet root, and they scattered across the meadows and fields, looking for this Mashkin’s sweet root (which was very bitter), dug it up with sabers and ate it, despite to orders not to eat this harmful plant.
In the spring, a new disease appeared among the soldiers, swelling of the arms, legs and face, the cause of which doctors believed was the use of this root. But despite the ban, the Pavlograd soldiers of Denisov’s squadron ate mainly Mashka’s sweet root, because for the second week they were stretching out the last crackers, they were only given half a pound per person, and the potatoes in the last parcel were delivered frozen and sprouted. The horses had also been eating thatched roofs from houses for the second week; they were hideously thin and covered with tufts of matted winter hair.

Prostaglandins

Prostaglandins (Pg) are a group of lipid physiologically active substances formed in the body enzymatically from some essential fatty acids and containing a 20-membered carbon chain. Prostaglandins are mediators with pronounced physiological effects. They are derivatives of hypothetical prostanic acid. Prostaglandins, together with thromboxanes and prostacyclins, form a subclass of prostanoids, which in turn are included in the class of eicosanoids.

Prostaglandin was first isolated in 1935 by the Swedish physiologist Ulf von Euler from seminal fluid, so the term “prostaglandin” comes from the Latin name for the prostate gland (lat. Glandula prostatica). Later it turned out that prostaglandins are synthesized in many tissues and organs. In 1971, John Wayne discovered that aspirin is an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis. For his research on prostaglandins, he and Swedish biochemists Sune Bergström and Bengt Samuelson received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1982.

Prostaglandins are found in almost all tissues and organs. They are autocrine and paracrine lipid mediators that act on platelets, endothelium, uterus, mast cells and other cells and organs. Prostaglandins are synthesized from essential fatty acids (EFAs).

Prostaglandins have a wide range of biological activities: they regulate muscle contraction internal organs; maintain vascular tone; regulate the functions of various parts of the brain, for example thermoregulation centers. Render strong effect on the respiratory system, renal system, gastrointestinal system and nervous system. An increase in temperature in a number of diseases is associated with increased synthesis of prostaglandins and stimulation of the thermoregulation center. Aspirin inhibits the synthesis of prostaglandins and thus lowers body temperature.

Prostaglandins are released from cells primarily through the well-known prostaglandin transporter. The lifetime of thromboxane and prostacyclin is quite short - from a second to several minutes, so the path from the site of synthesis to the target should be quite short. At least 9 prostaglandin receptors are currently known

Kinins

Kinins (bradykinin, kallidin and others) constitute a group of chemically related peptides consisting of 9-11 amino acids. These kinins should not be mixed with plant hormones of the same name. All kinins are formed from common precursors called kininogens, which are high molecular weight proteins. The hydrolytic enzyme kallikrein breaks down kininogen to form kinin. The similarity of this chain of reactions with the cascade of the renin-angiotensin system has been noted, but it has not yet been explained. It has not yet been established where the various components of the chain are formed, although kallikrein is known to be produced by some types of leukocytes in the blood.

The physiological role of kinins circulating in the blood is not yet clear. It is known, however, that they serve as powerful stimulants of smooth muscle contraction and act equally strongly on the intestines, veins and bronchi. At the same time, kinins cause the arteries to dilate. They increase the stroke volume of the heart, increase capillary permeability and accelerate the migration of leukocytes to damaged areas of the body, and also cause a sensation of pain in damaged tissues. It has been suggested that kinins may regulate blood flow through tissues and be involved in the inflammatory response. However, there is still no single concept explaining their action.

Prostaglandins(PG) - biologically active substances that were obtained in 1936 from an extract of the prostate gland, which is why they got their name.

Unlike hormones, the formation of prostaglandins does not have strict localization. They are synthesized in microsomes of cells in the uterus, ovaries, kidneys, lungs, intestines and other organs and tissues. More than 20 prostaglandins are now known. According to their chemical structure, they are unsaturated fatty acids, the molecules of which contain 20 carbon atoms. Their precursors are linoleic, linolenic, arachidonic and other acids. Prostaglandins are divided into four main groups A, B, E and F. Of these, the largest biological activity possess PG-E and PG-F.

The physiological effect of prostaglandins is determined by their high activity, structural differences and high prevalence in the body. Prostaglandins are believed to affect tissues and cells directly. Important role prostaglandins play in the functions of the endocrine glands, which is confirmed by their presence in thyroid gland, thymus, adrenal glands, gonads, etc. Prostaglandins stimulate the synthesis of somatotropin, prolactin, progesterone, ocytocin, thyroxine, corticosteroids, and reduce the incretion of lutropin and adrenaline. Prostaglandins are involved in the transmission of nerve impulses and influence the activity of the heart and the tone of blood vessels. They stimulate myocardial contractions, constrict blood vessels and affect blood pressure. PG-F increases, and PG-E reduces, contractile activity of the uterus. PG-F and PG-E regulate the act of childbirth. Prostaglandins formed in the endometrium stimulate resorption yellow bodies in the ovaries (luteolysis) and reduce the level of progesterone in the blood. They participate in the regulation of water and electrolyte exchange and influence their passage through epithelial cell membranes. Prostaglandins interact closely with hormones in regulating tissue growth and differentiation.

In males, prostaglandins increase the synthesis of lutropin and testosterone, and therefore the volume of ejaculate and the content of sperm in it increases. In the female reproductive tract, prostaglandins promote sperm movement.

In animal husbandry and veterinary medicine, the use of synthetic analogues of prostaglandins for synchronizing reproductive cycles, stimulating labor and medicinal purposes for some diseases. The synthetic analogue of PG dinoprost (PF-2 alpha) is 10 times more active than natural prostaglandin. There are other synthetic prostaglandins: cloprostenol, estrumate (synthetic analogue of prostaglandin ICI-80996), panacelan F-2 alpha, equimate (10-81008), lutaliz, AU 24655, ONO 453, etc., which compare favorably with natural prostaglandins with higher activity and low side effects.

IN last years It has been established that in many cells of the body, some of the prostaglandins are converted with the help of endoperoxidases into more active cellular substances - thromboxanes, which were first discovered in platelets. It is believed that thromboxanes are second-generation prostaglandins, which are 50-200 times more active than PGE-2. They have a strong effect on smooth muscles, platelets, fat cells, etc. However, prostaglandins and thromboxanes are still used mainly in experimental conditions. Currently, their production and practical use costs too much.

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Prostaglandins are active compounds of a non-specific nature contained in seminal fluid and isolated from it. As their composition was studied, it was determined that the formation of prostaglandins occurs in all tissues of the body. The main purpose of prostaglandins is to regulate various functional systems with the help of which all life processes are carried out. Influencing the motility of sperm and the contractility of the uterus, they are indispensable in performing reproductive functions. With a lack of prostaglandins, labor is weakened and the fetus is born late, and their increase can cause premature birth and miscarriages. U born baby prostaglandins normalize arterial ducts and block vessels in the umbilical cord.

Types and features of education

It is difficult to determine the part of the body that is not affected by prostaglandins. Their action is aimed at blood vessels, respiratory and reproductive tissues, muscle tissue of the gastrointestinal tract, and with the help of prostaglandins all important processes nervous manifestations, inflammation and blood flow passing through the kidneys.

There are two types of prostaglandins, each of which has specific functions. Eg:

Thromboxane A is produced by the spleen, lungs, kidneys and platelets and is responsible for vasoconstriction and the formation of blood clots.

Prostacyclin is synthesized in blood vessels, the gastric mucosa, the heart muscle and in the uterus and has reverse effects on the body, such as the relaxing properties of blood vessels, platelet disaggregation and fibronolysis, which is expressed by the function of splitting blood clots, leading to the restoration of lumens in the blood vessels.

Main functions

Prostaglandins can have a huge impact on various systems and processes in the body. Based on the varieties, the main function of prostaglandins can be determined, which is as follows:

• contractile and relaxing processes muscular system Gastrointestinal tract;
• contraction of the uterine muscles during pregnancy;
• vasodilation, expressed by dilatation of blood vessels and a decrease in blood pressure;
• bronchodilation with an increase in the lumens in the bronchi, which occurred due to relaxation of smooth muscles due to the effects of prostaglandins;
• the formation and regulation of the amount of acid and mucus in the stomach and many other processes subject to prostaglandins.

Prostaglandins regulate kidney function, processes of fat and water-salt metabolism, and influence ovulation. It is also important that they are not hormones, but only take part in their modeling. These compounds have unique properties and their peculiarity lies in their interaction with all hormones that control various functions.

Effect on the reproductive system

Most important function The task assigned to prostaglandins and with which they cope well is the effect on the smooth muscles of the whole body, including the uterus. For these properties, these compounds are widely used in gynecology to maintain weakened labor function and to terminate pregnancy. Important point is that the use of this drug in a certain dosage has an effect on the muscles and does not affect the condition of the mother and fetus, that is, prostaglandins have unique selective properties of targeted action. The dosage of the drug is selected based on the duration of pregnancy and the individual sensitivity of the uterus. It is possible to easily achieve stimulation of the uterine muscles using prostaglandins in the early and later pregnancy, the muscles react more weakly to the effect of the drug during the intermediate state.

In addition to their effect on the uterine muscles, prostaglandins also have other important properties affecting various body functions. They have an antiulcer effect and are widely used in therapy. The active antisecretory property of prostaglandins allows you to block the release of hydrochloric acid in the stomach, thereby helping to treat ulcers.

Prostaglandins are used to terminate pregnancy and are indispensable for stimulating labor. But there are also some restrictions in the use of this drug, for example, diseases of the hematopoietic organs, heart disease, kidney disease, liver disease, epilepsy and glaucoma intolerance to the drug.

Remember! The use of prostaglandins is permitted only under the supervision of a specialist and strictly in a hospital setting, since the use of the drug can cause side effects and impairment of certain functions, manifested by vomiting, nausea, diarrhea, rapid heartbeat and bronchospasms. During intravenous administration, an increase in temperature and irritation of the venous system (phlebitis) is possible.

The full spectrum of action of prostaglandins on the body has not yet been sufficiently studied, but it remains important that without their synthesis the body will not be able to continue to exist. Perhaps further study of this direction in science will reveal many secrets that can help block development serious illnesses and increase life expectancy.