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What are permafrost lakes? Presentation on the topic "lakes, swamps, glaciers, groundwater, permafrost"

1. The blue eyes of Russia are lakes. Their origin, features and geography.

2. Groundwater is the country's most important natural resource.

3. Permafrost.

4. Swamps are a storehouse of wealth.

5. Ice sheet and mountain glaciers are a strategic reserve of fresh water for our country.

		Blue eyes of Russia -

On Russian territory				What is the lake famous for?
there are				Baikal, Caspian Sea –
millions	lakes, and
prevail				What other lakes in Russia are you?
lakes with an area of up to 1 km2.


The highest degree of lake content is the north-west of Russian
plains, or “Lake Region”, Western Siberia, North
Siberian, Indigirsk, Kolyma and Leno-Vilyuiskaya
lowlands (find on the map).
What conditions contribute
or hinder
formation of lakes?
Climate and geological structure
territories,			terrain
features of groundwater occurrence.

		Flowing, full-flowing
	What lakes	and fresh lakes. Why?
	What lakes
	dominate in	Examples of lakes: Ladoga,
	areas with humid	Examples of lakes: Ladoga,
	areas with humid	Onega, Chudskoye, Pskovskoye,
	climate?	Onega, Chudskoye, Pskovskoye,
	climate?	Ilmen, Taimyr, Imandra, Seliger,
		Teletskoye, Baikal, Khanka (check them
		on the map).
	There are few of them, low water,	Lakes in areas with
	drainless,	dry climate - what is it like
	drying out,	their quality and quantity?
	salted. Why?	their quality and quantity?
	Examples of lakes: Elton,	Salinity of some lakes
	Baskunchak, Kulundinskoe,	reaches 35 and sometimes 40
	Vats (mark them on the map).	ppm Salt concentration
		in lakes varies during
		year depending on arrival
		and fresh water consumption and
		temperature.

Let's remember about
origin of lacustrine
basins
Glacial	Volcanic
Lakes of the north-west of Russian	Lakes of Kamchatka – Kurilskoe,
plains - Ladoga, Onega,	Kronotskoye, Karymskoye,
Seliger, Ilmen, Imandra,	Acidic
Pskovskoye, Chudskoye; north of Siberia

Tectonic	Residual
Lakes of the mountainous regions of the south	Lakes – Caspian, Chany,
Siberia – Baikal

Let's remember the origin
lake basins
Starichnoe	Limannoye
Most lakes are flat	Lakes-estuaries on the shores
territories of Russia,	Azov and Black Seas
located in temperate
climatic zone
Zaprudnoye	Artificial
Mountain lakes –	Reservoirs on large
Caucasus, Sayan, Altai -	rivers – Volga, Kama, Yenisei
Teletskoye	(Rybinskoe, Kamskoe,
	Krasnoyarsk, etc.)

Blue eyes of Russia - lakes

Karst

In areas where soluble rocks are distributed – Lake Proval near Pyatigorsk (Caucasus), in the Urals, in the north of the Russian Plain.

Thermokarst

In areas of permafrost development - Lake Nedzheli (Sakha-Yakutia)

Lakes also vary in their drainage patterns

What is called a drainage and drainless lake? Which

What are the characteristics of their salt and gas composition?

Give examples of fresh and salt lakes. How are they shown on the map? Mark them on the map.

The groundwater

Assignment: Read the text of the textbook (p. 106) and compose a coherent story about groundwater in Russia, using additional questions:

1. Why is groundwater called an essential mineral resource?

2. In what states are they found in nature?

3. What types of groundwater are divided into? Name and mark on the map the largest artesian basins in Russia ( Moscow, West Siberian, Tunguska).

4. Features of groundwater (where in the earth’s crust they are located, what they depend on, in what form they come to the surface, what is their

provides

permafrost to nature and

activity

Where is it found in Russia?

Permafrost is widespread in our country (more than 60% of Russia's area is occupied by it to one degree or another). The permafrost zone includes: the coast of the Arctic Ocean in the European part of Russia, including the Kola Peninsula, all of Siberia (with the exception of the south of Western Siberia and Far Eastern Primorye).

Mark the permafrost boundary on

Swamps

The area of swamps in Russia is about 2 million km2 (over 10% of the total territory)

	Remember how they are depicted	Most swampy
	on the map. Name the main ones	north-west Russian
	placement of swamps in our country	plains (up to 20-30%),
	What are the reasons for education	Vasyuganye in the West
	What are the reasons for education	Siberian Plain (up to 70
	Why wetland conservation is important	%), Amur basin (10-12
	Why wetland conservation is important
	protection and rational use
	the riches of nature?
	How do people use swamps?

Geography lesson in 8th grade on the topic: “Lakes, swamps, groundwater, glaciers, permafrost.”

Goals: Give an idea of the location, features, origin and significance of lakes, swamps, groundwater, glaciers, permafrost. Continue learning to work with maps, tables and other sources of information.

Equipment: physical map of Russia, atlases. Tables: lakes, groundwater, glaciers.

During the classes.

I. Organizing time.

II. Updating knowledge.

Teacher's opening remarks:

Without water there is no life. A person cannot live without water for more than 8 days. It is exactly 8 days that mine rescuers have in reserve to rescue miners who find themselves cut off from the exit due to a collapse. Water is a wonderful gift of nature. Humans need clean fresh water, which makes up about 2% of the hydrosphere. Russia is rich in waters that are located on land - these are inland waters.

Today we continue to study the topic “Inland Waters of Russia”. But first, let's remember...

III. Homework survey.

1. Front:

What waters do we call internal?

What components of nature are inland waters interconnected with?

Russia is a country of great river systems. Which ocean basins do Russian rivers belong to?

To which ocean basin do most of Russia's large rivers belong? What is this connected with?

What features of a river system depend on topography?

What are the 2 types of rivers based on their flow patterns? What is the difference?

What is the fall and slope of a river called? Solve problems

1) The height of the river source is 250 m. The height of the mouth is 150 m. What slope will the river have with a length of 500 km. Is it mountainous or flat?

2) The fall of the river is 200 m. What length can the river have if it is known that its slope is 500 cm/km.

Prove the validity of the statement: “Rivers are a product of climate”

What features of rivers depend on climate? (density of the river network, nutrition, river regime, freezing).

What type of nutrition do most rivers in Russia have?

What 3 groups are divided into according to the regime of the Russian river?

At what time of year does the Volga flood? When does the Amur flood? Explain the reasons for the differences?

2. Checking nomenclature and terms. 4 people to the board

3. Testing

(Test options are attached)

IV . Learning new material.

We got acquainted with the features of Russian rivers. Today we will get acquainted with other types of inland waters.

1. Lakes.

1) - What is a lake?

How does a drainage lake differ from a drainless lake?

Which ones are usually salty? Why?

2) Lakes differ in origin (see textbooks p. 79 and table)

1. Tectonic– in faults in the earth’s crust (narrow, long, deep)

2. Volcanic– in the craters of a volcano (on the Kuril Islands, Kamchatka. During an eruption, the lake boils away).

3) Thermokarst– in areas with permafrost (Yakutia). In summer, the permafrost thaws, the soils subside, forming shallow pits filled with water. (Lake Nedzheli in Yakutia)

4) Glacial– the basin was deepened under the weight of the Quaternary glaciation. Northwestern Russian Plain (Ladoga, Onega).

5) Zaprudnye– the river is blocked by a natural dam, a blockage (in mountainous regions, the Caucasus - Lake Ritsa).

6) Lakes - oxbows- old river beds.

7) Residual lakes- former parts of the seas. On the shores of the Azov and Black Seas (Khanskoye, Solenoye, Golubitskoye, Caspian)

Why are there many lakes in some areas, while in others there are almost none?

What are the conditions for the formation of lakes?

Reasons influencing

for the placement of lakes

Climate Geological structure Proximity

(K>1) (presence of basins) groundwater

What impact do lakes have on nature?

Climate: cool in summer, warm and humidified in winter

Contribute to rising groundwater

Turn into swamps, peat forms

In salt lakes – accumulation of salts (Lake Baskunchak, Lake Elton)

Relief changes: bottom, shores.

New type of lakes – reservoirs.

Where are there many of them? (on the Volga). Why? (HPPs: Kuibyshevskoye, Rybinskoye, Cheboksary, on the Angara - Bratskoye)

2. Swamps– these are waterlogged areas of the area (area about 2 million km2,

> 10% of Russian territory).

Severely swampy:

North-West Russian Plain

Vasyuganye in Western Siberia

Amur basin

Why are these areas so swampy?

Are swamps evil or good? What is the significance of swamps? (river nutrition, peat, plants, berries (cranberries, cloudberries), bird habitats).

Drying can lead to irreversible consequences.

3. Groundwater- waters found in the earth's crust.

What are they based on location? (ground and interstratal)

Groundwater either makes its way to the surface or is extracted from artesian wells. This is the best quality drinking water.

There are thermal waters, t from +30 º to + 300 º C

Mineral - medicinal

Where do they meet?

4. Permafrost- These are underground rock strata that contain ice that has not thawed for many years.

Occupies about half of the territory of Russia.

Southern border(see soil map atlases)

In the European part - the coast of S.L.O., in the Urals - it moves to the south, in Western Siberia - to the latitudinal course of the river. Ob, in Eastern and South-Eastern Siberia - completely within its borders.

Listening to a message about permafrost

What effect does permafrost have?

vegetation swampy slows down complicates natural

(roots not processes soil construction refrigerator

dig into the depths) of education

5. Glaciers- an accumulation of ice formed from snow.

There are: mountain (Caucasus, Altai, Northern Urals, Kamchatka) and cover (Arctic islands - 90% of modern glaciation in Russia)

The largest glaciers - glacier Bogdanovich(in Kamchatka) 17 km.

Glacier Bezengi(in the Caucasus) 17.6 km.

The lower boundary of the glacier is snow line– above which snow accumulates and turns into ice.

The further south you go, the higher the snow line; the more precipitation, the lower the snow line.

What role do glaciers play in nature? (feeding of mountain rivers).

Where is the snow line higher - in the Urals or in the Caucasus?

V. Consolidation

In the form of a geographical dictation

1. Natural accumulation of ice (glacier)

2. Land areas that are overly wet (swamps)

3. What is the origin of the lake basins: Baikal, Ladoga, Caspian.

4. Where the snow line is lower: in Altai or in the Caucasus (Altai, the climate is more severe).

5. What impact will Permafrost have on rivers (more full-flowing, because they are aquifers)

6. Why will the European part be poorer in inland waters than the Asian part (towards moisture level > 1, because there is less evaporation and permafrost)

Homework: §24

Lesson content: 1. Lakes: types of lakes, location in the country. 2. Swamps: meaning, causes, location. 3. Groundwater: types, significance, quantity. 4. Permafrost: geography of distribution, impact on nature and human life. 5.Glaciers: types, location, significance.

Glacial lakes Formed in depressions of the earth's surface, which were left by an ancient glacier after it melted. They were formed in the depressions of the earth's surface, which were left by an ancient glacier after it melted. These lakes are shallow and small in area. These lakes are shallow and small in area.

Groundwater Groundwater is contained in the first aquifer from the surface, which lies on the first aquifer. Groundwater is contained in the first aquifer from the surface, which lies on the first aquifer. Artesian waters are limited above and below by impermeable layers. Artesian waters are limited above and below by impermeable layers. Groundwater GroundwaterArtesian

Glacier - solid water The importance of glaciers in nature and human life is enormous. Glaciers are reserves of clean fresh water. Glaciers are reserves of clean fresh water. Almost 95% of Russian glaciers cover the islands of the Arctic Ocean. Almost 95% of Russian glaciers cover the islands of the Arctic Ocean. The largest of the ice sheets is located on the northern island of Novaya Zemlya. Its dimensions are 340 km long and 70 km wide. The largest of the ice sheets is located on the northern island of Novaya Zemlya. Its dimensions are 340 km long and 70 km wide.
Conclusion Russia can safely be called a country of lakes and such a natural phenomenon as permafrost. Our country is unusually rich in a variety of underground waters, forming vast underground seas. In some areas, glaciation continues—cover and mountain glaciers are widespread. Russia can safely be called a country of lakes and such a natural phenomenon as permafrost. Our country is unusually rich in a variety of underground waters, forming vast underground seas. In some areas, glaciation continues—cover and mountain glaciers are widespread.
Homework 1. Study the paragraph: Draw geographic objects on a contour map. 1. Mark the southern boundary of the permafrost. 1. Mark the southern boundary of the permafrost. 2. Write the names of the large lakes in Russia: Caspian, Baikal, Ladoga, Onega, Pskov-Chudskoe, Imandra, Ilmen, Taimyr, Chany, Khanka. 2. Write the names of the large lakes in Russia: Caspian, Baikal, Ladoga, Onega, Pskov-Chudskoe, Imandra, Ilmen, Taimyr, Chany, Khanka. 3. Mark the reservoirs: Rybinsk, Volgograd, Tsimlyansk, Krasnoyarsk, Bratsk, Ust-Ilimsk. 3. Mark the reservoirs: Rybinsk, Volgograd, Tsimlyansk, Krasnoyarsk, Bratsk, Ust-Ilimsk. 3. Prepare messages: “Water resources of the country”, “Water protection”

Lakes, groundwater, permafrost and glaciers are a wealth of water resources and a variety of landscapes.

Tasks when studying the topic:

Forming an understanding that any object of inland waters (river, lake, etc.) is a complex natural system that requires in-depth study and knowledge for economic use and requires protection and rational use.

Requirements for student preparation:

Give examples of the importance of different types of inland waters as water resources. Show large lakes, permafrost areas, and glaciers on the map. Explain the distribution of inland waters throughout the country.

Goals and objectives of the lesson:

To develop knowledge about lakes, swamps, groundwater, glaciers, snow cover, permafrost, their characteristics, location, significance in nature and in human life.
Give an idea of the location, features, origin, significance of lakes, swamps, groundwater, glaciers, permafrost.
Continue learning to work with maps, tables and other sources of information.

Equipment: Physical map of Russia, soil map (with permafrost boundary), tables: lakes, groundwater, glaciers. Presentations "Permafrost Museum", "The Amazing World of Swamps".

During the classes

I. Organizational moment.

II. Repetition. Checking homework.

I option.

1. Most of the rivers in Russia are fed by:

a) rain;

b) glacial;

c) snowy;

d) mixed.

2. The erosion of rocks and soils by flowing water is called:

a) accumulation;

b) erosion;

c) the fall of the river.

a) Yenisei;

4. Border rivers are:

c) Yenisei;

d) Ussuri.

5. Sudden rise in river water level:

a) flood;

b) flood;

c) flood.

6. Funnel-shaped river mouth, expanding towards the sea:

a) estuary;

b) delta.

7. Rivers of the Pacific Ocean basin:

a) Ussuri;

b) Anadyr;

c) Kolyma;

8. Rivers of the internal drainage basin:

d) Northern Dvina.

9. The most widely used waters for economic purposes are:

c) underground;

d) glaciers.

10. A mountain river is:

c) Pechora;

11. Most rivers in Russia have mixed nutrition with a predominance of:

a) rain;

b) snowy;

c) underground;

d) glacial.

Map knowledge test: show the rivers of the Arctic and Atlantic oceans.

Rivers of the Arctic Ocean basin: North. Dvina, Onega, Pechora, Ob with the Irtysh, Yenisei with the Angara, Lena with Vilyuy and Aldan, Yana, Indigirka, Kolyma. Rivers of the Atlantic Ocean basin - Neva (flows from Lake Ladoga and flows into the Gulf of Finland of the Baltic Sea. Dnieper, Don, Kuban).

Frontal work.

Repeat the terms: river system, source, mouth, basin, river fall, river slope, water flow, annual flow, river regime, solid runoff, flood, flood.

III. Learning new material

Lakes are closed basins filled with water.

Salts accumulate in such a lake.

1) The deepest lakes have tectonic origin(in faults, cracks in the earth's crust). Such lakes are oblong: narrow and long. The deepest lake in the world, Baikal (1637 m), has this origin.

Lakes of glacial-tectonic origin (tectonic depressions were deepened under the weight of an ancient glacier) are located in the north-west of the Russian Plain. The largest of them are Ladoga, Onega, Imandra.

Moraine lakes occupy depressions between moraine basins. Such a lake is Lake Seliger on the Valdai Hills.

Volcanic lakes are located in the craters of volcanoes on the Kuril Islands, on the Kamchatka Peninsula. When a volcano erupts, such a lake boils away.

In areas with permafrost, thermokarst lakes are formed. In summer, the permafrost thaws, the soils subside, and shallow basins filled with melt water form. There are many such lakes in Yakutia, the most famous is Lake Nedzheli.

Common in river valleys small lakes - oxbow lakes- these are old river beds that have the outline of a horseshoe - because these are former river bends, meanders.

If there is a distribution of water-soluble rocks, for example, limestones, gypsum, dolomites, then in such areas karst lakes are formed. As a rule, they have a round shape.

Why are there a lot of lakes in some areas, while in others there are almost none? What are the conditions for the formation of lakes? (Humid climate, excessive moisture; presence of depressions; close occurrence of groundwater; close occurrence of impermeable layers that do not allow surface water to seep in).

Man is the force that creates artificial bodies of water - ponds and larger ones - reservoirs. The largest number of reservoirs is on the Volga. Why? (Several hydroelectric dams were built here. The largest are Kuibyshevskoye, Rybinskoye, Cheboksary. On the Angara - Bratskoye.)

Lakes influence the components of nature:

Changes the microclimate, cooling and humidifying the air in summer on the coast. In autumn, frosts occur later near lakes.

Helps raise groundwater levels.

Lakes turn into swamps in which peat accumulates.

Salt lakes accumulate salts. For example, in lakes Baskunchak and Elton.

They influence the relief: the waves of the lake destroy the shores, and accumulation processes take place at the bottom of the lake (deposition of sedimentary material - silt, sand, clay).

Swamps.

Guys! Guess the riddle: “Not the sea, not the land, ships don’t float, but you can’t walk.” What is this? (Swamp.) Each of you has probably been to a swamp. Look at the world map. It shows in color what percentage of the area in each region of the Earth is occupied by swamps. Mainly in the Northern Hemisphere, the total area is about 350 million hectares. All around us are swamps, swamps, swamps... Question? What is this swamp? Swamps are areas of land where the soil is constantly or most of the year waterlogged.

In swamp ecosystems, plant residues do not completely rot and therefore not humus is formed, but peat.

How are swamps formed? What types of swamps do you know? Highland, lowland, transitional; by the predominance of vegetation: forest, moss, grass, shrub. Did you know that February 2 is World Wetlands Day? In 1975, the Convention on Wetlands, adopted on February 2, 1972, came into force, ratified by the Soviet Union 2 years later. Its main task is to protect sea bays, lakes and wetlands from pollution by chemical waste. In Russia, 35 territories and water areas of wetlands of international importance have been taken under protection, and another 166 sites are recommended for inclusion in the list of wetlands protected by the Ramsar Convention. Question? How do you feel about swamps? Most people answer: "Bad!" The swamp is full of mosquitoes, mud, you can drown, it’s scary there. Swamps are not useful and interfere with agriculture. Only hunters and cranberry pickers will praise the swamps. This attitude was partially passed down to us from our distant ancestors. The swamp, as a place inaccessible and unsuitable for human habitation, was rarely visited by people.

And where, if not in this remote place, should the “unknown and unclean forces” created by the rich popular imagination settle? Superstitions, as we know, live a long time. These days, attitudes towards swamps are changing. Question? What are the benefits of swamps? If forests are often compared to the lungs of our planet, and streams and rivers to its circulatory system, then the role of swamps in the biosphere can be compared to the role of the liver and kidneys in the body. The ability of swamps to purify water is amazing. Wetlands are even used to clean up wastewater from pig farms! These drains not only smell bad, but are also poisonous. If you water the soil with them, the yield will decrease. The microorganisms that inhabit peat do an excellent job of eliminating these “flavors.”

In the water flowing out of the swamp there is no hint of what was poured into it from the pig farm! And the peat of such a “pig swamp” becomes an excellent fertilizer. The main value of swamps is their ability to accumulate water and improve its quality. Swamps are guardians of all other aquatic ecosystems that provide the biosphere with fresh and clean water. Question? Let's take a walk through the swamp! Are you afraid to walk on it? Yes, it is unsteady and swampy, but how did our troops go on the offensive along it during the war, along with guns and other equipment? Do you know what plants grow in a swamp? Well done! Indeed, there are not many plants in the swamp, but they are very unique. These plants are not able to grow in other areas, as they cannot withstand competition with other species. It is difficult for plants in a swamp: high humidity, air and heat do not penetrate deep into the peat layer, the water is poor in nitrogen and has an acidic reaction. Few plants can live in such conditions, because they have to constantly fight against the burial of living parts under a layer of growing peat. (The presenter talks and shows slides.) Perhaps the most striking and well-known adaptation is the carnivory of some marsh plants (predator plants!). They are able to “catch” and digest insects! In our swamps we have such a plant, only a very small one - round-leaved sundew. Try an experiment with a sundew: “treat” it with a piece of meat or a boiled egg. You will see that the sundew will eat this treat without leaving a trace!

I just want to call this plant a predator! But sundew is a useful plant; cough medicine is made from it. Question? What plant in the swamp smells nice, but if you stay near it for more than half an hour, your head starts to hurt? It's wild rosemary, right. Its stems and leaves emit a volatile aromatic oil. And this plant is also a marsh shrub. It, like wild rosemary, leaves green leaves for the winter and hides with them from the frost under the snow. Its small purple flowers smell sweetly of nectar, and bumblebees make special honey from it. Do you know what this plant is called? Underbel. Podbel's relatives are well known to you all. These are cranberries, lingonberries, blueberries. How are they similar? These plants belong to the heather family.

What they have in common is that they are all shrubs or subshrubs with woody stems and leathery leaves. They can be evergreen (like lingonberries) or deciduous (like blueberries). Their flowers resemble a glass in shape. Heathers grow in the most unfavorable conditions: on sands, swamps, i.e. where other plants cannot live.

One of the marsh sedges is called cotton grass. When ripe, fluff forms at the ends of the stems. They help small, light seeds fly away with the wind. In villages located near swamps, cotton wool was used to stuff pillows and mattresses and even make fabrics from it. Is the task a question? Do you know what cattail looks like? Draw it. Hint: People often incorrectly call it reed or reed. Cattails have two great adaptations to survive winter. The first is seeds. Those same velvet heads that you often admire in the summer. They consist of many seeds equipped, like dandelions, with flying hairs. The second adaptation is thick rhizomes that grow in muddy, marshy soil. Nutrients are stored in them for the winter.

The cattail will need them in the spring, when it is time to awaken. Other plants, such as water lilies, have similar rhizomes. If you have been to a swamp, you will have noticed how small the pine and birch trees are there. Have you seen a real dwarf birch? How is it different from the ordinary birch tree that grows in almost every yard? Why is she so small in the swamp? Look at this cut of a pine tree that grew in a swamp. How old do you think she is? This pine tree is 40 years old! Due to poor nutrition in the swamp, she had a long and difficult time growing up. And this is a cut of a pine tree that grew in good conditions in the forest. She, of course, is not 40 years old, but much older, but when she was the same age as the swamp pine, she had this diameter. Teacher. Guess one more riddle. “Soft, not fluff, green, not grass.” (Moss) Most of all there is moss in the swamp. They cover all hummocks and depressions with a fluffy green-brown, brownish carpet.

And the most common among them is sphagnum. This moss has a remarkable property - it absorbs and retains a lot of water. Ten times more than it weighs itself! It is not for nothing that “sphagnos” means “sponge” in Greek. Sphagnum moss has a strong bactericidal (that is, kills bacteria) effect. During the war it was used for bandages. Sphagnum is also used to insulate walls (it is laid between logs). Where else can you use this moss? Teacher. We continue our acquaintance with swamp secrets and riddles. The remains of mosses, grasses, stems and leaves die and lie in layers on top of each other. Tens or even hundreds of years pass, and in the swamp there appears: - a peat deposit. What is the significance of peat? 1. Peat is a good fuel. They have been heating stoves for a long time. 2. Peat is also an excellent fertilizer. If you add it to the soil, you will definitely get a good harvest. 3. And for home flowers and seedlings, peat pots are made from peat. What are they good for? Keep their shape; planted plants receive fertilizers; Seedlings can be planted in the ground along with a pot. 4. In medicine - peat treatment. The swamp is always a mystery, a mystery not only for us, but also for scientists. This is truly an undiscovered treasure trove from which we can learn not only about past landscapes, but also our history. In addition to the remains of plants, swamps store in their thickness tools of labor and wars of the past, and even the remains of the owners of these tools. Thus, a knight in full armor was found in Britain. Despite all the mystery and mystery of the swamps, people have long settled near them. One of the Mansi nationalities - "na-ras-makhun" - is translated as "swamp people". And they consider the frog to be their ancestor. The Mansi also believed that one of the sons of Numitorum (the supreme being) had the appearance of a frog.

Swamps are waterlogged areas of the area. Swamps are divided into two types: lowland and raised.

Lowland swamps are found where groundwater comes close to the surface. They are located in depressions of the relief and have a concave shape. Low-lying swamps are impassable or difficult to pass. Low-lying bogs, with the accumulation of a peat layer, are separated from the groundwater that feeds them and become raised bogs. To preserve raised bogs, the main condition is necessary - excess moisture.

The largest area of swamps in Russia is located on the West Siberian Plain. Especially the territory of Vasyugan, where swamps occupy 70% of the total area. There are also many swamps in the North-West of the Russian Plain.

Conditions for the formation of swamps:

excessive moisture (k>1);
flat terrain, slow runoff;
overgrowing of lakes;
proximity to groundwater;
proximity to the surface of the impermeable layer (permafrost, platform shield).

Why can't all the swamps be drained?

Water purification takes place in swamps; swamps give rise to many rivers.

Valuable berries grow in the swamps - cranberries, cloudberries, blueberries.

Peat is formed in swamps, which is used as fuel and fertilizer.

Swamps are habitats for waterfowl - ducks, waders, geese, etc.

The groundwater.

Groundwater is water found in the earth's crust. Their reserves are huge. Groundwater is divided into groundwater and interstratal water.

Groundwater is water found in the earth's crust. Their reserves are huge. Groundwater is divided into groundwater and interstratal water. Above the groundwater there is a permeable layer. The village wells (wells) contain pounds of water. Groundwater comes to the surface of the earth in springs and springs.

Interstratal waters lie deeper, between impermeable layers. Reserves of interstratal water are called artesian basins. They are obtained by drilling a well into interstratal waters - an artesian well.

Answer the questions:

What two types of groundwater do you know? (Soil, interlayer.)

How does the composition and quality of groundwater differ? (Thermal, mineral, fresh.)

What determines the depth of groundwater?

Why is there little water in wells in winter, but a lot in spring?

What serves as a waterproof layer for groundwater in deserts? (Crystalline foundation.)

How are thermal and mineral waters used by humans?

Fresh groundwater is the best quality drinking water that has undergone natural filtration (mechanical purification).

Thermal waters are underground waters with temperatures from +30 to +300°C. They are heated by magma in areas where volcanism is common (Kuril Islands, Kamchatka).

Mineral groundwater has a high concentration of dissolved substances and gases and is used for medicinal purposes.

The reserves and depth of groundwater are not the same across regions and depend on climate (moistening of the territory), composition of rocks (aquifer layer), and topography (basins).

Answer the questions:

What two types of groundwater do you know? (Soil, interlayer.)
How does the composition and quality of groundwater differ? (Thermal, mineral, fresh.)
What determines the depth of groundwater?
Why is there little water in wells in winter, but a lot in spring?
What serves as a waterproof layer for groundwater in deserts? (Crystalline foundation.)
How are thermal and mineral waters used by humans?

Permafrost.

Permafrost is underground glaciation, the upper layer of the earth's crust, which has negative temperatures all year round and preserves ice in the ground for hundreds and thousands of years. Permafrost occupies about half of Russia's territory. The thickness of frozen soils in Yakutia reaches 1500 m, and the temperature is -16°C. In summer, the top layer of permafrost thaws from 20 cm in the Arctic to 2.5 m in the southern regions of permafrost.

The southern boundary of permafrost is shown on the soil map. In the European part of Russia, permafrost occupies the coast of the Arctic Ocean, the border in the Ural Mountains shifts south to the latitudinal course of the Ob River, Eastern Siberia and the Far East (except Primorye) lie entirely within its borders.

When did permafrost form? Scientists believe that thousands of years ago, during the Quaternary period, there were several stages (periods) of cooling. The reason for the formation of permafrost is harsh winters with little snow, short summers and average annual temperatures below 0°C. Under modern conditions, permafrost persists in those areas where the average annual temperature is below 0°C.

What effect does permafrost have on nature? Remember how the roots of larch are distributed? (In the surface layer.)

Permafrost inhibits plant development and soil formation processes. It also affects groundwater, being a waterproof layer, retains moisture in the upper layers of the earth, and contributes to swamping of the territory. In winter, permafrost deprives the rivers of underground nutrition, and they freeze to the bottom. Thanks to permafrost, the ice on rivers “explodes” and ice dams (taryns) form. Permafrost is a relief-forming factor, forming frozen landforms (bulgunnyakhs, swelling mounds).

Permafrost also affects human economic activity. It significantly complicates the construction of buildings, roads, laying pipelines, and mining. Pipelines are laid above the ground, because when the permafrost thaws, there is a danger of pipeline destruction. Houses on permafrost are placed on stilts to preserve frozen soils, and, therefore, to avoid subsidence and destruction of buildings. But permafrost is also a natural “refrigerator” where food can be stored.

As the story progresses, the teacher draws a diagram on the board:

Glaciers.

Glaciers are accumulations of ice formed from snow.

Cover glaciers with a thick layer of up to 4 km lie on the Antarctic. In Russia, glaciation occurs on the Arctic islands. The ice area on the islands is more than 55 thousand km 2, they make up more than 90% of the area of modern glaciation in Russia. The glaciers of the Arctic contain as much water as the rivers of Russia carry into the World Ocean in 3.5 years.

Glaciers flow down, ending in icy iceberg mountains into the ocean.

In the mountains of the Caucasus, Kamchatka, Altai in the north of the Urals and in other mountains, mountain glaciation is widespread. The largest glaciers in Russia are the Bogdanovich glacier in Kamchatka (about 17 km long) and the Bezengi glacier in the Caucasus (17.6 km long).

The lower boundary of the glacier is the snow line, above which the fallen snow does not have time to melt during the warm season and turns into ice (firn and glacier). The further south you go, the higher the snow line, and the more precipitation (on windward slopes), the lower the snow line.

What role do glaciers play in nature and human life? (Glaciers give rise to mountain rivers. Terek and Kuban, Katun from Katunskiye Belki in Altai originate from glaciers.)

Where is the snow line higher in the northern Urals and the Caucasus?

On the western or eastern slopes of the Koryak Highlands?

Glaciers flow down, carrying frozen pieces of rock with them, and when they reach the border of the snow line, they melt, and the rocks form the final moraine, where the mountain river begins.

IV. Consolidation (geographical dictation)

Natural accumulations of ice that move independently. (Glacier.)

Land areas that are overly wet. (Swamps.)

What is the origin of the lake basins in the northwestern part of Russia? (Glacial-tectonic.)

Which swamps predominate in the steppes based on the type of nutrition: lowland or highland. (Lowland.)

The deepest lake in Russia and the world. Its origin. (Baikal. Tectonic - formed in a fault in the earth’s crust.)

What is the origin of the largest lake in the world? (Caspian- residual origin.)

Where is the snow line lower - in Altai or in the Caucasus? (In Altai- harsh climate.)

What effect does permafrost have on rivers? (The rivers are full-flowing, the river network is more dense, because permafrost- waterproof layer.)

Why is the European part of Russia poorer in inland waters compared to the Asian part? (In the Asian part there is less evaporation and the presence of permafrost.)

Additional material for the lesson. Permafrost

Permafrost was known to Russian pioneers back in the 17th century. Siberian governors reported to Moscow about “the land that will not melt.” It caused particular difficulties in winter, when rivers froze and fresh water sources dried up. One day, the Yakut merchant Shergin, hoping to get to the water, dug a huge well. But, having reached a depth of 116 m, he abandoned his idea, because the frozen soil still did not end. The thickness of the permafrost in Yakutia is 250-400 m. The well, which is known as the “Shergin mine,” has survived to this day.

Homework B.: 13; R.: 20.

I option: Write questions and prepare answers about lakes and glaciers.

Option II: About groundwater, permafrost and swamps. Additional material for the lesson

Permafrost.

Ground ice can be easily felt by sound at the edge of the coastal slope. If you kick the edge of a steep descent to the water, the roar is loud and clear, as if glass were hidden underground. Due to permafrost, the root system of woody plants is located very shallowly, parallel to the surface of the earth. This reduces the stability of trees, and they are not always able to withstand the pressure of strong winds. At the same time, permafrost, gradually thawing, provides continuous water supply to plants.

The age of permafrost is many thousands of years, but not everywhere it turns out to be truly “eternal.” The condition of Russia's underground "refrigerators" is variable. In recent years, the cold has been gradually retreating from the depths of the planet. In the flat part of the tundra of Siberia, it was not possible to build roads that could withstand more than five warm seasons. Repairing embankments is quite expensive, so cargo has to be delivered to many areas via winter roads (winter roads) - during deep freezing of the soil in the cold season.

An important property of permafrost is its ability to preserve organic and inorganic substances and prevent decomposition. Permafrost becomes a serious problem when burying household waste. In the south of Siberia, there is an intensification of permafrost processes during the construction of railways. At the beginning of the 20th century, the construction of embankments for roads led to a sharp increase in the thawing layer: on mari (swampy plains) its depth doubled. Due to these changes, road structures are spreading to the sides. Some sections of the Trans-Siberian Railway dropped by 2.5 m. Thermokarst lakes and alas (Dry depressions in place of drained lakes) are often found in Yakutia. Lakes are formed on the site of melted underground ice. One of the artificially cleared areas was given over to arable land, but it lasted only 15 years. Then the land began to settle, and a lake formed in place of the arable land.

Lesson topic: “Lakes, swamps, glaciers, permafrost,

The groundwater".

Target: Formation of skills for searching for new knowledge about the inland waters of Russia.

Tasks:

Develop knowledge about the origin of lake basins, types of swamps and the reasons for their origin.

To study the areas of distribution of permafrost, glaciers and groundwater in Russia.

Continue developing skills in working with maps, tables and textbooks.

Continue developing independent work skills and geographical thinking.

Lesson type: combined

Lesson methods and forms: frontal conversation, demonstration, partial search,Practical activities.

Equipment: map “Physical map of Russia”, “Water resources of Russia”, outline map of Russia, textbook, atlas, presentation on the lesson topic, multimedia device, computer.

Organizing time.

Greeting from the teacher. Checking readiness for the lesson.

II . Repetition:

Name what is included in inland waters. Show some of them on the map.

What types of inland waters are there in our area? Which ones are there in our city? (Slide 3)

Name the ocean basins and show the rivers that belong to them on the map.

What do you think is called a lake? Name the largest lake and the deepest.

III . Learning new material:

Lakes - These are closed basins filled with water.

There are sewage lakes, usually fresh and drainless, usually salted (Slide4).

Lakes differ in origin: (Diagram in notebook, slide 5)

Using the table on page 79 of the textbook, write down the names of the lakes and try to find them on the map. (Check the answers at the map near the board)

What are the reasons for the placement of lakes? Let's try to figure it out together. (Scheme in notebook, Slide 6)

Man is the force that creates artificial reservoirs - ponds and larger ones - reservoirs. What reservoirs do you know? You can use the map. (Checking the answers at the card near the board)

In the text of the textbook, find how lakes influence other components of nature.

Using the textbook text, create a diagram of the meaning of lakes. (Slide 7)

Swamps— These are waterlogged areas of the area. They are divided into upland and lowland. (Diagram in notebook, slide 8)

In the text of the textbook, find the conditions for the formation of swamps. Write them down in your notebook. (Slide 9)

Where are swamps common in Russia? Show on the map.

70% - Western Siberia, north-west of the Russian Plain and Vasyugan.

Are swamps good or evil? Since ancient times in Rus', swamps were considered evil. In fairy tales, evil forces (kikimors, witches...) lived in swamps. Is it so? What is the significance of swamps? (Scheme in notebook, Slide 10).

Permafrost -This is underground glaciation, the upper layer of the earth's crust, which has negative temperatures all year round and preserves ice in the ground for hundreds and thousands of years. Permafrost occupies almost half of Russia's territory. Scientists believe that thousands of years ago, during the Quaternary period, there were several stages of cooling. The reason for the formation of permafrost is severe winters with little snow, short summers and average annual temperatures below 0 0 . The southern boundary of permafrost is usually shown on a soil map. (Map, slide 11)

What effect does permafrost have on nature? (Scheme in notebook, slide 12).

Study the remaining types of inland waters yourself.

IV . Fastening:

The deepest lake in Russia and the world? Its origin.

What is the origin of the largest lake in the world?

Areas of land that are overly wet? What rock is formed here and where is it used?

What effect does permafrost have on rivers?

On the contour map, show the selected objects and name them.

Homework: § 13, make up questions based on the text of the textbook, learn the outline.

There will be a file here: /data/edu/files/t1454595378.ppt (Presentation for the lesson “Lakes, swamps, glaciers”)

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